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Income Taxes
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
For interim income tax reporting, we estimate our annual effective tax rate and apply it to our year-to-date ordinary income (loss). Tax jurisdictions with a projected or year-to-date loss for which a tax benefit cannot be realized are excluded. The tax effects of unusual or infrequently occurring items, including changes in judgment about valuation allowances and effects of changes in tax laws or rates, are reported in the interim period in which they occur. We have open tax years from 2011 to 2019 with various significant tax jurisdictions.

In the three months ended March 31, 2020, Income tax expense of $357 million was primarily due to tax expense attributable to entities included in our effective tax rate calculation and the establishment of a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets that are no longer realizable. The effective tax rate is higher than the applicable statutory tax rate primarily due to tax expense related to the establishment of the valuation allowance and losses for which a tax benefit cannot be realized.

In the three months ended March 31, 2019, Income tax expense of $137 million primarily resulted from tax expense attributable to entities included in our effective tax rate calculation, partially offset by tax benefits related to a release of valuation allowance and benefits from foreign dividends. The effective tax rate is lower than the applicable statutory tax rate primarily due to tax benefits related to a release of valuation allowance and benefits from foreign dividends.

At March 31, 2020, we had $23.9 billion of net deferred tax assets consisting of net operating losses and income tax credits, capitalized research expenditures and other timing differences that are available to offset future income tax liabilities, partially offset by valuation allowances.