Restructuring And Other Initiatives

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]

We have executed various restructuring and other initiatives and we may execute additional initiatives in the future, if necessary, to streamline manufacturing capacity and reduce other costs to improve the utilization of remaining facilities. To the extent these programs involve voluntary separations, a liability is generally recorded at the time offers to employees are accepted. To the extent these programs provide separation benefits in accordance with pre-existing agreements, a liability is recorded once the amount is probable and reasonably estimable. If employees are involuntarily terminated, a liability is generally recorded at the communication date. Related charges are recorded in Automotive and other cost of sales and Automotive and other selling, general and administrative expense.

The following table summarizes the reserves and charges related to restructuring and other initiatives, including postemployment benefit reserves and charges:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Balance at beginning of period	$	520	$	285	$	352
Additions, interest accretion and other	1,831		522		216
Payments	(1,597)		(275)		(278)
Revisions to estimates and effect of foreign currency	25		(12)		(5)
Balance at end of period	$	779	$	520	$	285

In the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, restructuring and other initiatives included strategic activities in GMNA related to Buick dealerships. We recorded charges of $569 million in the year ended December 31, 2023, which are included in the table above, and incurred $674 million in net cash outflows resulting from these dealer restructurings, in addition to the charges of $511 million and net cash outflows of $120 million in the year ended December 31, 2022. The remaining $286 million is expected to be paid by the end of 2024.

In March 2023, we announced a VSP to accelerate attrition related to the cost reduction program announced in January 2023. We recorded charges in GMNA of $1.0 billion in the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily related to employee separation charges of $905 million, which are reflected in the table above, and non-cash pension curtailment and settlement charges of approximately $130 million, not reflected in the table above. We incurred $820 million of cash outflows resulting from the VSP. We expect remaining cash outflows related to these activities of approximately $85 million to be complete during 2024.

In October 2023, Cruise voluntarily paused all of its driverless, supervised and manual AV operations in the U.S. while it examines its processes, systems and tools. In conjunction with these actions, Cruise recorded charges before noncontrolling interest of $529 million in the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily related to supplier related charges of $212 million and employee separation charges of $67 million, both of which are included in the table above. Additionally, Cruise recorded non-cash restructuring charges of $250 million primarily related to impairments, which are not reflected in the table above. We expect the associated cashflows related to these activities to be substantially complete by the end of 2024. At December 31, 2023, the net book value of Cruise's long-lived assets, inclusive of goodwill and intangibles, was $1.4 billion which may be subject to future impairments depending on future progress toward commercialization of the Cruise AV operations.