10-Q 1 gm2019q1.htm 10-Q

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, DC 20549-1004
Form 10-Q

þ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2019
OR

¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission file number 001-34960
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

STATE OF DELAWARE | 27-0756180
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
300 Renaissance Center, Detroit, Michigan | 48265-3000
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

(313) 667-1500
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Not applicable
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer þ Accelerated filer ¨ Non-accelerated filer ¨ Smaller reporting company ¨ Emerging growth company ¨
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No þ
As of April 18, 2019 there were 1,418,392,858 shares of common stock outstanding.

INDEX

|  |  | Page
PART I
Item 1. | Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 1
| Condensed Consolidated Income Statements (Unaudited) | 1
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) | 1
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) | 2
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity (Unaudited) | 4
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 5
| Note 1. | Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation | 5
| Note 2. | Revenue | 6
| Note 3. | Marketable and Other Securities | 7
| Note 4. | GM Financial Receivables and Transactions | 8
| Note 5. | Inventories | 10
| Note 6. | Equipment on Operating Leases | 10
| Note 7. | Equity in Net Assets of Nonconsolidated Affiliates | 10
| Note 8. | Variable Interest Entities | 11
| Note 9. | Automotive and GM Financial Debt | 11
| Note 10. | Derivative Financial Instruments | 12
| Note 11. | Product Warranty and Related Liabilities | 13
| Note 12. | Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits | 14
| Note 13. | Commitments and Contingencies | 14
| Note 14. | Income Taxes | 18
| Note 15. | Restructuring and Other Initiatives | 19
| Note 16. | Stockholders' Equity and Noncontrolling Interests | 19
| Note 17. | Earnings Per Share | 21
| Note 18. | Discontinued Operations | 21
| Note 19. | Segment Reporting | 22
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 24
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 38
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 39
PART II
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 40
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 40
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 40
Item 6. | Exhibits | 41
Signature |  | 42

Table of Contents
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
PART I
Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENTS
(In millions, except per share amounts) (Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018
Net sales and revenue |  |  |
Automotive | $ | 31,261 |  |  | $ | 32,691 |
GM Financial | 3,617 |  |  | 3,408 |
Total net sales and revenue (Note 2) | 34,878 |  |  | 36,099 |
Costs and expenses |  |  |
Automotive and other cost of sales | 28,229 |  |  | 30,184 |
GM Financial interest, operating and other expenses | 3,306 |  |  | 3,014 |
Automotive and other selling, general and administrative expense | 2,099 |  |  | 2,372 |
Total costs and expenses | 33,634 |  |  | 35,570 |
Operating income | 1,244 |  |  | 529 |
Automotive interest expense | 181 |  |  | 150 |
Interest income and other non-operating income, net | 805 |  |  | 549 |
Equity income (Note 7) | 414 |  |  | 648 |
Income before income taxes | 2,282 |  |  | 1,576 |
Income tax expense (Note 14) | 137 |  |  | 466 |
Income from continuing operations | 2,145 |  |  | 1,110 |
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax (Note 18) | — |  |  | 70 |
Net income | 2,145 |  |  | 1,040 |
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | 12 |  |  | 6 |
Net income attributable to stockholders | $ | 2,157 |  |  | $ | 1,046 |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 2,119 |  |  | $ | 1,032 |
Earnings per share (Note 17) |  |  |
Basic earnings per common share – continuing operations | $ | 1.50 |  |  | $ | 0.78 |
Basic loss per common share – discontinued operations | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.05 |
Basic earnings per common share | $ | 1.50 |  |  | $ | 0.73 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – basic | 1,417 |  |  | 1,408 |
Diluted earnings per common share – continuing operations | $ | 1.48 |  |  | $ | 0.77 |
Diluted loss per common share – discontinued operations | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.05 |
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 1.48 |  |  | $ | 0.72 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – diluted | 1,436 |  |  | 1,430 |
Dividends declared per common share | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | 0.38 |

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In millions) (Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018
Net income | $ | 2,145 |  |  | $ | 1,040 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax (Note 16) |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments and other | 149 |  |  | 34 |
Defined benefit plans | 36 |  |  | (7 | )
Other comprehensive income, net of tax | 185 |  |  | 27 |
Comprehensive income | 2,330 |  |  | 1,067 |
Comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | 17 |  |  | 7 |
Comprehensive income attributable to stockholders | $ | 2,347 |  |  | $ | 1,074 |

Reference should be made to the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
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Table of Contents
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In millions, except per share amounts) (Unaudited)

| March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
ASSETS |  |  |
Current Assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 17,176 |  |  | $ | 20,844 |
Marketable securities (Note 3) | 6,021 |  |  | 5,966 |
Accounts and notes receivable, net | 12,116 |  |  | 6,549 |
GM Financial receivables, net (Note 4; Note 8 at VIEs) | 27,230 |  |  | 26,850 |
Inventories (Note 5) | 11,108 |  |  | 9,816 |
Other current assets (Note 3; Note 8 at VIEs) | 6,439 |  |  | 5,268 |
Total current assets | 80,090 |  |  | 75,293 |
Non-current Assets |  |  |
GM Financial receivables, net (Note 4; Note 8 at VIEs) | 25,448 |  |  | 25,083 |
Equity in net assets of nonconsolidated affiliates (Note 7) | 8,266 |  |  | 9,215 |
Property, net | 38,336 |  |  | 38,758 |
Goodwill and intangible assets, net | 5,518 |  |  | 5,579 |
Equipment on operating leases, net (Note 6; Note 8 at VIEs) | 43,052 |  |  | 43,559 |
Deferred income taxes | 24,303 |  |  | 24,082 |
Other assets (Note 3; Note 8 at VIEs) | 8,119 |  |  | 5,770 |
Total non-current assets | 153,042 |  |  | 152,046 |
Total Assets | $ | 233,132 |  |  | $ | 227,339 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |
Current Liabilities |  |  |
Accounts payable (principally trade) | $ | 24,560 |  |  | $ | 22,297 |
Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt (Note 9) |  |  |
Automotive | 1,999 |  |  | 935 |
GM Financial (Note 8 at VIEs) | 31,273 |  |  | 30,956 |
Accrued liabilities | 27,471 |  |  | 28,049 |
Total current liabilities | 85,303 |  |  | 82,237 |
Non-current Liabilities |  |  |
Long-term debt (Note 9) |  |  |  |  |
Automotive | 12,954 |  |  | 13,028 |
GM Financial (Note 8 at VIEs) | 60,858 |  |  | 60,032 |
Postretirement benefits other than pensions (Note 12) | 5,363 |  |  | 5,370 |
Pensions (Note 12) | 11,099 |  |  | 11,538 |
Other liabilities | 12,917 |  |  | 12,357 |
Total non-current liabilities | 103,191 |  |  | 102,325 |
Total Liabilities | 188,494 |  |  | 184,562 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 13) |  |  |  |  |
Equity (Note 16) |  |  |
Common stock, $0.01 par value | 14 |  |  | 14 |
Additional paid-in capital | 25,661 |  |  | 25,563 |
Retained earnings | 23,939 |  |  | 22,322 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (8,849 | ) |  | (9,039 | )
Total stockholders’ equity | 40,765 |  |  | 38,860 |
Noncontrolling interests | 3,873 |  |  | 3,917 |
Total Equity | 44,638 |  |  | 42,777 |
Total Liabilities and Equity | $ | 233,132 |  |  | $ | 227,339 |

Reference should be made to the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In millions) (Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |
Income from continuing operations | $ | 2,145 |  |  | $ | 1,110 |
Depreciation and impairment of Equipment on operating leases, net | 1,897 |  |  | 1,859 |
Depreciation, amortization and impairment charges on Property, net | 2,219 |  |  | 1,722 |
Foreign currency remeasurement and transaction losses | 80 |  |  | 243 |
Undistributed earnings of nonconsolidated affiliates, net | (413 | ) |  | (648 | )
Pension contributions and OPEB payments | (291 | ) |  | (400 | )
Pension and OPEB income, net | (149 | ) |  | (300 | )
Provision (benefit) for deferred taxes | (253 | ) |  | 365 |
Change in other operating assets and liabilities | (5,316 | ) |  | (3,503 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | (81 | ) |  | 448 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |
Expenditures for property | (2,014 | ) |  | (2,272 | )
Available-for-sale marketable securities, acquisitions | (677 | ) |  | (914 | )
Available-for-sale marketable securities, liquidations | 678 |  |  | 2,062 |
Purchases of finance receivables, net | (7,215 | ) |  | (4,925 | )
Principal collections and recoveries on finance receivables | 6,207 |  |  | 3,478 |
Purchases of leased vehicles, net | (3,747 | ) |  | (4,496 | )
Proceeds from termination of leased vehicles | 3,059 |  |  | 2,379 |
Other investing activities | (2 | ) |  | (40 | )
Net cash used in investing activities – continuing operations | (3,711 | ) |  | (4,728 | )
Net cash provided by investing activities – discontinued operations | — |  |  | 166 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (3,711 | ) |  | (4,562 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |
Net increase in short-term debt | 959 |  |  | 120 |
Proceeds from issuance of debt (original maturities greater than three months) | 11,757 |  |  | 11,334 |
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months) | (10,777 | ) |  | (6,832 | )
Dividends paid | (626 | ) |  | (566 | )
Other financing activities | (236 | ) |  | (287 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities | 1,077 |  |  | 3,769 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | — |  |  | 44 |
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (2,715 | ) |  | (301 | )
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period | 23,496 |  |  | 17,848 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 20,781 |  |  | $ | 17,547 |
Significant Non-cash Investing and Financing Activity |  |  |
Non-cash property additions – continuing operations | $ | 1,785 |  |  | $ | 2,675 |

Reference should be made to the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(In millions) (Unaudited)

| Common Stockholders’ |  | Noncontrolling Interests |  | Total Equity
Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |
Balance at January 1, 2018 | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 25,371 |  |  | $ | 17,627 |  |  | $ | (8,011 | ) |  | $ | 1,199 |  |  | $ | 36,200 |
Adoption of accounting standards | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,046 | ) |  | (98 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,144 | )
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,046 |  |  | — |  |  | (6 | ) |  | 1,040 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 27 |
Purchase of common stock | — |  |  | (44 | ) |  | (56 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (100 | )
Cash dividends paid on common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | (536 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (536 | )
Dividends to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (30 | ) |  | (30 | )
Other | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 1 |
Balance at March 31, 2018 | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 25,337 |  |  | $ | 17,028 |  |  | $ | (8,081 | ) |  | $ | 1,160 |  |  | $ | 35,458 |
Balance at January 1, 2019 | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 25,563 |  |  | $ | 22,322 |  |  | $ | (9,039 | ) |  | $ | 3,917 |  |  | $ | 42,777 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,157 |  |  | — |  |  | (12 | ) |  | 2,145 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 190 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | 185 |
Stock based compensation | — |  |  | 95 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 89 |
Cash dividends paid on common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | (539 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (539 | )
Dividends to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (18 | ) |  | (18 | )
Other | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | (9 | ) |  | (1 | )
Balance at March 31, 2019 | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 25,661 |  |  | $ | 23,939 |  |  | $ | (8,849 | ) |  | $ | 3,873 |  |  | $ | 44,638 |

Reference should be made to the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 1. Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation
General Motors Company (sometimes referred to in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as we, our, us, ourselves, the Company, General Motors or GM) designs, builds and sells trucks, crossovers, cars and automobile parts worldwide and is investing in and growing an autonomous vehicle business. We also provide automotive financing services through General Motors Financial Company, Inc. (GM Financial). We analyze the results of our continuing operations through the following operating segments: GM North America (GMNA), GM International Operations (GMIO), GM South America (GMSA), GM Cruise and GM Financial. Our GMSA and GMIO operating segments are reported as one, combined international segment, GM International (GMI). GM Cruise is our global segment responsible for the development and commercialization of autonomous vehicle technology. As a result of the growing importance of our autonomous vehicle operations, we moved these operations from Corporate to GM Cruise and began presenting GM Cruise as a new reportable segment in the three months ended June 30, 2018. All periods presented have been recast to reflect the segment changes. Nonsegment operations and Maven, our ride- and car-sharing business, are classified as Corporate. Corporate includes certain centrally recorded income and costs such as interest, income taxes, corporate expenditures and certain nonsegment-specific revenues and expenses.
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for interim financial information. Accordingly they do not include all of the information and notes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, which consist of normal recurring adjustments and transactions or events discretely impacting the interim periods, considered necessary by management to fairly state our results of operations, financial position and cash flows. The operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for any other interim period or for the full year. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our 2018 Form 10-K. Except for per share amounts or as otherwise specified, dollar amounts presented within tables are stated in millions. In the three months ended June 30, 2018 we changed the presentation of our condensed consolidated statements of cash flows to separately classify Depreciation and impairment of Equipment on operating leases, net and Depreciation, amortization and impairment charges on Property, net. In the three months ended March 31, 2019 we changed the presentation of our condensed consolidated balance sheets to reclassify the current portion of Equipment on operating leases, net to Other current assets and our condensed consolidated statements of cash flows to reclassify Payments to purchase common stock to Other financing activities. We have made corresponding reclassifications to the comparable information for all periods presented.
Principles of Consolidation We consolidate entities that we control due to ownership of a majority voting interest and we consolidate variable interest entities (VIEs) when we are the primary beneficiary. Our share of earnings or losses of nonconsolidated affiliates is included in our consolidated operating results using the equity method of accounting when we are able to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial decisions of the affiliate.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
Effective January 1, 2019, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-02, "Leases" (ASU-2016-02) using the modified retrospective method, resulting in a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of Retained earnings for an insignificant amount. We recognized $1.0 billion of right of use assets and lease obligations included in Other assets, Accrued liabilities and Other liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheet for our existing operating lease portfolio at January 1, 2019. We elected to apply the practical expedient related to land easements, as well as the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance in the new standard, which allowed us to carry forward our historical lease classification. The accounting for our finance leases and leases where we are the lessor remained substantially unchanged. The application of ASU 2016-02 had no impact on our condensed consolidated income statement or condensed consolidated statement of cash flows.
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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
The following table summarizes our minimum commitments under noncancelable operating leases having initial terms in excess of one year, primarily for property, at December 31, 2018 as disclosed in our 2018 Form 10-K:

| Years Ending December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | Thereafter |  | Total
Minimum commitments(a) | $ | 296 |  |  | $ | 286 |  |  | $ | 247 |  |  | $ | 180 |  |  | $ | 146 |  |  | $ | 582 |  |  | $ | 1,737 |
Sublease income | (61 | ) |  | (51 | ) |  | (44 | ) |  | (38 | ) |  | (33 | ) |  | (129 | ) |  | (356 | )
Net minimum commitments | $ | 235 |  |  | $ | 235 |  |  | $ | 203 |  |  | $ | 142 |  |  | $ | 113 |  |  | $ | 453 |  |  | $ | 1,381 |

_________

(a) | Certain leases contain escalation clauses and renewal or purchase options.

Refer to Note 13 for information on our operating leases at March 31, 2019.
Note 2. Revenue
The following table disaggregates our revenue by major source for revenue generating segments:

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
| GMNA |  | GMI |  | Corporate |  | Total Automotive |  | GM Cruise |  | GM Financial |  | Eliminations/Reclassifications |  | Total
Vehicle, parts and accessories | $ | 25,962 |  |  | $ | 3,567 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 29,529 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 29,529 |
Used vehicles | 627 |  |  | 35 |  |  | — |  |  | 662 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 662 |
Services and other | 776 |  |  | 248 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 1,070 |  |  | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | (25 | ) |  | 1,070 |
Automotive net sales and revenue | 27,365 |  |  | 3,850 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 31,261 |  |  | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | (25 | ) |  | 31,261 |
Leased vehicle income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,509 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,509 |
Finance charge income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 987 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 985 |
Other income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 124 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 123 |
GM Financial net sales and revenue | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,620 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 3,617 |
Net sales and revenue | $ | 27,365 |  |  | $ | 3,850 |  |  | $ | 46 |  |  | $ | 31,261 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 3,620 |  |  | $ | (28 | ) |  | $ | 34,878 |

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2018
| GMNA |  | GMI |  | Corporate |  | Total Automotive |  | GM Financial |  | Eliminations |  | Total
Vehicle, parts and accessories | $ | 25,882 |  |  | $ | 4,605 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 30,496 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (7 | ) |  | $ | 30,489 |
Used vehicles | 1,155 |  |  | 47 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,202 |  |  | — |  |  | (17 | ) |  | 1,185 |
Services and other | 781 |  |  | 196 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 1,017 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,017 |
Automotive net sales and revenue | 27,818 |  |  | 4,848 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 32,715 |  |  | — |  |  | (24 | ) |  | 32,691 |
Leased vehicle income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,447 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,447 |
Finance charge income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 866 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 864 |
Other income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 98 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 97 |
GM Financial net sales and revenue | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,411 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 3,408 |
Net sales and revenue | $ | 27,818 |  |  | $ | 4,848 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 32,715 |  |  | $ | 3,411 |  |  | $ | (27 | ) |  | $ | 36,099 |

Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. Adjustments to sales incentives for previously recognized sales were insignificant in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.
Contract liabilities in our Automotive segments consist primarily of maintenance, extended warranty and other service contracts. We recognized revenue of $433 million and $383 million related to contract liabilities during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018. We expect to recognize revenue of $1.1 billion in the nine months ending December 31, 2019 and $588 million, $396 million and $379 million in the years ending December 31, 2020, 2021 and thereafter related to contract liabilities at March 31, 2019.
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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
Note 3. Marketable and Other Securities
The following table summarizes the fair value of cash equivalents and marketable debt securities which approximates cost:

| Fair Value Level |  | March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and time deposits(a) |  |  | $ | 7,469 |  |  | $ | 7,254 |
Available-for-sale debt securities |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agencies | 2 |  | 3,798 |  |  | 4,656 |
Corporate debt | 2 |  | 2,683 |  |  | 3,791 |
Sovereign debt | 2 |  | 274 |  |  | 1,976 |
Total available-for-sale debt securities – cash equivalents |  |  | 6,755 |  |  | 10,423 |
Money market funds | 1 |  | 2,952 |  |  | 3,167 |
Total cash and cash equivalents(b) |  |  | $ | 17,176 |  |  | $ | 20,844 |
Marketable debt securities |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agencies | 2 |  | $ | 1,231 |  |  | $ | 1,230 |
Corporate debt | 2 |  | 3,482 |  |  | 3,478 |
Mortgage and asset-backed | 2 |  | 747 |  |  | 695 |
Sovereign debt | 2 |  | 561 |  |  | 563 |
Total available-for-sale debt securities – marketable securities |  |  | $ | 6,021 |  |  | $ | 5,966 |
Restricted cash |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | $ | 237 |  |  | $ | 260 |
Money market funds | 1 |  | 3,368 |  |  | 2,392 |
Total restricted cash |  |  | $ | 3,605 |  |  | $ | 2,652 |
Available-for-sale debt securities included above with contractual maturities(c) |  |  |  |
Due in one year or less |  |  | $ | 7,671 |  |  |
Due between one and five years |  |  | 4,358 |  |  |
Total available-for-sale debt securities with contractual maturities |  |  | $ | 12,029 |  |  |

__________

(a) | Includes $504 million and $616 million that is designated exclusively to fund capital expenditures in GM Korea Company (GM Korea) at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

(b) | Includes $2.1 billion and $2.3 billion in GM Cruise at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

(c) | Excludes mortgage and asset-backed securities.

Proceeds from the sale of investments classified as available-for-sale and sold prior to maturity were $611 million and $920 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018. Net unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale debt securities were insignificant in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018. Cumulative unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale debt securities were insignificant at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
Our investment in Lyft, Inc. (Lyft) is estimated at fair value using Level 3 inputs because the investment is subject to transfer restrictions. The fair value of our investment in Lyft at March 31, 2019 uses Lyft’s quoted market price, less a discount for the lack of marketability due to the restriction from selling our shares until September 26, 2019. The estimated volatility of Lyft’s common stock represents the significant unobservable input to the put option pricing model used to derive the fair value of our investment. The fair value of this investment was $1.2 billion and $884 million in Other assets at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. We recorded an unrealized gain of $285 million in Interest income and other non-operating income, net in the three months ended March 31, 2019. Refer to Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk for exposure to equity price market risk.
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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheet to the total shown in the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows:

| March 31, 2019
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 17,176 |
Restricted cash included in Other current assets | 3,063 |
Restricted cash included in Other assets | 542 |
Total | $ | 20,781 |

Note 4. GM Financial Receivables and Transactions

| March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
| Retail |  | Commercial(a) |  | Total |  | Retail |  | Commercial(a) |  | Total
Finance receivables, collectively evaluated for impairment, net of fees | $ | 39,331 |  |  | $ | 11,904 |  |  | $ | 51,235 |  |  | $ | 38,220 |  |  | $ | 12,235 |  |  | $ | 50,455 |
Finance receivables, individually evaluated for impairment, net of fees(b) | 2,333 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 2,367 |  |  | 2,348 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 2,389 |
GM Financial receivables | 41,664 |  |  | 11,938 |  |  | 53,602 |  |  | 40,568 |  |  | 12,276 |  |  | 52,844 |
Less: allowance for loan losses(b) | (862 | ) |  | (62 | ) |  | (924 | ) |  | (844 | ) |  | (67 | ) |  | (911 | )
GM Financial receivables, net | $ | 40,802 |  |  | $ | 11,876 |  |  | $ | 52,678 |  |  | $ | 39,724 |  |  | $ | 12,209 |  |  | $ | 51,933 |
Fair value of GM Financial receivables utilizing Level 2 inputs |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,876 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 12,209 |
Fair value of GM Financial receivables utilizing Level 3 inputs |  |  |  |  | $ | 40,830 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 39,430 |

__________

(a) | Net of dealer cash management balances of $1.1 billion and $922 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Under the cash management program, subject to certain conditions, a dealer may choose to reduce the amount of interest on their floorplan line by making principal payments to GM Financial in advance.

(b) | Retail finance receivables individually evaluated for impairment, net of fees are classified as troubled debt restructurings. The allowance for loan losses included $324 million and $321 million of specific allowances on these receivables at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

| Three Months Ended
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018
Allowance for loan losses at beginning of period | $ | 911 |  |  | $ | 942 |
Provision for loan losses | 175 |  |  | 136 |
Charge-offs | (309 | ) |  | (295 | )
Recoveries | 145 |  |  | 123 |
Effect of foreign currency | 2 |  |  | 6 |
Allowance for loan losses at end of period | $ | 924 |  |  | $ | 912 |

The allowance for loan losses on retail and commercial finance receivables included a collective allowance of $598 million and $586 million and a specific allowance of $326 million and $325 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
Retail Finance Receivables We use proprietary scoring systems in the underwriting process that measure the credit quality of retail finance receivables using several factors, such as credit bureau information, consumer credit risk scores (e.g., FICO score or its equivalent) and contract characteristics. We also consider other factors such as employment history, financial stability and capacity to pay. Subsequent to origination we review the credit quality of retail finance receivables based on customer payment activity. At March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, 24% and 25% of retail finance receivables were from consumers with sub-prime credit scores, which are defined as a FICO score or its equivalent of less than 620 at the time of loan origination.
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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
An account is considered delinquent if a substantial portion of a scheduled payment has not been received by the date the payment was contractually due. The accrual of finance charge income had been suspended on delinquent retail finance receivables with contractual amounts due of $745 million and $888 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. The following table summarizes the contractual amount of delinquent retail finance receivables, which is not significantly different than the recorded investment of the retail finance receivables:

| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018
| Amount |  | Percent of Contractual Amount Due |  | Amount |  | Percent of Contractual Amount Due
31-to-60 days delinquent | $ | 1,048 |  |  | 2.5 | % |  | $ | 1,265 |  |  | 3.7 | %
Greater-than-60 days delinquent | 412 |  |  | 1.0 | % |  | 605 |  |  | 1.7 | %
Total finance receivables more than 30 days delinquent | 1,460 |  |  | 3.5 | % |  | 1,870 |  |  | 5.4 | %
In repossession | 47 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | 53 |  |  | 0.2 | %
Total finance receivables more than 30 days delinquent or in repossession | $ | 1,507 |  |  | 3.6 | % |  | $ | 1,923 |  |  | 5.6 | %

Commercial Finance Receivables Our commercial finance receivables consist of dealer financings, primarily for inventory purchases. Proprietary models are used to assign a risk rating to each dealer. We perform periodic credit reviews of each dealership and adjust the dealership's risk rating, if necessary. Dealers in Group VI are subject to additional restrictions on funding, including suspension of lines of credit and liquidation of assets. The commercial finance receivables on non-accrual status were insignificant at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. The following table summarizes the credit risk profile by dealer risk rating of the commercial finance receivables:

|  | March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Group I | – Dealers with superior financial metrics | $ | 2,051 |  |  | $ | 2,192 |
Group II | – Dealers with strong financial metrics | 4,736 |  |  | 4,399 |
Group III | – Dealers with fair financial metrics | 3,548 |  |  | 4,064 |
Group IV | – Dealers with weak financial metrics | 1,111 |  |  | 1,116 |
Group V | – Dealers warranting special mention due to elevated risks | 423 |  |  | 422 |
Group VI | – Dealers with loans classified as substandard, doubtful or impaired | 69 |  |  | 83 |
|  | $ | 11,938 |  |  | $ | 12,276 |

Transactions with GM Financial The following table shows transactions between our Automotive segments and GM Financial. These amounts are presented in GM Financial's condensed consolidated balance sheets and statements of income.

| March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets(a) |  |  |
Commercial finance receivables, net due from GM consolidated dealers | $ | 430 |  |  | $ | 445 |
Finance receivables from GM subsidiaries | $ | 121 |  |  | $ | 134 |
Subvention receivable(b) | $ | 639 |  |  | $ | 727 |
Commercial loan funding payable | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | 61 |

| Three Months Ended
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income |  |  |
Interest subvention earned on finance receivables | $ | 148 |  |  | $ | 130 |
Leased vehicle subvention earned | $ | 835 |  |  | $ | 798 |

__________

(a) | All balance sheet amounts are eliminated upon consolidation.

(b) | Cash paid by Automotive segments to GM Financial for subvention was $1.1 billion and $642 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
Note 5. Inventories

| March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Total productive material, supplies and work in process | $ | 4,685 |  |  | $ | 4,274 |
Finished product, including service parts | 6,423 |  |  | 5,542 |
Total inventories | $ | 11,108 |  |  | $ | 9,816 |

Note 6. Equipment on Operating Leases
Equipment on operating leases consists primarily of leases to retail customers of GM Financial. The current portion of net equipment on operating leases is presented as Other current assets.

| March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Equipment on operating leases | $ | 54,872 |  |  | $ | 55,282 |
Less: accumulated depreciation | (11,632 | ) |  | (11,476 | )
Equipment on operating leases, net | $ | 43,240 |  |  | $ | 43,806 |

Depreciation expense related to Equipment on operating leases, net was $1.9 billion and $1.8 billion in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.
The following table summarizes lease payments due to GM Financial on leases to retail customers:

| Year Ending December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | Total
Lease receipts under operating leases | $ | 5,220 |  |  | $ | 4,740 |  |  | $ | 2,143 |  |  | $ | 306 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 12,424 |

Note 7. Equity in Net Assets of Nonconsolidated Affiliates

| Three Months Ended
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018
Automotive China equity income | $ | 376 |  |  | $ | 597 |
Other joint ventures equity income | 38 |  |  | 51 |
Total Equity income | $ | 414 |  |  | $ | 648 |

There have been no significant ownership changes in our Automotive China joint ventures (Automotive China JVs) since December 31, 2018.

| Three Months Ended
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018
Summarized Operating Data of Automotive China JVs |  |  |
Automotive China JVs' net sales | $ | 10,146 |  |  | $ | 13,719 |
Automotive China JVs' net income | $ | 767 |  |  | $ | 1,177 |

Dividends declared but not paid from our nonconsolidated affiliates were $1.6 billion and an insignificant amount at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Dividends received from our nonconsolidated affiliates were insignificant in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018. Undistributed earnings from our nonconsolidated affiliates were $2.7 billion and $2.3 billion at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
Note 8. Variable Interest Entities
GM Financial uses special purpose entities (SPEs) that are considered VIEs to issue variable funding notes to third party bank-sponsored warehouse facilities or asset-backed securities to investors in securitization transactions. The debt issued by these VIEs is backed by finance receivables and leasing related assets transferred to the VIEs (Securitized Assets). GM Financial determined that it is the primary beneficiary of the SPEs because the servicing responsibilities for the Securitized Assets give GM Financial the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the performance of the VIEs and the variable interests in the VIEs give GM Financial the obligation to absorb losses and the right to receive residual returns that could potentially be significant. The assets serve as the sole source of repayment for the debt issued by these entities. Investors in the notes issued by the VIEs do not have recourse to GM Financial or its other assets, with the exception of customary representation and warranty repurchase provisions and indemnities that GM Financial provides as the servicer. GM Financial is not required and does not currently intend to provide additional financial support to these SPEs. While these subsidiaries are included in GM Financial's condensed consolidated financial statements, they are separate legal entities and their assets are legally owned by them and are not available to GM Financial's creditors.
The following table summarizes the assets and liabilities related to GM Financial's consolidated VIEs:

| March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Restricted cash – current | $ | 2,209 |  |  | $ | 1,876 |
Restricted cash – non-current | $ | 473 |  |  | $ | 504 |
GM Financial receivables, net of fees – current | $ | 18,283 |  |  | $ | 18,304 |
GM Financial receivables, net of fees – non-current | $ | 13,448 |  |  | $ | 14,008 |
GM Financial equipment on operating leases, net | $ | 20,313 |  |  | $ | 21,781 |
GM Financial short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt | $ | 21,832 |  |  | $ | 21,087 |
GM Financial long-term debt | $ | 19,523 |  |  | $ | 21,417 |

GM Financial recognizes finance charge, leased vehicle and fee income on the Securitized Assets and interest expense on the secured debt issued in a securitization transaction and records a provision for loan losses to recognize probable loan losses inherent in the finance receivables.
Note 9. Automotive and GM Financial Debt

| March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
| Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value
Automotive debt | $ | 14,662 |  |  | $ | 14,701 |  |  | $ | 13,435 |  |  | $ | 12,700 |
Finance lease liabilities | 291 |  |  | 487 |  |  | 528 |  |  | 831 |
Total automotive debt | $ | 14,953 |  |  | $ | 15,188 |  |  | $ | 13,963 |  |  | $ | 13,531 |
Fair value utilizing Level 1 inputs |  |  | $ | 12,353 |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,693 |
Fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs |  |  | $ | 2,835 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,838 |

Finance lease assets in Property, net were $314 million at March 31, 2019. Finance lease costs were insignificant in the three months ended March 31, 2019. Undiscounted future lease obligations related to finance leases are $106 million in the nine months ending December 31, 2019, $160 million in aggregate for the years 2020 to 2023 and $371 million thereafter, with imputed interest of $346 million at March 31, 2019. The weighted-average discount rate on finance leases was 11.9% and the weighted-average remaining lease term was 14.6 years at March 31, 2019.
In January 2019 we executed a new three-year committed unsecured revolving credit facility with an initial borrowing capacity of $3.0 billion, reducing to $2.0 billion in July 2020. The facility is to fund costs related to the transformation activities announced in November 2018 and to provide additional financial flexibility. In the three months ended March 31, 2019 we borrowed $400 million against this facility to support transformation related disbursements. In April 2019 we renewed our 364-day $2.0 billion credit facility for an additional 364-day term. This facility has been allocated for exclusive use by GM Financial since April 2018.
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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)

| March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
| Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value
Secured debt | $ | 41,625 |  |  | $ | 41,738 |  |  | $ | 42,835 |  |  | $ | 42,835 |
Unsecured debt | 50,506 |  |  | 50,866 |  |  | 48,153 |  |  | 47,556 |
Total GM Financial debt | $ | 92,131 |  |  | $ | 92,604 |  |  | $ | 90,988 |  |  | $ | 90,391 |
Fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs |  |  | $ | 90,615 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 88,305 |
Fair value utilizing Level 3 inputs |  |  | $ | 1,989 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,086 |

Secured debt consists of revolving credit facilities and securitization notes payable. Most of the secured debt was issued by VIEs and is repayable only from proceeds related to the underlying pledged assets. Refer to Note 8 for additional information on GM Financial's involvement with VIEs. In the three months ended March 31, 2019 GM Financial issued $4.6 billion in aggregate principal amount of securitization notes payable with an initial weighted average interest rate of 3.16% and maturity dates ranging from 2023 to 2025.
Unsecured debt consists of senior notes, credit facilities and other unsecured debt. In the three months ended March 31, 2019 GM Financial issued $3.9 billion in aggregate principal amount of senior notes with an initial weighted average interest rate of 4.22% and maturity dates ranging from 2021 to 2029.
In April 2019 GM Financial issued $1.3 billion in senior notes with an interest rate of 3.55%, due in 2022.
The principal amount outstanding of GM Financial's commercial paper in the U.S. was $1.5 billion and $1.2 billion at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
Each of the revolving credit facilities and the indentures governing GM Financial's notes contain terms and covenants, including limitations on GM Financial's ability to incur certain liens.
Note 10. Derivative Financial Instruments
Automotive The following table presents the notional amounts of derivative financial instruments in our automotive operations:

| Fair Value Level |  | March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Derivatives not designated as hedges(a) |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency | 2 |  | $ | 3,500 |  |  | $ | 2,710 |
Commodity | 2 |  | 838 |  |  | 658 |
PSA warrants(b) | 2 |  | 45 |  |  | 45 |
Total derivative financial instruments |  |  | $ | 4,383 |  |  | $ | 3,413 |

__________

(a) | The fair value of these derivative instruments at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 and the gains/losses included in our condensed consolidated income statements for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 were insignificant, unless otherwise noted.

(b) | The fair value of the PSA warrants located in Other assets was $950 million and $827 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. We recorded gains in Interest income and other non-operating income, net of $139 million and $127 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

We estimate the fair value of the PSA warrants using a Black-Scholes formula. The significant inputs to the model include the PSA stock price and the estimated dividend yield. We are entitled to receive any dividends declared by PSA through the conversion date upon exercise of the warrants.
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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
GM Financial The following table presents the notional amounts of GM Financial's derivative financial instruments:

| Fair Value Level |  | March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Derivatives designated as hedges(a) |  |  |  |  |
Fair value hedges – interest rate swaps(b) | 2 |  | $ | 13,039 |  |  | $ | 9,533 |
Fair value hedges – foreign currency swaps(b) | 2 |  | 1,797 |  |  | 1,829 |
Cash flow hedges |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | 2 |  | 599 |  |  | 768 |
Foreign currency swaps | 2 |  | 3,298 |  |  | 2,075 |
Derivatives not designated as hedges(a) |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts(c) | 2 |  | 96,296 |  |  | 99,666 |
Total derivative financial instruments(d) |  |  | $ | 115,029 |  |  | $ | 113,871 |

__________

(a) | The fair value of these derivative instruments at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 and the gains/losses included in our condensed consolidated income statements and statements of comprehensive income for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 were insignificant, unless otherwise noted. Amounts accrued for interest payments in a net receivable position are included in Other assets. Amounts accrued for interest payments in a net payable position are included in Other liabilities.

(b) | The fair value of these derivative instruments located in Other liabilities was insignificant and $291 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

(c) | The fair value of these derivative instruments located in Other assets was $233 million and $372 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. The fair value of these derivative instruments located in Other liabilities was $428 million and $520 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

(d) | We held insignificant amounts and posted $284 million and $451 million of collateral available for netting at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

The fair value for Level 2 instruments was derived using the market approach based on observable market inputs including quoted prices of similar instruments and foreign exchange and interest rate forward curves.
The following amounts were recorded in the condensed consolidated balance sheets related to items designated and qualifying as hedged items in fair value hedging relationships:

| March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
| Carrying Amount of Hedged Items |  | Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustments(a) |  | Carrying Amount of Hedged Items |  | Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustments(a)
GM Financial long-term debt | $ | 20,200 |  |  | $ | 281 |  |  | $ | 17,923 |  |  | $ | 459 |

__________

(a) | Includes $228 million and $247 million of adjustments remaining on hedged items for which hedge accounting has been discontinued at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

Note 11. Product Warranty and Related Liabilities

| Three Months Ended
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018
Warranty balance at beginning of period | $ | 7,590 |  |  | $ | 8,332 |
Warranties issued and assumed in period – recall campaigns | 124 |  |  | 183 |
Warranties issued and assumed in period – product warranty | 527 |  |  | 521 |
Payments | (732 | ) |  | (735 | )
Adjustments to pre-existing warranties | 36 |  |  | (82 | )
Effect of foreign currency and other | 7 |  |  | (86 | )
Warranty balance at end of period | $ | 7,552 |  |  | $ | 8,133 |

We estimate our reasonably possible loss in excess of amounts accrued for recall campaigns to be insignificant at March 31, 2019. Refer to Note 13 for reasonably possible losses on Takata Corporation (Takata) matters.
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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
Note 12. Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2018
| Pension Benefits |  | Global OPEB Plans |  | Pension Benefits |  | Global OPEB Plans
| U.S. |  | Non-U.S. |  |  | U.S. |  | Non-U.S. |
Service cost | $ | 98 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 83 |  |  | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | 5 |
Interest cost | 566 |  |  | 120 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 513 |  |  | 120 |  |  | 50 |
Expected return on plan assets | (868 | ) |  | (195 | ) |  | — |  |  | (973 | ) |  | (212 | ) |  | — |
Amortization of prior service cost (credit) | (1 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | (4 | )
Amortization of net actuarial losses | 3 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 13 |
Net periodic pension and OPEB (income) expense | $ | (202 | ) |  | $ | (10 | ) |  | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | (376 | ) |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 64 |

The non-service cost components of net periodic pension and other postretirement benefits (OPEB) income of $230 million and $421 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 are presented in Interest income and other non-operating income, net.
Note 13. Commitments and Contingencies
Litigation-Related Liability and Tax Administrative Matters In the normal course of our business, we are named from time to time as a defendant in various legal actions, including arbitrations, class actions and other litigation. We identify below the material individual proceedings and investigations where we believe a material loss is reasonably possible or probable. We accrue for matters when we believe that losses are probable and can be reasonably estimated. At March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we had accruals of $1.4 billion and $1.3 billion in Accrued liabilities and Other liabilities. In many matters, it is inherently difficult to determine whether loss is probable or reasonably possible or to estimate the size or range of the possible loss. Accordingly, adverse outcomes from such proceedings could exceed the amounts accrued by an amount that could be material to our results of operations or cash flows in any particular reporting period.
Proceedings Related to Ignition Switch Recall and Other Recalls In 2014 we announced various recalls relating to safety and other matters. Those recalls included recalls to repair ignition switches that could under certain circumstances unintentionally move from the “run” position to the “accessory” or “off” position with a corresponding loss of power, which could in turn prevent airbags from deploying in the event of a crash.
Economic-Loss Claims We are aware of over 100 putative class actions pending against GM in U.S. and Canadian courts alleging that consumers who purchased or leased vehicles manufactured by GM or Motors Liquidation Company (MLC), formerly known as General Motors Corporation, had been economically harmed by one or more of the 2014 recalls and/or the underlying vehicle conditions associated with those recalls (economic-loss cases). In general, these economic-loss cases seek recovery for purported compensatory damages, such as alleged benefit-of-the-bargain damages or damages related to alleged diminution in value of the vehicles, as well as punitive damages, injunctive relief and other relief.
Many of the pending U.S. economic-loss claims have been transferred to, and consolidated in, a single federal court, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York (Southern District). These plaintiffs have asserted economic-loss claims under federal and state laws, including claims relating to recalled vehicles manufactured by GM and claims asserting successor liability relating to certain recalled vehicles manufactured by MLC.
In August 2017 the Southern District granted our motion to dismiss the successor liability claims of plaintiffs in seven of the sixteen states at issue on the motion and called for additional briefing to decide whether plaintiffs' claims can proceed in the other nine states. In December 2017, the Southern District granted GM's motion and dismissed the plaintiffs' successor liability claims in an additional state, but found that there are genuine issues of material fact that prevent summary judgment for GM in eight other states. In January 2018, GM moved for reconsideration of certain portions of the Southern District's December 2017 summary judgment ruling. That motion was granted in April 2018, dismissing plaintiffs' successor liability claims in any state where New York law applies.
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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
In September 2018, the Southern District granted our motion to dismiss claims for lost personal time (in 41 out of 47 jurisdictions) and certain unjust enrichment claims, but denied our motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ economic loss claims in 27 jurisdictions under the "manifest defect" rule. Significant summary judgment, class certification, and expert evidentiary motions remain at issue.
Personal Injury Claims We also are aware of several hundred actions pending in various courts in the U.S. and Canada alleging injury or death as a result of defects that may be the subject of the 2014 recalls (personal injury cases). In general, these cases seek recovery for purported compensatory damages, punitive damages and/or other relief. Since 2016, several bellwether trials of personal injury cases have taken place in the Southern District and in a Texas state court, which is administering a Texas state multi-district litigation. None of these trials resulted in a finding of liability against GM.
Appellate Litigation Regarding Successor Liability Ignition Switch Claims In 2016, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit held that the 2009 order of the Bankruptcy Court approving the sale of substantially all of the assets of MLC to GM free and clear of, among other things, claims asserting successor liability for obligations owed by MLC (successor liability claims) could not be enforced to bar claims against GM asserted by either plaintiffs who purchased used vehicles after the sale or against purchasers who asserted claims relating to the ignition switch defect, including pre-sale personal injury claims and economic-loss claims.
Contingently Issuable Shares Under the Amended and Restated Master Sale and Purchase Agreement between us and MLC, GM may be obligated to issue additional shares (Adjustment Shares) of our common stock if allowed general unsecured claims against the MLC GUC Trust (GUC Trust), as estimated by the Bankruptcy Court, exceed $35.0 billion. The maximum number of Adjustment Shares issuable is 30 million shares (subject to adjustment to take into account stock dividends, stock splits and other transactions), which amounts to approximately $1.2 billion based on the GM share price as of April 18, 2019. The GUC Trust stated in public filings that allowed general unsecured claims were approximately $31.9 billion at December 31, 2018. In 2016 and 2017, certain personal injury and economic loss plaintiffs filed motions in the Bankruptcy Court seeking authority to file late claims against the GUC Trust. In May 2018, the GUC Trust filed motions seeking the Bankruptcy Court’s approval of a proposed settlement with certain personal injury and economic loss plaintiffs, approval of a notice relating to that proposed settlement and estimation of alleged personal injury and economic loss late claims for the purpose of obtaining an order requiring GM to issue the maximum number of Adjustment Shares. GM vigorously contested each of these motions.
In September 2018 the Bankruptcy Court denied without prejudice the GUC Trust’s motions described above, finding that the settling parties first need to obtain class certification with respect to the economic loss late claims. In February 2019, the GUC Trust and certain plaintiffs filed a motion with the Bankruptcy Court requesting approval of a new settlement to obtain the maximum number of Adjustment Shares. In March 2019, we asserted several legal objections to this new settlement. We are unable to estimate any reasonably possible loss or range of loss that may result from this matter.
Government Matters In connection with the 2014 recalls, we have from time to time received subpoenas and other requests for information related to investigations by agencies or other representatives of U.S. federal, state and the Canadian governments. GM is cooperating with all reasonable pending requests for information. Any existing governmental matters or investigations could in the future result in the imposition of damages, fines, civil consent orders, civil and criminal penalties or other remedies.
The total amount accrued for the 2014 recalls at March 31, 2019 reflects amounts for a combination of settled but unpaid matters, and for the remaining unsettled investigations, claims and/or lawsuits relating to the ignition switch recalls and other related recalls to the extent that such matters are probable and can be reasonably estimated. The amounts accrued for those unsettled investigations, claims, and/or lawsuits represent a combination of our best single point estimates where determinable and, where no such single point estimate is determinable, our estimate of the low end of the range of probable loss with regard to such matters, if that is determinable. We will continue to consider resolution of pending matters involving ignition switch recalls and other recalls where it makes sense to do so.
GM Korea Wage Litigation GM Korea is party to litigation with current and former hourly employees in the appellate court and Incheon District Court in Incheon, Korea. The group actions, which in the aggregate involve more than 10,000 employees, allege that GM Korea failed to include bonuses and certain allowances in its calculation of Ordinary Wages due under Korean regulations. In 2012, the Seoul High Court (an intermediate level appellate court) affirmed a decision in one of these group actions involving five GM Korea employees which was contrary to GM Korea's position. GM Korea appealed to the Supreme Court of the Republic of Korea (Supreme Court). In 2014, the Supreme Court largely agreed with GM’s legal arguments and remanded the case to the Seoul High Court for consideration consistent with earlier Supreme Court precedent holding that while fixed bonuses should be included in the calculation of Ordinary Wages, claims for retroactive application of this rule would be barred under certain circumstances. In 2015, on reconsideration, the Seoul High Court held in GM Korea’s favor, after which the plaintiffs
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appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has not yet rendered a decision. We estimate our reasonably possible loss in excess of amounts accrued to be approximately $580 million at March 31, 2019. Both the scope of claims asserted and GM Korea's assessment of any or all of the individual claim elements may change if new information becomes available or the legal or regulatory framework change.
GM Korea is also party to litigation with current and former salaried employees over allegations relating to ordinary wages regulation and whether to include fixed bonuses in the calculation of ordinary wages. In 2017, the Seoul High Court held that certain workers are not barred from filing retroactive wage claims. GM Korea appealed this ruling to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has not yet rendered a decision. We estimate our reasonably possible loss in excess of amounts accrued to be approximately $170 million at March 31, 2019. Both the scope of claims asserted and GM Korea's assessment of any or all of the individual claim elements may change if new information becomes available or the legal or regulatory framework change.
GM Korea is also party to litigation with current and former subcontract workers over allegations that they are entitled to the same wages and benefits provided to full-time employees, and to be hired as full-time employees. In May 2018 the Korean labor authorities issued an adverse administrative order finding that GM Korea must hire certain current subcontract workers as full-time employees. GM Korea appealed that order. At March 31, 2019, we recorded an insignificant accrual covering certain asserted claims and claims that we believe are probable of assertion and for which liability is probable. We estimate that the reasonably possible loss in excess of amounts accrued for other current subcontract workers who may assert similar claims to be approximately $140 million at March 31, 2019. We are currently unable to estimate any possible loss or range of loss that may result from additional claims that may be asserted by former subcontract workers.
GM Brazil Indirect Tax Claim In March 2017, the Supreme Court of Brazil issued a decision concluding that a certain state value added tax should not be included in the calculation of federal gross receipts taxes. The decision reduced GM Brazil’s gross receipts tax prospectively and, potentially, retrospectively. In February 2019, the Superior Judicial Court of Brazil rendered a favorable decision on one of GM Brazil's cases granting the company the right to recover, through offset of federal tax liabilities, amounts collected by the government from October 2007 to December 2014. As a result of the favorable decision, we recorded pre-tax recoveries of $857 million to Automotive and other cost of sales in the three months ended March 31, 2019. Timing on realization of these recoveries is dependent upon the timing of administrative approvals and generation of federal tax liabilities eligible for offset.
In April 2019, the Superior Judicial Court of Brazil rendered a favorable decision on another GM Brazil case, granting us the right to recover tax amounts collected by the government from August 2001 to September 2007. We expect to record estimated pre-tax recoveries of up to $450 million in the three months ending June 30, 2019. Timing on realization of these recoveries is dependent upon the timing of administrative approvals and generation of federal tax liabilities eligible for offset.
The retrospective right to recover for other periods remains under judicial review, and a decision could be rendered in 2019. If the Superior Judicial Court of Brazil grants retrospective recovery right for the other periods, we estimate additional potential pre-tax recoveries of up to $100 million.
Other Litigation-Related Liability and Tax Administrative Matters Various other legal actions, including class actions, governmental investigations, claims and proceedings are pending against us or our related companies or joint ventures, including matters arising out of alleged product defects; employment-related matters; product and workplace safety, vehicle emissions and fuel economy regulations; product warranties; financial services; dealer, supplier and other contractual relationships; government regulations relating to competition issues; tax-related matters not subject to the provision of Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 740, Income Taxes (indirect tax-related matters); product design, manufacture and performance; consumer protection laws; and environmental protection laws, including laws regulating air emissions, water discharges, waste management and environmental remediation from stationary sources.
There are several putative class actions pending against GM in federal courts in the U.S., the Provincial Courts in Canada and Israel alleging that various vehicles sold including model year 2011-2016 Duramax Diesel Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra vehicles, violate federal, state and foreign emission standards. GM has also faced a series of additional lawsuits based primarily on allegations in the Duramax suit, including putative shareholder class actions claiming violations of federal securities law and a shareholder demand lawsuit. The securities lawsuits have been voluntarily dismissed. At this stage of these proceedings, we are unable to provide an evaluation of the likelihood that a loss will be incurred or an estimate of the amounts or range of possible loss.
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We believe that appropriate accruals have been established for losses that are probable and can be reasonably estimated. It is possible that the resolution of one or more of these matters could exceed the amounts accrued in an amount that could be material to our results of operations. We also from time to time receive subpoenas and other inquiries or requests for information from agencies or other representatives of U.S. federal, state and foreign governments on a variety of issues.
Indirect tax-related matters are being litigated globally pertaining to value added taxes, customs, duties, sales, property taxes and other non-income tax related tax exposures. The various non-U.S. labor-related matters include claims from current and former employees related to alleged unpaid wage, benefit, severance and other compensation matters. Certain administrative proceedings are indirect tax-related and may require that we deposit funds in escrow or provide an alternative form of security which may range from $300 million to $550 million at March 31, 2019. Some of the matters may involve compensatory, punitive or other treble damage claims, environmental remediation programs or sanctions that, if granted, could require us to pay damages or make other expenditures in amounts that could not be reasonably estimated at March 31, 2019. We believe that appropriate accruals have been established for losses that are probable and can be reasonably estimated. For indirect tax-related matters we estimate our reasonably possible loss in excess of amounts accrued to be up to approximately $900 million at March 31, 2019.
Takata Matters In May 2016, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) issued an amended consent order requiring Takata to file defect information reports (DIRs) for previously unrecalled front airbag inflators that contain phased-stabilized ammonium nitrate-based propellant without a moisture absorbing desiccant on a multi-year, risk-based schedule through 2019 impacting tens of millions of vehicles produced by numerous automotive manufacturers. NHTSA concluded that the likely root cause of the rupturing of the airbag inflators is a function of time, temperature cycling and environmental moisture.
Although we do not believe there is a safety defect at this time in any unrecalled GM vehicles within scope of the Takata DIRs, in cooperation with NHTSA we have filed Preliminary DIRs covering certain of our GMT900 vehicles, which are full-size pickup trucks and sport utility vehicles (SUVs). We have also filed petitions for inconsequentiality with respect to the vehicles subject to those Preliminary DIRs. NHTSA has consolidated our petitions and will rule on them at the same time.
While these petitions have been pending, we have provided NHTSA with the results of our long-term studies and the studies performed by third-party experts, all of which form the basis for our determination that the inflators in these vehicles do not present an unreasonable risk to safety and that no repair should ultimately be required.
We believe these vehicles are currently performing as designed and our inflator aging studies and field data support the belief that the vehicles' unique design and integration mitigates against inflator propellant degradation and rupture risk. For example, the airbag inflators used in the vehicles are a variant engineered specifically for our vehicles, and include features such as greater venting, unique propellant wafer configurations, and machined steel end caps. The inflators are packaged in the instrument panel in such a way as to minimize exposure to moisture from the climate control system. Also, these vehicles have features that minimize the maximum temperature to which the inflator will be exposed, such as larger interior volumes and standard solar absorbing windshields and side glass.
Accordingly, no warranty provision has been made for any repair associated with our vehicles subject to the Preliminary DIRs and amended consent order. However, in the event we are ultimately obligated to repair the vehicles subject to current or future Takata DIRs under the amended consent order in the U.S., we estimate a reasonably possible impact to GM of approximately $1.2 billion.
GM has recalled certain vehicles sold outside of the U.S. to replace Takata inflators in those vehicles. There are significant differences in vehicle and inflator design between the relevant vehicles sold internationally and those sold in the U.S. We continue to gather and analyze evidence about these inflators and to share our findings with regulators. Additional recalls, if any, could be material to our results of operations and cash flows. We continue to monitor the international situation.
Through April 18, 2019 we are aware of three putative class actions pending against GM in federal court in the U.S., one putative class action in Mexico, one putative class action in Israel and three putative class actions pending in various Provincial Courts in Canada arising out of allegations that airbag inflators manufactured by Takata are defective. At this early stage of these proceedings, we are unable to provide an evaluation of the likelihood that a loss will be incurred or an estimate of the amounts or range of possible loss.
Product Liability With respect to product liability claims (other than claims relating to the ignition switch recalls discussed above) involving our and General Motors Corporation products, we believe that any judgment against us for actual damages will be adequately covered by our recorded accruals and, where applicable, excess liability insurance coverage. We recorded liabilities
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of $530 million and $531 million in Accrued liabilities and Other liabilities at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 for the expected cost of all known product liability claims, plus an estimate of the expected cost for product liability claims that have already been incurred and are expected to be filed in the future for which we are self-insured. It is reasonably possible that our accruals for product liability claims may increase in future periods in material amounts, although we cannot estimate a reasonable range of incremental loss based on currently available information.
Guarantees We enter into indemnification agreements for liability claims involving products manufactured primarily by certain joint ventures. These guarantees terminate in years ranging from 2019 to 2024 or upon the occurrence of specific events or are ongoing. We believe that the related potential costs incurred are adequately covered by our recorded accruals, which are insignificant. The maximum future undiscounted payments mainly based on vehicles sold to date was $2.5 billion and $2.4 billion for these guarantees at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the majority of which relate to the indemnification agreements.
We provide payment guarantees on commercial loans outstanding with third parties such as dealers. In some instances, certain assets of the party or our payables to the party whose debt or performance we have guaranteed may offset, to some degree, the amount of any potential future payments. We are also exposed to residual value guarantees associated with certain sales to rental car companies.
We periodically enter into agreements that incorporate indemnification provisions in the normal course of business. It is not possible to estimate our maximum exposure under these indemnifications or guarantees due to the conditional nature of these obligations. Insignificant amounts have been recorded for such obligations as the majority of them are not probable or estimable at this time and the fair value of the guarantees at issuance was insignificant. Refer to Note 18 for additional information on our indemnification obligations to Peugeot, S.A. (PSA Group) under the Master Agreement (the Agreement).
Operating Leases Our portfolio of leases consists primarily of real estate office space, manufacturing and warehousing facilities, land and equipment. Certain leases contain escalation clauses and renewal or purchase options, and generally our leases have no residual value guarantees or material covenants. We exclude leases with a term of one year or less from our balance sheet, and do not separate non-lease components from our real estate leases.
Rent expense under operating leases was $86 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019. Variable lease costs were insignificant in the three months ended March 31, 2019. At March 31, 2019 operating lease right of use assets in Other assets were $988 million, operating lease liabilities in Accrued liabilities were $236 million and non-current operating lease liabilities in Other liabilities were $838 million. Operating lease right of use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations were $122 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019. Our undiscounted future lease obligations related to operating leases having initial terms in excess of one year are $205 million for the nine months ending December 31, 2019 and $240 million, $210 million, $144 million, $131 million and $304 million for the years 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 and thereafter, with imputed interest of $160 million as of March 31, 2019. The weighted average discount rate was 4.4% and the weighted-average remaining lease term was 5.8 years at March 31, 2019. Payments for operating leases included in Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities were $81 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019. In 2018, we entered into lease agreements for office space with gross future lease obligations of $339 million that will commence at various dates throughout 2019.
Note 14. Income Taxes
For interim income tax reporting we estimate our annual effective tax rate and apply it to our year to date ordinary income (loss). Tax jurisdictions with a projected or year to date loss for which a tax benefit cannot be realized are excluded. The tax effects of unusual or infrequently occurring items, including changes in judgment about valuation allowances and effects of changes in tax laws or rates, are reported in the interim period in which they occur.
In the three months ended March 31, 2019 Income tax expense of $137 million primarily resulted from tax expense attributable to entities included in our effective tax rate calculation, partially offset by tax benefits related to a release of valuation allowance and benefits from foreign dividends. The effective tax rate is lower than the applicable statutory tax rate due primarily to tax benefits related to a release of valuation allowance and benefits from foreign dividends.
In the three months ended March 31, 2018 Income tax expense of $466 million primarily resulted from tax expense attributable to entities included in our effective tax rate calculation. The recorded effective tax rate is higher than the applicable statutory tax rate due primarily to losses incurred in jurisdictions for which a valuation allowance is recorded.
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At March 31, 2019 we had $23.6 billion of net deferred tax assets consisting of net operating losses and income tax credits, capitalized research expenditures and other timing differences that are available to offset future income tax liabilities, partially offset by valuation allowances.
Note 15. Restructuring and Other Initiatives
We have executed various restructuring and other initiatives and we may execute additional initiatives in the future, if necessary, to streamline manufacturing capacity and reduce other costs to improve the utilization of remaining facilities. To the extent these programs involve voluntary separations, a liability is generally recorded at the time offers to employees are accepted. To the extent these programs provide separation benefits in accordance with pre-existing agreements, a liability is recorded once the amount is probable and reasonably estimable. If employees are involuntarily terminated, a liability is generally recorded at the communication date. Related charges are recorded in Automotive and other cost of sales and Automotive and other selling, general and administrative expense. The following table summarizes the reserves and charges related to restructuring and other initiatives, including postemployment benefit reserves and charges:

| Three Months Ended
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 1,122 |  |  | $ | 227 |
Additions, interest accretion and other | 46 |  |  | 455 |
Payments | (317 | ) |  | (37 | )
Revisions to estimates and effect of foreign currency | (21 | ) |  | (12 | )
Balance at end of period | $ | 830 |  |  | $ | 633 |

In the three months ended March 31, 2019 restructuring and other initiatives primarily included actions related to our announced transformation activities, which includes the unallocation of products to certain manufacturing facilities and other employee separation programs. We recorded charges of $790 million, primarily in GMNA, in the three months ended March 31, 2019 primarily consisting of non-cash accelerated depreciation, not reflected in the table above. These programs have a total cost since inception of $2.1 billion and we expect to incur additional restructuring and other charges in the nine months ending December 31, 2019 that range from $900 million to $1.5 billion, primarily related to employee-related separation charges, supplier-related charges and accelerated depreciation. We incurred $315 million in cash outflows resulting from these restructuring actions in the three months ended March 31, 2019. We expect additional cash outflows related to these activities of approximately $1.5 billion to be substantially complete by the end of 2020.
In the three months ended March 31, 2018 restructuring and other initiatives primarily included the closure of a facility and other restructuring actions in Korea. We recorded charges of $900 million in GMI primarily consisting of $464 million in non-cash asset impairments, not reflected in the table above, and $436 million in employee separation charges, which are reflected in the table above in the three months ended March 31, 2018.
Note 16. Stockholders' Equity and Noncontrolling Interests
We had 2.0 billion shares of preferred stock and 5.0 billion shares of common stock authorized for issuance and 1.4 billion shares of common stock issued and outstanding at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Our total dividends paid on common stock were $539 million and $536 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.
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The following table summarizes the significant components of Accumulated other comprehensive loss:

| Three Months Ended
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018
Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | (2,250 | ) |  | $ | (1,606 | )
Other comprehensive income and noncontrolling interests, net of reclassification adjustment, tax and impact of adoption of accounting standards(a)(b)(c) | 125 |  |  | 108 |
Balance at end of period | $ | (2,125 | ) |  | $ | (1,498 | )
Defined Benefit Plans |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | (6,737 | ) |  | $ | (6,398 | )
Other comprehensive loss before reclassification adjustment, net of tax and impact of adoption of accounting standards(b)(c) | (1 | ) |  | (170 | )
Reclassification adjustment, net of tax(b) | 37 |  |  | 44 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax and impact of adoption of accounting standards(b)(c) | 36 |  |  | (126 | )
Balance at end of period | $ | (6,701 | ) |  | $ | (6,524 | )

__________

(a) | The noncontrolling interests and reclassification adjustment were insignificant in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

(b) | The income tax effect was insignificant in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

(c) | Refer to our 2018 Form 10-K for additional information on adoption of accounting standards in 2018.

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Note 17. Earnings Per Share

| Three Months Ended
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018
Basic earnings per share |  |  |
Income from continuing operations(a) | $ | 2,157 |  |  | $ | 1,116 |
Less: cumulative dividends on subsidiary preferred stock | (38 | ) |  | (14 | )
Income from continuing operations attributable to common stockholders | 2,119 |  |  | 1,102 |
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax | — |  |  | 70 |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 2,119 |  |  | $ | 1,032 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding | 1,417 |  |  | 1,408 |
Basic earnings per common share – continuing operations | $ | 1.50 |  |  | $ | 0.78 |
Basic loss per common share – discontinued operations | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.05 |
Basic earnings per common share | $ | 1.50 |  |  | $ | 0.73 |
Diluted earnings per share |  |  |
Income from continuing operations attributable to common stockholders – diluted(a) | $ | 2,119 |  |  | $ | 1,102 |
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax – diluted | $ | — |  |  | $ | 70 |
Net income attributable to common stockholders – diluted | $ | 2,119 |  |  | $ | 1,032 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – basic | 1,417 |  |  | 1,408 |
Dilutive effect of warrants and awards under stock incentive plans | 19 |  |  | 22 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – diluted | 1,436 |  |  | 1,430 |
Diluted earnings per common share – continuing operations | $ | 1.48 |  |  | $ | 0.77 |
Diluted loss per common share – discontinued operations | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.05 |
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 1.48 |  |  | $ | 0.72 |
Potentially dilutive securities(b) | 8 |  |  | 4 |

__________

(a) | Net of Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests.

(b) | Potentially dilutive securities attributable to outstanding stock options and Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share (EPS) because the securities would have had an antidilutive effect.

Note 18. Discontinued Operations
On July 31, 2017 we closed the sale of the Opel and Vauxhall businesses and certain other assets in Europe (the Opel/Vauxhall Business) to PSA Group. On October 31, 2017 we closed the sale of the European financing subsidiaries and branches (the Fincos, and together with the Opel/Vauxhall Business, the European Business) to Banque PSA Finance S.A. and BNP Paribas Personal Finance S.A. Our wholly owned subsidiary (the Seller) agreed to indemnify PSA Group for certain losses resulting from any inaccuracy of the representations and warranties or breaches of our covenants included in the Agreement and for certain other liabilities including certain emissions and product liabilities. The Company entered into a guarantee for the benefit of PSA Group and pursuant to which the Company agreed to guarantee the Seller's obligation to indemnify PSA Group. Certain of these indemnification obligations are subject to time limitations, thresholds and/or caps as to the amount of required payments.
Although the sale reduced our new vehicle presence in Europe, we may still be impacted by actions taken by regulators related to vehicles sold before the sale. In Germany, the Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA) issued an order in October 2018, which would convert Opel’s existing voluntary recall of certain vehicles into a mandatory recall for allegedly failing to comply with certain emissions regulations. In addition, at the KBA's request, the German authorities re-opened a separate criminal investigation that had previously been closed with no action. Opel is challenging the mandatory recall order of the KBA in court on the grounds that the emission control systems contained in the subject vehicles have at all times complied with the regulations in place when the vehicles were manufactured, tested, approved and sold.
In 2017 and 2018, Opel initiated a voluntarily recall/service campaign for many of these vehicles and such voluntary actions remain ongoing while Opel’s challenge of the mandatory recall remains pending. Opel’s voluntary recall and service actions have been undertaken at its own expense, and this expense should not be transferred to the Seller because it was accounted for at the
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time of the sale. However, the Seller may be obligated to indemnify PSA Group for certain additional expenses resulting from any mandatory recall that might be ordered to be implemented, as well as related potential litigation costs, settlements, judgments and potential fines. We are unable to estimate any reasonably possible loss or range of loss that may result from this matter.
We continue to purchase from and supply to PSA Group certain vehicles, parts and engineering services for a period of time following closing. Total net sales and revenue of $427 million and $607 million and purchases and expenses of $192 million and $476 million related to transactions with the Opel/Vauxhall Business were included in continuing operations during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018. Cash payments of $279 million and $426 million and cash receipts of $581 million and $811 million were recorded in Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities related to transactions with the Opel/Vauxhall Business during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

Note 19. Segment Reporting
We report segment information consistent with the way the chief operating decision maker evaluates the operating results and performance of the Company. As a result of the growing importance of our autonomous vehicle operations, we moved these operations from Corporate to GM Cruise and began presenting GM Cruise as a new reportable segment in the three months ended June 30, 2018. Our GMNA, GMI and GM Financial reportable segments were not significantly impacted. All periods presented have been recast to reflect the changes.
We analyze the results of our business through the following reportable segments: GMNA, GMI, GM Cruise and GM Financial. The chief operating decision maker evaluates the operating results and performance of our automotive segments and GM Cruise through earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT)-adjusted, which is presented net of noncontrolling interests. The chief operating decision maker evaluates GM Financial through earnings before income taxes (EBT)-adjusted because interest income and interest expense are part of operating results when assessing and measuring the operational and financial performance of the segment. Each segment has a manager responsible for executing our strategic initiatives. While not all vehicles within a segment are individually profitable on a fully allocated cost basis, those vehicles attract customers to dealer showrooms and help maintain sales volumes for other, more profitable vehicles and contribute towards meeting required fuel efficiency standards. As a result of these and other factors, we do not manage our business on an individual brand or vehicle basis.
Substantially all of the trucks, crossovers, cars and automobile parts produced are marketed through retail dealers in North America and through distributors and dealers outside of North America, the substantial majority of which are independently owned. In addition to the products sold to dealers for consumer retail sales, trucks, crossovers and cars are also sold to fleet customers, including daily rental car companies, commercial fleet customers, leasing companies and governments. Fleet sales are completed through the dealer network and in some cases directly with fleet customers. Retail and fleet customers can obtain a wide range of after-sale vehicle services and products through the dealer network, such as maintenance, light repairs, collision repairs, vehicle accessories and extended service warranties.
GMNA meets the demands of customers in North America with vehicles developed, manufactured and/or marketed under the Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet and GMC brands. GMI primarily meets the demands of customers outside North America with vehicles developed, manufactured and/or marketed under the Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, and Holden brands. We also have equity ownership stakes in entities that meet the demands of customers in other countries, primarily China, with vehicles developed, manufactured and/or marketed under the Baojun, Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, Jiefang and Wuling brands. GM Cruise is our global segment responsible for the development and commercialization of autonomous vehicle technology, and includes autonomous vehicle-related engineering and other costs.
Our automotive operations' interest income and interest expense, Maven, legacy costs from the Opel/Vauxhall Business (primarily pension costs), corporate expenditures and certain nonsegment-specific revenues and expenses are recorded centrally in Corporate. Corporate assets consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, our investment in Lyft, PSA warrants, Maven vehicles and intercompany balances. Retained net underfunded pension liabilities related to the European Business are also recorded in Corporate. All intersegment balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
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The following tables summarize key financial information by segment:

| At and For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
| GMNA |  | GMI |  | Corporate |  | Eliminations |  | Total Automotive |  | GM Cruise |  | GM Financial |  | Eliminations/Reclassifications |  | Total
Net sales and revenue | $ | 27,365 |  |  | $ | 3,850 |  |  | $ | 46 |  |  |  |  | $ | 31,261 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 3,620 |  |  | $ | (28 | ) |  | $ | 34,878 |
Earnings (loss) before interest and taxes-adjusted | $ | 1,896 |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 206 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,133 |  |  | $ | (169 | ) |  | $ | 359 |  |  | $ | (13 | ) |  | $ | 2,310 |
Adjustments(a) | $ | (783 | ) |  | $ | 850 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 67 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 67 |
Automotive interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 98 |
Automotive interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (181 | )
Net (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (12 | )
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,282 |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (137 | )
Income from continuing operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,145 |
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12 |
Net income attributable to stockholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,157 |
Equity in net assets of nonconsolidated affiliates | $ | 80 |  |  | $ | 6,739 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,837 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,429 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,266 |
Goodwill and intangibles | $ | 2,572 |  |  | $ | 918 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,491 |  |  | $ | 670 |  |  | $ | 1,357 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,518 |
Total assets | $ | 112,455 |  |  | $ | 27,580 |  |  | $ | 27,937 |  |  | $ | (47,899 | ) |  | $ | 120,073 |  |  | $ | 3,228 |  |  | $ | 111,220 |  |  | $ | (1,389 | ) |  | $ | 233,132 |
Depreciation and amortization | $ | 2,069 |  |  | $ | 127 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,208 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 1,899 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,109 |
Impairment charges | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7 |
Equity income | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 374 |  |  | $ | (7 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 369 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 414 |

__________

(a) | Consists of restructuring and other charges related to transformation activities of $790 million, primarily in GMNA and a benefit of $857 million related to the retrospective recoveries of indirect taxes in Brazil in GMI.

| At and For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018
| GMNA |  | GMI |  | Corporate |  | Eliminations |  | Total Automotive |  | GM Cruise |  | GM Financial |  | Eliminations |  | Total
Net sales and revenue | $ | 27,818 |  |  | $ | 4,848 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  |  |  | $ | 32,715 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,411 |  |  | $ | (27 | ) |  | $ | 36,099 |
Earnings (loss) before interest and taxes-adjusted | $ | 2,233 |  |  | $ | 189 |  |  | $ | (93 | ) |  |  |  | $ | 2,329 |  |  | $ | (166 | ) |  | $ | 443 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 2,610 |
Adjustments(a) | $ | — |  |  | $ | (942 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | (942 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | (942 | )
Automotive interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 64 |
Automotive interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (150 | )
Net (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6 | )
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,576 |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (466 | )
Income from continuing operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,110 |
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (70 | )
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |
Net income attributable to stockholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,046 |
Equity in net assets of nonconsolidated affiliates | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 8,525 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,602 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,281 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,883 |
Goodwill and intangibles | $ | 2,768 |  |  | $ | 964 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,742 |  |  | $ | 679 |  |  | $ | 1,369 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,790 |
Total assets | $ | 101,265 |  |  | $ | 28,981 |  |  | $ | 26,204 |  |  | $ | (38,354 | ) |  | $ | 118,096 |  |  | $ | 680 |  |  | $ | 101,210 |  |  | $ | (1,260 | ) |  | $ | 218,726 |
Depreciation and amortization | $ | 1,109 |  |  | $ | 153 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,273 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1,823 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,097 |
Impairment charges | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 459 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 484 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 484 |
Equity income | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 594 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 596 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 648 |

__________

(a) | Consists of charges related to restructuring actions in Korea in GMI.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Basis of Presentation This Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) should be read in conjunction with the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements and the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our 2018 Form 10-K.
Forward-looking statements in this MD&A are not guarantees of future performance and may involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected. Refer to the "Forward-Looking Statements" section of this MD&A and the "Risk Factors" section of our 2018 Form 10-K for a discussion of these risks and uncertainties. Except for per share amounts or as otherwise specified, dollar amounts presented within tables are stated in millions.
Non-GAAP Measures Unless otherwise indicated, our non-GAAP measures discussed in this MD&A are related to our continuing operations and not our discontinued operations. Our non-GAAP measures include: EBIT-adjusted, presented net of noncontrolling interests; earnings before taxes (EBT)-adjusted for our GM Financial segment; EPS-diluted-adjusted; effective tax rate-adjusted (ETR-adjusted); return on invested capital-adjusted (ROIC-adjusted) and adjusted automotive free cash flow. Our calculation of these non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies due to potential differences between companies in the method of calculation. As a result, the use of these non-GAAP measures has limitations and should not be considered superior to, in isolation from, or as a substitute for, related U.S. GAAP measures.
These non-GAAP measures allow management and investors to view operating trends, perform analytical comparisons and benchmark performance between periods and among geographic regions to understand operating performance without regard to items we do not consider a component of our core operating performance. Furthermore, these non-GAAP measures allow investors the opportunity to measure and monitor our performance against our externally communicated targets and evaluate the investment decisions being made by management to improve ROIC-adjusted. Management uses these measures in its financial, investment and operational decision-making processes, for internal reporting and as part of its forecasting and budgeting processes. Further, our Board of Directors uses certain of these and other measures as key metrics to determine management performance under our performance-based compensation plans. For these reasons we believe these non-GAAP measures are useful for our investors.
EBIT-adjusted EBIT-adjusted is presented net of noncontrolling interests and is used by management and can be used by investors to review our consolidated operating results because it excludes automotive interest income, automotive interest expense and income taxes as well as certain additional adjustments that are not considered part of our core operations. Examples of adjustments to EBIT include but are not limited to impairment charges on long-lived assets and other exit costs resulting from strategic shifts in our operations or discrete market and business conditions; costs arising from the ignition switch recall and related legal matters; and certain currency devaluations associated with hyperinflationary economies. For EBIT-adjusted and our other non-GAAP measures, once we have made an adjustment in the current period for an item, we will also adjust the related non-GAAP measure in any future periods in which there is an impact from the item. Our corresponding measure for our GM Financial segment is EBT-adjusted.
EPS-diluted-adjusted EPS-diluted-adjusted is used by management and can be used by investors to review our consolidated diluted EPS results on a consistent basis. EPS-diluted-adjusted is calculated as net income attributable to common stockholders-diluted less income (loss) from discontinued operations on an after-tax basis, adjustments noted above for EBIT-adjusted and certain income tax adjustments divided by weighted-average common shares outstanding-diluted. Examples of income tax adjustments include the establishment or reversal of significant deferred tax asset valuation allowances.
ETR-adjusted ETR-adjusted is used by management and can be used by investors to review the consolidated effective tax rate for our core operations on a consistent basis. ETR-adjusted is calculated as Income tax expense less the income tax related to the adjustments noted above for EBIT-adjusted and the income tax adjustments noted above for EPS-diluted-adjusted divided by Income before income taxes less adjustments.
ROIC-adjusted ROIC-adjusted is used by management and can be used by investors to review our investment and capital allocation decisions. We define ROIC-adjusted as EBIT-adjusted for the trailing four quarters divided by ROIC-adjusted average net assets, which is considered to be the average equity balances adjusted for average automotive debt and interest liabilities, exclusive of capital leases; average net pension and OPEB liabilities; and average automotive net income tax assets during the same period. Adjustments to the average equity balances exclude assets and liabilities classified as either assets held for sale or liabilities held for sale.
Adjusted automotive free cash flow Adjusted automotive free cash flow is used by management and can be used by investors to review the liquidity of our automotive operations and to measure and monitor our performance against our capital allocation
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program and evaluate our automotive liquidity against the substantial cash requirements of our automotive operations. We measure adjusted automotive free cash flow as automotive operating cash flow from continuing operations less capital expenditures adjusted for management actions. Management actions can include voluntary events such as discretionary contributions to employee benefit plans or nonrecurring specific events such as a closure of a facility that are considered special for EBIT-adjusted purposes. Refer to the "Liquidity and Capital Resources" section of this MD&A for additional information.
The following table reconciles Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders under U.S. GAAP to EBIT-adjusted:

| Three Months Ended
| March 31, |  | December 31, |  | September 30, |  | June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders | $ | 2,157 |  |  | $ | 1,046 |  |  | $ | 2,044 |  |  | $ | (5,151 | ) |  | $ | 2,534 |  |  | $ | (2,981 | ) |  | $ | 2,390 |  |  | $ | 1,660 |
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax | — |  |  | 70 |  |  | — |  |  | 277 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,096 |  |  | — |  |  | 770 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 137 |  |  | 466 |  |  | (611 | ) |  | 7,896 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 2,316 |  |  | 519 |  |  | 534 |
Automotive interest expense | 181 |  |  | 150 |  |  | 185 |  |  | 145 |  |  | 161 |  |  | 151 |  |  | 159 |  |  | 132 |
Automotive interest income | (98 | ) |  | (64 | ) |  | (117 | ) |  | (82 | ) |  | (82 | ) |  | (59 | ) |  | (72 | ) |  | (68 | )
Adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transformation activities(a) | 790 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,327 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
GM Brazil indirect tax recoveries(b) | (857 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
GMI restructuring(c) | — |  |  | 942 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 196 |  |  | 540 |
Ignition switch recall and related legal matters(d) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 440 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 114 |
Total adjustments | (67 | ) |  | 942 |  |  | 1,327 |  |  | — |  |  | 440 |  |  | — |  |  | 196 |  |  | 654 |
EBIT-adjusted | $ | 2,310 |  |  | $ | 2,610 |  |  | $ | 2,828 |  |  | $ | 3,085 |  |  | $ | 3,153 |  |  | $ | 2,523 |  |  | $ | 3,192 |  |  | $ | 3,682 |

_________

(a) | These adjustments were excluded because of a strategic decision to accelerate our transformation for the future to strengthen our core business, capitalize on the future of personal mobility and drive significant cost efficiencies. The adjustments primarily consist of accelerated depreciation in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and employee separation charges and accelerated depreciation in the three months ended December 31, 2018.

(b) | This adjustment was excluded because of the unique event associated with a decision rendered by the Superior Judicial Court of Brazil resulting in retrospective recoveries of indirect taxes.

(c) | These adjustments were excluded because of a strategic decision to rationalize our core operations by exiting or significantly reducing our presence in various international markets to focus resources on opportunities expected to deliver higher returns. The adjustments in the three months ended March 31, 2018 and June 30, 2018 primarily consist of asset impairments and employee separation costs in Korea. The adjustment in the three months ended June 30, 2017 primarily consists of asset impairments and other restructuring actions in India, South Africa and Venezuela.

(d) | These adjustments were excluded because of the unique events associated with the ignition switch recall, which included various investigations, inquiries and complaints from constituents.

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The following table reconciles diluted earnings per common share under U.S. GAAP to EPS-diluted-adjusted:

| Three Months Ended
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018
| Amount |  | Per Share |  | Amount |  | Per Share
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 2,119 |  |  | $ | 1.48 |  |  | $ | 1,032 |  |  | $ | 0.72 |
Diluted loss per common share – discontinued operations | — |  |  | — |  |  | 70 |  |  | 0.05 |
Adjustments(a) | (67 | ) |  | (0.05 | ) |  | 942 |  |  | 0.66 |
Tax effect on adjustment(b) | (32 | ) |  | (0.02 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
EPS-diluted-adjusted | $ | 2,020 |  |  | $ | 1.41 |  |  | $ | 2,044 |  |  | $ | 1.43 |

________

(a) | Refer to the reconciliation of Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders under U.S. GAAP to EBIT-adjusted within this section of MD&A for the details of each individual adjustment.

(b) | The tax effect of each adjustment is determined based on the tax laws and valuation allowance status of the jurisdiction to which the adjustment relates.

The following table reconciles our effective tax rate under U.S. GAAP to ETR-adjusted:

| Three Months Ended
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018
| Income before income taxes |  | Income tax expense |  | Effective tax rate |  | Income before income taxes |  | Income tax expense |  | Effective tax rate
Effective tax rate | $ | 2,282 |  |  | $ | 137 |  |  | 6.0 | % |  | $ | 1,576 |  |  | $ | 466 |  |  | 29.6 | %
Adjustments(a)(b) | (67 | ) |  | 32 |  |  |  |  | 942 |  |  | — |  |  |
ETR-adjusted | $ | 2,215 |  |  | $ | 169 |  |  | 7.6 | % |  | $ | 2,518 |  |  | $ | 466 |  |  | 18.5 | %

________

(a) | Refer to the reconciliation of Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders under U.S. GAAP to EBIT-adjusted within this section of MD&A for adjustment details.

(b) | The tax effect of each adjustment is determined based on the tax laws and valuation allowance status of the jurisdiction to which the adjustment relates.

We define return on equity (ROE) as Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders for the trailing four quarters divided by average equity for the same period. Management uses average equity to provide comparable amounts in the calculation of ROE. The following table summarizes the calculation of ROE (dollars in billions):

| Four Quarters Ended
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018
Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders | $ | 9.1 |  |  | $ | (5.4 | )
Average equity(a) | $ | 39.3 |  |  | $ | 39.3 |
ROE | 23.2 | % |  | (13.8 | )%

__________

(a) | Includes equity of noncontrolling interests where the corresponding earnings (loss) are included in Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders.

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The following table summarizes the calculation of ROIC-adjusted (dollars in billions):

| Four Quarters Ended
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018
EBIT-adjusted(a) | $ | 11.5 |  |  | $ | 11.9 |
Average equity(b) | $ | 39.3 |  |  | $ | 39.3 |
Add: Average automotive debt and interest liabilities (excluding capital leases) | 14.4 |  |  | 12.7 |
Add: Average automotive net pension & OPEB liability | 17.5 |  |  | 20.6 |
Less: Average automotive and other net income tax asset | (22.9 | ) |  | (26.9 | )
ROIC-adjusted average net assets | $ | 48.3 |  |  | $ | 45.7 |
ROIC-adjusted | 23.8 | % |  | 26.0 | %

__________

(a) | Refer to the reconciliation of Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders under U.S. GAAP to EBIT-adjusted within this section of MD&A.

(b) | Includes equity of noncontrolling interests where the corresponding earnings (loss) are included in EBIT-adjusted.

Overview Our management team has adopted a strategic plan to transform GM into the world's most valued automotive company. Our plan includes several major initiatives that we anticipate will redefine the future of personal mobility and advance our vision of zero crashes, zero emissions, zero congestion while also strengthening the core of our business: earning customers for life by delivering winning vehicles, leading the industry in quality and safety and improving the customer ownership experience; leading in technology and innovation, including electrification, autonomous vehicles and data connectivity; growing our brands; making tough, strategic decisions about which markets and products in which we will invest and compete; building profitable adjacent businesses and targeting 10% core margins on an EBIT-adjusted basis.
For the year ending December 31, 2019 we expect EPS-diluted of between $5.96 and $6.79 and EPS-diluted-adjusted of between $6.50 and $7.00. The following table reconciles expected EPS-diluted under U.S. GAAP to expected EPS-diluted-adjusted and includes the future impact of any currently expected adjustments:

| Year Ending December 31, 2019
Diluted earnings per common share | $ 5.96-6.79 |
Adjustment - transformation activities | 1.17-1.58 |
Adjustment - GM Brazil indirect tax recoveries | (0.97 | )
Tax effect on adjustments(a) | (0.07)-0.01 |
EPS-diluted-adjusted | $ 6.50-7.00 |

__________

(a) | The tax effect of each adjustment is determined based on the tax laws and valuation allowance status of the jurisdiction to which the adjustment relates.

We face continuing market, operating and regulatory challenges in a number of countries across the globe due to, among other factors, weak economic conditions, competitive pressures, our product portfolio offerings, heightened emissions standards, foreign exchange volatility, rising materials prices, trade policy and political uncertainty. As a result of these conditions, we continue to strategically assess our performance and ability to achieve acceptable returns on our invested capital, as well as our cost structure in order to maintain a low breakeven point. Refer to Item 1A. Risk Factors of our 2018 Form 10-K for a discussion on these challenges.
In November 2018 we announced plans to accelerate steps to improve our overall business performance including the reorganization of global product development staffs, the realignment of manufacturing capacity in response to market-related volume declines in passenger cars and a reduction of our salaried workforce. We expect these transformation activities to drive approximately $6.0 billion of annual cash savings by the end of 2020, resulting from reductions in Automotive and other cost of sales in our condensed consolidated financial statements, as well as reduced capital expenditures. We expect to meet our target of approximately $4.5 billion of cost savings, to be achieved through staffing, manufacturing and product initiatives. As we continue to assess our performance and the needs of our evolving business, additional restructuring and rationalization actions could be required. These additional actions could give rise to future asset impairments or other charges which may have a material impact on our results of operations. We have recorded cumulative charges of $2.1 billion related to these plans, including $0.8 billion in the three months ended March 31, 2019, and expect to record additional charges of $0.9 billion to $1.5 billion in the nine months
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ending December 31, 2019. These charges are primarily considered special for EBIT-adjusted, EPS diluted-adjusted, and adjusted automotive free cash flow purposes.
GMNA Industry sales in North America were 5.0 million units in the three months ended March 31, 2019, representing a decrease of 2.1% compared to the corresponding period in 2018. U.S. industry sales were 4.1 million units in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and we expect industry unit sales of approximately 17 million for the full year.
Our total vehicle sales in the U.S., our largest market in North America, totaled 0.7 million units for market share of 16.1% in the three months ended March 31, 2019, representing a decrease of 0.9 percentage points compared to the corresponding period in 2018. We continue to lead the U.S. industry in market share.
We estimate GMNA's breakeven point at the U.S. industry level to be in the range of 10.0 million to 11.0 million units. We expect to sustain a strong EBIT-adjusted margin in 2019 on continued strength of the U.S. industry light vehicle sales, favorable vehicle mix and continued focus on overall cost savings, partially offset by higher costs associated with commodities and tariffs, as well as pricing pressures.
The UAW contract ratified in November 2015 expires in September 2019. For discussion of the risks related to a significant labor disruption at one of our facilities, refer to Item 1A. Risk Factors of our 2018 Form 10-K.
GMI Industry sales in China were 6.1 million units in the three months ended March 31, 2019 representing a 6.5% decrease compared to the corresponding period in 2018. Our total vehicle sales in China were 0.8 million units for a market share of 13.3% in the three months ended March 31, 2019, representing a decrease of 1.8 percentage points compared to the corresponding period in 2018. Buick, Chevrolet, Cadillac, Baojun and Wuling sales were softer amid a continued weak automotive industry since the second half of 2018. Additionally, Baojun and Wuling sales were impacted by unfavorable market shifts in vehicle segments. Our Automotive China JVs generated equity income of $0.4 billion in the three months ended March 31, 2019. We expect 2019 industry sales to remain relatively flat with a continuation of pricing pressures, a more challenging regulatory environment related to emissions, fuel consumption and new energy vehicles as well as a weaker Chinese Yuan against the U.S. Dollar, which will continue to put pressure on our operations in China. While we expect China equity income to be moderately down in 2019, we expect to sustain strong China equity income by focusing on improvements in vehicle mix, cost efficiencies and adjacencies.
Outside of China, industry sales were 6.7 million units in the three months ended March 31, 2019, representing a decrease of 1.1% compared to the corresponding period in 2018, due primarily to decreased sales in Argentina and Australia. Our total vehicle sales were 0.3 million units for a market share of 4.3% in the three months ended March 31, 2019, representing an increase of 0.1 percentage points compared to the corresponding period in 2018.
GM Cruise We are actively testing our autonomous vehicles in the U.S. Gated by safety and regulation, we continue to make rapid progress towards commercialization of a network of on-demand autonomous vehicles in the U.S.
Corporate The ignition switch recall has led to various inquiries, investigations, subpoenas, requests for information and complaints from agencies or other representatives of U.S. federal, state and Canadian governments. In addition, these and other recalls have resulted in a number of claims and lawsuits. Such lawsuits and investigations could result in the imposition of material damages, fines, civil consent orders, civil and criminal penalties or other remedies. Refer to Note 13 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Contingently Issuable Shares Under the Amended and Restated Master Sale and Purchase Agreement between us and MLC, GM may be obligated to issue Adjustment Shares of our common stock if allowed general unsecured claims against the GUC Trust, as estimated by the Bankruptcy Court, exceed $35.0 billion. Refer to Note 13 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for a description of the contingently issuable Adjustment Shares.
Vehicle Sales The principal factors that determine consumer vehicle preferences in the markets in which we operate include overall vehicle design, price, quality, available options, safety, reliability, fuel economy and functionality. Market leadership in individual countries in which we compete varies widely.
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We present both wholesale and total vehicle sales data to assist in the analysis of our revenue and our market share. Wholesale vehicle sales data consists of sales to GM's dealers and distributors as well as sales to the U.S. Government, and excludes vehicles sold by our joint ventures. Wholesale vehicle sales data correlates to our revenue recognized from the sale of vehicles, which is the largest component of Automotive net sales and revenue. In the three months ended March 31, 2019, 34.0% of our wholesale vehicle sales volume was generated outside the U.S. The following table summarizes wholesale vehicle sales by automotive segment (vehicles in thousands):

| Three Months Ended
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018
GMNA | 859 |  |  | 78.4 | % |  | 893 |  |  | 77.0 | %
GMI | 236 |  |  | 21.6 | % |  | 266 |  |  | 23.0 | %
Total | 1,095 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 1,159 |  |  | 100.0 | %

Total vehicle sales data represents: (1) retail sales (i.e., sales to consumers who purchase new vehicles from dealers or distributors); (2) fleet sales, such as sales to large and small businesses, governments, and daily rental car companies; and (3) vehicles used by dealers in their businesses, including courtesy transportation vehicles. Total vehicle sales data includes all sales by joint ventures on a total vehicle basis, not based on our percentage ownership interest in the joint venture. Certain joint venture agreements in China allow for the contractual right to report vehicle sales of non-GM trademarked vehicles by those joint ventures, which are included in the total vehicle sales we report for China. While total vehicle sales data does not correlate directly to the revenue we recognize during a particular period, we believe it is indicative of the underlying demand for our vehicles. Total vehicle sales data represents management's good faith estimate based on sales reported by GM's dealers, distributors, and joint ventures, commercially available data sources such as registration and insurance data, and internal estimates and forecasts when other data is not available.
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The following table summarizes total industry vehicle sales and our related competitive position by geographic region (vehicles in thousands):

| Three Months Ended
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018
| Industry |  | GM |  | Market Share |  | Industry |  | GM |  | Market Share
North America |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States | 4,127 |  |  | 666 |  |  | 16.1 | % |  | 4,202 |  |  | 716 |  |  | 17.0 | %
Other | 836 |  |  | 109 |  |  | 13.1 | % |  | 865 |  |  | 111 |  |  | 12.9 | %
Total North America | 4,963 |  |  | 775 |  |  | 15.6 | % |  | 5,067 |  |  | 827 |  |  | 16.3 | %
Asia/Pacific, Middle East and Africa |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
China(a) | 6,122 |  |  | 814 |  |  | 13.3 | % |  | 6,548 |  |  | 986 |  |  | 15.1 | %
Other | 5,685 |  |  | 133 |  |  | 2.4 | % |  | 5,678 |  |  | 115 |  |  | 2.0 | %
Total Asia/Pacific, Middle East and Africa | 11,807 |  |  | 947 |  |  | 8.0 | % |  | 12,226 |  |  | 1,101 |  |  | 9.0 | %
South America |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Brazil | 607 |  |  | 106 |  |  | 17.5 | % |  | 545 |  |  | 92 |  |  | 16.8 | %
Other | 396 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 12.4 | % |  | 540 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 14.0 | %
Total South America | 1,003 |  |  | 156 |  |  | 15.5 | % |  | 1,085 |  |  | 168 |  |  | 15.5 | %
Total in GM markets | 17,773 |  |  | 1,878 |  |  | 10.6 | % |  | 18,378 |  |  | 2,096 |  |  | 11.4 | %
Total Europe | 4,779 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — | % |  | 5,113 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — | %
Total Worldwide(b) | 22,552 |  |  | 1,879 |  |  | 8.3 | % |  | 23,491 |  |  | 2,097 |  |  | 8.9 | %
United States |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cars | 1,241 |  |  | 116 |  |  | 9.4 | % |  | 1,348 |  |  | 146 |  |  | 10.9 | %
Trucks(c) | 976 |  |  | 273 |  |  | 28.0 | % |  | 939 |  |  | 300 |  |  | 31.9 | %
Crossovers(c) | 1,910 |  |  | 277 |  |  | 14.5 | % |  | 1,915 |  |  | 270 |  |  | 14.1 | %
Total United States | 4,127 |  |  | 666 |  |  | 16.1 | % |  | 4,202 |  |  | 716 |  |  | 17.0 | %
China(a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SGMS |  |  |  | 382 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 457 |  |  |  |
SGMW and FAW-GM |  |  |  | 432 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 529 |  |  |  |
Total China | 6,122 |  |  | 814 |  |  | 13.3 | % |  | 6,548 |  |  | 986 |  |  | 15.1 | %

__________

(a) | Includes sales by the Automotive China JVs SAIC General Motors Sales Co., Ltd. (SGMS), SAIC GM Wuling Automobile Co., Ltd. (SGMW) and FAW-GM Light Duty Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. (FAW-GM).

(b) | Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan and Syria are subject to broad economic sanctions. Accordingly these countries are excluded from industry sales data and corresponding calculation of market share.

(c) | Certain industry vehicles have been reclassified between these vehicle segments. GM vehicles were not impacted by this change. The prior period has been recast to reflect the changes.

In the three months ended March 31, 2019 we estimate we had the number one market share in each of North America and South America, and the number four market share in the Asia/Pacific, Middle East and Africa region, which included the number two market share in China.
As discussed above, total vehicle sales and market share data provided in the table above includes fleet vehicles. Certain fleet transactions, particularly sales to daily rental car companies, are generally less profitable than retail sales to end customers. The following table summarizes estimated fleet sales and those sales as a percentage of total vehicle sales (vehicles in thousands):

| Three Months Ended
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018
GMNA | 191 |  |  | 188 |
GMI | 92 |  |  | 75 |
Total fleet sales | 283 |  |  | 263 |
Fleet sales as a percentage of total vehicle sales | 15.1 | % |  | 12.6 | %

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GM Financial We believe that offering a comprehensive suite of financing products will generate incremental sales of our vehicles, drive incremental GM Financial earnings and help support our sales throughout various economic cycles. The expansion of GM Financial's leasing program results in increased exposure to residual values, which are heavily dependent on used vehicle prices. Used vehicle prices for the three months ended March 31, 2019 decreased slightly compared to the same period in 2018. We expect used vehicle prices to decrease between 4% and 5% in 2019 compared to 2018, due primarily to continued increases in the industry supply of used vehicles as well as increases in GM Financial's off-lease vehicles. The following table summarizes the estimated residual value as well as the number of units included in GM Financial Equipment on operating leases, net by vehicle type (units in thousands):

| March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
| Residual Value |  | Units |  | Percentage |  | Residual Value |  | Units |  | Percentage
Cars | $ | 4,567 |  |  | 347 |  |  | 20.5 | % |  | $ | 4,884 |  |  | 379 |  |  | 22.3 | %
Trucks | 7,134 |  |  | 290 |  |  | 17.2 | % |  | 7,299 |  |  | 296 |  |  | 17.4 | %
Crossovers | 15,457 |  |  | 939 |  |  | 55.7 | % |  | 15,057 |  |  | 917 |  |  | 53.8 | %
SUVs | 4,074 |  |  | 111 |  |  | 6.6 | % |  | 4,160 |  |  | 111 |  |  | 6.5 | %
Total | $ | 31,232 |  |  | 1,687 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 31,400 |  |  | 1,703 |  |  | 100.0 | %

GM Financial's retail penetration in the U.S. increased to approximately 53% in the three months ended March 31, 2019 from approximately 45% in the corresponding period in 2018, due primarily to further alignment with GM and greater dealer engagement. GM Financial's prime loan originations as a percentage of total loan originations in North America increased to 74% in the three months ended March 31, 2019 from 66% in the corresponding period in 2018. In the three months ended March 31, 2019 GM Financial's revenue consisted of leased vehicle income of 69%, retail finance charge income of 23% and commercial finance charge income of 5%.
Consolidated Results We review changes in our results of operations under five categories: volume, mix, price, cost and other. Volume measures the impact of changes in wholesale vehicle volumes driven by industry volume, market share and changes in dealer stock levels. Mix measures the impact of changes to the regional portfolio due to product, model, trim, country and option penetration in current year wholesale vehicle volumes. Price measures the impact of changes related to Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price and various sales allowances. Cost includes primarily: (1) material and freight; (2) manufacturing, engineering, advertising, administrative and selling and warranty expense; and (3) non-vehicle related activity. Other includes primarily foreign exchange and non-vehicle related automotive revenues as well as equity income or loss from our nonconsolidated affiliates. Refer to the regional sections of this MD&A for additional information.
Total Net Sales and Revenue

| Three Months Ended |  | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) |  | % |  |  | Variance Due To
March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  | Volume |  | Mix |  | Price |  | Other
|  |  |  |  |  | (Dollars in billions)
GMNA | $ | 27,365 |  |  | $ | 27,818 |  |  | $ | (453 | ) |  | (1.6 | )% |  |  | $ | (1.0 | ) |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | (0.1 | )
GMI | 3,850 |  |  | 4,848 |  |  | (998 | ) |  | (20.6 | )% |  |  | $ | (0.5 | ) |  | $ | (0.3 | ) |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | (0.3 | )
Corporate | 46 |  |  | 49 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | (6.1 | )% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |
Automotive | 31,261 |  |  | 32,715 |  |  | (1,454 | ) |  | (4.4 | )% |  |  | $ | (1.5 | ) |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | (0.4 | )
GM Cruise | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | n.m. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |
GM Financial | 3,620 |  |  | 3,411 |  |  | 209 |  |  | 6.1 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.2 |
Eliminations | (28 | ) |  | (27 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (3.7 | )% |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |
Total net sales and revenue | $ | 34,878 |  |  | $ | 36,099 |  |  | $ | (1,221 | ) |  | (3.4 | )% |  |  | $ | (1.5 | ) |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | (0.2 | )

________
n.m. = not meaningful
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Automotive and Other Cost of Sales

| Three Months Ended |  | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) |  | % |  |  | Variance Due To
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  | Volume |  | Mix |  | Cost |  | Other
|  |  |  |  |  | (Dollars in billions)
GMNA | $ | 24,971 |  |  | $ | 24,294 |  |  | $ | (677 | ) |  | (2.8 | )% |  |  | $ | 0.7 |  |  | $ | (0.5 | ) |  | $ | (1.1 | ) |  | $ | 0.2 |
GMI | 3,029 |  |  | 5,772 |  |  | 2,743 |  |  | 47.5 | % |  |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 2.1 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |
Corporate | 35 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | (40 | ) |  | n.m. |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
GM Cruise | 195 |  |  | 148 |  |  | (47 | ) |  | (31.8 | )% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |
Eliminations | (1 | ) |  | (25 | ) |  | (24 | ) |  | (96.0 | )% |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |
Total automotive and other cost of sales | $ | 28,229 |  |  | $ | 30,184 |  |  | $ | 1,955 |  |  | 6.5 | % |  |  | $ | 1.1 |  |  | $ | (0.4 | ) |  | $ | 0.9 |  |  | $ | 0.4 |

________
n.m. = not meaningful
In the three months ended March 31, 2019 favorable Cost was due primarily to: (1) charges of $0.9 billion primarily related to asset impairments and employee separation charges in Korea in 2018; (2) a benefit of $0.9 billion related to the retrospective recoveries of indirect taxes in Brazil; (3) decreased engineering costs of $0.3 billion; and (4) favorable material performance of $0.2 billion related to carryover vehicles; partially offset by (5) charges of $0.8 billion primarily related to accelerated depreciation resulting from the transformation activities; (6) increased material cost of $0.4 billion related to vehicles launched within the last twelve months incorporating significant exterior and/or interior changes (Majors); and (7) increased raw material and freight costs related to carryover vehicles of $0.2 billion. In the three months ended March 31, 2019 favorable Other was due to the foreign currency effect resulting from the weakening of the Brazilian Real and other currencies against the U.S. Dollar.

Interest Income and Other Non-operating Income, net

| Three Months Ended |  | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) |  |
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018 |  |  | %
Interest income and other non-operating income, net | $ | 805 |  |  | $ | 549 |  |  | $ | 256 |  |  | 46.6 | %

In the three months ended March 31, 2019 Interest income and other non-operating income, net increased due primarily to favorable revaluation of investments of $0.3 billion, partially offset by decreased non-service pension and OPEB income of $0.2 billion.
Income Tax Expense

| Three Months Ended |  | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) |  |
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018 |  |  | %
Income tax expense | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | 466 |  |  | $ | 329 |  |  | 70.6 | %

In the three months ended March 31, 2019 Income tax expense decreased due primarily to tax benefits related to a release of valuation allowance and benefits from foreign dividends.
GM North America

| Three Months Ended |  | Favorable / (Unfavorable) |  | % |  |  | Variance Due To
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  | Volume |  | Mix |  | Price |  | Cost |  | Other
|  |  |  |  |  | (Dollars in billions)
Total net sales and revenue | $ | 27,365 |  |  | $ | 27,818 |  |  | $ | (453 | ) |  | (1.6 | )% |  |  | $ | (1.0 | ) |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  |  |  | $ | (0.1 | )
EBIT-adjusted | $ | 1,896 |  |  | $ | 2,233 |  |  | $ | (337 | ) |  | (15.1 | )% |  |  | $ | (0.3 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | (0.3 | ) |  | $ | 0.1 |
EBIT-adjusted margin | 6.9 | % |  | 8.0 | % |  | (1.1 | )% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| (Vehicles in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Wholesale vehicle sales | 859 |  |  | 893 |  |  | (34 | ) |  | (3.8 | )% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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GMNA Total Net Sales and Revenue In the three months ended March 31, 2019 Total net sales and revenue decreased due primarily to: (1) decreased net wholesale volumes due to a decrease in sales of passenger cars, fleet vehicles and full-size SUVs due to planned downtime, partially offset by an increase in sales of crossover vehicles and full-size pickup trucks; partially offset by (2) favorable mix associated with an increase in sales of full-size pickup trucks and a decrease in sales of passenger cars, partially offset by a decrease in sales of full-size SUVs; and (3) favorable pricing for Majors of $0.4 billion, partially offset by unfavorable pricing for carryover vehicles of $0.2 billion.
GMNA EBIT-Adjusted In the three months ended March 31, 2019 EBIT-adjusted decreased due primarily to: (1) unfavorable Cost due to increased vehicle content for Majors of $0.4 billion and increased raw material and freight costs of $0.2 billion related to carryover vehicles, partially offset by decreased other costs of $0.2 billion primarily engineering and favorable materials performance of $0.1 billion related to carryover vehicles; and (2) decreased net wholesale volumes; partially offset by (3) favorable pricing.
GM International

| Three Months Ended |  | Favorable / (Unfavorable) |  |  |  |  | Variance Due To
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018 |  |  | % |  |  | Volume |  | Mix |  | Price |  | Cost |  | Other
|  |  |  |  |  | (Dollars in billions)
Total net sales and revenue | $ | 3,850 |  |  | $ | 4,848 |  |  | $ | (998 | ) |  | (20.6 | )% |  |  | $ | (0.5 | ) |  | $ | (0.3 | ) |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  |  |  | $ | (0.3 | )
EBIT-adjusted | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 189 |  |  | $ | (158 | ) |  | (83.6 | )% |  |  | $ | (0.1 | ) |  | $ | (0.3 | ) |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | (0.3 | )
EBIT-adjusted margin | 0.8 | % |  | 3.9 | % |  | (3.1 | )% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity income — Automotive China | $ | 376 |  |  | $ | 597 |  |  | $ | (221 | ) |  | (37.0 | )% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
EBIT (loss)-adjusted — excluding Equity income | $ | (345 | ) |  | $ | (408 | ) |  | $ | 63 |  |  | 15.4 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| (Vehicles in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Wholesale vehicle sales | 236 |  |  | 266 |  |  | (30 | ) |  | (11.3 | )% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| (Vehicles in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

The vehicle sales of our Automotive China JVs are not recorded in Total net sales and revenue. The results of our joint ventures are recorded in Equity income, which is included in EBIT-adjusted above.
GMI Total Net Sales and Revenue In the three months ended March 31, 2019 Total net sales and revenue decreased due primarily to: (1) decreased wholesale volumes in Argentina primarily driven by lower industry volumes; (2) unfavorable mix due primarily to increased sales of the Chevrolet Onix in Brazil and decreased sales of SUVs in the Middle East; and (3) unfavorable Other due primarily to the foreign currency effect resulting from the weakening of the Brazilian Real and Argentine Peso against the U.S. Dollar.
GMI EBIT-Adjusted In the three months ended March 31, 2019 EBIT-adjusted decreased due primarily to: (1) unfavorable mix; (2) unfavorable Other due primarily to decreased equity income and the foreign currency effect resulting from the weakening of the Argentine Peso against the U.S. Dollar; partially offset by (3) favorable fixed cost in Australia and Korea.
We view the Chinese market as important to our global growth strategy and are employing a multi-brand strategy led by our Buick, Chevrolet and Cadillac brands. In the coming years we plan to leverage our global architectures to increase the number of product offerings under the Buick, Chevrolet and Cadillac brands in China and continue to grow our business under the local Baojun and Wuling brands, with Baojun focusing its expansion in less developed cities and markets. We operate in the Chinese market through a number of joint ventures and maintaining strong relationships with our joint venture partners is an important part of our China growth strategy.
The following table summarizes certain key operational and financial data for the Automotive China JVs (vehicles in thousands):

| Three Months Ended
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018
Wholesale vehicle sales, including vehicles exported to markets outside of China | 856 |  |  | 1,066 |
Total net sales and revenue | $ | 10,146 |  |  | $ | 13,719 |
Net income | $ | 767 |  |  | $ | 1,177 |

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GM Cruise

| Three Months Ended |  | Favorable / (Unfavorable) |  | %
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018 |  |
Total net sales and revenue(a) | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | n.m. |
EBIT (loss)-adjusted | $ | (169 | ) |  | $ | (166 | ) |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | (1.8 | )%

__________
n.m. = not meaningful

(a) | Reclassified to Interest income and other non-operating income, net in our condensed consolidated income statements in the three months ended March 31, 2019.

GM Financial

| Three Months Ended |  | Increase / (Decrease) |  | %
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018 |  |
Total revenue | $ | 3,620 |  |  | $ | 3,411 |  |  | $ | 209 |  |  | 6.1 | %
Provision for loan losses | $ | 175 |  |  | $ | 136 |  |  | $ | 39 |  |  | 28.7 | %
EBT-adjusted | $ | 359 |  |  | $ | 443 |  |  | $ | (84 | ) |  | (19.0 | )%
Average debt outstanding (dollars in billions) | $ | 92.3 |  |  | $ | 81.5 |  |  | $ | 10.8 |  |  | 13.2 | %
Effective rate of interest paid | 4.2 | % |  | 3.6 | % |  | 0.6 | % |  |  |

GM Financial Revenue In the three months ended March 31, 2019 Total revenue increased due primarily to increased finance charge income of $0.1 billion due to an increase in the average balance in the retail and commercial finance receivables portfolios.
GM Financial EBT-Adjusted In the three months ended March 31, 2019 EBT-adjusted decreased due primarily to increased interest expense of $0.2 billion due to an increase in average balance of debt outstanding as well as an increase in the effective rate of interest on debt.
Liquidity and Capital Resources We believe that our current level of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and availability under our revolving credit facilities will be sufficient to meet our liquidity needs. We expect to have substantial cash requirements going forward which we plan to fund through total available liquidity and cash flows generated from operations and future debt issuances. We also maintain access to the capital markets and may issue debt or equity securities from time to time, which may provide an additional source of liquidity. Our future uses of cash, which may vary from time to time based on market conditions and other factors, are focused on the three objectives of our capital allocation program: (1) reinvest in our business at an average target ROIC-adjusted rate of 20% or greater, (2) maintain a strong investment-grade balance sheet, including a target average automotive cash balance of $18 billion, and (3) return available cash to shareholders. Our senior management evaluates our capital allocation program on an ongoing basis and recommends any modifications to the program to our Board of Directors, not less than once annually.
Our known future material uses of cash include, among other possible demands: (1) capital expenditures of approximately $8.0 to $9.0 billion in 2019 as well as payments for engineering and product development activities; (2) payments associated with previously announced vehicle recalls, the settlements of the multi-district litigation and any other recall-related contingencies; (3) payments to service debt and other long-term obligations, including discretionary and mandatory contributions to our pension plans; (4) dividend payments on our common stock that are declared by our Board of Directors; and (5) payments to purchase shares of our common stock authorized by our Board of Directors.
Our liquidity plans are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including those described in the "Forward-Looking Statements" section of this MD&A and the "Risk Factors" section of our 2018 Form 10-K, some of which are outside of our control.
We continue to monitor and evaluate opportunities to strengthen our competitive position over the long term while maintaining a strong investment-grade balance sheet. These actions may include opportunistic payments to reduce our long-term obligations as well as the possibility of acquisitions, dispositions, investments with joint venture partners and strategic alliances that we believe would generate significant advantages and substantially strengthen our business.
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In January 2017 we announced that our Board of Directors had authorized the purchase of up to $5.0 billion of our common stock with no expiration date as part of our common stock repurchase program. We have completed $1.6 billion of the $5.0 billion program through March 31, 2019.
Automotive Liquidity Total available liquidity includes cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities and funds available under credit facilities. The amount of available liquidity is subject to seasonal fluctuations and includes balances held by various business units and subsidiaries worldwide that are needed to fund their operations. We have not significantly changed the management of our liquidity, including our allocation of available liquidity, our portfolio composition and our investment guidelines since December 31, 2018. Refer to the "Liquidity and Capital Resources" section of MD&A in our 2018 Form 10-K.
We use credit facilities as a mechanism to provide additional flexibility in managing our global liquidity. Our credit facilities totaled $19.5 billion and $16.5 billion at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. GM Financial has exclusive use of our 364–day $2.0 billion credit facility. Total automotive credit under the facilities was $17.5 billion and $14.5 billion at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. In January 2019 we executed a new three-year unsecured revolving credit facility with an initial borrowing capacity of $3.0 billion, reducing to $2.0 billion in July 2020. The facility is to fund costs related to the transformation activities announced in November 2018 and to provide additional financial flexibility. In the three months ended March 31, 2019, we borrowed $0.4 billion against this facility to support transformation related disbursements. We did not have any borrowings against our other facilities at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. In April 2019 we renewed our 364–day $2.0 billion credit facility for an additional 364-day term.
We had letters of credit outstanding under our sub-facility of $0.3 billion at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. GM Financial had access to our revolving credit facilities, except for the $3.0 billion facility executed in January 2019, but did not have borrowings outstanding under them at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. We had intercompany loans from GM Financial of $0.6 billion at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, which consisted primarily of commercial loans to dealers we consolidate, and we had no intercompany loans to GM Financial. Refer to Note 4 of our condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.
The following table summarizes our available liquidity (dollars in billions):

| March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Automotive cash and cash equivalents | $ | 9.8 |  |  | $ | 13.7 |
Marketable securities | 6.0 |  |  | 6.0 |
Automotive cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities(a)(b) | 15.8 |  |  | 19.6 |
GM Cruise cash and cash equivalents(c) | 2.1 |  |  | 2.3 |
Available liquidity | 17.9 |  |  | 21.9 |
Available under credit facilities | 16.8 |  |  | 14.2 |
Total available liquidity(a) | $ | 34.7 |  |  | $ | 36.1 |

__________

(a) | Amounts do not add due to rounding.

(b) | Includes $0.5 billion and $0.6 billion that is designated exclusively to fund capital expenditures in GM Korea at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

(c) | Amounts are designated exclusively for the use of GM Cruise and do not include $0.1 billion of GM Cruise's investment in GM Stock at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

The following table summarizes the changes in our Automotive available liquidity (excluding GM Cruise, dollars in billions):

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
Operating cash flow | $ | (2.2 | )
Capital expenditures | (2.0 | )
Dividends paid | (0.6 | )
Borrowings against credit facilities | 0.4 |
Other non-operating | 0.5 |
Increase in available credit facilities | 2.6 |
Total change in automotive available liquidity | $ | (1.3 | )

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Automotive Cash Flow (Dollars in billions)

| Three Months Ended |  | Change
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018 |
Operating Activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income from continuing operations | $ | 2.0 |  |  | $ | 0.9 |  |  | $ | 1.1 |
Depreciation, amortization and impairment charges | 2.2 |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | 0.4 |
Pension and OPEB activities | (0.4 | ) |  | (0.7 | ) |  | 0.3 |
Working capital | (3.4 | ) |  | (2.0 | ) |  | (1.4 | )
Accrued and other liabilities and income taxes | (1.1 | ) |  | (0.1 | ) |  | (1.0 | )
Other | (1.5 | ) |  | (1.0 | ) |  | (0.5 | )
Net automotive cash used in operating activities | $ | (2.2 | ) |  | $ | (1.1 | ) |  | $ | (1.1 | )

In the three months ended March 31, 2019 the increase in Net automotive cash used in operating activities was due primarily to unfavorable working capital due primarily to unfavorable accounts receivable and other timing items, partially offset by favorable rental car activity of $0.4 billion due to a decrease in units returned from rental car companies.

| Three Months Ended |  | Change
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018 |
Investing Activities |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures | $ | (2.0 | ) |  | $ | (2.2 | ) |  | $ | 0.2 |
Acquisitions and liquidations of marketable securities, net | — |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | (1.1 | )
Other | — |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  | 0.2 |
Net automotive cash used in investing activities | $ | (2.0 | ) |  | $ | (1.3 | ) |  | $ | (0.7 | )

| Three Months Ended |  | Change
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018 |
Financing Activities |  |  |  |  |
Net proceeds from short-term debt | $ | 1.1 |  |  | $ | 0.6 |  |  | $ | 0.5 |
Dividends paid and payments to purchase common stock | (0.6 | ) |  | (0.6 | ) |  | — |
Issuance of unsecured note payable to SGM | — |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | (1.3 | )
Other | (0.2 | ) |  | (0.3 | ) |  | 0.1 |
Net automotive cash provided by financing activities | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  | $ | (0.7 | )

Adjusted Automotive Free Cash Flow
We measure adjusted automotive free cash flow as automotive operating cash flow from continuing operations less capital expenditures adjusted for management actions. For the three months ended March 31, 2019, net automotive cash used in operating activities under U.S. GAAP was $2.2 billion, capital expenditures were $2.0 billion, and an adjustment for management actions related to transformation activities primarily in GMNA was $0.3 billion.
For the three months ended March 31, 2018, net automotive cash used in operating activities under U.S. GAAP was $1.1 billion, capital expenditures were $2.2 billion, and there were no adjustments for management actions.
Status of Credit Ratings We receive ratings from four independent credit rating agencies: DBRS Limited, Fitch Ratings, Moody's Investor Service and Standard & Poor's. In April 2019 DBRS Limited upgraded our corporate rating and revolving credit facilities rating to BBB (high) from BBB and revised their outlook to Stable from Positive. All other credit ratings remained unchanged since December 31, 2018.
GM Cruise Liquidity The changes in our GM Cruise available liquidity in the three months ended March 31, 2019 were driven by operating cash flow. When GM Cruise's autonomous vehicles are ready for commercial deployment, SoftBank Vision Fund
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(AIV M2) L.P. is obligated to purchase additional GM Cruise convertible preferred shares for $1.35 billion, subject to regulatory approval.

GM Cruise Cash Flow (Dollars in billions)

| Three Months Ended |  | Change
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018 |
Net cash used in operating activities | $ | (0.1 | ) |  | $ | (0.1 | ) |  | $ | — |
Net cash provided by financing activities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | (0.2 | )

Automotive Financing – GM Financial Liquidity GM Financial's primary sources of cash are finance charge income, leasing income and proceeds from the sale of terminated leased vehicles, net distributions from credit facilities, including securitizations, secured and unsecured borrowings and collections and recoveries on finance receivables. GM Financial's primary uses of cash are purchases of retail finance receivables and leased vehicles, the funding of commercial finance receivables, repayment of secured and unsecured debt, funding credit enhancement requirements in connection with securitizations and secured debt facilities, operating expenses, and interest costs. GM Financial continues to monitor and evaluate opportunities to optimize its liquidity position and the mix of its debt between secured and unsecured debt. The following table summarizes GM Financial's available liquidity (dollars in billions):

| March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 5.3 |  |  | $ | 4.9 |
Borrowing capacity on unpledged eligible assets | 19.7 |  |  | 18.0 |
Borrowing capacity on committed unsecured lines of credit | 0.3 |  |  | 0.3 |
Borrowing capacity on revolving credit facility, exclusive to GM Financial | 2.0 |  |  | 2.0 |
Total GM Financial available liquidity | $ | 27.3 |  |  | $ | 25.2 |

In the three months ended March 31, 2019 available liquidity increased due primarily to an increase in cash and additional capacity on new and renewed secured revolving credit facilities, resulting from the issuance of securitizations and unsecured debt.
GM Financial did not have any borrowings outstanding against our credit facility designated for their exclusive use or the remainder of our revolving credit facilities at March 31, 2019. Refer to the Automotive Liquidity section of this MD&A for additional details.
GM Financial Cash Flow (Dollars in billions)

| Three Months Ended |  | Change
| March 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2018 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 2.1 |  |  | $ | 1.7 |  |  | $ | 0.4 |
Net cash used in investing activities | $ | (1.6 | ) |  | $ | (3.6 | ) |  | $ | 2.0 |
Net cash provided by financing activities | $ | 0.8 |  |  | $ | 2.8 |  |  | $ | (2.0 | )

In the three months ended March 31, 2019 Net cash provided by operating activities increased due primarily to an increase in finance charge income and leased vehicle income, partially offset by increased interest expense.
In the three months ended March 31, 2019 Net cash used in investing activities decreased due primarily to: (1) increased collections on finance receivables of $2.8 billion; (2) increased proceeds from the termination of leased vehicles of $0.7 billion; (3) decreased purchases of leased vehicles of $0.7 billion; partially offset by (4) increased purchases of finance receivables of $2.1 billion.
In the three months ended March 31, 2019 Net cash provided by financing activities decreased due primarily to an increase in payments, net of borrowings, of $2.0 billion.
Critical Accounting Estimates The condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which requires the use of estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses in the periods presented. We believe the accounting estimates employed are appropriate and the resulting balances are
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reasonable; however, due to the inherent uncertainties in developing estimates, actual results could differ from the original estimates, requiring adjustments to these balances in future periods. The critical accounting estimates that affect the condensed consolidated financial statements and the judgments and assumptions used are consistent with those described in the MD&A in our 2018 Form 10-K.
Forward-Looking Statements In this report and in reports we subsequently file and have previously filed with the SEC on Forms 10-K and 10-Q and file or furnish on Form 8-K, and in related comments by our management, we use words like "aim," “anticipate,” “appears,” “approximately,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “designed,” “effect,” “estimate,” “evaluate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “goal,” “initiative,” “intend,” “may,” “objective,” “outlook,” “plan,” “potential,” “priorities,” “project,” “pursue,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “when,” “will,” “would,” or the negative of any of those words or similar expressions to identify forward-looking statements that represent our current judgment about possible future events. In making these statements we rely on assumptions and analysis based on our experience and perception of historical trends, current conditions and expected future developments as well as other factors we consider appropriate under the circumstances. We believe these judgments are reasonable, but these statements are not guarantees of any events or financial results, and our actual results may differ materially due to a variety of important factors, both positive and negative. These factors, which may be revised or supplemented in subsequent reports on SEC Forms 10-Q and 8-K, include among others the following: (1) our ability to deliver new products, services and customer experiences in response to increased competition in the automotive industry; (2) our ability to timely fund and introduce new and improved vehicle models that are able to attract a sufficient number of consumers; (3) the success of our crossovers, SUVs and full-size pickup trucks; (4) our ability to successfully and cost-effectively restructure our operations in the U.S. and various other countries and initiate additional cost reduction actions with minimal disruption; (5) our ability to reduce the costs associated with the manufacture and sale of electric vehicles and drive increased consumer adoption; (6) unique technological, operational, regulatory, and competitive risks related to the timing and actual commercialization of autonomous vehicles; (7) global automobile market sales volume, which can be volatile; (8) our significant business in China which is subject to unique operational, competitive and regulatory risks as well as economic conditions in China; (9) our joint ventures, which we cannot operate solely for our benefit and over which we may have limited control; (10) the international scale and footprint of our operations which exposes us to a variety of political, economic and regulatory risks, including the risk of changes in government leadership and laws (including labor, tax and other laws), political instability and economic tensions between governments and changes in international trade policies, new barriers to entry and changes to or withdrawals from free trade agreements, changes in foreign exchange rates and interest rates, economic downturns in foreign countries, differing local product preferences and product requirements, compliance with U.S. and foreign countries' export controls and economic sanctions, differing labor regulations, requirements and union relationships, differing dealer and franchise regulations and relationships, and difficulties in obtaining financing in foreign countries; (11) any significant disruption at one of our manufacturing facilities could disrupt our production schedule; (12) the ability of our suppliers to deliver parts, systems and components without disruption and at such times to allow us to meet production schedules; (13) prices of raw materials used by us and our suppliers; (14) our highly competitive industry, which is characterized by excess manufacturing capacity and the use of incentives and the introduction of new and improved vehicle models by our competitors; (15) the possibility that competitors may independently develop products and services similar to ours or that our intellectual property rights are not sufficient to prevent competitors from developing or selling those products or services; (16) our ability to manage risks related to security breaches and other disruptions to our vehicles, information technology networks and systems; (17) our ability to comply with increasingly complex, restrictive, and punitive regulations relating to our enterprise data practices, including the collection, use, sharing, and security of the Personal Identifiable Information of our customers, employees, or suppliers; (18) our ability to comply with extensive laws and regulations applicable to our industry, including those regarding fuel economy and emissions and autonomous vehicles; (19) costs and risks associated with litigation and government investigations; (20) the cost and effect on our reputation of product safety recalls and alleged defects in products and services; (21) any additional tax expense or exposure; (22) our continued ability to develop captive financing capability through GM Financial; and (23) significant increases in our pension expense or projected pension contributions resulting from changes in the value of plan assets or the discount rate applied to value the pension liabilities or mortality or other assumption changes. A further list and description of these risks, uncertainties and other factors can be found in our 2018 Form 10-K and our subsequent filings with the SEC.
We caution readers not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update publicly or otherwise revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or other factors that affect the subject of these statements, except where we are expressly required to do so by law.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Equity Price Risk We are subject to equity price risk due to market price volatility related to our investment in Lyft and PSA warrants. The fair value of investments with exposure to equity price risk was $2.1 billion at March 31, 2019. In March 2019 Lyft
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filed for an initial public offering, which significantly increased the volatility in the fair value of our investment in Lyft. Our investment in Lyft is valued based on the quoted market price, less a discount for transfer restrictions calculated using a put option pricing model, and our investment in PSA warrants is valued based on a Black-Scholes formula. We estimate that a 10% adverse change in quoted security prices in Lyft and PSA Group would impact our investment in Lyft by $0.1 billion and our PSA warrants by $0.1 billion. At April 18, 2019, the closing market price for Lyft common shares (NASDAQ: LYFT) was $58.36, representing a 25.5% decline from the closing market price at March 29, 2019.
Other than as described above, market risks have not changed significantly from those described in Item 7A of our 2018 Form 10-K.
* * * * * * *
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures We maintain disclosure controls and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the specified time periods and accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
Our management, with the participation of our CEO and CFO, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Exchange Act) at March 31, 2019. Based on this evaluation required by paragraph (b) of Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15, our CEO and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2019.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended March 31, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
In 2019 we are enhancing our close, consolidation, planning and reporting processes through the implementation of a suite of new systems and system architectures. This new suite of systems will allow for increased agility, efficiency, and integration of data across the organization. We are using a phased implementation approach in which the first phase, implemented as of January 1, 2019, impacts our forecast and planning processes, inclusive of our year-over-year operating result changes discussed in the MD&A. The second phase, planned for implementation later in 2019, will impact our close, consolidation, financial reporting processes and related internal controls. For additional information refer to the "Risk Factors" section of our 2018 Form 10-K.
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PART II
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
Refer to the discussion in the "Litigation-Related Liability and Tax Administrative Matters" section in Note 13 to our condensed consolidated financial statements and the 2018 Form 10-K for information relating to legal proceedings.
* * * * * * *
Item 1A. Risk Factors
We face a number of significant risks and uncertainties in connection with our operations. Our business and the results of our operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected by these risk factors. There have been no material changes to the Risk Factors disclosed in our 2018 Form 10-K.
* * * * * * *
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Purchases of Equity Securities The following table summarizes our purchases of common stock in the three months ended March 31, 2019:

| Total Number of Shares Purchased(a) |  | Weighted Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased Under Announced Programs(b) |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet be Purchased Under Announced Programs
January 1, 2019 through January 31, 2019 | 92,818 |  |  | $ | 35.13 |  |  | — |  |  | $3.4 billion
February 1, 2019 through February 28, 2019 | 3,165,388 |  |  | $ | 38.71 |  |  | — |  |  | $3.4 billion
March 1, 2019 through March 31, 2019 | 597,176 |  |  | $ | 38.93 |  |  | — |  |  | $3.4 billion
Total | 3,855,382 |  |  | $ | 38.66 |  |  | — |  |  |

__________

(a) | Shares purchased consist of shares retained by us for the payment of the exercise price upon the exercise of warrants and shares delivered by employees or directors to us for the payment of taxes resulting from the issuance of common stock upon the vesting of RSUs, Performance Stock Units and Restricted Stock Awards relating to compensation plans. Refer to our 2018 Form 10-K for additional details on warrants outstanding and employee stock incentive plans.

(b) | In January 2017 we announced that our Board of Directors had authorized the purchase of up to $5.0 billion of our common stock with no expiration date.

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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit Name |  |
10.1† |  | 3-Year Revolving Credit Agreement among General Motors Company, the several lenders from time to time parties hereto, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and Citibank, N.A., as syndication agent, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of General Motors Company filed on January 14, 2019 |  | Incorporated by Reference
31.1 |  | Section 302 Certification of the Chief Executive Officer |  | Filed Herewith
31.2 |  | Section 302 Certification of the Chief Financial Officer |  | Filed Herewith
32 |  | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  | Furnished with this Report
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document |  | Filed Herewith
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |  | Filed Herewith
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  | Filed Herewith
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |  | Filed Herewith
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |  | Filed Herewith
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  | Filed Herewith

_________

† | Portions of this exhibit have been omitted under a request for confidential treatment pursuant to Rule 24b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and submitted separately to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.

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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  | GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY (Registrant) |
|  |  | By: | /s/ CHRISTOPHER T. HATTO |
|  |  |  | Christopher T. Hatto, Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer |
Date: | April 30, 2019 |  |  |  |

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