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Restructuring and Other Initiatives
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2021
Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]  
Restructuring and Other Initiatives Restructuring and Other Initiatives We have executed various restructuring and other initiatives and we may execute additional initiatives in the future, if necessary, to streamline manufacturing capacity and reduce other costs to improve the utilization of remaining facilities. To the extent these programs involve voluntary separations, a liability is generally recorded at the time offers to employees are accepted. To the extent these programs provide separation benefits in accordance with pre-existing agreements, a liability is recorded once the amount is probable and reasonably estimable. If employees are involuntarily terminated, a liability is generally recorded at the communication date. Related charges are recorded in Automotive and other cost of sales and Automotive and other selling, general and administrative expense.
The following table summarizes the reserves and charges related to restructuring and other initiatives, including postemployment benefit reserves and charges:
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2021March 31, 2020
Balance at beginning of period$352 $564 
Additions, interest accretion and other219 
Payments(79)(175)
Revisions to estimates and effect of foreign currency(1)(25)
Balance at end of period$275 $583 

In the three months ended March 31, 2020, restructuring and other initiatives primarily included actions in GMI related to the wind-down of Holden sales, design and engineering operations in Australia and New Zealand and the execution of binding term sheets to sell our vehicle and powertrain manufacturing facilities in Thailand. We recorded charges of $489 million in the three months ended March 31, 2020, primarily consisting of $270 million in asset impairments related to property, inventory provisions and intangibles and sales allowances and other charges, not reflected in the table above, and $219 million in dealer restructurings and employee separation charges, which are reflected in the table above. These programs, including the execution of a binding term sheet to sell our manufacturing facility in India, had a total cost since inception of $687 million. We also recorded a $236 million charge to Income tax expense due to the establishment of a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets that are considered no longer realizable in Australia and New Zealand in the three months ended March 31, 2020. We incurred insignificant cash outflows resulting from these restructuring actions in the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, and $221 million in net cash outflows since program inception, primarily for dealer restructuring payments and employee separation payments, which includes proceeds of $143 million from the sale of our manufacturing facilities in Thailand.