Income Taxes - Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Deferred tax assets
Postretirement benefits other than pensions	$ 1,695	$ 1,584
Pension and other employee benefit plans	2,968	3,020
Warranties, dealer and customer allowances, claims and discounts	6,299	6,307
Miscellaneous	1,965	2,034
Total deferred tax assets before valuation allowances	34,379	33,105
Less: valuation allowances	(8,135)	(7,976)
Total deferred tax assets	26,244	25,129
Deferred tax liabilities
Property, plant and equipment	1,565	1,098
Intangible assets	763	729
Total deferred tax liabilities	2,328	1,827
Net deferred tax assets	23,916	23,302
U.S.
Deferred tax assets
U.S. capitalized research expenditures	6,035	5,176
Operating loss and tax credit carryforwards	8,686	8,591
Deferred tax liabilities
Operating loss and tax credit carryforwards subject to expiration	8,700
Non-U.S.
Deferred tax assets
Operating loss and tax credit carryforwards	6,731	6,393
Deferred tax liabilities
Operating loss and tax credit carryforwards subject to expiration	1,300
Operating loss and tax credit carryforwards not subject to expiration	5,400
Germany, Spain and South Korea
Deferred tax assets
Less: valuation allowances	$ (8,100)	$ (8,000)

The tax effect as of the balance sheet date of the amount of the estimated future tax deductions attributable to research and development costs that are expensed in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles but capitalized for income tax purposes.

No definition available.