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Income Taxes
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
For interim income tax reporting, we estimate our annual effective tax rate and apply it to our year-to-date ordinary income (loss). Tax jurisdictions with a projected or year-to-date loss for which a tax benefit cannot be realized are excluded. The tax effects of unusual or infrequently occurring items, including changes in judgment about valuation allowances and effects of changes in tax laws or rates, are reported in the interim period in which they occur. We have open tax years from 2011 to 2019 with various significant tax jurisdictions.

In the three months ended June 30, 2020, Income tax benefit of $112 million was primarily due to tax benefit attributable to entities included in our effective tax rate calculation. In the three months ended June 30, 2019, Income tax expense of $524 million was primarily due to tax expense attributable to entities included in our effective tax rate calculation, partially offset by tax benefits related to tax settlements.

In the six months ended June 30, 2020, Income tax expense of $245 million on a pre-tax loss was primarily due to tax expense attributable to entities in our effective tax rate calculation and the establishment of a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets. In the six months ended June 30, 2019, Income tax expense of $661 million was primarily due to tax expense attributable to entities included in our effective tax rate calculation, partially offset by tax benefits related to a release of valuation allowance, tax settlements and benefits from foreign dividends.

At June 30, 2020, we had $24.1 billion of net deferred tax assets consisting of net operating losses and income tax credits, capitalized research expenditures and other timing differences that are available to offset future income tax liabilities, partially offset by valuation allowances.