Restructuring and Other Initiatives

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]

We have executed various restructuring and other initiatives and we may execute additional initiatives in the future, if necessary, to streamline manufacturing capacity and reduce other costs to improve the utilization of remaining facilities. To the extent these programs involve voluntary separations, a liability is generally recorded at the time offers to employees are accepted. To the extent these programs provide separation benefits in accordance with pre-existing agreements, a liability is recorded once the amount is probable and reasonably estimable. If employees are involuntarily terminated, a liability is generally recorded at the communication date. Related charges are recorded in Automotive and other cost of sales and Automotive and other selling, general and administrative expense. The following table summarizes the reserves and charges related to restructuring and other initiatives, including postemployment benefit reserves and charges:



	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2019			September 30, 2018			September 30, 2019			September 30, 2018
Balance at beginning of period	$	919		$	274		$	1,122		$	227
Additions, interest accretion and other	211			8			499			600
Payments	(162		)	(72		)	(645		)	(567		)
Revisions to estimates and effect of foreign currency	(30		)	(3		)	(38		)	(53		)
Balance at end of period	$	938		$	207		$	938		$	207

In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 restructuring and other initiatives primarily included actions related to our announced transformation activities, which includes the unallocation of products to certain manufacturing facilities and other employee separation programs. We recorded charges of $390 million, primarily in GMNA, in the three months ended September 30, 2019 consisting of $209 million, primarily in pension curtailment and other charges, which are not reflected in the table above, and $181 million, primarily in supplier-related charges, reflected in the table above. We recorded charges of $1.5 billion, primarily in GMNA, in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 consisting of $1.1 billion primarily in non-cash accelerated depreciation and pension curtailment and other charges, not reflected in the table above, and $421 million primarily in supplier-related charges, which are reflected in the table above. These programs have a total cost since inception of $2.9 billion and we expect to incur additional restructuring and other charges in the three months ending December 31, 2019 that range from $100 million to $300 million, primarily related to employee-related separation charges and accelerated depreciation. We incurred $645 million in cash outflows resulting from these restructuring actions, primarily for employee separation payments and supplier-related payments, in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. We expect additional cash outflows related to these activities of approximately $900 million to be substantially complete by the end of 2020.

In the nine months ended September 30, 2018 restructuring and other initiatives primarily included the closure of a facility and other restructuring actions in Korea. We recorded charges of $1.0 billion related to Korea in GMI, net of noncontrolling interests in the nine months ended September 30, 2018. These charges consisted of $537 million in non-cash asset impairments and other charges, not reflected in the table above, and $495 million in employee separation charges, which are reflected in the table above, in the nine months ended September 30, 2018. We incurred $748 million in cash outflows in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and $775 million in cash outflows in the year ended December 31, 2018 resulting from these Korea restructuring actions primarily for employee separations and statutory pension payments. These programs were substantially complete at December 31, 2018.