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Stock Incentive Plans
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2022
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Stock Incentive Plans Stock Incentive Plans
GM Stock Incentive Awards We grant to certain employees RSUs, RSAs, PSUs and stock options (collectively, stock incentive awards). Total compensation expense related to the above awards was $77 million and $64 million in the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. At March 31, 2022, the total unrecognized compensation expense for nonvested equity awards granted was $547 million. This expense is expected to be recorded over a weighted-average period of 1.9 years.

Cruise Stock Incentive Awards Cruise granted RSUs and stock options that will settle in common shares of Cruise Holdings in the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. In March 2022, Cruise modified its RSUs that settle in Cruise common stock to remove the liquidity vesting condition such that all granted RSU awards vest solely upon satisfaction of a service condition. The service condition for the majority of these awards is satisfied over four years. Upon modification, 31 million RSUs whose service condition was previously met became immediately vested, thereby resulting in the immediate recognition of compensation expense. In addition, at Cruise's election, GM intends to conduct quarterly tender offers whereby, holders of Cruise Holdings common stock issued to settle vested awards can tender their shares generally at the fair value of Cruise’s common stock, which triggered the immediate recognition of incremental compensation expense associated with the stock options. The planned tenders results in certain awards to be classified as liabilities and other awards to be presented in temporary equity. These awards were granted under the 2018 Employee Incentive Plan approved by Cruise Holdings' Board of Directors in August 2018. Shares awarded under the plan are subject to forfeiture if the participant leaves the company for reasons other than those permitted under the plan. Stock options vest ratably over four to 10 years, as defined in the terms of each award. Stock options expire 10 years from the grant date.
Cruise Restricted Stock UnitsCruise Stock Options
Shares (in millions)Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair ValueWeighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term in YearsShares (in millions)Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair ValueWeighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term in Years
Units outstanding at January 1, 202266.2 $18.82 8.123.8 $7.07 2.0
Granted28.7 $27.49 2.9 $15.77 
Settled or exercised— $— — $— 
Forfeited or expired(2.9)$23.67 — $— 
Units outstanding at March 31, 2022(a)92.0 $29.00 1.126.7 $18.88 2.0
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(a) Weighted average fair values include the impact of the remeasurement triggered by the modification. Post modification, certain awards are liability-awards resulting in ongoing remeasurement based on changes to the awards fair value.

Our weighted-average assumptions used to value Cruise stock options are a dividend yield of 0.00% and 0.00%, expected volatility of 57.3% and 55.0%, a risk-free interest rate of 2.47% and 0.78% and an expected option life of 6.57 and 6.25 years for options issued during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. The expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of comparable public company data as Cruise Holdings is not publicly traded and therefore, does not have any trading history of its common stock.
Total compensation expense related to Cruise Holdings' share-based awards was $1.2 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2022, which primarily represents the impact of the modification to outstanding awards, and an insignificant amount for the three months ended March 31, 2021. No cash was paid to settle share-based awards for the three months ended March 31, 2022. Total unrecognized compensation expense for Cruise Holdings’ nonvested equity awards granted was $1.9 billion at March 31, 2022. Total units outstanding were 119 million at March 31, 2022, including 31 million of vested RSUs that will be settled during the three months ended June 30, 2022. The expense related to RSUs and stock options is expected to be recorded over a weighted-average period of two years.