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Income Taxes - Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2023
--- | --- | ---
Deferred tax assets |  |
Postretirement benefits other than pensions | $ 1,024 | $ 1,119
Pension and other employee benefit plans | 1,421 | 1,522
Warranties, dealer and customer allowances, claims and discounts | 4,215 | 3,684
Miscellaneous | 4,302 | 5,121
Total deferred tax assets before valuation allowances | 32,894 | 33,562
Less: valuation allowances | (6,529) | (6,979)
Total deferred tax assets | 26,365 | 26,583
Deferred tax liabilities |  |
Property, plant and equipment | 5,111 | 4,233
Intangible assets | 635 | 699
Total deferred tax liabilities | 5,746 | 4,932
Net deferred tax assets | 20,619 | 21,651
Domestic Tax Jurisdiction |  |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |
Operating loss carryforwards | 411 |
Operating loss carryforwards, not subject to expiration | 129 |
Tax credit carryforwards | 6,200 |
Tax credit carryforwards indefinitely | 462 |
Domestic Tax Jurisdiction | Tax Year 2042 |  |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |
Operating loss carryforwards, subject to expiration | 282 |
Domestic Tax Jurisdiction | Tax Year 2044 |  |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |
Tax credit carryforwards, subject to expiration | 5,700 |
Foreign Tax Jurisdiction |  |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |
Operating loss carryforwards | 5,200 |
Operating loss carryforwards, not subject to expiration | 4,800 |
Tax credit carryforwards | 68 |
Tax credit carryforwards indefinitely | 45 |
Foreign Tax Jurisdiction | Tax Year 2043 |  |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |
Tax credit carryforwards, subject to expiration | 23 |
Foreign Tax Jurisdiction | Tax Year 2044 |  |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |
Operating loss carryforwards, subject to expiration | 342 |
U.S. |  |
Deferred tax assets |  |
U.S. capitalized research expenditures | 10,111 | 9,879
Operating loss and tax credit carryforwards | 6,582 | 6,033
Non-U.S. |  |
Deferred tax assets |  |
Operating loss and tax credit carryforwards | 5,239 | 6,204
Germany, Spain, South Korea, United States and Brazil |  |
Deferred tax assets |  |
Less: valuation allowances | $ (6,500) | $ (7,000)

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