Restructuring and Other Initiatives

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]

We have executed various restructuring and other initiatives and we may execute additional initiatives in the future, if necessary, to streamline manufacturing capacity and reduce other costs to improve the utilization of remaining facilities. To the extent these programs involve voluntary separations, a liability is generally recorded at the time offers to employees are accepted. To the extent these programs provide separation benefits in accordance with pre-existing agreements, a liability is recorded once the amount is probable and reasonably estimable. If employees are involuntarily terminated, a liability is generally recorded at the communication date. Related charges are recorded in Automotive and other cost of sales and Automotive and other selling, general and administrative expense.

The following table summarizes the reserves and charges related to restructuring and other initiatives, including postemployment benefit reserves and charges:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	779	$	520	$	285
Additions, interest accretion and other	1,790		1,831		522
Payments	(1,303)		(1,597)		(275)
Revisions to estimates and effect of foreign currency	(22)		25		(12)
Balance at end of period	$	1,243	$	779	$	520

In the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, restructuring and other initiatives included strategic activities in GMNA related to Buick dealerships. We recorded charges of $964 million in the year ended December 31, 2024, which are included in the table above, and incurred $530 million in net cash outflows resulting from these dealer restructurings, in

addition to the charges of $569 million and $511 million and net cash outflows of $674 million and $120 million in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. We expect remaining cash outflows related to these activities of $719 million to be substantially completed by the end of 2025.

In April 2024, we announced restructuring actions in GMI related to the closure of manufacturing operations in Colombia and Ecuador. In the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded $170 million before noncontrolling interest primarily related to employee separations and supplier-related charges of $88 million, which are included in the table above, and non-cash restructuring charges of $79 million primarily related to accelerated depreciation and amortization, which are not reflected in the table above. As of December 31, 2024, we have incurred $48 million of cash outflows resulting from these restructuring activities. We expect the remaining cash outflows related to these activities to be substantially completed by the end of 2025.

In the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded restructuring charges of $200 million, primarily in GMNA, related to employee separations. As of December 31, 2024, we have incurred $163 million of cash outflows resulting from these restructuring actions. We expect the remaining cash outflows related to these activities to be substantially completed by the end of 2025.

In March 2023, we announced a VSP to accelerate attrition related to the cost reduction program announced in January 2023. We recorded charges in GMNA of $1.0 billion in the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily related to employee separation charges of $905 million, which are reflected in the table above, and non-cash pension curtailment and settlement charges of approximately $130 million, not reflected in the table above. We incurred cash outflows of $58 million and $820 million in the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. This program is complete as of December 31, 2024.

In October 2023, Cruise voluntarily paused all of its driverless, supervised and manual AV operations in the U.S. while it examined its processes, systems and tools. In conjunction with these actions, Cruise recorded charges before noncontrolling interest of $529 million in the year ended December 31, 2023, which included non-cash restructuring charges of $250 million. In June 2024, Cruise indefinitely delayed the Cruise Origin and recognized primarily non-cash charges before noncontrolling interest of $631 million. In December 2024, in conjunction with GM’s announcement of its decision to no longer fund Cruise’s robotaxi development work and its plans, subject to approval by the Cruise Board of Directors, to combine the Cruise and GM technical efforts to advance autonomous and assisted driving, Cruise recorded net charges before noncontrolling interest of $522 million, which included net non-cash restructuring charges of $173 million. The non-cash restructuring charges are not reflected in the table above. Cumulatively, we have incurred $287 million of cash outflows resulting from these restructuring activities. We expect the remaining cash outflows related to these activities of approximately $389 million to be completed by the end of 2025.