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Income Taxes - Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions | Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2022
--- | --- | ---
Deferred tax assets |  |
Postretirement benefits other than pensions | $ 1,119 | $ 1,120
Pension and other employee benefit plans | 1,522 | 997
Warranties, dealer and customer allowances, claims and discounts | 3,684 | 4,341
Miscellaneous | 5,121 | 2,773
Total deferred tax assets before valuation allowances | 33,562 | 30,240
Less: valuation allowances | (6,979) | (7,744)
Total deferred tax assets | 26,583 | 22,495
Deferred tax liabilities |  |
Property, plant and equipment | 4,233 | 1,957
Intangible assets | 699 | 707
Total deferred tax liabilities | 4,932 | 2,664
Net deferred tax assets | 21,651 | 19,832
Domestic Tax Authority |  |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |
Operating loss carryforwards | 404 |
Operating loss carryforwards, not subject to expiration | 129 |
Tax credit carryforwards | 5,600 |
Tax credit carryforwards indefinitely | 405 |
Domestic Tax Authority | Tax Year 2042 |  |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |
Operating loss carryforwards, subject to expiration | 275 |
Tax credit carryforwards, subject to expiration | 5,200 |
Foreign Tax Authority |  |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |
Operating loss carryforwards | 6,100 |
Operating loss carryforwards, not subject to expiration | 5,200 |
Tax credit carryforwards | 135 |
Tax credit carryforwards indefinitely | 109 |
Foreign Tax Authority | Tax Year 2042 |  |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |
Operating loss carryforwards, subject to expiration | 876 |
Tax credit carryforwards, subject to expiration | 26 |
U.S. |  |
Deferred tax assets |  |
U.S. capitalized research expenditures | 9,879 | 8,851
Operating loss and tax credit carryforwards | 6,033 | 5,861
Non-U.S. |  |
Deferred tax assets |  |
Operating loss and tax credit carryforwards | 6,204 | 6,296
Germany, Spain, South Korea, United States and Brazil |  |
Deferred tax assets |  |
Less: valuation allowances | $ (7,000) | $ (7,700)

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