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Income Taxes (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Schedule of Income before Income Taxes and Equity Income
 
Years Ended December 31,

2019

2018

2017
U.S. income
$
3,826


$
4,433


$
8,399

Non-U.S. income
2,342


1,953


1,332

Income before income taxes and equity income
$
6,168


$
6,386


$
9,731


Schedule of Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit)
 
Years Ended December 31,

2019

2018

2017
Current income tax expense (benefit)





U.S. federal
$
42


$
(104
)

$
18

U.S. state and local
102


113


83

Non-U.S.
758


577


552

Total current income tax expense
902


586


653

Deferred income tax expense (benefit)








U.S. federal
(145
)

(578
)

7,831

U.S. state and local
3


250


(187
)
Non-U.S.
9


216


3,236

Total deferred income tax expense (benefit)
(133
)

(112
)

10,880

Total income tax expense
$
769


$
474


$
11,533


Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation
 
Years Ended December 31,

2019

2018

2017
Income tax expense at U.S. federal statutory income tax rate
$
1,295


$
1,341


$
3,406

State and local tax expense (benefit)
117


282


(76
)
Non-U.S. income taxed at other than the U.S. federal statutory tax rate
166


90


(145
)
U.S. tax impact on Non-U.S. income and activities
(197
)

(822
)

(941
)
Change in valuation allowances
(233
)

1,695


2,712

Change in tax laws
(122
)

(134
)

7,194

General business credits and manufacturing incentives
(420
)

(695
)

(428
)
Capital loss expiration


107



Settlements of prior year tax matters


(188
)

(256
)
Realization of basis differences in affiliates


(59
)


German statutory approval of net operating losses


(990
)


Foreign currency remeasurement
74


19


23

Other adjustments
89


(172
)

44

Total income tax expense
$
769


$
474


$
11,533


Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities The following table summarizes the components of temporary differences and carryforwards that give rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities:

December 31, 2019

December 31, 2018
Deferred tax assets



Postretirement benefits other than pensions
$
1,695


$
1,584

Pension and other employee benefit plans
2,968


3,020

Warranties, dealer and customer allowances, claims and discounts
6,299


6,307

U.S. capitalized research expenditures
6,035


5,176

U.S. operating loss and tax credit carryforwards(a)
8,686


8,591

Non-U.S. operating loss and tax credit carryforwards(b)
6,731


6,393

Miscellaneous
1,965


2,034

Total deferred tax assets before valuation allowances
34,379


33,105

Less: valuation allowances
(8,135
)

(7,976
)
Total deferred tax assets
26,244


25,129

Deferred tax liabilities





Property, plant and equipment
1,565


1,098

Intangible assets
763


729

Total deferred tax liabilities
2,328


1,827

Net deferred tax assets
$
23,916


$
23,302


_________
(a)
At December 31, 2019 U.S. operating loss and tax credit carryforwards of $8.7 billion expire by 2039 if not utilized.
(b)
At December 31, 2019 Non-U.S. operating loss and tax credit carryforwards of $1.3 billion expire by 2039 if not utilized and the remaining balance of $5.4 billion may be carried forward indefinitely.
Schedule of Unrecognized Tax Benefits Roll Forward The following table summarizes activity of the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits:

Years Ended December 31,

2019

2018

2017
Balance at beginning of period
$
1,341


$
1,557


$
1,182

Additions to current year tax positions
18


292


160

Additions to prior years' tax positions
13


264


448

Reductions to prior years' tax positions
(501
)

(244
)

(195
)
Reductions in tax positions due to lapse of statutory limitations
(8
)

(38
)

(44
)
Settlements
(93
)

(450
)

(11
)
Other
5


(40
)

17

Balance at end of period
$
775


$
1,341


$
1,557