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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
For interim income tax reporting, we estimate our annual effective tax rate and apply it to our year-to-date ordinary income (loss). Tax jurisdictions with a projected or year-to-date loss for which a tax benefit cannot be realized are excluded. The tax effects of unusual or infrequently occurring items, including changes in judgment about valuation allowances and effects of changes in tax laws or rates, are reported in the interim period in which they occur. We have open tax years from 2011 to 2019 with various significant tax jurisdictions.

In the three months ended September 30, 2020, Income tax expense of $887 million was primarily due to tax expense attributable to entities included in our effective tax rate calculation. In the three months ended September 30, 2019, Income tax expense of $271 million was primarily due to tax expense attributable to entities included in our effective tax rate calculation, partially offset by U.S. tax benefits from foreign activity.

In the nine months ended September 30, 2020, Income tax expense of $1.1 billion was primarily due to tax expense attributable to entities included in our effective tax rate calculation and the establishment of a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets. In the nine months ended September 30, 2019, Income tax expense of $932 million was primarily due to tax
expense attributable to entities included in our effective tax rate calculation, partially offset by U.S. tax benefits from foreign activity, tax settlements and a release of valuation allowance.

At September 30, 2020, we had $23.4 billion of net deferred tax assets consisting of net operating losses and income tax credits, capitalized research expenditures and other timing differences that are available to offset future income tax liabilities, partially offset by valuation allowances.