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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-Q

☑ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2025
or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File Number 001-34960
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware | 27-0756180
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
| 300 Renaissance Center, | Detroit, | Michigan |  |  |  | 48265 | -3000 |  |
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

(313) 667-1500
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value | GM | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ☑ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑
As of July 11, 2025 there were 952,077,801 shares of common stock outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  |  | Page
PART I
Item 1. | Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 1
| Condensed Consolidated Income Statements (Unaudited) | 1
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) | 1
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) | 2
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity (Unaudited) | 4
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 5
| Note 1. | Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation | 5
| Note 2. | Revenue | 6
| Note 3. | Marketable and Other Securities | 8
| Note 4. | GM Financial Receivables and Transactions | 9
| Note 5. | Inventories | 12
| Note 6. | Equipment on Operating Leases | 12
| Note 7. | Equity in Net Assets of Nonconsolidated Affiliates | 13
| Note 8. | Goodwill | 13
| Note 9. | Variable Interest Entities | 14
| Note 10. | Debt | 15
| Note 11. | Derivative Financial Instruments | 16
| Note 12. | Product Warranty and Related Liabilities | 17
| Note 13. | Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits | 18
| Note 14. | Commitments, Contingencies and Uncertainties | 18
| Note 15. | Income Taxes | 22
| Note 16. | Restructuring and Other Initiatives | 22
| Note 17. | Stockholders' Equity and Noncontrolling Interests | 23
| Note 18. | Earnings Per Share | 25
| Note 19. | Segment Reporting | 25
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 29
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 48
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 48
PART II
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 49
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 49
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 50
Item 5. | Other Information | 50
Item 6. | Exhibits | 51
Signature |  | 52

Table of Contents
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
PART I
Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENTS
(In millions, except per share amounts) (Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  | June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024
Net sales and revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive | $ | 42,869 |  |  | $ | 44,060 |  |  | $ | 82,730 |  |  | $ | 83,273 |
GM Financial | 4,253 |  |  | 3,908 |  |  | 8,412 |  |  | 7,710 |
Total net sales and revenue (Note 2) | 47,122 |  |  | 47,969 |  |  | 91,141 |  |  | 90,983 |
Costs and expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive and other cost of sales | 39,289 |  |  | 38,615 |  |  | 74,480 |  |  | 72,611 |
GM Financial interest, operating and other expenses | 3,567 |  |  | 3,109 |  |  | 7,058 |  |  | 6,215 |
Automotive and other selling, general and administrative expense | 2,139 |  |  | 2,372 |  |  | 4,124 |  |  | 4,547 |
Total costs and expenses | 44,995 |  |  | 44,096 |  |  | 85,662 |  |  | 83,372 |
Operating income (loss) | 2,127 |  |  | 3,873 |  |  | 5,479 |  |  | 7,611 |
Automotive interest expense | 198 |  |  | 206 |  |  | 350 |  |  | 425 |
Interest income and other non-operating income, net | 366 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 676 |  |  | 362 |
Equity income (loss) (Note 7) | 80 |  |  | (84) |  |  | 142 |  |  | (189) |
Income (loss) before income taxes | 2,375 |  |  | 3,643 |  |  | 5,946 |  |  | 7,359 |
Income tax expense (benefit) (Note 15) | 481 |  |  | 767 |  |  | 1,199 |  |  | 1,529 |
Net income (loss) | 1,894 |  |  | 2,877 |  |  | 4,747 |  |  | 5,830 |
Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests | 1 |  |  | 57 |  |  | (68) |  |  | 83 |
Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders | $ | 1,895 |  |  | $ | 2,933 |  |  | $ | 4,680 |  |  | $ | 5,913 |
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders | $ | 1,865 |  |  | $ | 2,919 |  |  | $ | 5,224 |  |  | $ | 5,889 |
Earnings per share (Note 18) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per common share | $ | 1.94 |  |  | $ | 2.57 |  |  | $ | 5.35 |  |  | $ | 5.14 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – basic | 963 |  |  | 1,136 |  |  | 976 |  |  | 1,145 |
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 1.91 |  |  | $ | 2.55 |  |  | $ | 5.28 |  |  | $ | 5.10 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – diluted | 976 |  |  | 1,147 |  |  | 989 |  |  | 1,155 |
Dividends declared per common share | $ | 0.15 |  |  | $ | 0.12 |  |  | $ | 0.27 |  |  | $ | 0.24 |

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In millions) (Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  | June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024
Net income (loss) | $ | 1,894 |  |  | $ | 2,877 |  |  | $ | 4,747 |  |  | $ | 5,830 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (Note 17) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments and other | 440 |  |  | (417) |  |  | 628 |  |  | (763) |
Defined benefit plans | (142) |  |  | 45 |  |  | (179) |  |  | 121 |
Unrealized gain (loss) on hedges | (15) |  |  | 19 |  |  | (32) |  |  | 30 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | 283 |  |  | (353) |  |  | 417 |  |  | (612) |
Comprehensive income (loss) | 2,177 |  |  | 2,524 |  |  | 5,164 |  |  | 5,218 |
Comprehensive loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests | (91) |  |  | 82 |  |  | (163) |  |  | 155 |
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to stockholders | $ | 2,086 |  |  | $ | 2,605 |  |  | $ | 5,001 |  |  | $ | 5,373 |

Reference should be made to the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
Amounts may not add due to rounding.
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Table of Contents
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In millions, except per share amounts) (Unaudited)

| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
ASSETS |  |  |
Current Assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents (Note 3) | $ | 22,381 |  |  | $ | 19,872 |
Marketable debt securities (Note 3) | 6,958 |  |  | 7,265 |
Accounts and notes receivable, net of allowance of $287 and $313 | 16,722 |  |  | 12,827 |
GM Financial receivables, net of allowance of $1,140 and $991 (Note 4; Note 9) | 44,473 |  |  | 46,362 |
Inventories (Note 5) | 15,454 |  |  | 14,564 |
Other current assets (Note 3; Note 9) | 8,297 |  |  | 7,655 |
Total current assets | 114,285 |  |  | 108,545 |
Non-current Assets |  |  |
GM Financial receivables, net of allowance of $1,580 and $1,467 (Note 4; Note 9) | 47,043 |  |  | 46,474 |
Equity in net assets of nonconsolidated affiliates (Note 7) | 6,103 |  |  | 7,102 |
Property, net | 52,159 |  |  | 51,904 |
Goodwill and intangible assets, net (Note 8) | 4,488 |  |  | 4,551 |
Equipment on operating leases, net (Note 6; Note 9) | 33,196 |  |  | 31,586 |
Deferred income taxes | 21,478 |  |  | 21,254 |
Other assets (Note 3; Note 9) | 10,631 |  |  | 8,346 |
Total non-current assets | 175,099 |  |  | 171,216 |
Total Assets | $ | 289,384 |  |  | $ | 279,761 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |
Current Liabilities |  |  |
Accounts payable (principally trade) | $ | 27,077 |  |  | $ | 25,680 |
Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt (Note 10) |  |  |
Automotive | 1,687 |  |  | 2,141 |
GM Financial (Note 9) | 36,627 |  |  | 37,291 |
Accrued liabilities | 28,421 |  |  | 31,154 |
Total current liabilities | 93,812 |  |  | 96,265 |
Non-current Liabilities |  |  |
Long-term debt (Note 10) |  |  |
Automotive | 15,512 |  |  | 13,327 |
GM Financial (Note 9) | 81,905 |  |  | 76,973 |
Postretirement benefits other than pensions (Note 13) | 3,989 |  |  | 3,990 |
Pensions (Note 13) | 6,085 |  |  | 5,779 |
Other liabilities | 19,622 |  |  | 17,836 |
Total non-current liabilities | 127,113 |  |  | 117,906 |
Total Liabilities | 220,925 |  |  | 214,171 |
Commitments, contingencies and uncertainties (Note 14) |  |  |
Equity (Note 17) |  |  |
Common stock, $0.01 par value | 10 |  |  | 10 |
Additional paid-in capital | 20,610 |  |  | 20,843 |
Retained earnings | 56,675 |  |  | 53,472 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (10,932) |  |  | (11,253) |
Total stockholders’ equity | 66,363 |  |  | 63,072 |
Noncontrolling interests | 2,096 |  |  | 2,518 |
Total Equity | 68,459 |  |  | 65,590 |
Total Liabilities and Equity | $ | 289,384 |  |  | $ | 279,761 |

Reference should be made to the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
Amounts may not add due to rounding.
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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In millions) (Unaudited)

| Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | 4,747 |  |  | $ | 5,830 |
Depreciation and impairment of Equipment on operating leases, net | 2,438 |  |  | 2,425 |
Depreciation, amortization and impairment charges on Property, net | 3,537 |  |  | 3,859 |
Foreign currency remeasurement and transaction (gains) losses | 262 |  |  | (148) |
Undistributed earnings of nonconsolidated affiliates, net | 583 |  |  | (101) |
Pension contributions and OPEB payments | (309) |  |  | (430) |
Pension and OPEB income, net | 32 |  |  | 30 |
Provision (benefit) for deferred taxes | 205 |  |  | 1,127 |
Change in other operating assets and liabilities | 1,473 |  |  | (3,464) |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 12,969 |  |  | 9,128 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |
Expenditures for property | (3,953) |  |  | (5,352) |
Available-for-sale marketable securities, acquisitions | (1,248) |  |  | (2,232) |
Available-for-sale marketable securities, liquidations | 1,719 |  |  | 1,535 |
Purchases of finance receivables | (19,275) |  |  | (16,639) |
Principal collections and recoveries on finance receivables | 17,286 |  |  | 15,578 |
Purchases of leased vehicles | (8,591) |  |  | (7,489) |
Proceeds from termination of leased vehicles | 5,326 |  |  | 6,157 |
Other investing activities | (2,422) |  |  | (546) |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | (11,158) |  |  | (8,987) |
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |
Net increase (decrease) in short-term debt | 29 |  |  | 294 |
Proceeds from issuance of debt (original maturities greater than three months) | 30,668 |  |  | 29,370 |
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months) | (27,316) |  |  | (23,904) |
Payments to purchase common stock (Note 17) | (2,012) |  |  | (1,346) |
Issuance (redemption) of subsidiary stock (Note 17) | (29) |  |  | — |
Dividends paid | (319) |  |  | (334) |
Other financing activities | (322) |  |  | (288) |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 699 |  |  | 3,793 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 327 |  |  | (231) |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 2,836 |  |  | 3,702 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period | 22,964 |  |  | 21,917 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 25,800 |  |  | $ | 25,620 |
Significant non-cash investing and financing activity |  |  |
Non-cash property additions | $ | 3,443 |  |  | $ | 4,889 |

Reference should be made to the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
Amounts may not add due to rounding.
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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(In millions) (Unaudited)

| Common Stockholders’ |  | Noncontrolling Interests |  | Total Equity (Permanent Equity) |  | Noncontrolling Interest Cruise Stock Incentive Awards (Temporary Equity) |
Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2024 | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 19,130 |  |  | $ | 55,391 |  |  | $ | (10,247) |  |  | $ | 3,903 |  |  | $ | 68,189 |  |  | $ | 118 |  |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,980 |  |  | — |  |  | (27) |  |  | 2,953 |  |  | — |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (212) |  |  | (47) |  |  | (259) |  |  | — |  |
Purchase of common stock (Note 17) | — |  |  | 208 |  |  | (539) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (331) |  |  | — |  |
Stock based compensation | — |  |  | 58 |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 56 |  |  | 5 |  |
Cash dividends paid on common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | (139) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (139) |  |  | — |  |
Other | — |  |  | (38) |  |  | (4) |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | (44) |  |  | 52 |  |
Balance at March 31, 2024 | 11 |  |  | 19,358 |  |  | 57,688 |  |  | (10,459) |  |  | 3,828 |  |  | 70,426 |  |  | 175 |  |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,933 |  |  | — |  |  | (57) |  |  | 2,877 |  |  | — |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (328) |  |  | (25) |  |  | (353) |  |  | — |  |
Purchase of common stock (Note 17) | — |  |  | (363) |  |  | (667) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,030) |  |  | — |  |
Stock based compensation | — |  |  | 126 |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 124 |  |  | — |  |
Cash dividends paid on common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | (136) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (136) |  |  | — |  |
Dividends to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (60) |  |  | (60) |  |  | — |  |
Other | — |  |  | 481 |  |  | (9) |  |  | — |  |  | (419) |  |  | 52 |  |  | (175) |  |
Balance at June 30, 2024 | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 19,602 |  |  | $ | 59,807 |  |  | $ | (10,787) |  |  | $ | 3,267 |  |  | $ | 71,900 |  |  | $ | — |  |
Balance at January 1, 2025 | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 20,843 |  |  | $ | 53,472 |  |  | $ | (11,253) |  |  | $ | 2,518 |  |  | $ | 65,590 |  |  | $ | — |  |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,784 |  |  | — |  |  | 69 |  |  | 2,853 |  |  | — |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 131 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 134 |  |  | — |  |
Issuance (redemption) of subsidiary stock (Note 17) | — |  |  | 538 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (567) |  |  | (29) |  |  | — |  |
Purchase of common stock (Note 17) | — |  |  | (1,027) |  |  | (984) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,012) |  |  | — |  |
Stock based compensation | — |  |  | (7) |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9) |  |  | — |  |
Cash dividends paid on common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | (116) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (116) |  |  | — |  |
Other | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | (14) |  |  | — |  |  | 32 |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |
Balance at March 31, 2025 | 10 |  |  | 20,345 |  |  | 55,140 |  |  | (11,122) |  |  | 2,054 |  |  | 66,427 |  |  | — |  |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,895 |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | 1,894 |  |  | — |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 190 |  |  | 92 |  |  | 283 |  |  | — |  |
Purchase of common stock (Note 17) | — |  |  | 213 |  |  | (213) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Stock based compensation | — |  |  | 52 |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 50 |  |  | — |  |
Cash dividends paid on common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | (144) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (144) |  |  | — |  |
Dividends to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (59) |  |  | (59) |  |  | — |  |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |
Balance at June 30, 2025 | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 20,610 |  |  | $ | 56,675 |  |  | $ | (10,932) |  |  | $ | 2,096 |  |  | $ | 68,459 |  |  | $ | — |  |

Reference should be made to the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
Amounts may not add due to rounding.
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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 1. Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation
General Motors Company (sometimes referred to in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as we, our, us, ourselves, the Company, General Motors or GM) designs, builds and sells trucks, crossovers, cars and automobile parts and provides software-enabled services and subscriptions worldwide. We also provide automotive financing services through General Motors Financial Company, Inc. (GM Financial). We analyze the results of our operations through the following segments: GM North America (GMNA), GM International (GMI) and GM Financial. In December 2024, we announced that we will no longer fund Cruise's robotaxi development work and in February 2025, began to wind down the Cruise robotaxi operations and combined the GM and Cruise ongoing personal autonomous technical efforts in our GMNA Automotive segment. Corporate includes certain centrally recorded income and costs such as interest, income taxes, corporate expenditures and certain revenues and expenses that are not part of a reportable segment.
The condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. The condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, which consist of normal recurring adjustments and transactions or events discretely impacting the interim periods, considered necessary by management to fairly state our results of operations, financial position and cash flows. The operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for any other interim period or for the full year. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our 2024 Form 10-K. Except for per share amounts or as otherwise specified, amounts presented within tables are stated in millions. Certain columns and rows may not add due to rounding.
Throughout this report, we refer to General Motors Company and its consolidated subsidiaries in a simplified manner and on a collective basis, using words like "we," "our," "us" and "the Company." This drafting style is suggested by the SEC and is not meant to indicate that General Motors Company, the publicly traded parent company, or any particular subsidiary of the parent company, owns or operates any particular asset, business or property. The operations and businesses described in this report are owned and operated by distinct subsidiaries of General Motors Company.
Principles of Consolidation We consolidate entities that we control due to ownership of a majority voting interest and we consolidate variable interest entities (VIEs) when we are the primary beneficiary. All intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated in consolidation. Our share of earnings or losses of nonconsolidated affiliates is included in our consolidated operating results using the equity method of accounting when we are able to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial decisions of the affiliate.
GM Financial The amounts presented for GM Financial are adjusted to reflect the impact on GM Financial's deferred tax positions and provision for income taxes resulting from the inclusion of GM Financial in our consolidated tax returns and to eliminate the effect of transactions between GM Financial and the other members of the consolidated group. Accordingly, the amounts presented will differ from those presented by GM Financial on a stand-alone basis.
Subsequent Event On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the Act) was signed into law that includes the extension and modification of certain key provisions of the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA), modification of certain Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) incentives, acceleration of the phase-out of clean vehicle and other clean energy credits and sets the civil penalties to zero for noncompliance with corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards. The Act also introduces a new auto loan interest deductibility provision that allows some individuals to deduct up to $10,000 per year in interest on new, U.S.-assembled personal vehicles purchased between 2025 and 2028. There are a variety of effective dates in the Act and only certain key provisions with financial reporting implications are expected to affect our financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2025. We are currently unable to estimate the financial impacts of the Act which could be material and may adversely affect electric vehicle (EV) profitability.
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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
Note 2. Revenue
The following table disaggregates our revenue by major source:

| Three Months Ended June 30, 2025
| GMNA |  | GMI |  | Corporate |  | Total Automotive |  | Cruise |  | GM Financial |  | Eliminations/Reclassifications |  | Total
Vehicle, parts and accessories | $ | 37,893 |  |  | $ | 3,075 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 40,998 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 40,998 |
Used vehicles | 515 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 524 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 524 |
Services and other | 1,078 |  |  | 243 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 1,348 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,348 |
Automotive net sales and revenue | 39,486 |  |  | 3,326 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 42,869 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 42,869 |
Leased vehicle income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,940 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,940 |
Finance charge income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,048 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,048 |
Other income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 267 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 265 |
GM Financial net sales and revenue | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,255 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 4,253 |
Net sales and revenue | $ | 39,486 |  |  | $ | 3,326 |  |  | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | 42,869 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,255 |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | 47,122 |

| Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
| GMNA |  | GMI |  | Corporate |  | Total Automotive |  | Cruise |  | GM Financial |  | Eliminations/Reclassifications |  | Total
Vehicle, parts and accessories | $ | 39,416 |  |  | $ | 3,091 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 42,515 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 42,515 |
Used vehicles | 331 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 338 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 338 |
Services and other | 979 |  |  | 200 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 1,208 |  |  | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | (25) |  |  | 1,208 |
Automotive net sales and revenue | 40,725 |  |  | 3,298 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 44,060 |  |  | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | (25) |  |  | 44,060 |
Leased vehicle income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,803 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,803 |
Finance charge income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,876 |  |  | (8) |  |  | 1,868 |
Other income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 239 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 237 |
GM Financial net sales and revenue | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,918 |  |  | (10) |  |  | 3,908 |
Net sales and revenue | $ | 40,725 |  |  | $ | 3,298 |  |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 44,060 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 3,918 |  |  | $ | (35) |  |  | $ | 47,969 |

| Six Months Ended June 30, 2025
| GMNA |  | GMI |  | Corporate |  | Total Automotive |  | Cruise |  | GM Financial |  | Eliminations/Reclassifications |  | Total
Vehicle, parts and accessories | $ | 74,019 |  |  | $ | 5,200 |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 79,267 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 79,267 |
Used vehicles | 831 |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 848 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 848 |
Services and other | 2,023 |  |  | 536 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 2,614 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,615 |
Automotive net sales and revenue | 76,873 |  |  | 5,753 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 82,729 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 82,730 |
Leased vehicle income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,842 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,842 |
Finance charge income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,073 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 4,069 |
Other income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 504 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 500 |
GM Financial net sales and revenue | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,419 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 8,412 |
Net sales and revenue | $ | 76,873 |  |  | $ | 5,753 |  |  | $ | 103 |  |  | $ | 82,729 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 8,419 |  |  | $ | (7) |  |  | $ | 91,141 |

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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)

| Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
| GMNA |  | GMI |  | Corporate |  | Total Automotive |  | Cruise |  | GM Financial |  | Eliminations/Reclassifications |  | Total
Vehicle, parts and accessories | $ | 74,313 |  |  | $ | 5,851 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 80,177 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 80,177 |
Used vehicles | 559 |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 571 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 571 |
Services and other | 1,951 |  |  | 516 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 2,523 |  |  | 51 |  |  | — |  |  | (50) |  |  | 2,524 |
Automotive net sales and revenue | 76,824 |  |  | 6,380 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 83,272 |  |  | 51 |  |  | — |  |  | (50) |  |  | 83,273 |
Leased vehicle income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,603 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,603 |
Finance charge income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,662 |  |  | (16) |  |  | 3,646 |
Other income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 465 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 462 |
GM Financial net sales and revenue | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,730 |  |  | (19) |  |  | 7,710 |
Net sales and revenue | $ | 76,824 |  |  | $ | 6,380 |  |  | $ | 68 |  |  | $ | 83,272 |  |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | 7,730 |  |  | $ | (69) |  |  | $ | 90,983 |

Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. Adjustments to sales incentives for previously recognized sales were insignificant and increased revenue by $310 million in the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.
Contract liabilities in our Automotive segments primarily consist of vehicle connectivity, customer rewards programs, maintenance, extended warranty and other contracts of $7.7 billion and $6.6 billion at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, which are included in Accrued liabilities and Other liabilities. We recognized revenue of $606 million and $1.2 billion related to contract liabilities in the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and $455 million and $945 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. We expect to recognize revenue of $1.3 billion in the six months ending December 31, 2025 and $1.9 billion, $1.3 billion and $3.3 billion in the years ending December 31, 2026, 2027 and thereafter related to contract liabilities at June 30, 2025.
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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
Note 3. Marketable and Other Securities
The following table summarizes the fair value of cash equivalents and marketable debt securities, which approximates cost:

| Fair Value Level |  | June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  |  |
Cash and time deposits |  |  | $ | 12,547 |  |  | $ | 12,471 |
Available-for-sale debt securities |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agencies | 2 |  | 498 |  |  | 26 |
Corporate debt | 2 |  | 2,193 |  |  | 1,541 |
Sovereign debt | 2 |  | 378 |  |  | 785 |
Total available-for-sale debt securities – cash equivalents |  |  | 3,068 |  |  | 2,351 |
Money market funds | 1 |  | 6,766 |  |  | 5,050 |
Total cash and cash equivalents |  |  | $ | 22,381 |  |  | $ | 19,872 |
Marketable debt securities |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agencies | 2 |  | $ | 2,610 |  |  | $ | 3,082 |
Corporate debt and other | 2 |  | 3,840 |  |  | 3,592 |
Mortgage and asset-backed | 2 |  | 509 |  |  | 591 |
Total available-for-sale debt securities – marketable securities |  |  | $ | 6,958 |  |  | $ | 7,265 |
Restricted cash |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | $ | 370 |  |  | $ | 294 |
Money market funds | 1 |  | 3,048 |  |  | 2,798 |
Total restricted cash |  |  | $ | 3,418 |  |  | $ | 3,092 |
Available-for-sale debt securities included above with contractual maturities(a) |  |  |  |
Due in one year or less |  |  | $ | 4,216 |  |  |
Due between one and five years |  |  | 5,188 |  |  |
Total available-for-sale debt securities with contractual maturities |  |  | $ | 9,403 |  |  |

__________
(a)Excludes mortgage and asset-backed securities o f $509 million at June 30, 2025 as these securities are not due at a single maturity date.
Proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale debt securities sold prior to maturity were $621 million and $584 million in the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 and $2.2 billion and $1.1 billion in the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. Net unrealized gains on available-for-sale debt securities were insignificant in the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. Cumulative unrealized losses o n available-for-sale debt securities were insignificant at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheet to the total shown in the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows:

| June 30, 2025
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 22,381 |
Restricted cash included in Other current assets | 2,943 |
Restricted cash included in Other assets | 476 |
Total | $ | 25,800 |

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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
Note 4. GM Financial Receivables and Transactions

| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| Retail |  | Commercial(a) |  | Total |  | Retail |  | Commercial(a) |  | Total
GM Financial receivables | $ | 77,837 |  |  | $ | 16,399 |  |  | $ | 94,236 |  |  | $ | 76,066 |  |  | $ | 19,228 |  |  | $ | 95,294 |
Less: allowance for loan losses | (2,630) |  |  | (91) |  |  | (2,720) |  |  | (2,400) |  |  | (58) |  |  | (2,458) |
GM Financial receivables, net | $ | 75,207 |  |  | $ | 16,308 |  |  | $ | 91,516 |  |  | $ | 73,667 |  |  | $ | 19,169 |  |  | $ | 92,836 |
Fair value of GM Financial receivables utilizing Level 2 inputs |  |  |  |  | $ | 16,308 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 19,169 |
Fair value of GM Financial receivables utilizing Level 3 inputs |  |  |  |  | $ | 76,842 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 74,729 |

__________
(a)Commercial finance receivables include dealer financing of $15.8 billion and $18.6 billion, and other financing of $571 million and $604 million at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Commercial finance receivables are presented net of dealer cash management balances of $3.2 billion and $3.4 billion at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Under the cash management program, subject to certain conditions, a dealer may choose to reduce the amount of interest on its floorplan line by making principal payments to GM Financial in advance.

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  | June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024
Allowance for loan losses at beginning of period | $ | 2,567 |  |  | $ | 2,355 |  |  | $ | 2,458 |  |  | $ | 2,344 |
Provision for loan losses | 354 |  |  | 174 |  |  | 682 |  |  | 378 |
Charge-offs | (490) |  |  | (411) |  |  | (968) |  |  | (816) |
Recoveries | 270 |  |  | 222 |  |  | 521 |  |  | 435 |
Effect of foreign currency | 19 |  |  | (29) |  |  | 28 |  |  | (30) |
Allowance for loan losses at end of period | $ | 2,720 |  |  | $ | 2,311 |  |  | $ | 2,720 |  |  | $ | 2,311 |

The allowance for loan losses as a percentage of finance receivables was 2.9% and 2.6% at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The allowance ratio is based on factors including portfolio credit quality, expectations for recovery rates and economic outlook.
Retail Finance Receivables GM Financial's retail finance receivable portfolio includes loans made to consumers and businesses to finance the purchase of vehicles for personal and commercial use. The following tables are consolidated summaries of the retail finance receivables by FICO score or its equivalent, determined at origination, for each vintage of the retail finance receivables portfolio at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

| Year of Origination |  | June 30, 2025
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Prior |  | Total |  | Percent
Prime – FICO score 680 and greater | $ | 13,597 |  |  | $ | 20,025 |  |  | $ | 12,446 |  |  | $ | 7,360 |  |  | $ | 3,959 |  |  | $ | 1,810 |  |  | $ | 59,196 |  |  | 76.1 | %
Near-prime – FICO score 620 to 679 | 2,048 |  |  | 3,046 |  |  | 1,821 |  |  | 1,194 |  |  | 804 |  |  | 393 |  |  | 9,306 |  |  | 12.0 | %
Sub-prime – FICO score less than 620 | 1,992 |  |  | 2,992 |  |  | 1,719 |  |  | 1,234 |  |  | 857 |  |  | 541 |  |  | 9,335 |  |  | 12.0 | %
Retail finance receivables | $ | 17,636 |  |  | $ | 26,063 |  |  | $ | 15,986 |  |  | $ | 9,788 |  |  | $ | 5,620 |  |  | $ | 2,744 |  |  | $ | 77,837 |  |  | 100.0 | %

| Year of Origination |  |  |  | December 31, 2024
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Prior |  |  |  | Total |  | Percent
Prime – FICO score 680 and greater | $ | 24,155 |  |  | $ | 15,814 |  |  | $ | 9,749 |  |  | $ | 5,424 |  |  | $ | 2,559 |  |  | $ | 366 |  |  |  |  | $ | 58,067 |  |  | 76.3 | %
Near-prime – FICO score 620 to 679 | 3,547 |  |  | 2,227 |  |  | 1,507 |  |  | 1,077 |  |  | 473 |  |  | 159 |  |  |  |  | 8,990 |  |  | 11.8 | %
Sub-prime – FICO score less than 620 | 3,399 |  |  | 2,059 |  |  | 1,546 |  |  | 1,141 |  |  | 543 |  |  | 322 |  |  |  |  | 9,008 |  |  | 11.8 | %
Retail finance receivables | $ | 31,101 |  |  | $ | 20,100 |  |  | $ | 12,802 |  |  | $ | 7,642 |  |  | $ | 3,575 |  |  | $ | 847 |  |  |  |  | $ | 76,066 |  |  | 100.0 | %

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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
GM Financial reviews the ongoing credit quality of retail finance receivables based on customer payment activity. A retail account is considered delinquent if a substantial portion of a scheduled payment has not been received by the date the payment was contractually due. Retail finance receivables are collateralized by vehicle titles and, subject to local laws, GM Financial generally has the right to repossess the vehicle in the event the customer defaults on the payment terms of the contract. The accrual of finance charge income had been suspended on delinquent retail finance receivables with contractual amounts due of $910 million and $958 million at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The following tables are consolidated summaries of the delinquency status of the outstanding amortized cost of retail finance receivables for each vintage of the portfolio at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, as well as summary totals for June 30, 2024:

| Year of Origination |  | June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Prior |  | Total |  | Percent |  | Total |  | Percent
0-to-30 days | $ | 17,493 |  |  | $ | 25,437 |  |  | $ | 15,415 |  |  | $ | 9,327 |  |  | $ | 5,280 |  |  | $ | 2,523 |  |  | $ | 75,474 |  |  | 97.0 | % |  | $ | 71,211 |  |  | 97.1 | %
31-to-60 days | 103 |  |  | 435 |  |  | 394 |  |  | 325 |  |  | 247 |  |  | 161 |  |  | 1,665 |  |  | 2.1 | % |  | 1,551 |  |  | 2.1 | %
Greater-than-60 days | 36 |  |  | 167 |  |  | 157 |  |  | 125 |  |  | 85 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 626 |  |  | 0.8 | % |  | 509 |  |  | 0.7 | %
Finance receivables more than 30 days delinquent | 139 |  |  | 602 |  |  | 550 |  |  | 450 |  |  | 333 |  |  | 218 |  |  | 2,291 |  |  | 2.9 | % |  | 2,060 |  |  | 2.8 | %
In repossession | 4 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | 64 |  |  | 0.1 | %
Finance receivables more than 30 days delinquent or in repossession | 143 |  |  | 626 |  |  | 571 |  |  | 461 |  |  | 340 |  |  | 221 |  |  | 2,362 |  |  | 3.0 | % |  | 2,124 |  |  | 2.9 | %
Retail finance receivables | $ | 17,636 |  |  | $ | 26,063 |  |  | $ | 15,986 |  |  | $ | 9,788 |  |  | $ | 5,620 |  |  | $ | 2,744 |  |  | $ | 77,837 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 73,335 |  |  | 100.0 | %

| Year of Origination |  | December 31, 2024 |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Prior |  |  |  | Total |  | Percent |  |
0-to-30 days | $ | 30,581 |  |  | $ | 19,411 |  |  | $ | 12,207 |  |  | $ | 7,178 |  |  | $ | 3,350 |  |  | $ | 710 |  |  |  |  | $ | 73,438 |  |  | 96.5 | % |  |
31-to-60 days | 374 |  |  | 481 |  |  | 425 |  |  | 340 |  |  | 166 |  |  | 99 |  |  |  |  | 1,885 |  |  | 2.5 | % |  |
Greater-than-60 days | 128 |  |  | 188 |  |  | 155 |  |  | 115 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 36 |  |  |  |  | 677 |  |  | 0.9 | % |  |
Finance receivables more than 30 days delinquent | 502 |  |  | 669 |  |  | 580 |  |  | 455 |  |  | 221 |  |  | 135 |  |  |  |  | 2,562 |  |  | 3.4 | % |  |
In repossession | 17 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | 66 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  |
Finance receivables more than 30 days delinquent or in repossession | 519 |  |  | 689 |  |  | 595 |  |  | 464 |  |  | 225 |  |  | 136 |  |  |  |  | 2,628 |  |  | 3.5 | % |  |
Retail finance receivables | $ | 31,101 |  |  | $ | 20,100 |  |  | $ | 12,802 |  |  | $ | 7,642 |  |  | $ | 3,575 |  |  | $ | 847 |  |  |  |  | $ | 76,066 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |

Commercial Finance Receivables GM Financial's commercial finance receivables consist of dealer financing, primarily for dealer inventory purchases, and other financing, which includes loans to commercial vehicle upfitters. For dealer financing, proprietary models are used to assign a risk rating to each dealer. GM Financial performs periodic credit reviews of each dealership and adjusts the dealership's risk rating, if necessary. The credit risk associated with other financing is limited due to the structure of the business relationships.
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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
GM Financial's dealer risk model and risk rating categories are as follows:

Rating |  | Description
I |  | Performing accounts with strong to acceptable financial metrics with at least satisfactory capacity to meet financial commitments.
II |  | Performing accounts experiencing potential weakness in financial metrics and repayment prospects resulting in increased monitoring.
III |  | Non-Performing accounts with inadequate paying capacity for current obligations and have the distinct possibility of creating a loss if deficiencies are not corrected.
IV |  | Non-Performing accounts with inadequate paying capacity for current obligations and inherent weaknesses that make collection of liquidation in full highly questionable or improbable.

Dealers with III and IV risk ratings are subject to additional monitoring and restrictions on funding, including suspension of lines of credit and liquidation of assets. The following tables summarize the dealer finance receivables portfolio by dealer risk rating at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

| Year of Origination(a) |  | June 30, 2025 |
Dealer Risk Rating | Revolving |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Prior |  | Total |  | Percent |  |  |
I | $ | 12,840 |  |  | $ | 152 |  |  | $ | 221 |  |  | $ | 149 |  |  | $ | 331 |  |  | $ | 184 |  |  | $ | 233 |  |  | $ | 14,109 |  |  | 89.1 | % |  |  |
II | 905 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1,020 |  |  | 6.4 | % |  |  |
III | 587 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 699 |  |  | 4.4 | % |  |  |
IV | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  |  |
Balance at end of period | $ | 14,333 |  |  | $ | 160 |  |  | $ | 298 |  |  | $ | 182 |  |  | $ | 359 |  |  | $ | 243 |  |  | $ | 253 |  |  | $ | 15,828 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |

__________
(a)Floorplan advances comprise 99.1% of the total revolving balance. Dealer term loans are presented by year of origination.

| Year of Origination(a) |  | December 31, 2024 |  |
Dealer Risk Rating | Revolving |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Prior |  |  |  | Total |  | Percent |  |  |  |
I | $ | 16,190 |  |  | $ | 321 |  |  | $ | 209 |  |  | $ | 360 |  |  | $ | 237 |  |  | $ | 267 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  |  |  | $ | 17,606 |  |  | 94.5 | % |  |  |  |
II | 621 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 663 |  |  | 3.6 | % |  |  |  |
III | 305 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 22 |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  |  |  | 354 |  |  | 1.9 | % |  |  |  |
IV | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | — | % |  |  |  |
Balance at end of period | $ | 17,117 |  |  | $ | 331 |  |  | $ | 223 |  |  | $ | 385 |  |  | $ | 263 |  |  | $ | 269 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  |  |  | $ | 18,623 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |  |

__________
(a)Floorplan advances comprise 99.5% of the total revolving balance. Dealer term loans are presented by year of origination.
There were no commercial finance receivables on nonaccrual status at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
Transactions with GM Financial The following tables show transactions between our Automotive segments and GM Financial. These amounts are presented in GM Financial's condensed consolidated balance sheets and statements of income.

| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets(a) |  |  |
Commercial finance receivables due from GM consolidated dealers | $ | 324 |  |  | $ | 279 |
Subvention receivable from GM(b) | $ | 579 |  |  | $ | 360 |
Commercial loan funding payable to GM | $ | 101 |  |  | $ | 100 |

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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  | June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest subvention earned on finance receivables | $ | 364 |  |  | $ | 346 |  |  | $ | 731 |  |  | $ | 680 |
Leased vehicle subvention earned | $ | 437 |  |  | $ | 359 |  |  | $ | 852 |  |  | $ | 723 |

__________
(a)All balance sheet amounts are eliminated upon consolidation.
(b)Our Automotive segments made cash payments to GM Financial for subvention of $918 million and $934 million in the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 and $1.6 billion and $1.7 billion in the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.
GM Financi al's Board of Directors declared and paid dividends of $350 million and $450 million on its common stock in the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 and $700 million and $900 million in the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.
Note 5. Inventories

| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Total productive material, supplies and work in process | $ | 6,672 |  |  | $ | 6,444 |
Finished product, including service parts | 8,782 |  |  | 8,120 |
Total inventories | $ | 15,454 |  |  | $ | 14,564 |

Inventories are reflected net of allowances totaling $2.5 billion and $2.0 billion, of which $1.9 billion and $1.4 billion are EV-related, to remeasure inventory on-hand to net realizable value at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Tariffs, less available offsets and deductions, are capitalized into the cost of inventories as incurred. Offset amounts in excess of tariffs incurred will be recognized as a reduction to future tariffs.
Note 6. Equipment on Operating Leases
Equipment on operating leases consists of leases to retail customers of GM Financial.

| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Equipment on operating leases | $ | 39,758 |  |  | $ | 38,187 |
Less: accumulated depreciation | (6,562) |  |  | (6,601) |
Equipment on operating leases, net | $ | 33,196 |  |  | $ | 31,586 |

The estimated residual value of our leased assets at the end of the lease term was $24.5 billion and $23.5 billion at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
Depreciation expense related to Equipment on operating leases, net was $1.2 billion in the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 and $2.4 billion in the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.
The following table summarizes lease payments due to GM Financial on leases to retail customers:

| Years Ending December 31,
| 2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027 |  | 2028 |  | 2029 |  | Thereafter |  | Total
Lease receipts under operating leases | $ | 2,926 |  |  | $ | 4,566 |  |  | $ | 2,375 |  |  | $ | 526 |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,426 |

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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
Note 7. Equity in Net Assets of Nonconsolidated Affiliates
Nonconsolidated affiliates are entities in which we maintain an equity ownership interest and for which we use the equity method of accounting due to our ability to exert significant influence over decisions relating to their operating and financial affairs. Revenue and expenses of our joint ventures are not consolidated into our financial statements, rather, our proportionate share of the earnings of each joint venture is reflected as Equity income (loss) or Automotive and other cost of sales.

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  | June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024
Automotive China joint ventures equity income (loss) | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | (104) |  |  | $ | 116 |  |  | $ | (210) |
Ultium Cells Holdings LLC equity income (loss)(a) | 11 |  |  | 324 |  |  | 252 |  |  | 479 |
Other joint ventures equity income (loss) | 9 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 22 |
Total Equity income (loss) | $ | 91 |  |  | $ | 240 |  |  | $ | 394 |  |  | $ | 291 |

__________
(a)Equity earnings related to Ultium Cells Holdings LLC, an equally owned joint venture with LG Energy Solution (LGES), are presented in Automotive and other cost of sales as this entity is integral to the operations of our business by providing battery cells for our EVs.
There have been no significant ownership changes in our Automotive China joint ventures (Automotive China JVs) or Ultium Cells Holdings LLC since December 31, 2024.

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  | June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024
Summarized Operating Data of Automotive China JVs |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive China JVs' net sales | $ | 6,084 |  |  | $ | 4,677 |  |  | $ | 11,149 |  |  | $ | 8,788 |
Automotive China JVs' net income (loss) | $ | 127 |  |  | $ | (214) |  |  | $ | 197 |  |  | $ | (442) |

Dividends declared but not paid from our nonconsolidated affiliates were $1.4 billion and $395 million at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Dividends received from our nonconsolidated affiliates were $189 million and $977 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and insignificant and $190 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. We had net undistributed losses from our nonconsolidated affiliates of $443 million, including $2.7 billion of undistributed losses offset by $2.3 billion of undistributed earnings at June 30, 2025 and insignificant undistributed earnings at December 31, 2024.
In May 2025, we loaned $1.8 billion to Ultium Cells LLC to facilitate full voluntary prepayment of loans Ultium Cells LLC received under the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing program. Our loan to Ultium Cells LLC accrues interest at a rate of 5.7% per year, matures in April 2030 and is prepayable without penalties. This loan is presented in Other investing activities in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.
In the three months ended June 30, 2025, in connection with Ultium Cells Holdings LLC’s strategic realignment of manufacturing and cell capacity to meet EV demand, we recorded charges of $260 million.
Note 8. Goodwill
Goodwill of $1.9 billion consisted of $1.3 billion in GM Financial at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and $571 million and an insignificant amount in GMNA at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 and an insignificant amount and $569 million in Cruise at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, $571 million of goodwill recorded in the Cruise segment was reallocated to the GMNA segment. The reallocation of the goodwill reflects the wind down of the Cruise robotaxi operations and combination of the GM and Cruise technical efforts in our GMNA Automotive segment to build on the success of Super Cruise and prioritize the development of advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) on a path to fully autonomous personal vehicles. We performed goodwill impairment tests prior to and after the reallocation and determined that the goodwill was not impaired.
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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
Note 9. Variable Interest Entities
Consolidated VIEs
Automotive Financing – GM Financial
GM Financial uses special purpose entities (SPEs) that are considered VIEs to issue variable funding notes to third party, bank-sponsored warehouse facilities or asset-backed securities to investors in securitization transactions. The debt issued by these VIEs is backed by finance receivables and leasing-related assets transferred to the VIEs (Securitized Assets). GM Financial determined that it is the primary beneficiary of the SPEs because the servicing responsibilities for the Securitized Assets give GM Financial the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the performance of the VIEs and the variable interests in the VIEs give GM Financial the obligation to absorb losses and the right to receive residual returns that could potentially be significant. The assets of the VIEs serve as the sole source of repayment for the debt issued by these entities. Investors in the notes issued by the VIEs do not have recourse to GM Financial or its other assets, with the exception of customary representation and warranty repurchase provisions and indemnities that GM Financial provides as the servicer. GM Financial is not required to provide additional financial support to these SPEs. While these subsidiaries are included in GM Financial's condensed consolidated financial statements, they are separate legal entities and the finance receivables, lease-related assets and cash held by them are legally owned by them and are not available to GM Financial's creditors or creditors of GM Financial's other subsidiaries.
The following table summarizes the assets and liabilities related to GM Financial's consolidated VIEs:

| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Restricted cash – current | $ | 2,674 |  |  | $ | 2,410 |
Restricted cash – non-current | $ | 318 |  |  | $ | 350 |
GM Financial receivables – current | $ | 22,315 |  |  | $ | 27,631 |
GM Financial receivables – non-current | $ | 28,278 |  |  | $ | 27,619 |
GM Financial equipment on operating leases, net | $ | 16,978 |  |  | $ | 14,252 |
GM Financial short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt | $ | 17,644 |  |  | $ | 18,008 |
GM Financial long-term debt | $ | 33,297 |  |  | $ | 31,638 |

GM Financial recognizes finance charge, leased vehicle and fee income on the Securitized Assets and interest expense on the secured debt issued in a securitization transaction and records a provision for loan losses to recognize loan losses expected over the remaining life of the finance receivables.
Nonconsolidated VIEs
Automotive
Nonconsolidated VIEs primarily include our battery cell manufacturing joint ventures to which we provided financial support to ensure that our supply needs for production are met or are not disrupted. Our variable interests in our automotive nonconsolidated VIEs include equity investments, accounts and loans receivable, committed financial support and other off-balance sheet arrangements. The carrying amounts of assets were approximately $3.2 billion and $4.3 billion and liabilities were insignificant related to our nonconsolidated VIEs at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Our maximum exposure to loss as a result of our involvement with these VIEs was approximately $6.3 billion and $7.0 billion, inclusive of approximately $2.1 billion and $2.3 billion in committed capital contributions to our battery cell manufacturing joint ventures, at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Our maximum exposure to loss, and required capital contributions, could vary depending on our battery cell manufacturing joint ventures' requirements and access to capital. We currently lack the power through voting or similar rights to direct the activities of these entities that most significantly affect their economic performance.
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
Note 10. Debt
Automotive The following table presents debt in our automotive operations:

| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value
Secured debt | $ | 107 |  |  | $ | 107 |  | $ | 105 |  |  | $ | 105
Unsecured debt(a) | 16,701 |  |  | 16,267 |  | 14,980 |  |  | 14,709
Finance lease liabilities | 391 |  |  | 393 |  | 383 |  |  | 391
Total automotive debt(b) | $ | 17,199 |  |  | $ | 16,767 |  | $ | 15,467 |  |  | $ | 15,204
Fair value utilizing Level 1 inputs |  |  | $ | 15,922 |  |  |  | $ | 14,366
Fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs |  |  | $ | 845 |  |  |  | $ | 838
Available under credit facility agreements(c) |  |  | $ | 13,832 |  |  |  | $ | 13,793
Weighted-average interest rate on outstanding short-term debt(d) |  | 8.9 | % |  |  |  | 7.3 | %
Weighted-average interest rate on outstanding long-term debt(d) |  | 5.9 | % |  |  |  | 5.8 | %

__________
(a)Primarily consists of senior notes.
(b)Includes net discount and debt issuance costs of $472 million and $439 million at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
(c)Excludes our 364-day, $2.0 billion facility allocated for exclusive use by GM Financial.
(d)Includes coupon rates on debt denominated in various foreign currencies and interest free loans.
In March 2025, we renewed our five-year, $10.0 billion facility, which now matures March 25, 2030. We also renewed our three-year, $4.1 billion facility, which now matures March 25, 2028, and renewed our 364-day, $2.0 billion revolving credit facility allocated for the exclusive use of GM Financial, which now matures March 24, 2026.
In May 2025, we issued $2.0 billion in aggregate principal amount of senior unsecured notes with a weighted average interest rate of 5.7% and maturity dates ranging from 2028 to 2035. The net proceeds from this offering were used for general corporate purposes, including to fund a portion of the $1.8 billion five-year term loan to Ultium Cells LLC and to refinance a portion of our senior notes maturing on October 1, 2025.
GM Financial The following table presents debt of GM Financial:

| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value
Secured debt | $ | 50,913 |  |  | $ | 51,204 |  |  | $ | 49,573 |  |  | $ | 49,753 |
Unsecured debt | 67,620 |  |  | 68,312 |  |  | 64,691 |  |  | 65,258 |
Total GM Financial debt | $ | 118,532 |  |  | $ | 119,516 |  |  | $ | 114,264 |  |  | $ | 115,010 |
Fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs |  |  | $ | 117,071 |  |  |  |  | $ | 112,941 |
Fair value utilizing Level 3 inputs |  |  | $ | 2,445 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,070 |

Secured debt consists of revolving credit facilities and securitization notes payable. Most of the secured debt was issued by VIEs and is repayable only from proceeds related to the underlying pledged assets. Refer to Note 9 for additional information on GM Financial's involvement with VIEs. In the six months ended June 30, 2025, GM Financial renewed revolving credit facilities with total borrowing capacity of $12.0 billion and issued $14.8 billion in aggregate principal amount of securitization notes payable with an initial weighted-average interest rate of 4.80% and maturity dates ranging from 2027 to 2037.
Unsecured debt consists of senior notes, credit facilities and other unsecured debt. In the six months ended June 30, 2025, GM Financial issued $8.4 billion in aggregate principal amount of senior notes with an initial weighted-average interest rate of 5.33% and maturity dates ranging from 2027 to 2035.
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
Note 11. Derivative Financial Instruments
The following table presents the gross fair value amounts of GM Financial's derivative financial instruments and the associated notional amounts:

| Fair Value Level |  | June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
|  |  | Notional |  | Fair Value of Assets |  | Fair Value of Liabilities |  | Notional |  | Fair Value of Assets |  | Fair Value of Liabilities
Derivatives designated as hedges(a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps(b) | 2 |  | $ | 43,883 |  |  | $ | 158 |  |  | $ | 511 |  |  | $ | 36,145 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 621 |
Cash flow hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | 2 |  | 2,179 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 1,873 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 4 |
Foreign currency swaps(c) | 2 |  | 9,087 |  |  | 686 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 8,363 |  |  | 80 |  |  | 508 |
Derivatives not designated as hedges(a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | 2 |  | 121,711 |  |  | 504 |  |  | 781 |  |  | 123,346 |  |  | 833 |  |  | 1,294 |
Total derivative financial instruments(d) |  |  | $ | 176,860 |  |  | $ | 1,370 |  |  | $ | 1,368 |  |  | $ | 169,727 |  |  | $ | 981 |  |  | $ | 2,427 |

__________
(a)The gains/losses included in our condensed consolidated income statements and statements of comprehensive income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were insignificant, unless otherwise noted. Amounts accrued for interest payments in a net receivable position are included in Other assets. Amounts accrued for interest payments in a net payable position are included in Other liabilities.
(b)The effect of fair value hedges in the condensed consolidated income statements includes insignificant losses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.
(c)The effect of foreign currency cash flow hedges recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive loss in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income includes gains of $489 million and insignificant losses for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, and gains of $645 million and losses of $215 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. The effect of foreign currency cash flow hedges reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income into income includes gains of $480 million and insignificant losses for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 and gains of $711 million and losses of $212 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. During the next 12 months, we expect insignificant gains will be reclassified into pre-tax earnings from foreign currency cash flow hedges designated for hedge accounting.
(d)The fair value of derivative instruments that are classified as assets or liabilities available for offset was $652 million at June 30, 2025 and $693 million at December 31, 2024. GM Financial held $62 million and $190 million of collateral from counterparties available for netting against GM Financial's asset positions and posted $687 million and $1.2 billion of collateral to counterparties available for netting against GM Financial's liability positions at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
The fair value for Level 2 instruments was derived using the market approach based on observable market inputs including quoted prices of similar instruments and foreign exchange and interest rate forward curves.
The following amounts were recorded in the condensed consolidated balance sheets related to items designated and qualifying as hedged items in fair value hedging relationships:

| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| Carrying Amount of Hedged Items |  | Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustments(a) |  | Carrying Amount of Hedged Items |  | Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustments(a)
Short-term unsecured debt | $ | 4,663 |  |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 6,406 |  |  | $ | (6) |
Long-term unsecured debt | 31,261 |  |  | 722 |  |  | 30,258 |  |  | 1,287 |
GM Financial unsecured debt | $ | 35,924 |  |  | $ | 759 |  |  | $ | 36,664 |  |  | $ | 1,281 |

__________
(a)Includes $594 million and $719 million of unamortized losses remaining on hedged items for which hedge accounting has been discontinued at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
Note 12. Product Warranty and Related Liabilities

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  | June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024
Product warranty and related liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Warranty balance at beginning of period | $ | 10,873 |  |  | $ | 9,356 |  |  | $ | 10,571 |  |  | $ | 9,295 |
Warranties issued and assumed in period – recall campaigns | 471 |  |  | 390 |  |  | 614 |  |  | 656 |
Warranties issued and assumed in period – product warranty | 887 |  |  | 888 |  |  | 1,676 |  |  | 1,556 |
Payments | (1,330) |  |  | (1,030) |  |  | (2,533) |  |  | (2,054) |
Adjustments to pre-existing warranties | 741 |  |  | 463 |  |  | 1,306 |  |  | 637 |
Effect of foreign currency and other | 56 |  |  | (23) |  |  | 64 |  |  | (47) |
Warranty balance at end of period | 11,698 |  |  | 10,043 |  |  | 11,698 |  |  | 10,043 |
Less: Supplier recoveries balance at end of period(a) | 475 |  |  | 646 |  |  | 475 |  |  | 646 |
Warranty balance, net of supplier recoveries at end of period | $ | 11,223 |  |  | $ | 9,397 |  |  | $ | 11,223 |  |  | $ | 9,397 |

__________
(a)The current portion of supplier recoveries is recorded in Accounts and notes receivable, net of allowance and the non-current portion is recorded in Other assets.

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended |
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  | June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |
Product warranty expense, net of recoveries |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Warranties issued and assumed in period | $ | 1,358 |  |  | $ | 1,278 |  |  | $ | 2,290 |  |  | $ | 2,211 |  |
Supplier recoveries accrued in period | (186) |  |  | (79) |  |  | (337) |  |  | (137) |  |
Adjustments and other | 797 |  |  | 440 |  |  | 1,371 |  |  | 590 |  |
Warranty expense, net of supplier recoveries | $ | 1,969 |  |  | $ | 1,639 |  |  | $ | 3,323 |  |  | $ | 2,664 |  |

For estimates related to reasonably possible losses in excess of amounts accrued for recall campaigns, refer to Note 14 for additional information.
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
Note 13. Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits

| Three Months Ended June 30, 2025 |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
| Pension Benefits |  | Global OPEB Plans |  | Pension Benefits |  | Global OPEB Plans
| U.S. |  | Non-U.S. |  |  | U.S. |  | Non-U.S. |
Service cost | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | 2 |
Interest cost | 498 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 533 |  |  | 133 |  |  | 58 |
Expected return on plan assets | (648) |  |  | (17) |  |  | — |  |  | (685) |  |  | (137) |  |  | — |
Amortization of prior service cost (credit) | 16 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |
Amortization of net actuarial (gains) losses | 3 |  |  | 10 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 2 |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |
Net periodic pension and OPEB (income) expense | $ | (89) |  |  | $ | 68 |  |  | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | (88) |  |  | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | 59 |

| Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 |  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
| Pension Benefits |  | Global OPEB Plans |  | Pension Benefits |  | Global OPEB Plans
| U.S. |  | Non-U.S. |  |  | U.S. |  | Non-U.S. |
Service cost | $ | 83 |  |  | $ | 89 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 94 |  |  | $ | 70 |  |  | $ | 5 |
Interest cost | 997 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 109 |  |  | 1,066 |  |  | 261 |  |  | 114 |
Expected return on plan assets | (1,296) |  |  | (42) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,370) |  |  | (268) |  |  | — |
Amortization of prior service cost (credit) | 32 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 30 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (1) |
Amortization of net actuarial (gains) losses | 5 |  |  | 20 |  |  | (8) |  |  | 4 |  |  | 23 |  |  | — |
Net periodic pension and OPEB (income) expense | $ | (179) |  |  | $ | 105 |  |  | $ | 106 |  |  | $ | (176) |  |  | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | 118 |

The non-service cost components of net periodic pension and other postretirement benefits (OPEB) income presented in Interest income and other non-operating income, net are insignificant in the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.
Note 14. Commitments, Contingencies and Uncertainties
Litigation-Related Liability and Indirect Tax-Related Matters In the normal course of our business, we are named from time to time as a defendant in various legal actions, including arbitrations, class actions and other litigation. We identify below the material individual proceedings and investigations where we believe a material loss is reasonably possible or probable. We accrue for matters when we believe that losses are probable and can be reasonably estimated. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had accruals of $1.1 billion for such legal actions in Accrued liabilities and Other liabilities. In many matters, it is inherently difficult to determine whether a loss is probable or reasonably possible or to estimate the size or range of the potential loss. Some matters may involve compensatory, punitive or other treble damage claims, environmental remediation programs or sanctions that, if granted, could require us to pay damages or make other expenditures in amounts that cannot be reasonably estimated. Accordingly, while we believe that appropriate accruals have been established for losses that are probable and can be reasonably estimated, it is possible that adverse outcomes from such proceedings could exceed the amounts accrued by an amount that could be material to our results of operations or cash flows in any particular reporting period.
Opel/Vauxhall Sale In 2017, we sold the Opel and Vauxhall businesses and certain other assets in Europe (the Opel/Vauxhall Business) to PSA Group, now Stellantis N.V. (Stellantis), under a Master Agreement (the Agreement). We also sold the European financing subsidiaries and branches to Banque PSA Finance S.A. and BNP Paribas Personal Finance S.A. Although the sale reduced our new vehicle presence in Europe, we may still be impacted by actions taken by regulators related to vehicles sold before the sale. General Motors Holdings LLC agreed, on behalf of our wholly owned subsidiary (the Seller), to indemnify Stellantis for certain losses resulting from any inaccuracy of the representations and warranties or breaches of our covenants included in the Agreement and for certain other liabilities, including costs related to certain emissions claims, product liabilities and recalls. We are unable to estimate any reasonably possible material loss or range of loss that may result from these actions either directly or through an indemnification claim from Stellantis. Certain of these indemnification obligations are subject to time limitations, thresholds and/or caps as to the amount of required payments.
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
Currently, various consumer lawsuits have been filed against the Seller and Stellantis in Germany, the United Kingdom, Austria and the Netherlands alleging that Opel and Vauxhall vehicles sold by the Seller violated applicable emissions standards. In addition, we indemnified Stellantis for an immaterial amount for certain recalls that Stellantis has conducted or will conduct, including recalls in certain geographic locations that Stellantis intends to conduct related to Takata Corporation (Takata) inflators in legacy Opel vehicles. We may in the future be required to further indemnify Stellantis relating to its Takata recalls, but we believe such further indemnification to be remote at this time.
Other Litigation-Related Liabilities Various other legal actions, including class actions, governmental investigations, claims and proceedings are pending against us or our related companies or joint ventures, including, but not limited to, matters arising out of alleged product defects; employment-related matters; product and workplace safety, vehicle emissions and fuel economy regulations; product warranties; financial services; dealer, supplier and other contractual relationships; competition issues; product design, manufacture and performance; consumer protection laws; and environmental protection laws, including laws regulating air emissions, water discharges, waste management and environmental remediation from stationary sources. We also from time to time receive subpoenas and other inquiries or requests for information from agencies or other representatives of U.S. federal, state and foreign governments on a variety of issues.
There ar e several putat ive class actions pending against GM in the U.S. and Canada alleging that various vehicles sold, including model year 2011–2016 Duramax Diesel Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra vehicles, violate federal and state laws because they release more emissions than a reasonable customer would expect. In July 2023, the two putative class actions pending in the U.S. were dismissed with prejudice and judgment entered in favor of GM, and plaintiffs appealed the dismissal. In August 2024, the Sixth Circuit reversed in part and affirmed in part the dismissal in one of the cases. In June 2025, a different panel in the second case affirmed in part, vacated in part and remanded for further proceedings. We are currently unable to estimate any reasonably possible material loss or range of loss that may result from these actions. GM has also faced a series of additional lawsuits in the U.S. based on these allegations, including a shareholder demand lawsuit that remains pending.
There are several putative class actions and two certified class actions pending against GM in the U.S. alleging that various 2011–2014 model year vehicles are defective because they excessively consume oil. We have reached an agreement to resolve all of these pending matters and have accrued an immaterial amount related to these proceedings.
There is one putative class action and one certified class action pending against GM in the U.S. alleging that various 2015–2022 model year vehicles are defective because they are equipped with faulty 8-speed transmissions. In March 2023, the judge overseeing the class action concerning 2015–2019 model year vehicles certified 26 state subclasses and GM appealed. In June 2025, the Sixth Circuit decertified all 26 state subclasses and remanded to the district court for further proceedings. The putative class action concerning 2020–2022 model year vehicles is pending in front of a different judge that has not yet addressed class certification. We have similar cases pending in Canada concerning these vehicles. We are currently unable to estimate any reasonably possible or probable material loss or range of loss that may result from these proceedings in excess of amounts accrued.
There is a class action pending against GM in the U.S., and a putative class action in Canada, alleging that 2011–2016 model year Duramax Diesel Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra vehicles are equipped with defective fuel pumps that are prone to failure. In March 2023, the U.S. court certified seven state subclasses. We reached an agreement to settle the U.S. matter on terms consistent with our accrual and the settlement agreement received final court approval in May 2025.
Beyond the class action litigations disclosed, we have several other class action litigations pending at any given time. Historically, relatively few classes have been certified in these types of cases. Therefore, we will generally only disclose specific class actions if a class is certified and we believe there is a reasonably possible material exposure to the Company.
Takata Matters In November 2020, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) directed that we replace the Takata airbag inflators in our GMT900 vehicles, which are full-size pickup trucks and sport utility vehicles (SUVs), and we decided not to contest NHTSA's decision. While we have already begun the process of executing the recall, given the number of vehicles in this population, the recall will take several years to be completed. Accordingly, in the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded a warranty accrual of $1.1 billion for the expected costs of complying with the recall remedy. At June 30, 2025, our remaining accrual for these matters was $402 million, and we believe the currently accrued amount remains reasonable.
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
GM has recalled certain vehicles sold outside of the U.S. to replace Takata inflators in those vehicles. There are significant differences in vehicle and inflator design between the relevant vehicles sold internationally and those sold in the U.S. We continue to gather and analyze evidence about these inflators and to share our findings with regulators. Any additional recalls relating to these inflators could be material to our results of operations and cash flows.
There are several putative class actions that have been filed against GM, including in the U.S. and Canada, arising out of allegations that airbag inflators manufactured by Takata are defective. In March 2023, a U.S. court overseeing one of the putative class actions issued a final judgment in favor of GM on all claims in eight states at issue in that proceeding. In August 2023, the U.S. court granted class certification as to a Louisiana claim, but denied certification as to seven other states. At this stage of these proceedings, we are unable to provide an estimate of the amounts or range of reasonably possible material loss.
ARC Matters In May 2023, we initiated a voluntary recall covering nearly one million 2014–2017 model year Buick Enclave, Chevrolet Traverse and GMC Acadia SUVs equipped with driver front airbag inflators manufactured by ARC Automotive, Inc. (ARC), and accrued an insignificant amount for the expected costs of the recall. As part of its ongoing investigation into ARC airbag inflators, on September 5, 2023, NHTSA issued an Initial Decision that approximately 52 million frontal driver and passenger airbag inflators manufactured by ARC and Delphi Automotive Systems LLC over a roughly 20-year period contain a safety-related defect and must be recalled. On July 31, 2024, NHTSA issued a Supplemental Initial Decision reaffirming its September 2023 Initial Decision and reopening the administrative record to additional public comments. The Initial Decision and the Supplemental Initial Decision are primarily based on the occurrence of seven field ruptures involving ARC-manufactured frontal airbag inflators. We are continuing to investigate the cause of the ruptures in GM vehicles in connection with our existing recalls. On December 13, 2024, NHTSA issued a memorandum indicating that, based on the public comments it had received to date, the agency would be "conducting additional investigation of the issues related to the Supplemental Initial Decision." As indicated in GM's filed comments in the record, we do not believe that further GM vehicle recalls are necessary or appropriate at this time. However, depending on the outcome of the dispute between NHTSA and ARC, and the possibility of additional recalls, the cost of which may not be fully recoverable, it is reasonably possible that the costs associated with these matters in excess of amounts accrued could be material, but we are unable to provide an estimate of the amounts or range of reasonably possible material loss at this time.
There are several putative class actions that have been filed against GM, including in the U.S., Canada and Israel, arising out of allegations that airbag inflators manufactured by ARC are defective. At this stage of these proceedings, we are unable to provide an estimate of the amounts or range of reasonably possible material loss.
Chevrolet Bolt Recall In July 2021, we initiated a voluntary recall for certain 2017–2019 model year Chevrolet Bolt EVs due to the risk that two manufacturing defects present in the same battery cell could cause a high voltage battery fire in certain of these vehicles. After further investigation into the manufacturing processes at our battery supplier, LGES, and disassembling battery packs, we determined that the risk of battery cell defects was not confined to the initial recall population. As a result, in August 2021, we expanded the recall to include all 2017–2022 model year Chevrolet Bolt EV and Chevrolet Bolt Electric Utility Vehicles (EUVs). LG Electronics, Inc. and LGES (collectively, LG), have agreed to reimburse GM for certain costs and expenses associated with the recall. The commercial negotiations with LG also resolved other commercial matters associated with our Ultium Cells Holdings LLC joint venture with LGES. Accordingly, as of June 30, 2025, we had accrued a total of $2.7 billion and recognized receivables totaling $1.7 billion in connection with these matters. At June 30, 2025, our remaining accrual for these matters was $0.3 billion. These charges reflect our current best estimate for the cost of the recall remedy, which includes non-traditional recall remedies provided by GM to enhance customer satisfaction. The actual costs of the recall could be materially higher or lower.
In addition, putative class actions have been filed against GM in the U.S. and Canada alleging that the batteries contained in the Bolt EVs and EUVs included in the recall population are defective. GM has agreed to settle the U.S. class actions for an immaterial amount and the settlement agreement is pending final court approval.
Privacy and Consumer Protection Matters There are putative class actions pending against GM in federal courts in the U.S. alleging violations of state and federal privacy and consumer protection laws related to the collection and use of certain consumer data obtained through our former OnStar Smart Driver product. In June 2024, those class actions were consolidated into a multi-district litigation proceeding in the Northern District of Georgia. In addition, several states have filed enforcement lawsuits against us, and other state attorneys general have opened investigations or made inquiries of us relating to these alleged consumer protection and privacy issues. The Company resolved a Federal Trade Commission investigation through an agreed administrative consent order. The Company is defending litigation filed against us and fully cooperating with agencies and
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attorneys general that are conducting investigations. At this stage, we are not able to estimate any reasonably possible or probable material loss or range of loss that may result from these actions.
Product Liability and Breach of Warranty We record liabilities related to product liability claims in Accrued liabilities and Other liabilities for the expected cost of all known product liability claims, plus an estimate of the expected cost for product liability claims that have already been incurred and are expected to be filed in the future for which we are self-insured. It is reasonably possible that our accruals for product liability claims may increase in future periods in material amounts, although we cannot estimate a reasonable range of incremental loss based on currently available information. We believe that any judgment against us involving our products for actual damages will be adequately covered by our recorded accruals and, where applicable, excess liability insurance coverage.
We are also subject to breach of warranty claims resulting from state and federal consumer protection laws that allow consumers to hold manufacturers legally responsible in situations where a product cannot be conformed to its warranties. Consumer relief can include, but is not limited to, a refund, a replacement vehicle, a recovery of legal and administrative fees, or other monetary damages. Losses that we believe to be probable and estimable based on evaluation of historical transactions are included in Accrued liabilities and Other liabilities and are reviewed regularly for adequacy. We believe that any judgment against us involving our warranties for actual damages will be adequately covered by our recorded accruals.
Guarantees We enter into indemnification agreements for liability claims involving products manufactured primarily by certain joint ventures. These guarantees terminate in years ranging from 2025 to 2030, or upon the occurrence of specific events or are ongoing. We believe that the related potential costs incurred are adequately covered by our recorded accruals, which are insignificant. The maximum future undiscounted payments mainly based on royalties received associated with vehicles sold to date were $3.7 billion for these guarantees at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the majority of which relates to the indemnification agreements.
We provide payment guarantees on commercial loans outstanding with third parties such as dealers. In some instances, certain assets of the party or our payables to the party whose debt or performance we have guaranteed may offset, to some degree, the amount of any potential future payments. We are also exposed to residual value guarantees associated with certain sales to rental car companies.
We periodically enter into agreements that incorporate indemnification provisions in the normal course of business. It is not possible to estimate our maximum exposure under these indemnifications or guarantees due to the conditional nature of these obligations. Insignificant amounts have been recorded for such obligations as the majority of them are not probable or estimable at this time and the fair value of the guarantees at issuance was insignificant. Refer to the Opel/Vauxhall Sale section of this note for additional information on our indemnification obligations to Stellantis under the Agreement.
Supplier Finance Programs Third-party finance providers offer certain suppliers the option for payment in advance of their invoice due date through financing programs that we established. We retain our obligation to the participating suppliers, and we make payments directly to the third-party finance providers on the original invoice due date pursuant to the original invoice terms. There are no assets pledged as security or other forms of guarantees provided for committed payments. Our outstanding eligible balances under our supplier finance programs were $1.7 billion and $0.9 billion at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, which are recorded in Accounts payable (principally trade).
Indirect Tax-Related Matters Tax matters not subject to the provision of Accounting Standards Codification 740, "Income Taxes" that pertain to value added taxes, customs, duties, sales tax, property taxes and other non-income tax exposures are evaluated globally. For indirect tax-related matters, we estimate our reasonably possible loss in excess of amounts accrued to be up to $6.6 billion at June 30, 2025. Certain indirect tax-related administrative proceedings may require that we deposit funds in escrow or provide an alternative form of security. We are not able to estimate the timing or amount of potential deposits and currently believe any required amounts will not be material.
Emissions-Related Uncertainties We are subject to state and federal governmental regulations, as well as regulations from governments outside of the U.S., relating to fuel economy standards and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Based on our current and forecasted sales mix, we expect in the near-term to have shortfalls in complying with current U.S. regulations. There are several methods to comply with these regulations that we have utilized and may continue to utilize, including, but not limited to, increasing production and sales of certain vehicles, such as EVs; curtailing production of certain vehicles, such as internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles; certain technology changes; and/or the purchase of GHG credits from third parties. There is uncertainty around the future availability of credits and consumer demand for EVs, each of which could impact our
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ability to comply with these regulations. In addition, the U.S. Government has indicated it may take action to reduce the stringency and/or scope of these regulations, which could improve our compliance position. In July 2025, the Act set the civil penalties for noncompliance with CAFE standards to zero. Refer to Note 1 for additional information on U.S. legislation signed into law after the three months ended June 30, 2025. Under other current regulations, shortfalls to certain other emissions standards could result in legal or regulatory proceedings, the recall or decertification of one or more of our products, negotiated remedial actions, fines and penalties, and/or restricted product offerings. We recorded compliance-related costs of $0.2 billion in the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 and $0.4 billion in the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 in Automotive and other costs of sales. Additional compliance costs, including potential fines and penalties, are not reasonably estimable and could be substantial.
Note 15. Income Taxes
In the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, Income tax expense of $481 million and $767 million was primarily due to tax expense attributable to entities included in our effective tax rate calculation. In the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, Income tax expense of $1.2 billion and $1.5 billion was primarily due to tax expense attributable to entities included in our effective tax rate calcul ation. Refer to Note 1 for additional information on U.S. legislation signed into law after the three months ended June 30, 2025.
Note 16. Restructuring and Other Initiatives
We have executed various restructuring and other initiatives and we may execute additional initiatives in the future, if necessary, to streamline manufacturing capacity and reduce other costs to improve the utilization of remaining facilities. To the extent these programs involve voluntary separations, a liability is generally recorded at the time offers to employees are accepted. To the extent these programs provide separation benefits in accordance with pre-existing agreements, a liability is recorded once the amount is probable and reasonably estimable. If employees are involuntarily terminated, a liability is generally recorded at the communication date. Related charges are recorded in Automotive and other cost of sales and Automotive and other selling, general and administrative expense.
The following table summarizes the reserves and charges related to restructuring and other initiatives, including postemployment benefit reserves and charges:

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  | June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 1,021 |  |  | $ | 565 |  |  | $ | 1,243 |  |  | $ | 779 |
Additions, interest accretion and other | 370 |  |  | 299 |  |  | 502 |  |  | 412 |
Payments | (541) |  |  | (247) |  |  | (894) |  |  | (572) |
Revisions to estimates and effect of foreign currency | 4 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 4 |  |  | (4) |
Balance at end of period | $ | 854 |  |  | $ | 615 |  |  | $ | 854 |  |  | $ | 615 |

We recorded no charges in the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and incurred $465 million in cash outflows in the six months ended June 30, 2025 resulting from strategic restructuring activities in GMNA related to Buick dealerships. Cumulatively, we have incurred charges of approximately $2.0 billion and cash outflows of $1.8 billion related to this initiative. The remaining $254 million is expected to be paid by the end of 2025.
In October 2023, Cruise voluntarily paused all of its driverless, supervised and manual autonomous vehicle (AV) operations in the U.S. while it examined its processes, systems and tools. In conjunction with these actions, Cruise recorded charges before noncontrolling interest of $529 million in the year ended December 31, 2023, which included non-cash restructuring charges of $250 million. In June 2024, Cruise indefinitely delayed the Cruise Origin and recognized primarily non-cash charges before noncontrolling interest of $631 million. In December 2024, in conjunction with GM's announcement of its decision to no longer fund Cruise's robotaxi development work and its plans to combine the Cruise and GM technical efforts to advance autonomous and assisted driving, Cruise recorded net charges before noncontrolling interest of $522 million, which included net non-cash restructuring charges of $173 million. Cumulatively, we have incurred $496 million of cash outflows resulting from these restructuring activities and expect the remaining cash outflows related to these activities of $219 million to be completed by the end of 2025.
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Note 17. Stockholders' Equity and Noncontrolling Interests
We have 2.0 billion shares of preferred stock and 5.0 billion shares of common stock authorized for issuance. We had no shares of preferred stock issued and outstanding at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. We had 957 million and 995 million shares of common stock issued and outstanding at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
Common Stock Holders of our common stock are entitled to dividends at the sole discretion of our Board of Directors. Our total dividends paid on common stock were $144 million and $260 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and $136 million and $274 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.
In February 2025, our Board of Directors increased the capacity under our existing share repurchase program by $6.0 billion to an aggregate of $6.3 billion and approved an accelerated share repurchase (ASR) program to repurchase an aggregate amount of $2.0 billion of our common stock. In February 2025, pursuant to the agreements entered into in connection with the ASR (collectively, the ASR Agreements), we advanced the $2.0 billion and received an initial delivery of approximately 33 million shares of our common stock with a value of $1.6 billion, which were immediately retire d. In the three months ended June 30, 2025, we received and retired 10 million additional shares upon settlement of the transactions contemplated under the ASR program. The final number of shares received was based on the average of the daily volume-weighted average prices of our common stock during the term of the ASR Agreements, less a discount pursuant to the terms and conditions of the ASR Agreements.
In the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, in addition to shares received under ASR programs, we repurchased an insignificant amount and approximately 31 million shares of our outstanding common stock for $1.4 billion.
Cruise Common and Preferred Shares In February 2025, we acquired all of the Cruise common shares and Cruise Class F and Class G Preferred Shares held by noncontrolling shareholders for an insignificant amount. We have completed the process of compensating a majority of the former Cruise shareholders. In the three months ended June 30, 2025, there were no changes in our ownership interest in Cruise. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the effect on the equity attributable to us for changes in our ownership interest in Cruise was insignificant for Cruise common shares.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, net income attributable to shareholders and transfers to the noncontrolling interest in Cruise and other subsidiaries were $1.9 billion and $5.2 billion, which includes a $538 million increase in equity attributable to us, mainly due to the redemption of Cruise preferred shares in February 2025.
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The following table summarizes the significant components of Accumulated other comprehensive loss:

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  |  |  | June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024
Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | (3,482) |  |  | $ | (2,750) |  |  |  |  | $ | (3,630) |  |  | $ | (2,457) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) and noncontrolling interests, net of reclassification adjustment and tax(a)(b)(c) | 350 |  |  | (405) |  |  |  |  | 497 |  |  | (698) |
Balance at end of period | $ | (3,133) |  |  | $ | (3,155) |  |  |  |  | $ | (3,133) |  |  | $ | (3,155) |
Defined Benefit Plans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | (7,706) |  |  | $ | (7,589) |  |  |  |  | $ | (7,669) |  |  | $ | (7,665) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) and noncontrolling interests before reclassification adjustment, net of tax(a)(c) | (166) |  |  | 22 |  |  |  |  | (225) |  |  | 73 |
Reclassification adjustment, net of tax(c) | 23 |  |  | 24 |  |  |  |  | 46 |  |  | 49 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) and noncontrolling interests, net of reclassification adjustment and tax(a)(c) | (142) |  |  | 45 |  |  |  |  | (179) |  |  | 121 |
Balance at end of period(d) | $ | (7,848) |  |  | $ | (7,544) |  |  |  |  | $ | (7,848) |  |  | $ | (7,544) |
Unrealized Income (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 68 |  |  | $ | (5) |  |  |  |  | $ | 86 |  |  | $ | (20) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) and noncontrolling interest before reclassification adjustment, net of tax(a)(c) | 447 |  |  | (36) |  |  |  |  | 698 |  | (188)
Reclassification adjustment, net of tax(c) | (485) |  |  | 57 |  |  |  |  | (754) |  | 224
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(a)(c) | (38) |  |  | 21 |  |  |  |  | (57) |  | 36
Balance at end of period | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 16 |

__________
(a)The noncontrolling interests were insignificant in the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.
(b)The reclassification adjustment was insignificant in the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.
(c)The income tax effect was insignificant in the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.
(d)Primarily consists of unamortized actuarial loss on our defined benefit plans. Refer to Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies of our 2024 Form 10-K for additional information.
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Note 18. Earnings Per Share

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  | June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024
Basic earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders | $ | 1,895 |  |  | $ | 2,933 |  |  | $ | 4,680 |  |  | $ | 5,913 |
Adjustments(a) | (30) |  |  | (15) |  |  | 544 |  |  | (24) |
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders | $ | 1,865 |  |  | $ | 2,919 |  |  | $ | 5,224 |  |  | $ | 5,889 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding | 963 |  |  | 1,136 |  |  | 976 |  |  | 1,145 |
Basic earnings per common share | $ | 1.94 |  |  | $ | 2.57 |  |  | $ | 5.35 |  |  | $ | 5.14 |
Diluted earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders – diluted | $ | 1,865 |  |  | $ | 2,919 |  |  | $ | 5,224 |  |  | $ | 5,889 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – basic | 963 |  |  | 1,136 |  |  | 976 |  |  | 1,145 |
Dilutive effect of awards under stock incentive plans | 12 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 9 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – diluted | 976 |  |  | 1,147 |  |  | 989 |  |  | 1,155 |
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 1.91 |  |  | $ | 2.55 |  |  | $ | 5.28 |  |  | $ | 5.10 |
Potentially dilutive securities(b) | 6 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 4 |

__________
(a)Includes a $593 million return from the preferred shareholders related to the redemption of Cruise preferred shares from noncontrolling interest holders in the six months ended June 30, 2025.
(b)Potentially dilutive securities attributable to outstanding stock options, Performance Stock Units and Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) at June 30, 2025 and stock options and RSUs at June 30, 2024, were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share (EPS) because the securities would have had an antidilutive effect.
Note 19. Segment Reporting
Our chief operating decision-maker, who is Chair and Chief Executive Officer, analyzes the results of our business through the following reportable segments: GMNA, GMI and GM Financial. Our chief operating decision-maker evaluates the operating results and performance of our Automotive segments through earnings before interest and income taxes (EBIT)-adjusted, which is presented net of noncontrolling interests. Our chief operating decision-maker evaluates GM Financial through earnings before income taxes-adjusted (EBT-adjusted) because interest income and interest expense are an integral part of its operational and financial performance. These financial metrics are used to view operating trends, perform analytical comparisons and benchmark performance between periods and among geographic regions and to monitor budget-to-actual variances on a monthly basis. To manage operations and make decisions regarding resource allocations, our chief operating decision-maker is regularly provided and reviews expense information at a consolidated, functional level for our global purchasing and supply chain, manufacturing and engineering functions. Warranty and quality metrics are also viewed on a consolidated basis. Currently, a focus is being placed on driving an efficient, consolidated fixed cost structure and managing overall global headcount. Vehicle-level profitability metrics are also reviewed during the planning stage and throughout a program's life cycle on a forecasted basis, and not on an actual basis. Each segment has a manager responsible for executing our strategic initiatives.
Substantially all of the trucks, crossovers, cars and automobile parts produced are marketed through retail dealers in North America and through distributors and dealers outside of North America, the substantial majority of which are independently owned. In addition to the products sold to dealers for consumer retail sales, trucks, crossovers and cars are also sold to fleet customers, including daily rental car companies, commercial fleet customers, leasing companies and governments. Fleet sales are completed through the dealer network and in some cases directly with fleet customers. Retail and fleet customers can obtain a wide range of after-sale vehicle services and products through the dealer network, such as maintenance, light repairs, collision repairs, vehicle accessories and extended service warranties.
GMNA meets the demands of customers in North America and GMI primarily meets the demands of customers outside North America with vehicles developed, manufactured and/or marketed under the Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet and GMC brands. We
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also have equity ownership stakes in entities that meet the demands of customers in other countries, primarily China, with vehicles developed, manufactured and/or marketed under the Baojun, Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet and Wuling brands. Our Cruise business was pursuing the development and commercialization of AV technology until, in December 2024, we announced plans to refocus our autonomous driving strategy on personal vehicles and no longer fund Cruise's robotaxi development work. Cruise activity includes ongoing costs to be incurred related to the wind down of the robotaxi business. We have combined the GM and Cruise ongoing personal autonomous technical efforts in our GMNA Automotive segment. We provide automotive financing services through our GM Financial segment.
Our automotive interest income and interest expense, legacy costs from the Opel/Vauxhall Business (primarily pension costs), corporate expenditures and certain revenues and expenses that are not part of a reportable segment are recorded centrally in Corporate. Corporate assets primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, marketable debt securities and intersegment balances. All intersegment balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
The following tables summarize key financial information by segment:

| At and For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2025
| GMNA |  | GMI |  | Corporate |  | Eliminations |  | Total Automotive |  | Cruise |  | GM Financial |  | Eliminations/Reclassifications |  | Total
Net sales and revenue | $ | 39,486 |  |  | $ | 3,326 |  |  | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 42,869 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,255 |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | 47,122 |
Segment expenses and other items(a) | (37,466) |  |  | (3,382) |  |  | (351) |  |  | — |  |  | (41,199) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,551) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (44,748) |
Adjustments(b) | 395 |  |  | 260 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 663 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 663 |
Earnings (loss) before interest and taxes-adjusted | $ | 2,415 |  |  | $ | 204 |  |  | $ | (286) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,333 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 704 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,037 |
Adjustments(b) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (663) |
Automotive interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 200 |
Automotive interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (198) |
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1) |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,375 |
Income tax benefit (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (481) |
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,894 |
Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |
Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,895 |
Equity in net assets of nonconsolidated affiliates | $ | 3,109 |  |  | $ | 1,511 |  |  | $ | 226 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,846 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,257 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,103 |
Goodwill and intangibles | $ | 2,479 |  |  | $ | 663 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,141 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1,346 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,488 |
Total assets | $ | 161,262 |  |  | $ | 23,418 |  |  | $ | 28,335 |  |  | $ | (65,630) |  |  | $ | 147,384 |  |  | $ | 441 |  |  | $ | 142,893 |  |  | $ | (1,335) |  |  | $ | 289,384 |
Expenditures for property | $ | 2,014 |  |  | $ | 89 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,131 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,137 |
Depreciation and amortization | $ | 1,642 |  |  | $ | 131 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,782 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,243 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,026 |
Impairment charges | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18 |
Equity income (loss)(c) | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | (14) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 75 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 91 |

__________
(a)Segment expenses and other items for Automotive segments primarily include material and logistics; manufacturing; equity income; selling, general and administrative people-related costs; advertising; information technology; engineering; professional services; and policy, campaign and warranty. GM Financial items primarily consist of GM Financial interest expense; leased vehicle depreciation; people-related costs; provision for loan losses and gains and losses on termination of leased vehicles.
(b)Consists of charges for Ultium Cells Holdings LLC strategic realignment and Cruise restructuring in GMNA; charges related to restructuring activities and manufacturing operations wind down in GMI; and headquarters relocation in Corporate.
(c)Equity earnings related to Ultium Cells Holdings LLC are presented in Automotive and other cost of sales as this entity is integral to the operations of our business by providing battery cells for our EVs. Refer t o Note 7 for additional information.
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)

| At and For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
| GMNA |  | GMI |  | Corporate |  | Eliminations |  | Total Automotive |  | Cruise |  | GM Financial |  | Eliminations/Reclassifications |  | Total
Net sales and revenue | $ | 40,725 |  |  | $ | 3,298 |  |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 44,060 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 3,918 |  |  | $ | (35) |  |  | $ | 47,969 |
Segment expenses and other items(a) | (36,367) |  |  | (3,351) |  |  | (437) |  |  | — |  |  | (40,156) |  |  | (1,066) |  |  | (3,096) |  |  | 27 |  |  | (44,291) |
Adjustments(b) | 75 |  |  | 103 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 178 |  |  | 583 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 761 |
Earnings (loss) before interest and taxes-adjusted | $ | 4,433 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | (401) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,082 |  |  | $ | (458) |  |  | $ | 822 |  |  | $ | (8) |  |  | $ | 4,438 |
Adjustments(b) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (761) |
Automotive interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 229 |
Automotive interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (206) |
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (57) |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,643 |
Income tax benefit (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (767) |
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,877 |
Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 57 |
Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,933 |
Equity in net assets of nonconsolidated affiliates | $ | 3,357 |  |  | $ | 5,701 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,059 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,675 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,734 |
Goodwill and intangibles | $ | 2,025 |  |  | $ | 692 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,717 |  |  | $ | 714 |  |  | $ | 1,346 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,778 |
Total assets | $ | 163,099 |  |  | $ | 25,867 |  |  | $ | 41,356 |  |  | $ | (83,178) |  |  | $ | 147,144 |  |  | $ | 3,882 |  |  | $ | 135,902 |  |  | $ | (3,972) |  |  | $ | 282,956 |
Expenditures for property | $ | 2,461 |  |  | $ | 74 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,539 |  |  | $ | (10) |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 2,569 |
Depreciation and amortization | $ | 1,515 |  |  | $ | 147 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,682 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 1,192 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,880 |
Impairment charges | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 605 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 605 |
Equity income (loss)(c) | $ | 330 |  |  | $ | (103) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 227 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 240 |

__________
(a)Segment expenses and other items for Automotive segments primarily include material and logistics; manufacturing; equity income; selling, general and administrative people-related costs; advertising; information technology; engineering; professional services; and policy, campaign and warranty. GM Financial items primarily consist of GM Financial interest expense; leased vehicle depreciation; people-related costs; provision for loan losses and gains and losses on termination of leased vehicles. Cruise items primarily consist of impairment charges and people-related costs.
(b)Consists of charges for strategic activities related to Buick dealerships in GMNA, charges related to manufacturing operations wind down in GMI and charges related to Cruise restructuring.
(c)Equity earnings related to Ultium Cells Holdings LLC are presented in Automotive and other cost of sales as this entity is integral to the operations of our business by providing battery cells for our EVs. Refer to Note 7 for additional information.
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)

| For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2025
| GMNA |  | GMI |  | Corporate |  | Eliminations |  | Total Automotive |  | Cruise |  | GM Financial |  | Eliminations/Reclassifications |  | Total
Net sales and revenue | $ | 76,873 |  |  | $ | 5,753 |  |  | $ | 103 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 82,729 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 8,419 |  |  | $ | (7) |  |  | $ | 91,141 |
Segment expenses and other items(a) | (71,567) |  |  | (5,779) |  |  | (657) |  |  | — |  |  | (78,003) |  |  | (274) |  |  | (7,030) |  |  | 4 |  |  | (85,303) |
Adjustments(b) | 395 |  |  | 260 |  |  | 34 |  |  | — |  |  | 689 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 689 |
Earnings (loss) before interest and taxes-adjusted | $ | 5,702 |  |  | $ | 234 |  |  | $ | (520) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,415 |  |  | $ | (273) |  |  | $ | 1,389 |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | 6,527 |
Adjustments(b) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (689) |
Automotive interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 391 |
Automotive interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (350) |
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 68 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,946 |
Income tax benefit (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,199) |
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,747 |
Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (68) |
Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,680 |
Expenditures for property | $ | 3,719 |  |  | $ | 182 |  |  | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,940 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,953 |
Depreciation and amortization | $ | 3,230 |  |  | $ | 233 |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,499 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 2,456 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,959 |
Impairment charges | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18 |
Equity income (loss)(c) | $ | 255 |  |  | $ | 125 |  |  | $ | (14) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 366 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 394 |

__________
(a)Segment expenses and other items for Automotive segments primarily include material and logistics; manufacturing; equity income; selling, general and administrative people-related costs; advertising; information technology; engineering; professional services; and policy, campaign and warranty. GM Financial items primarily consist of GM Financial interest expense; leased vehicle depreciation; people-related costs; provision for loan losses and gains and losses on termination of leased vehicles. Cruise items primarily consist of ongoing costs incurred related to the wind down of Cruise robotaxi activities.
(b)Consists of charges for Ultium Cells Holdings LLC strategic realignment and Cruise restructuring in GMNA; charges related to restructuring activities and manufacturing operations wind down in GMI; and headquarters relocation in Corporate.
(c)Equity earnings related to Ultium Cells Holdings LLC are presented in Automotive and other cost of sales as this entity is integral to the operations of our business by providing battery cells for our EVs. Refer t o Note 7 for additional information.

| For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
| GMNA |  | GMI |  | Corporate |  | Eliminations |  | Total Automotive |  | Cruise |  | GM Financial |  | Eliminations/Reclassifications |  | Total
Net sales and revenue | $ | 76,824 |  |  | $ | 6,380 |  |  | $ | 68 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 83,272 |  |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | 7,730 |  |  | $ | (69) |  |  | $ | 90,983 |
Segment expenses and other items(a) | (68,722) |  |  | (6,443) |  |  | (714) |  |  | — |  |  | (75,879) |  |  | (1,534) |  |  | (6,171) |  |  | 53 |  |  | (83,530) |
Adjustments(b) | 171 |  |  | 103 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 274 |  |  | 583 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 857 |
Earnings (loss) before interest and taxes-adjusted | $ | 8,273 |  |  | $ | 40 |  |  | $ | (645) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,667 |  |  | $ | (900) |  |  | $ | 1,559 |  |  | $ | (16) |  |  | $ | 8,310 |
Adjustments(b) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (857) |
Automotive interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 414 |
Automotive interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (425) |
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (83) |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,359 |
Income tax benefit (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,529) |
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,830 |
Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 83 |
Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,913 |
Expenditures for property | $ | 5,091 |  |  | $ | 167 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,267 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | 5,352 |
Depreciation and amortization | $ | 2,924 |  |  | $ | 272 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,221 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 2,445 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,678 |
Impairment charges | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 605 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 605 |
Equity income (loss)(c) | $ | 457 |  |  | $ | (211) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 245 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 291 |

__________
(a)Segment expenses and other items for Automotive segments primarily include material and logistics; manufacturing; equity income; selling, general and administrative people-related costs; advertising; information technology; engineering; professional services; and policy, campaign and warranty. GM Financial items primarily consist of GM Financial interest expense; leased vehicle depreciation; people-related costs; provision for loan losses and gains and losses on termination of leased vehicles. Cruise items primarily consist of impairment charges and people-related costs.
(b)Consists of charges for strategic activities related to Buick dealerships in GMNA, charges related to manufacturing operations wind down in GMI and charges related to Cruise restructuring.
(c)Equity earnings related to Ultium Cells Holdings LLC are presented in Automotive and other cost of sales as this entity is integral to the operations of our business by providing battery cells for our EVs. Refer to Note 7 for additional information.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Basis of Presentation This Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) should be read in conjunction with the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto, and the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our 2024 Form 10-K.
Forward-looking statements in this MD&A are not guarantees of future performance and may involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected. Refer to the "Forward-Looking Statements" section of this MD&A, Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors of our 2024 Form 10-K and Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors for a discussion of these risks and uncertainties. Except for per share amounts or as otherwise specified, dollar amounts presented within tables are stated in millions. Certain columns and rows may not add due to rounding.
Overview Our vision for the future is a world with zero crashes, zero emissions and zero congestion. We will adapt to customer preferences while executing our growth-focused strategy to invest in EVs, hybrids, personal AV technology, software-enabled services and other new business opportunities. To support strong margins and cash flow during this transition, we continue to strengthen our market position in profitable ICE vehicles, such as trucks and SUVs. We plan to execute our strategy with a steadfast commitment to good corporate citizenship through more sustainable operations and a leading health and safety culture.
Our financial performance continues to be driven by the strength of our vehicle portfolio, including high margin full-size pickup trucks and SUVs, strong consumer demand for our products and the execution of our core business strategy. We remain focused on maintaining an efficient cost structure and pricing discipline. We continue to prioritize driving down costs and building scale in our EV portfolio to improve profitability. In February 2025, we completed the acquisition of the noncontrolling interests in Cruise and are prioritizing the development of ADAS on a path to fully autonomous personal vehicles. We are monitoring industry pricing pressures, changing interest rates, inflation, warranty claims, consumer demand trends, changes to the regulatory environment, including with respect to fuel economy standards, GHG emissions regulations, corporate taxes and EV incentives.
In the first quarter of 2025, the U.S. Government announced new tariffs, inclusive of vehicles and parts imported into the U.S. The tariff environment continues to remain highly dynamic and the specific tariffs applicable to goods imported by GM and its suppliers into the U.S., including under the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement, continue to evolve, as do import tariffs charged by other countries. Based on the current tariff environment, we estimate that impacts to EBIT-adjusted could range from $4.0 billion to $5.0 billion for the year ending December 31, 2025. Refer to Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors for a full discussion of the risks associated with the U.S. tariff environment.
On July 4, 2025, the Act was signed into law that includes the extension and modification of certain key provisions of the TCJA, modification of certain IRA incentives, acceleration of the phase-out of clean vehicle and other clean energy credits and sets the civil penalties to zero for noncompliance with CAFE standards. The Act also introduces a new auto loan interest deductibility provision that allows some individuals to deduct up to $10,000 per year in interest on new, U.S.-assembled personal vehicles purchased between 2025 and 2028. There are a variety of effective dates in the Act and only certain key provisions with financial reporting implications are expected to affect our financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2025. We are currently unable to estimate the financial impacts of the Act which could be material and may adversely affect EV profitability.
As we continue to assess our performance and the needs of our evolving business, additional restructuring and rationalization actions could be required. These actions could give rise to future asset impairments or other charges, which may have a material impact on our operating results. Refer to the "Consolidated Results" and regional sections of this MD&A for additional information.
We face continuing market, operating and regulatory challenges in several countries across the globe due to, among other factors, competitive pressures, our product portfolio offerings, heightened emission standards, labor disruptions, foreign exchange volatility, evolving trade policy and political uncertainty. Refer to Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors in our 2024 Form 10-K and Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors for a discussion of these challenges.
For the year ending December 31, 2025, we expect Net income attributable to stockholders of between $7.7 billion and $9.5 billion, EBIT-adjusted of between $10.0 billion and $12.5 billion, EPS-diluted of between $8.22 and $9.97 and EPS-diluted-adjusted of between $8.25 and $10.00. Refer to the "Non-GAAP Measures" section of this MD&A for additional information.
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The following table reconciles expected Net income attributable to stockholders to expected EBIT-adjusted (dollars in billions):

|  |  | Year Ending December 31, 2025
Net income attributable to stockholders |  |  | $ 7.7-9.5
Income tax expense |  |  | 1.6-2.3
Automotive interest income, net |  |  | (0.0)
Adjustments(a) |  |  | 0.7
EBIT-adjusted |  |  | $ 10.0-12.5

__________
(a)Refer to the reconciliation of Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders to EBIT-adjusted within this MD&A for adjustment details. These expected financial results do not include the potential impact of future adjustments related to special items.
The following table reconciles expected EPS-diluted to expected EPS-diluted-adjusted:

|  |  | Year Ending December 31, 2025
Diluted earnings per common share |  |  | $ 8.22-9.97
Adjustments(a) |  |  | 0.03
EPS-diluted-adjusted |  |  | $ 8.25-10.00

__________
(a)Refer to the reconciliation of diluted earnings per common share to EPS-diluted-adjusted within this MD&A for adjustment details. These expected financial results do not include the potential impact of future adjustments related to special items.
GMNA Industry sales in North America were 10.3 million units in the six months ended June 30, 2025, representing an increase of 4.0% compared to the corresponding period in 2024. U.S. industry sales were 8.3 million units in the six months ended June 30, 2025, representing an increase of 3.8% compared to the corresponding period in 2024.
Our total vehicle sales in the U.S., our largest market in North America, were 1.4 million units for market share of 17.3% in the six months ended June 30, 2025, representing an increase of 1.2 percentage points compared to the corresponding period in 2024.
We achieved strong margins in the six months ended June 30, 2025 driven by the strength of our product portfolio and ongoing cost discipline. However, the evolving tariff and policy landscape could have a material impact on our profitability going forward. We remain focused on improving our EV profitability while maintaining our focus on cost. In addition, our outlook is dependent on continued supply chain availability, the resiliency of the U.S. economy and overall economic conditions, including the imposition of tariffs, less available offsets and deductions, or other trade restrictions by the U.S. or its trading partners.
GMI Industry sales in China were 12.4 million units in the six months ended June 30, 2025, representing an increase of 7.5% compared to the corresponding period in 2024. Our total vehicle sales in China were 0.9 million units for market share of 7.2% in the six months ended June 30, 2025, representing an increase of 0.1 percentage points compared to the corresponding period in 2024. Our Automotive China JVs generated equity income of $0.1 billion in the six months ended June 30, 2025. We continue to focus on enhancing the competitiveness of our products in the Chinese market and executing restructuring plans. Additional restructuring charges may be incurred going forward.
Outside of China, industry sales were 12.9 million units in the six months ended June 30, 2025, representing an increase of 3.3% compared to the corresponding period in 2024. Our total vehicle sales outside of China were 0.4 million units for market share of 3.1% in the six months ended June 30, 2025, representing a decrease of 0.3 percentage points compared to the corresponding period in 2024.
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Vehicle Sales The principal factors that determine consumer vehicle preferences in the markets in which we operate include overall vehicle design, price, quality, available options, safety, reliability, fuel economy or range and functionality. Market leadership in individual countries in which we compete varies widely.
We present both wholesale and total vehicle sales data to assist in the analysis of our revenue and market share. Wholesale vehicle sales data consists of sales to GM's dealers and distributors as well as sales to the U.S. government, and excludes vehicles sold by our joint ventures. Wholesale vehicle sales data correlates to our revenue recognized from the sale of vehicles, which is the largest component of Automotive net sales and revenue. In the six months ended June 30, 2025, 25.8% of our wholesale vehicle sales volume was generated outside the U.S. The following table summarizes wholesale vehicle sales by our Automotive segments (vehicles in thousands):

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |  |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  | June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024
GMNA | 849 |  |  | 87.2 | % |  | 903 |  |  | 86.6 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 1,676 |  |  | 88.9 | % |  | 1,695 |  |  | 87.4 | %
GMI | 125 |  |  | 12.8 | % |  | 140 |  |  | 13.4 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 209 |  |  | 11.1 | % |  | 243 |  |  | 12.6 | %
Total | 974 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 1,043 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 1,885 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 1,938 |  |  | 100.0 | %

Total vehicle sales data represents: (1) retail sales (i.e., sales to consumers who purchase new vehicles from dealers or distributors); (2) fleet sales (i.e., sales to large and small businesses, governments and daily rental car companies); and (3) sales of courtesy transportation vehicles (i.e., vehicles previously used by dealers that were sold to the end consumer). Total vehicle sales data includes all sales by joint ventures on a total vehicle basis, not based on our percentage ownership interest in the joint venture. Certain joint venture agreements in China allow for the contractual right to report vehicle sales of non-GM trademarked vehicles by those joint ventures, which are included in the total vehicle sales we report for China. While total vehicle sales data does not correlate directly to the revenue we recognize during a particular period, we believe it is indicative of the underlying demand for our vehicles. Total vehicle sales data represents management's good faith estimate based on sales reported by our dealers, distributors and joint ventures; commercially available data sources such as registration and insurance data; and internal estimates and forecasts when other data is not available.
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The following table summarizes industry and GM total vehicle sales and our related competitive position by geographic region (vehicles in thousands):

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  | June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024
| Industry |  | GM |  | Market Share |  | Industry |  | GM |  | Market Share |  | Industry |  | GM |  | Market Share |  | Industry |  | GM |  | Market Share
North America |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States | 4,297 |  |  | 747 |  |  | 17.4 | % |  | 4,181 |  |  | 696 |  |  | 16.7 | % |  | 8,329 |  |  | 1,440 |  |  | 17.3 | % |  | 8,026 |  |  | 1,290 |  |  | 16.1 | %
Other | 1,051 |  |  | 131 |  |  | 12.5 | % |  | 1,007 |  |  | 131 |  |  | 13.0 | % |  | 1,991 |  |  | 257 |  |  | 12.9 | % |  | 1,899 |  |  | 246 |  |  | 13.0 | %
Total North America | 5,348 |  |  | 878 |  |  | 16.4 | % |  | 5,188 |  |  | 827 |  |  | 15.9 | % |  | 10,321 |  |  | 1,697 |  |  | 16.4 | % |  | 9,925 |  |  | 1,537 |  |  | 15.5 | %
Asia/Pacific, Middle East and Africa |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
China(a) | 6,592 |  |  | 448 |  |  | 6.8 | % |  | 5,883 |  |  | 373 |  |  | 6.3 | % |  | 12,403 |  |  | 890 |  |  | 7.2 | % |  | 11,538 |  |  | 814 |  |  | 7.1 | %
Other | 5,277 |  |  | 118 |  |  | 2.2 | % |  | 5,234 |  |  | 120 |  |  | 2.3 | % |  | 10,908 |  |  | 220 |  |  | 2.0 | % |  | 10,734 |  |  | 233 |  |  | 2.2 | %
Total Asia/Pacific, Middle East and Africa | 11,869 |  |  | 566 |  |  | 4.8 | % |  | 11,117 |  |  | 493 |  |  | 4.4 | % |  | 23,312 |  |  | 1,110 |  |  | 4.8 | % |  | 22,273 |  |  | 1,047 |  |  | 4.7 | %
South America |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Brazil | 647 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 9.9 | % |  | 629 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 13.4 | % |  | 1,199 |  |  | 120 |  |  | 10.0 | % |  | 1,143 |  |  | 141 |  |  | 12.3 | %
Other | 411 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 7.6 | % |  | 318 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 8.4 | % |  | 811 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 7.4 | % |  | 627 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 8.6 | %
Total South America | 1,058 |  |  | 95 |  |  | 9.0 | % |  | 947 |  |  | 111 |  |  | 11.7 | % |  | 2,010 |  |  | 180 |  |  | 8.9 | % |  | 1,770 |  |  | 195 |  |  | 11.0 | %
Total in GM markets | 18,275 |  |  | 1,539 |  |  | 8.4 | % |  | 17,252 |  |  | 1,431 |  |  | 8.3 | % |  | 35,642 |  |  | 2,987 |  |  | 8.4 | % |  | 33,968 |  |  | 2,778 |  |  | 8.2 | %
Total Europe | 4,387 |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 4,486 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — | % |  | 8,639 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — | % |  | 8,855 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — | %
Total Worldwide(b) | 22,662 |  |  | 1,539 |  |  | 6.8 | % |  | 21,738 |  |  | 1,432 |  |  | 6.6 | % |  | 44,281 |  |  | 2,988 |  |  | 6.7 | % |  | 42,823 |  |  | 2,779 |  |  | 6.5 | %
United States |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cars | 709 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 2.1 | % |  | 769 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 6.9 | % |  | 1,416 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 2.3 | % |  | 1,476 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 7.0 | %
Trucks | 1,226 |  |  | 401 |  |  | 32.8 | % |  | 1,112 |  |  | 359 |  |  | 32.3 | % |  | 2,279 |  |  | 746 |  |  | 32.7 | % |  | 2,044 |  |  | 650 |  |  | 31.8 | %
Crossovers | 2,362 |  |  | 330 |  |  | 14.0 | % |  | 2,300 |  |  | 284 |  |  | 12.4 | % |  | 4,634 |  |  | 662 |  |  | 14.3 | % |  | 4,507 |  |  | 538 |  |  | 11.9 | %
Total United States | 4,297 |  |  | 747 |  |  | 17.4 | % |  | 4,181 |  |  | 696 |  |  | 16.7 | % |  | 8,329 |  |  | 1,440 |  |  | 17.3 | % |  | 8,026 |  |  | 1,290 |  |  | 16.1 | %
China(a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SGMS |  |  | 132 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 120 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 251 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 275 |  |  |
SGMW |  |  | 315 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 253 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 639 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 539 |  |  |
Total | 6,592 |  |  | 447 |  |  | 6.8 | % |  | 5,883 |  |  | 373 |  |  | 6.3 | % |  | 12,403 |  |  | 890 |  |  | 7.2 | % |  | 11,538 |  |  | 814 |  |  | 7.1 | %

__________
(a)Includes sales by the Automotive China JVs: SAIC General Motors Sales Co., Ltd. (SGMS) and SAIC GM Wuling Automobile Co., Ltd. (SGMW).
(b)Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Syria and certain regions of Ukraine are subject to broad economic sanctions. Accordingly, these countries are excluded from industry sales data and corresponding calculation of market share.
As discussed above, total vehicle sales and market share data provided in the table above includes fleet vehicles. Certain fleet transactions, particularly sales to daily rental car companies, are generally less profitable than retail sales to end customers. The following table summarizes estimated fleet sales and those sales as a percentage of total vehicle sales (vehicles in thousands):

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  | June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024
GMNA | 178 |  |  | 179 |  |  | 350 |  |  | 320 |
GMI | 96 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 164 |  |  | 166 |
Total fleet sales | 274 |  |  | 277 |  |  | 514 |  |  | 486 |
Fleet sales as a percentage of total vehicle sales | 17.8 | % |  | 19.3 | % |  | 17.2 | % |  | 17.5 | %

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GM Financial We believe that offering a comprehensive suite of financing products will generate incremental sales of our vehicles, drive incremental GM Financial earnings and help support our sales throughout various economic cycles. GM Financial's penetration of our retail sales in the U.S. was 35% in the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 39% in the corresponding period in 2024. Penetration levels vary depending on incentive financing programs available and competing third-party financing products in the market. GM Financial's prime loan originations as a percentage of total loan originations in North America increased to 81% in the six months ended June 30, 2025 from 79% in the corresponding period in 2024. In the six months ended June 30, 2025, GM Financial's revenue consisted of leased vehicle income of 46%, retail finance charge income of 41% and commercial finance charge income of 8%.
GM Financial's leasing program is exposed to residual values, which are heavily dependent on used vehicle prices. Gains on terminations of leased vehicles of $0.2 billion and $0.3 billion were included in GM Financial interest, operating and other expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to gains of $0.2 billion and $0.4 billion in the corresponding periods in 2024. The decrease in gains is primarily due to fewer terminated leases in 2025. The following table summarizes the estimated residual value based on GM Financial's most recent estimates and the number of units included in GM Financial Equipment on operating leases, net by vehicle type (units in thousands):

| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| Residual Value |  | Units |  | Percentage |  | Residual Value |  | Units |  | Percentage
Crossovers | $ | 13,320 |  |  | 634 |  |  | 66.4 | % |  | $ | 13,184 |  |  | 635 |  |  | 67.3 | %
Trucks | 8,135 |  |  | 237 |  |  | 24.9 | % |  | 7,458 |  |  | 224 |  |  | 23.7 | %
SUVs | 2,477 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 5.7 | % |  | 2,260 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 5.6 | %
Cars | 561 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 3.0 | % |  | 590 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 3.3 | %
Total | $ | 24,493 |  |  | 954 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 23,492 |  |  | 943 |  |  | 100.0 | %

Consolidated Results We review changes in our results of operations under five categories: Volume, Mix, Price, Cost and Other. Volume measures the impact of changes in wholesale vehicle volumes driven by industry volume, market share and changes in dealer stock levels. Mix measures the impact of changes to the regional portfolio due to product, model, trim, country and option penetration in current year wholesale vehicle volumes. Price measures the impact of changes related to Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price and various sales allowances. Cost primarily includes: (1) material and freight; (2) manufacturing, engineering, advertising, administrative and selling and warranty expenses; and (3) non-vehicle related activity. Other primarily includes foreign exchange and non-vehicle related automotive revenues as well as equity income or loss from our nonconsolidated affiliates. Refer to the regional sections of this MD&A for additional information.
Total Net Sales and Revenue

| Three Months Ended |  | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) |  | % |  |  | Variance Due To |
June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  | Volume |  | Mix |  | Price |  | Other |
|  |  |  |  |  | (Dollars in billions) |
GMNA | $ | 39,486 |  |  | $ | 40,725 |  |  | $ | (1,239) |  |  | (3.0) | % |  |  | $ | (2.2) |  |  | $ | 1.2 |  |  | $ | (0.2) |  |  | $ | — |  |
GMI | 3,326 |  |  | 3,298 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 0.9 | % |  |  | $ | (0.3) |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | (0.1) |  |
Corporate | 57 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 55.3 | % |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |
Automotive | 42,869 |  |  | 44,060 |  |  | (1,191) |  |  | (2.7) | % |  |  | $ | (2.5) |  |  | $ | 1.5 |  |  | $ | (0.1) |  |  | $ | (0.1) |  |
Cruise | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | (25) |  |  | n.m. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |
GM Financial | 4,255 |  |  | 3,918 |  |  | 337 |  |  | 8.6 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |
Eliminations/reclassifications | (2) |  |  | (35) |  |  | 32 |  |  | 92.9 | % |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |
Total net sales and revenue | $ | 47,122 |  |  | $ | 47,969 |  |  | $ | (847) |  |  | (1.8) | % |  |  | $ | (2.5) |  |  | $ | 1.5 |  |  | $ | (0.1) |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |

__________
n.m. = not meaningful
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| Six Months Ended |  | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) |  | % |  |  | Variance Due To |
June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  | Volume |  | Mix |  | Price |  | Other
|  |  |  |  |  | (Dollars in billions) |
GMNA | $ | 76,873 |  |  | $ | 76,824 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  |  | $ | (0.8) |  |  | $ | 0.7 |  |  | $ | 0.6 |  |  | $ | (0.5) |  |
GMI | 5,753 |  |  | 6,380 |  |  | (627) |  |  | (9.8) | % |  |  | $ | (0.8) |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | (0.4) |  |
Corporate | 103 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 50.3 | % |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |
Automotive | 82,729 |  |  | 83,272 |  |  | (543) |  |  | (0.7) | % |  |  | $ | (1.5) |  |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  | $ | 0.9 |  |  | $ | (0.9) |  |
Cruise | 1 |  |  | 51 |  |  | (50) |  |  | (98.2) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |
GM Financial | 8,419 |  |  | 7,730 |  |  | 689 |  |  | 8.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.7 |  |
Eliminations/reclassifications | (7) |  |  | (69) |  |  | 62 |  |  | 89.2 | % |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |
Total net sales and revenue | $ | 91,141 |  |  | $ | 90,983 |  |  | $ | 158 |  |  | 0.2 | % |  |  | $ | (1.5) |  |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  | $ | 0.9 |  |  | $ | (0.2) |  |

Refer to the regional sections of this MD&A for additional information on Volume, Mix, Price and Other.
Automotive and Other Cost of Sales

| Three Months Ended |  | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) |  | % |  |  | Variance Due To
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  | Volume |  | Mix |  | Cost |  | Other
|  |  |  |  |  | (Dollars in billions)
GMNA | $ | 35,945 |  |  | $ | 34,552 |  |  | $ | (1,393) |  |  | (4.0) | % |  |  | $ | 1.6 |  |  | $ | (0.8) |  |  | $ | (2.6) |  |  | $ | 0.5 |
GMI | 3,295 |  |  | 3,020 |  |  | (274) |  |  | (9.1) | % |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | (0.2) |  |  | $ | (0.3) |  |  | $ | — |
Corporate | 50 |  |  | 21 |  |  | (29) |  |  | n.m. |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Cruise | — |  |  | 1,023 |  |  | 1,023 |  |  | n.m. |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  |
Eliminations | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32.8 | % |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Total automotive and other cost of sales | $ | 39,289 |  |  | $ | 38,615 |  |  | $ | (674) |  |  | (1.7) | % |  |  | $ | 1.8 |  |  | $ | (1.1) |  |  | $ | (1.9) |  |  | $ | 0.5 |

__________
n.m. = not meaningful

| Six Months Ended |  | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) |  | % |  |  | Variance Due To
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  | Volume |  | Mix |  | Cost |  | Other
|  |  |  |  |  | (Dollars in billions)
GMNA | $ | 68,625 |  |  | $ | 65,317 |  |  | $ | (3,307) |  |  | (5.1) | % |  |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | (1.2) |  |  | $ | (3.4) |  |  | $ | 0.8 |
GMI | 5,566 |  |  | 5,824 |  |  | 258 |  |  | 4.4 | % |  |  | $ | 0.6 |  |  | $ | (0.2) |  |  | $ | (0.2) |  |  | $ | 0.1 |
Corporate | 128 |  |  | 48 |  |  | (80) |  |  | n.m. |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.1) |  |  | $ | — |
Cruise | 163 |  |  | 1,422 |  |  | 1,259 |  |  | 88.5 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  |
Eliminations | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 62.3 | % |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Total automotive and other cost of sales | $ | 74,480 |  |  | $ | 72,611 |  |  | $ | (1,869) |  |  | (2.6) | % |  |  | $ | 1.1 |  |  | $ | (1.5) |  |  | $ | (2.4) |  |  | $ | 0.9 |

__________
n.m. = not meaningful
In the three months ended June 30, 2025, increased Cost was primarily due to: (1) increased material and freight costs of $1.4 billion, including $1.1 billion due to tariffs; (2) unfavorable net realizable value inventory adjustments, primarily EV-related, of $0.3 billion in the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to similar favorable inventory adjustments of $0.3 billion in the three months ended June 30, 2024; (3) charges of $0.3 billion due to the Ultium Cells Holdings LLC strategic realignment; and (4) increased campaigns and other warranty-related costs of $0.3 billion; partially offset by (5) the reduction of charges related to Cruise restructuring of $0.6 billion; and (6) decreased engineering costs of $0.4 billion, driven primarily by the wind down of Cruise robotaxi operations. In the three months ended June 30, 2025, favorable Other was primarily due to net foreign currency changes primarily in the Mexican peso.
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In the six months ended June 30, 2025, increased Cost was primarily due to: (1) increased material and freight costs of $1.6 billion, including $1.3 billion due to tariffs; (2) unfavorable net realizable value inventory adjustments, primarily EV-related, of $0.5 billion in the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to similar favorable inventory adjustments of $0.2 billion in the six months ended June 30, 2024; (3) increased campaigns and other warranty-related costs of $0.4 billion; (4) charges of $0.3 billion due to the Ultium Cells Holdings LLC strategic realignment; and (5) increased manufacturing costs of $0.3 billion; partially offset by (6) the reduction of charges related to Cruise restructuring of $0.6 billion; and (7) decreased engineering costs of $0.5 billion, driven primarily by the wind down of Cruise robotaxi operations. In the six months ended June 30, 2025, favorable Other was primarily due to net foreign currency changes in the Mexican peso, Brazilian real and other currencies.
Refer to the regional sections of this MD&A for additional information on Volume and Mix.
Automotive and Other Selling, General and Administrative Expense

| Three Months Ended |  | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) |  |  |  |  | Six Months Ended |  | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) |  |
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  |  | % |  |  | June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  |  | %
Automotive and other selling, general and administrative expense | $ | 2,139 |  |  | $ | 2,372 |  |  | $ | 232 |  |  | 9.8 | % |  |  | $ | 4,124 |  |  | $ | 4,547 |  |  | $ | 422 |  |  | 9.3 | %

In the three months ended June 30, 2025, Automotive and other selling, general and administrative expense decreased primarily due to several insignificant items.
In the six months ended June 30, 2025, Automotive and other selling, general and administrative expense decreased primarily due to: (1) decreased administrative costs of $0.3 billion; and (2) the absence of charges related to strategic activities to transition certain Buick dealerships of $0.2 billion.
Interest Income and Other Non-operating Income, net

| Three Months Ended |  | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) |  |  |  |  | Six Months Ended |  | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) |  |
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  |  | % |  |  | June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  |  | %
Interest income and other non-operating income, net | $ | 366 |  |  | $ | 60 |  |  | $ | 306 |  |  | n.m. |  |  | $ | 676 |  |  | $ | 362 |  |  | $ | 314 |  |  | 86.8 | %

__________
n.m. = not meaningful
In the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, Interest income and other non-operating income, net increased primarily due to $0.2 billion in gains related to revaluation of investments and other individually insignificant items.
Income Tax Expense

| Three Months Ended |  | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) |  |  |  |  | Six Months Ended |  | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) |  |
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  |  | % |  |  | June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  |  | %
Income tax expense | $ | 481 |  |  | $ | 767 |  |  | $ | 286 |  |  | 37.3 | % |  |  | $ | 1,199 |  |  | $ | 1,529 |  |  | $ | 330 |  |  | 21.6 | %

In the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, Income tax expense decreased primarily due to lower pre-tax income and a lower effective tax rate.
For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, our effective tax rate-adjusted (ETR-adjusted) was 17.9% and 19.1%. We expect our adjusted effective tax rate to be between 17% and 19% for the year ending December 31, 2025. Refer to the "Non-GAAP Measures" section of this MD&A for additional information.
Refer to Note 15 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information related to Income tax expense.
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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
GM North America

| Three Months Ended |  | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) |  | % |  |  | Variance Due To
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  | Volume |  | Mix |  | Price |  | Cost |  | Other
|  |  |  |  |  | (Dollars in billions)
Total net sales and revenue | $ | 39,486 |  |  | $ | 40,725 |  |  | $ | (1,239) |  |  | (3.0) | % |  |  | $ | (2.2) |  |  | $ | 1.2 |  |  | $ | (0.2) |  |  |  |  | $ | — |
EBIT-adjusted | $ | 2,415 |  |  | $ | 4,433 |  |  | $ | (2,018) |  |  | (45.5) | % |  |  | $ | (0.6) |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | (0.2) |  |  | $ | (2.0) |  |  | $ | 0.5 |
EBIT-adjusted margin | 6.1 | % |  | 10.9 | % |  | (4.8) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| (Vehicles in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Wholesale vehicle sales | 849 |  |  | 903 |  |  | (54) |  |  | (6.0) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| Six Months Ended |  | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) |  | % |  |  | Variance Due To
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  | Volume |  | Mix |  | Price |  | Cost |  | Other
|  |  |  |  |  | (Dollars in billions)
Total net sales and revenue | $ | 76,873 |  |  | $ | 76,824 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  |  | $ | (0.8) |  |  | $ | 0.7 |  |  | $ | 0.6 |  |  |  |  | $ | (0.5) |
EBIT-adjusted | $ | 5,702 |  |  | $ | 8,273 |  |  | $ | (2,571) |  |  | (31.1) | % |  |  | $ | (0.2) |  |  | $ | (0.6) |  |  | $ | 0.6 |  |  | $ | (2.8) |  |  | $ | 0.3 |
EBIT-adjusted margin | 7.4 | % |  | 10.8 | % |  | (3.4) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| (Vehicles in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Wholesale vehicle sales | 1,676 |  |  | 1,695 |  |  | (19) |  |  | (1.1) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

GMNA Total Net Sales and Revenue In the three months ended June 30, 2025, Total net sales and revenue decreased primarily due to: (1) decreased net wholesale volumes due to decreased sales of cars and full-size pickup trucks due to lower planned production for product upgrades, partially offset by increased sales of crossover vehicles, including EVs; and (2) unfavorable Price for carryover vehicles; partially offset by (3) favorable Mix associated with decreased sales of cars and increased sales of full-size SUVs.
In the six months ended June 30, 2025, Total net sales and revenue increased primarily due to: (1) favorable Mix associated with decreased sales of cars and increased sales of full-size SUVs, partially offset by increased sales of crossover vehicles, including EVs, and decreased sales of full-size pickup trucks; and (2) favorable Price as a result of reduced dealer inventory levels due to strong demand for our products; partially offset by (3) decreased net wholesale volumes due to decreased sales of cars and full-size pick-up trucks due to lower planned production for product upgrades, partially offset by increased sales of crossover vehicles, including EVs, mid-size pickup trucks and vans, and full-size SUVs; and (4) unfavorable Other due to net foreign currency changes primarily in the Mexican peso.
GMNA EBIT-Adjusted In the three months ended June 30, 2025, EBIT-adjusted decreased primarily due to: (1) unfavorable Cost primarily due to increased material and freight costs of $1.4 billion, including $1.1 billion due to tariffs, unfavorable net realizable value inventory adjustments, primarily EV-related, of $0.3 billion in the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to similar favorable inventory adjustments of $0.3 billion in the three months ended June 30, 2024 and increased warranty-related costs of $0.3 billion, partially offset by decreased other employee-related costs of $0.3 billion; (2) decreased net wholesale volumes; and (3) unfavorable Price; partially offset by (4) favorable Mix; and (5) favorable Other due to net foreign currency changes primarily in the Mexican peso.
In the six months ended June 30, 2025, EBIT-adjusted decreased primarily due to: (1) unfavorable Cost primarily due to increased material and freight costs of $1.5 billion, including $1.3 billion due to tariffs, unfavorable net realizable value inventory adjustments, primarily EV-related, of $0.5 billion in the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to similar favorable inventory adjustments of $0.2 billion in the six months ended June 30, 2024, increased warranty-related costs of $0.5 billion and increased manufacturing costs of $0.3 billion; (2) unfavorable Mix associated with increased sales of crossover vehicles, including EVs, and decreased sales of full-size pickup trucks, partially offset by decreased sales of cars and increased sales of full-size SUVs; and (3) decreased net wholesale volumes; partially offset by (4) favorable Price; and (5) favorable Other due to net foreign currency changes primarily in the Mexican peso.
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GM International

| Three Months Ended |  | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) |  |  |  |  | Variance Due To
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  |  | % |  |  | Volume |  | Mix |  | Price |  | Cost |  | Other
|  |  |  |  |  | (Dollars in billions)
Total net sales and revenue | $ | 3,326 |  |  | $ | 3,298 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | 0.9 | % |  |  | $ | (0.3) |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  |  |  | $ | (0.1) |
EBIT-adjusted | $ | 204 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 154 |  |  | n.m. |  |  | $ | (0.1) |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | (0.1) |  |  | $ | 0.1 |
EBIT-adjusted margin | 6.1 | % |  | 1.5 | % |  | 4.6 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity income (loss) — Automotive China | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | (104) |  |  | $ | 176 |  |  | n.m. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
EBIT-adjusted — excluding Equity income (loss)(a) | $ | 136 |  |  | $ | 154 |  |  | $ | (18) |  |  | (12.0) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| (Vehicles in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Wholesale vehicle sales | 125 |  |  | 140 |  |  | (15) |  |  | (10.8) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

__________
n.m. = not meaningful
(a)Excludes adjustments related to Automotive China JVs restructuring recorded in GMI.

| Six Months Ended |  | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) |  |  |  |  | Variance Due To
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  |  | % |  |  | Volume |  | Mix |  | Price |  | Cost |  | Other
|  |  |  |  |  | (Dollars in billions)
Total net sales and revenue | $ | 5,753 |  |  | $ | 6,380 |  |  | $ | (627) |  |  | (9.8) | % |  |  | $ | (0.8) |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  |  |  | $ | (0.4) |
EBIT-adjusted | $ | 234 |  |  | $ | 40 |  |  | $ | 194 |  |  | n.m. |  |  | $ | (0.2) |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | (0.1) |  |  | $ | 0.1 |
EBIT-adjusted margin | 4.1 | % |  | 0.6 | % |  | 3.4 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity income (loss) — Automotive China | $ | 116 |  |  | $ | (210) |  |  | $ | 327 |  |  | n.m. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
EBIT-adjusted — excluding Equity income (loss)(a) | $ | 120 |  |  | $ | 250 |  |  | $ | (130) |  |  | (52.0) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| (Vehicles in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Wholesale vehicle sales | 209 |  |  | 243 |  |  | (34) |  |  | (14.1) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

__________
n.m. = not meaningful
(a)Excludes adjustments related to Automotive China JVs restructuring recorded in GMI.
The vehicle sales of our Automotive China JVs are not recorded in Total net sales and revenue. The results of our joint ventures are recorded in Equity income (loss), which is included in EBIT-adjusted above.
GMI Total Net Sales and Revenue In the three months ended June 30, 2025, Total net sales and revenue increased primarily due to: (1) favorable Mix in Brazil, Argentina and in the Middle East; and (2) favorable Price across multiple vehicle lines in Argentina and in Brazil; partially offset by (3) decreased net wholesale volumes in Brazil primarily due to decreased sales of passenger cars, partially offset by increased wholesale volumes in Argentina and Egypt; and (4) unfavorable Other primarily due to net foreign currency changes in the Brazilian real and Argentine peso.
In the six months ended June 30, 2025, Total net sales and revenue decreased primarily due to: (1) decreased net wholesale volumes in Brazil, Korea and in the Middle East, partially offset by increased volumes in Argentina and Egypt primarily due to increased sales of passenger cars and trucks; and (2) unfavorable Other primarily due to net foreign currency changes in the Brazilian real, Argentine peso and Egyptian pound; partially offset by (3) favorable Mix in Brazil, partially offset by the Middle East; and (4) favorable Price across multiple vehicle lines in Argentina.
GMI EBIT-Adjusted In the three months ended June 30, 2025, EBIT-adjusted increased primarily due to: (1) favorable Price; (2) favorable Mix in Brazil and Argentina; and (3) favorable Other primarily due to increased Automotive China JVs equity income (loss), partially offset by net foreign currency changes in the Brazilian real and Argentine peso; partially offset by (4) decreased net wholesale volumes in Brazil; and (5) unfavorable Cost primarily due to increased material and logistics costs in Brazil.
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In the six months ended June 30, 2025, EBIT-adjusted increased primarily due to: (1) favorable Price; (2) favorable Mix in Brazil and Argentina; partially offset by the Middle East; and (3) favorable Other primarily due to increased Automotive China JVs equity income (loss), partially offset by net foreign currency changes in the Brazilian real and Argentine peso; partially offset by (4) decreased net wholesale volumes in Brazil, partially offset by increased volumes in Argentina; and (5) unfavorable Cost primarily due to increased material and logistics costs in Brazil.
The following table summarizes certain key operational and financial data for the Automotive China JVs (vehicles in thousands):

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  | June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024
Wholesale vehicle sales, including vehicles exported to markets outside of China | 521 |  |  | 422 |  |  | 975 |  |  | 744 |
Total net sales and revenue | $ | 6,084 |  |  | $ | 4,677 |  |  | $ | 11,149 |  |  | $ | 8,788 |
Net income (loss) | $ | 127 |  |  | $ | (214) |  |  | $ | 197 |  |  | $ | (442) |

GM Financial

| Three Months Ended |  | Increase/ (Decrease) |  | % |  |  | Six Months Ended |  | Increase/ (Decrease) |  | %
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  | June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  |
Total revenue | $ | 4,255 |  |  | $ | 3,918 |  |  | $ | 337 |  |  | 8.6 | % |  |  | $ | 8,419 |  |  | $ | 7,730 |  |  | $ | 689 |  |  | 8.9 | %
Provision for loan losses | $ | 354 |  |  | $ | 174 |  |  | $ | 180 |  |  | n.m. |  |  | $ | 682 |  |  | $ | 378 |  |  | $ | 304 |  |  | 80.4 | %
EBT-adjusted | $ | 704 |  |  | $ | 822 |  |  | $ | (118) |  |  | (14.4) | % |  |  | $ | 1,389 |  |  | $ | 1,559 |  |  | $ | (170) |  |  | (10.9) | %
Average debt outstanding (dollars in billions) | $ | 117.7 |  |  | $ | 107.7 |  |  | $ | 10.0 |  |  | 9.3 | % |  |  | $ | 116.6 |  |  | $ | 106.5 |  |  | $ | 10.1 |  |  | 9.5 | %
Effective rate of interest paid | 5.6 | % |  | 5.5 | % |  | 0.1 | % |  |  |  |  | 5.6 | % |  | 5.4 | % |  | 0.2 | % |  |

__________
n.m. = not meaningful
GM Financial Revenue In the three months ended June 30, 2025, total revenue increased primarily due to: (1) increased finance charge income of $0.2 billion primarily due to growth in the size of the portfolio and an increase in the retail effective yield resulting from higher average interest rates on new loan originations; and (2) increased leased vehicle income of $0.1 billion primarily due to an increase in the average balance of the leased vehicles portfolio.
In the six months ended June 30, 2025, total revenue increased primarily due to: (1) increased finance charge income of $0.4 billion primarily due to growth in the size of the portfolio and an increase in the retail effective yield resulting from higher average interest rates on new loan originations; and (2) increased leased vehicle income of $0.2 billion primarily due to an increase in the average balance of the leased vehicles portfolio.
GM Financial EBT-Adjusted In the three months ended June 30, 2025, EBT-adjusted decreased primarily due to: (1) increased provision for loan losses of $0.2 billion primarily due to increased loan origination volume; (2) increased interest expense of $0.2 billion primarily due to an increase in average debt outstanding, as well as a slight increase in the effective rate of interest on debt; and (3) increased leased vehicle expenses of $0.1 billion primarily due to increased depreciation resulting from an increase in the average balance of the leased vehicles portfolio; partially offset by (4) increased finance charge income of $0.2 billion primarily due to growth in the size of the portfolio and an increase in the retail effective yield resulting from higher average interest rates on new loan originations; and (5) increased leased vehicle income of $0.1 billion primarily due to an increase in the average balance of the leased vehicles portfolio.
In the six months ended June 30, 2025, EBT-adjusted decreased primarily due to: (1) increased interest expense of $0.4 billion primarily due to an increase in average debt outstanding, as well as an increase in the effective rate of interest on debt; (2) increased provision for loan losses of $0.3 billion primarily due to increased loan origination volume; and (3) increased leased vehicle expenses of $0.1 billion primarily due to a decrease in lease termination gains resulting from fewer terminated leases in 2025; partially offset by (4) increased finance charge income of $0.4 billion primarily due to growth in the size of the portfolio and an increase in the retail effective yield resulting from higher average interest rates on new loan originations; and
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(5) increased leased vehicle income of $0.2 billion primarily due to an increase in the average balance of the leased vehicles portfolio.
Liquidity and Capital Resources We believe our current levels of cash, cash equivalents, marketable debt securities, available borrowing capacity under our credit facilities and other available liquidity actions are sufficient to meet our liquidity requirements in the short- and long-term. We also maintain access to the capital markets and may issue debt or equity securities, which may provide an additional source of liquidity. We have substantial cash requirements going forward, which we plan to fund through our total available liquidity, cash flows from operating activities and additional liquidity measures, if determined to be necessary.

Our known current material uses of cash include, among other possible demands: (1) capital spending and our investments in our battery cell manufacturing joint ventures of approximately $10.0 billion to $11.0 billion in 2025; (2) payments for engineering and product development activities, including the development of AV technology and software-enabled services; (3) payments associated with previously announced warranty claims, vehicle recalls and any other recall-related contingencies; (4) payments to service debt and other long-term obligations, including discretionary and mandatory contributions to our pension plans; (5) dividend payments on our common stock that are declared by our Board of Directors; (6) payments to purchase shares of our common stock authorized by our Board of Directors; and (7) payments of emissions-related regulatory compliance costs. Our material future uses of cash, which may vary from time to time based on market conditions and other factors, are focused on the three objectives of our capital allocation program: (1) grow our business at an average target return on invested capital-adjusted (ROIC-adjusted) rate of 20% or greater; (2) maintain a strong investment-grade balance sheet, including a target average automotive cash balance of $18.0 billion; and (3) after the first two objectives are met, return available cash to shareholders. Our senior management evaluates our capital allocation program on an ongoing basis and recommends any modifications to the program to our Board of Directors not less than once annually.
We continue to monitor and evaluate opportunities to strengthen our competitive position over the long term while maintaining a strong investment-grade balance sheet. These actions may include opportunistic payments to reduce our long-term obligations, and the possibility of acquisitions, dispositions and investments with joint venture partners, as well as strategic alliances that we believe would generate significant advantages and substantially strengthen our business. To support our transition to EVs, we anticipate making investments in suppliers or providing funding towards the execution of strategic, multi-year supply agreements to secure critical materials. In addition, we have entered, and plan to continue to enter, into offtake agreements that generally obligate us to purchase defined quantities of output. These arrangements could have a short-term adverse impact on our cash and increase our inventory.
Our liquidity plans are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including those described in the "Forward-Looking Statements" section of this MD&A, Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors of our 2024 Form 10-K and Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors, some of which are outside of our control.
In February 2025, our Board of Directors increased the capacity under our existing share repurchase program by $6.0 billion to an aggregate of $6.3 billion and approved an ASR program to repurchase an aggregate amount of $2.0 billion of our common stock. In February 2025, pursuant to the ASR Agreements, we advanced the $2.0 billion and received an initial delivery of approximately 33 million shares of our common stock with a value of $1.6 billion, which were immediately retired. In the three months ended June 30, 2025, we received and retired 10 million additional shares upon settlement of the transactions contemplated under the ASR program. The final number of shares received was based on the average of the daily volume-weighted average prices of our common stock during the term of the ASR Agreements, less a discount pursuant to the terms and conditions of the ASR Agreements.
In the six months ended June 30, 2025, in addition to shares received under the ASR program, we repurchased an insignificant amount of our outstanding common stock. We have $4.3 billion in capacity remaining under our share repurchase program as of June 30, 2025, with no expiration date.
In the six months ended June 30, 2025, we paid dividends of $0.3 billion to holders of our common stock. In February 2025, our Board of Directors approved an increase in the quarterly common stock dividend of $0.03 to $0.15 per share beginning with the quarterly dividend declared in April 2025.
In May 2025, we loaned $1.8 billion to Ultium Cells LLC to facilitate full voluntary prepayment of loans Ultium Cells LLC received under the DOE's Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing program. Our loan to Ultium Cells LLC accrues interest at a rate of 5.7% per year, matures in April 2030 and is prepayable without penalties.
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Cash flows that occur amongst our Automotive, Cruise and GM Financial operations are eliminated when we consolidate our cash flows. Such eliminations include, among other things, collections by Automotive on wholesale accounts receivables financed by dealers through GM Financial, payments between Automotive and GM Financial for accounts receivables transferred by Automotive to GM Financial, loans to Automotive and Cruise from GM Financial, dividends issued by GM Financial to Automotive, tax payments by GM Financial to Automotive and Automotive Cruise related cash expenditures. The presentation of Automotive liquidity and GM Financial liquidity presented below includes the impact of cash transactions amongst the sectors that are ultimately eliminated in consolidation. Net cash used in operating activities by Cruise was $0.7 billion and $1.3 billion in the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.
Automotive Liquidity Total available liquidity includes cash, cash equivalents, marketable debt securities and funds available under credit facilities. The amount of available liquidity is subject to seasonal fluctuations and includes balances held by various business units and subsidiaries worldwide that are needed to fund their operations. We have not significantly changed the management of our liquidity, including our allocation of available liquidity, our portfolio composition and our investment guidelines since December 31, 2024. Refer to Part II, Item 7. MD&A of our 2024 Form 10-K.
In March 2025, we renewed our five-year, $10.0 billion facility, which now matures March 25, 2030. We also renewed our three-year, $4.1 billion facility, which now matures March 25, 2028, and renewed our 364-day, $2.0 billion revolving credit facility allocated for the exclusive use of GM Financial, which now matures March 24, 2026.
We use credit facilities as a mechanism to provide additional flexibility in managing our global liquidity. Our Automotive borrowing capacity under credit facilities totaled $14.4 billion and $14.3 billion at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, which consisted primarily of two credit facilities. Total Automotive borrowing capacity under our credit facilities does not include our 364-day, $2.0 billion facility allocated for exclusive use of GM Financial. We did not have any borrowings against our primary facilities, but had letters of credit outstanding under our sub-facility of $0.6 billion and $0.5 billion at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
If available capacity permits, GM Financial continues to have access to our automotive credit facilities. GM Financial did not have borrowings outstanding against any of these facilities at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. We had intercompany loans from GM Financial of $0.3 billion at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, which primarily consisted of commercial loans to dealers we consolidate. We did not have intercompany loans to GM Financial at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Refer to Note 4 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.
In May 2025, we issued $2.0 billion in aggregate principal amount of senior unsecured notes with a weighted average interest rate of 5.7% and maturity dates ranging from 2028 to 2035. The net proceeds from this offering were used for general corporate purposes, including to fund a portion of the $1.8 billion five-year term loan to Ultium Cells LLC and to refinance a portion of our senior notes maturing on October 1, 2025.
Several of our loan facilities, including our revolving credit facilities, require compliance with certain financial and operational covenants as well as regular reporting to lenders. We have reviewed our covenants in effect as of June 30, 2025 and determined we are in compliance and expect to remain in compliance in the future.
GM Financial's Board of Directors declared and paid dividends of $0.7 billion on its common stock in the six months ended June 30, 2025. Future dividends from GM Financial will depend on several factors including business and economic conditions, its financial condition, earnings, liquidity requirements and leverage ratio.
The following table summarizes our Automotive available liquidity (dollars in billions):

| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Automotive cash and cash equivalents | $ | 13.9 |  |  | $ | 14.5 |
Marketable debt securities | 7.0 |  |  | 7.3 |
Automotive cash, cash equivalents and marketable debt securities | 20.8 |  |  | 21.7 |
Available under credit facilities(a) | 13.8 |  |  | 13.8 |
Total Automotive available liquidity | $ | 34.7 |  |  | $ | 35.5 |

__________
(a)We had letters of credit outstanding under our sub-facility of $0.6 billion and $0.5 billion at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
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The following table summarizes the changes in our Automotive available liquidity (dollars in billions):

| Six Months Ended June 30, 2025
Operating cash flow | $ | 7.1 |
Capital expenditures | (3.9) |
ASR and dividends paid | (2.3) |
Issuance of senior unsecured notes | 2.0 |
Loan to Ultium Cells LLC | (1.8) |
Cruise robotaxi operations wind down | (0.9) |
Investment in nonconsolidated affiliates | (0.5) |
Payment of senior unsecured notes | (0.5) |
Total change in automotive available liquidity | $ | (0.8) |

Automotive Cash Flow (dollars in billions)

| Six Months Ended |  | Change
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |
Operating Activities |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 4.0 |  |  | $ | 6.1 |  |  | $ | (2.0) |
Depreciation, amortization and impairment charges | 3.5 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 0.3 |
Pension and OPEB activities | (0.3) |  |  | (0.4) |  |  | 0.1 |
Working capital | (2.1) |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | (1.9) |
Accrued and other liabilities and income taxes | 0.1 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | (2.3) |
Other(a) | 1.8 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 1.6 |
Net automotive cash provided by (used in) operating activities(b) | $ | 7.1 |  |  | $ | 11.3 |  |  | $ | (4.3) |

__________
(a)Includes $1.0 billion in dividends received from our nonconsolidated affiliates in the six months ended June 30, 2025; $0.7 billion and $0.9 billion in dividends received from GM Financial in the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024; and changes in other assets and liabilities in the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.
(b)Includes $(2.6) billion and $4.2 billion in the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, which are eliminated within the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. Amounts eliminated primarily relate to purchases of, and collections on, wholesale finance receivables provided by GM Financial to our dealers and dividends issued by GM Financial to us.

| Six Months Ended |  | Change
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |
Investing Activities |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures | $ | (3.9) |  |  | $ | (5.3) |  |  | $ | 1.3 |
Acquisitions and liquidations of marketable securities, net | 0.5 |  |  | (0.7) |  |  | 1.2 |
Other(a) | (3.3) |  |  | (1.7) |  |  | (1.6) |
Net automotive cash provided by (used in) investing activities(b) | $ | (6.8) |  |  | $ | (7.7) |  |  | $ | 0.9 |

__________
(a)Includes $(1.8) billion term loan to Ultium Cells LLC in the six months ended June 30, 2025; $(0.5) billion of GM's investment in nonconsolidated affiliates in the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024; $(0.9) billion funding to wind down Cruise robotaxi operations in the six months ended June 30, 2025; and $(1.2) billion investment in Cruise which is inclusive of $(0.9) billion convertible note issued by Cruise to us in the six months ended June 30, 2024.
(b)Includes $(0.9) billion funding to wind down Cruise robotaxi operations in the six months ended June 30, 2025; and $(1.2) billion investment in Cruise which is inclusive of $(0.9) billion convertible note issued by Cruise to us in the six months ended June 30, 2024, which are eliminated within the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.
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| Six Months Ended |  | Change
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |
Financing Activities |  |  |  |  |
Net proceeds (payments) from short-term debt | $ | (0.5) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.5) |
Issuance of senior unsecured notes | 2.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 2.0 |
Other(a) | (2.5) |  |  | (1.7) |  |  | (0.8) |
Net automotive cash provided by (used in) financing activities | $ | (1.1) |  |  | $ | (1.7) |  |  | $ | 0.6 |

__________
(a)Includes $(2.0) billion in payments related to the ASR in the six months ended June 30, 2025 and $(1.3) billion for payments to purchase common stock in the six months ended June 30, 2024; and $(0.3) billion for dividends paid in the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.
Adjusted Automotive Free Cash Flow We measure adjusted automotive free cash flow as automotive operating cash flow from operations less capital expenditures adjusted for management actions. In the six months ended June 30, 2025, net automotive cash provided by operating activities was $7.1 billion, capital expenditures were $3.9 billion and adjustments for management actions were $0.5 billion. In the six months ended June 30, 2024, net automotive cash provided by operating activities was $11.3 billion, capital expenditures were $5.3 billion and adjustments for management actions were $0.3 billion.
Status of Credit Ratings We receive ratings from four independent credit rating agencies: DBRS Limited, Fitch Ratings, Moody's Investor Service and Standard & Poor's. All four credit rating agencies currently rate our corporate credit at investment grade. As of July 15, 2025, all credit ratings remained unchanged since December 31, 2024.

Automotive Financing – GM Financial Liquidity GM Financial's primary sources of cash are finance charge income, leasing income and proceeds from the sale of terminated leased vehicles, net proceeds from credit facilities, securitizations, secured and unsecured borrowings and collections and recoveries on finance receivables. GM Financial's primary uses of cash are purchases and funding of finance receivables and leased vehicles, repayment or repurchases of secured and unsecured debt, funding credit enhancement requirements in connection with securitizations and secured credit facilities, interest costs, operating expenses, income taxes and dividend payments. GM Financial continues to monitor and evaluate opportunities to optimize its liquidity position and the mix of its debt between secured and unsecured debt.
The following table summarizes GM Financial's available liquidity (dollars in billions):

| June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 8.4 |  |  | $ | 5.1 |
Borrowing capacity on unpledged eligible assets | 25.7 |  |  | 21.5 |
Borrowing capacity on committed unsecured lines of credit | 0.9 |  |  | 0.7 |
Borrowing capacity on revolving credit facility, exclusive to GM Financial | 2.0 |  |  | 2.0 |
Total GM Financial available liquidity | $ | 37.0 |  |  | $ | 29.3 |

GM Financial Cash Flow (dollars in billions)

| Six Months Ended |  | Change
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | 4.1 |  |  | $ | 3.2 |  |  | $ | 0.9 |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities(a) | $ | (1.6) |  |  | $ | (5.8) |  |  | $ | 4.1 |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities(b) | $ | 1.1 |  |  | $ | 4.8 |  |  | $ | (3.6) |

__________
(a)Includes $3.7 billion in the six months ended June 30, 2025 driven primarily by purchases of, and collections on, wholesale finance receivables and collection of intercompany loans to Cruise; and $(3.3) billion in the six months ended June 30, 2024 driven primarily by purchases of, and collections on, wholesale finance receivables, which are eliminated within the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.
(b)Includes $(0.7) billion and $(0.9) billion in the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 for dividends to GM, which are eliminated within the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.
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| Six Months Ended |  | Change
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |
Operating Activities |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | 1.0 |  |  | $ | 1.1 |  |  | $ | (0.1) |
Depreciation and amortization | 2.6 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | — |
Accretion and amortization of loan and leasing fees | (0.8) |  |  | (0.7) |  |  | (0.1) |
Provision for loan losses | 0.7 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.3 |
Other non-cash income | (0.5) |  |  | (0.5) |  |  | — |
Changes in assets and liabilities | 0.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.9 |
Deferred income taxes | 0.2 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | (0.1) |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | 4.1 |  |  | $ | 3.2 |  |  | $ | 0.9 |

GM Financial structures liquidity to support at least six months of GM Financial's expected net cash flows, including new originations, without access to new debt financing transactions or other capital markets activity. At June 30, 2025, available liquidity exceeded GM Financial's liquidity targets.
GM Financial did not have any borrowings outstanding against our credit facility designated for their exclusive use or the remainder of our revolving credit facilities at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Refer to the "Automotive Liquidity" section of this MD&A for additional details.
Credit Facilities In the normal course of business, in addition to using its available cash, GM Financial utilizes borrowings under its credit facilities, which may be secured or unsecured, and GM Financial repays these borrowings as appropriate under its cash management strategy. At June 30, 2025, secured, committed unsecured and uncommitted unsecured credit facilities totaled $27.5 billion, $0.9 billion and $2.1 billion with advances outstanding of $1.6 billion, an insignificant amount and $2.1 billion.
Critical Accounting Estimates The condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which requires the use of estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses in the periods presented. We believe the accounting estimates employed are appropriate and the resulting balances are reasonable; however, due to the inherent uncertainties in developing estimates, actual results could differ from the original estimates, requiring adjustments to these balances in future periods. The critical accounting estimates that affect the condensed consolidated financial statements and the judgments and assumptions used are consistent with those described in the MD&A in our 2024 Form 10-K.
Non-GAAP Measures We use both GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures for operational and financial decision making, and to assess Company and segment business performance. Our non-GAAP measures include: EBIT-adjusted, presented net of noncontrolling interests; EBT-adjusted for our GM Financial segment; EPS-diluted-adjusted; ETR-adjusted; ROIC-adjusted and adjusted automotive free cash flow. Our calculation of these non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies due to potential differences between companies in the method of calculation. As a result, the use of these non-GAAP measures has limitations and should not be considered superior to, in isolation from, or as a substitute for, related U.S. GAAP measures.
These non-GAAP measures allow management and investors to view operating trends, perform analytical comparisons and benchmark performance between periods and among geographic regions to understand operating performance without regard to items we do not consider a component of our core operating performance. Furthermore, these non-GAAP measures allow investors the opportunity to measure and monitor our performance against our externally communicated targets and evaluate the investment decisions being made by management to improve ROIC-adjusted. Management uses these measures in its financial, investment and operational decision-making processes, for internal reporting and as part of its forecasting and budgeting processes. Further, our Board of Directors uses certain of these and other measures as key metrics to determine management performance under our performance-based compensation plans. For these reasons, we believe these non-GAAP measures are useful for our investors.
EBIT-adjusted (Most comparable GAAP measure: Net income attributable to stockholders) EBIT-adjusted is presented net of noncontrolling interests and is used by management and can be used by investors to review our consolidated operating
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results because it excludes automotive interest income, automotive interest expense and income taxes as well as certain additional adjustments that are not considered part of our core operations. Examples of adjustments to EBIT include, but are not limited to, impairment charges on long-lived assets and other exit costs resulting from strategic shifts in our operations or discrete market and business conditions, and certain costs arising from legal matters. For EBIT-adjusted and our other non-GAAP measures, once we have made an adjustment in the current period for an item, we will also adjust the related non-GAAP measure in any future periods in which there is an impact from the item. Our corresponding measure for our GM Financial segment is EBT-adjusted because interest income and interest expense are an integral part of its financial performance.
EPS-diluted-adjusted (Most comparable GAAP measure: Diluted earnings per common share) EPS-diluted-adjusted is used by management and can be used by investors to review our consolidated diluted EPS results on a consistent basis. EPS-diluted-adjusted is calculated as net income attributable to common stockholders-diluted less adjustments noted above for EBIT-adjusted and certain income tax adjustments divided by weighted-average common shares outstanding-diluted. Examples of income tax adjustments include the establishment or release of significant deferred tax asset valuation allowances.
ETR-adjusted (Most comparable GAAP measure: Effective tax rate) ETR-adjusted is used by management and can be used by investors to review the consolidated effective tax rate for our core operations on a consistent basis. ETR-adjusted is calculated as Income tax expense less the income tax related to the adjustments noted above for EBIT-adjusted and the income tax adjustments noted above for EPS-diluted-adjusted divided by Income before income taxes less adjustments. When we provide an expected adjusted effective tax rate, we do not provide an expected effective tax rate because the U.S. GAAP measure may include significant adjustments that are difficult to predict.
ROIC-adjusted (Most comparable GAAP measure: Return on equity) ROIC-adjusted is used by management and can be used by investors to review our investment and capital allocation decisions. We define ROIC-adjusted as EBIT-adjusted for the trailing four quarters divided by ROIC-adjusted average net assets, which is the average equity balances adjusted for average automotive debt and interest liabilities, exclusive of finance leases; average automotive net pension and OPEB liabilities; and average automotive net income tax assets during the same period.
Adjusted automotive free cash flow (Most comparable GAAP measure: Net automotive cash provided by operating activities) Adjusted automotive free cash flow is used by management and can be used by investors to review the liquidity of our automotive operations and to measure and monitor our performance against our capital allocation program and evaluate our automotive liquidity against the substantial cash requirements of our automotive operations. We measure adjusted automotive free cash flow as automotive operating cash flow from operations less capital expenditures adjusted for management actions. Management actions can include voluntary events such as discretionary contributions to employee benefit plans or nonrecurring specific events such as a closure of a facility that are considered special for EBIT-adjusted purposes. Refer to the "Liquidity and Capital Resources" section of this MD&A for additional information.
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The following table reconciles Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders to EBIT-adjusted:

| Three Months Ended
| June 30, |  | March 31, |  | December 31, |  | September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders | $ | 1,895 |  |  | $ | 2,933 |  |  | $ | 2,784 |  |  | $ | 2,980 |  |  | $ | (2,961) |  |  | $ | 2,102 |  |  | $ | 3,056 |  |  | $ | 3,064 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 481 |  |  | 767 |  |  | 719 |  |  | 762 |  |  | 318 |  |  | (857) |  |  | 709 |  |  | 470 |
Automotive interest expense | 198 |  |  | 206 |  |  | 152 |  |  | 219 |  |  | 215 |  |  | 222 |  |  | 206 |  |  | 229 |
Automotive interest income | (200) |  |  | (229) |  |  | (191) |  |  | (186) |  |  | (279) |  |  | (308) |  |  | (274) |  |  | (322) |
Adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ultium strategic realignment(a) | 330 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
China restructuring actions(b) | 140 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,010 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Restructuring actions(c) | 87 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 190 |  |  | — |
Cruise restructuring(d) | 65 |  |  | 583 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 520 |  |  | 478 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
GMI plant wind down(e) | 33 |  |  | 103 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 43 |  |  | — |
Headquarters relocation(f) | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 26 |  |  | — |  |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |  |  | — |
Buick dealer strategy(g) | — |  |  | 75 |  |  | — |  |  | 96 |  |  | 643 |  |  | 131 |  |  | 150 |  |  | 93 |
Voluntary separation program(h) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 130 |  |  | — |  |  | 30 |
GM Korea wage litigation(i) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (30) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
India asset sales(j) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (111) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total adjustments | 663 |  |  | 761 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 96 |  |  | 5,217 |  |  | 598 |  |  | 417 |  |  | 123 |
EBIT-adjusted | $ | 3,037 |  |  | $ | 4,438 |  |  | $ | 3,490 |  |  | $ | 3,871 |  |  | $ | 2,509 |  |  | $ | 1,757 |  |  | $ | 4,115 |  |  | $ | 3,564 |

__________
(a)These adjustments were excluded because they relate to Ultium Cells Holdings LLC charges from a strategic realignment to have the right manufacturing and cell capabilities in place to meet EV demand and expected growth.
(b)These adjustments were excluded because they relate to restructuring activities associated with our operations in China, including an other-than-temporary impairment and restructuring charges recorded in equity earnings associated with our Automotive China JVs.
(c)These adjustments were excluded because they relate to employee separation charges.
(d)These adjustments were excluded because they relate to restructuring charges resulting from the plan to combine the Cruise and GM technical efforts to advance autonomous and assisted driving, the indefinite delay of the Cruise Origin and the voluntary pausing in 2023 of Cruise's driverless, supervised and manual AV operations in the U.S. The adjustments primarily consist of non-cash restructuring charges, supplier-related charges and employee separation costs.
(e)These adjustments were excluded because they relate to the wind down of our manufacturing operations in Colombia and Ecuador.
(f)These adjustments were excluded because they relate to the GM headquarters relocation, primarily consisting of accelerated depreciation.
(g)These adjustments were excluded because they relate to strategic activities to transition certain Buick dealers out of our dealer network as part of Buick’s EV strategy.
(h)These adjustments were excluded because they relate to the acceleration of attrition as part of the cost reduction program announced in January 2023, primarily in the U.S.
(i)These adjustments were excluded because they relate to the partial resolution of subcontractor matters in Korea.
(j)These adjustments were excluded because they relate to an asset sale resulting from our strategic decision in 2020 to exit India.
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The following table reconciles diluted earnin gs pe r common share to EPS-diluted-adjusted:

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  | June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024
| Amount |  | Per Share |  | Amount |  | Per Share |  | Amount |  | Per Share |  | Amount |  | Per Share
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 1,865 |  |  | $ | 1.91 |  |  | $ | 2,919 |  |  | $ | 2.55 |  |  | $ | 5,224 |  |  | $ | 5.28 |  |  | $ | 5,889 |  |  | $ | 5.10 |
Adjustments(a) | 663 |  |  | 0.68 |  |  | 761 |  |  | 0.66 |  |  | 689 |  |  | 0.70 |  |  | 857 |  |  | 0.74 |
Tax effect on adjustments(b) | (64) |  |  | (0.07) |  |  | (170) |  |  | (0.15) |  |  | (70) |  |  | (0.07) |  |  | (194) |  |  | (0.17) |
Return from preferred shareholders(c) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (593) |  |  | (0.60) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
EPS-diluted-adjusted | $ | 2,464 |  |  | $ | 2.53 |  |  | $ | 3,510 |  |  | $ | 3.06 |  |  | $ | 5,250 |  |  | $ | 5.31 |  |  | $ | 6,552 |  |  | $ | 5.68 |

__________
(a)Refer to the reconciliation of Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders to EBIT-adjusted within this section of MD&A for the details of each individual adjustment.
(b)The tax effect of each adjustment is determined based on the tax laws and valuation allowance status of the jurisdiction to which the adjustment relates.
(c)This adjustment consists of a return from the preferred shareholders related to the redemption of Cruise preferred shares from noncontrolling interest holders in the six months ended June 30, 2025.
The following table reconciles our effective tax rate to ETR-adjusted:

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024 |  | June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024
| Income before income taxes |  | Income tax expense (benefit) |  | Effective tax rate |  | Income before income taxes |  | Income tax expense (benefit) |  | Effective tax rate |  | Income before income taxes |  | Income tax expense (benefit) |  | Effective tax rate |  | Income before income taxes |  | Income tax expense (benefit) |  | Effective tax rate
Effective tax rate | $ | 2,375 |  |  | $ | 481 |  |  | 20.2 | % |  | $ | 3,643 |  |  | $ | 767 |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | 5,946 |  |  | $ | 1,199 |  |  | 20.2 | % |  | $ | 7,359 |  |  | $ | 1,529 |  |  | 20.8 | %
Adjustments(a) | 663 |  |  | 64 |  |  |  |  | 828 |  |  | 170 |  |  |  |  | 689 |  |  | 70 |  |  |  |  | 924 |  |  | 194 |  |  |
ETR-adjusted | $ | 3,038 |  |  | $ | 545 |  |  | 17.9 | % |  | $ | 4,471 |  |  | $ | 937 |  |  | 20.9 | % |  | $ | 6,635 |  |  | $ | 1,269 |  |  | 19.1 | % |  | $ | 8,283 |  |  | $ | 1,723 |  |  | 20.8 | %

__________
(a)Refer to the reconciliation of Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders to EBIT-adjusted within this section of MD&A for adjustment details. These adjustments include Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests where applicable. The tax effect of each adjustment is determined based on the tax laws and valuation allowance status of the jurisdiction to which the adjustment relates.
We define return on equity (ROE) as Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders for the trailing four quarters divided by average equity for the same period. Management uses average equity to provide comparable amounts in the calculation of ROE. The following table summarizes the calculation of ROE (dollars in billions):

| Four Quarters Ended
| June 30, 2025 |  |  | June 30, 2024
Net income attributable to stockholders | $ | 4.8 |  |  |  | $ | 11.1 |
Average equity(a) | $ | 66.8 |  |  |  | $ | 70.4 |
ROE | 7.1 | % |  |  | 15.7 | %

__________
(a)Includes equity of noncontrolling interests where the corresponding earnings (loss) are included in Net income attributable to stockholders.
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The following table summarizes the calculation of ROIC-adjusted (dollars in billions):

| Four Quarters Ended
| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024
EBIT-adjusted(a) | $ | 13.2 |  |  | $ | 13.6 |
Average equity(b) | $ | 66.8 |  |  | $ | 70.4 |
Add: Average automotive debt and interest liabilities (excluding finance leases) | 16.2 |  |  | 16.2 |
Add: Average automotive net pension & OPEB liability | 8.9 |  |  | 9.3 |
Less: Average automotive and other net income tax asset | (22.8) |  |  | (22.1) |
ROIC-adjusted average net assets | $ | 69.1 |  |  | $ | 73.8 |
ROIC-adjusted | 19.0 | % |  | 18.5 | %

__________
(a)Refer to the reconciliation of Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders to EBIT-adjusted within this section of MD&A.
(b)Includes equity of noncontrolling interests where the corresponding earnings (loss) are included in EBIT-adjusted.
Forward-Looking Statements This report and the other reports filed by us with the SEC from time to time, as well as statements incorporated by reference herein and related comments by our management, may include "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the U.S. federal securities laws. Forward-looking statements are any statements other than statements of historical fact. Forward-looking statements represent our current judgment about possible future events and are often identified by words like “aim,” “anticipate,” “appears,” “approximately,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “designed,” “effect,” “estimate,” “evaluate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “goal,” “initiative,” “intend,” “may,” “objective,” “outlook,” “plan,” “potential,” “priorities,” “project,” “pursue,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “when,” “will,” “would,” or the negative of any of those words or similar expressions. In making these statements, we rely on assumptions and analysis based on our experience and perception of historical trends, current conditions and expected future developments as well as other factors we consider appropriate under the circumstances. We believe these judgments are reasonable, but these statements are not guarantees of any future events or financial results, and our actual results may differ materially due to a variety of important factors, many of which are beyond our control. These factors, which may be revised or supplemented in subsequent reports we file with the SEC, include, among others, the following: (1) our ability to deliver new products, services, technologies and customer experiences in response to increased competition and changing consumer needs and preferences; (2) our ability to attract and retain talented and highly skilled employees; (3) our ability to timely fund and introduce new and improved vehicle models, including EVs, that are able to attract a sufficient number of consumers; (4) our ability to profitably deliver a strategic portfolio of EVs; (5) adoptions of EVs by consumers; (6) the success of our current line of ICE vehicles, particularly our full-size SUVs and full-size pickup trucks; (7) our highly competitive industry, which has been historically characterized by excess manufacturing capacity and the use of incentives, and the introduction of new and improved vehicle models by our competitors; (8) the unique technological, operational, regulatory and competitive risks related to our refocused AV strategy on personal vehicles; (9) risks associated with climate change, including increased regulation of GHG emissions, our transition to EVs and the potential increased impacts of severe weather events; (10) global automobile market sales volume, which can be volatile; (11) inflationary pressures and persistently high prices and uncertain availability of raw materials and commodities used by us and our suppliers, and instability in logistics and related costs; (12) our business in China, which is subject to unique operational, competitive, regulatory and economic risks; (13) the success of our ongoing strategic business relationships, particularly with respect to facilitating access to raw materials necessary for the production of EVs, and of our joint ventures, which we cannot operate solely for our benefit and over which we may have limited control; (14) the international scale and footprint of our operations, which expose us to a variety of unique political, economic, competitive and regulatory risks, including the risk of changes in government leadership and laws (including labor, trade, tax and other laws), political uncertainty or instability and economic tensions between governments and changes in international trade policies, new barriers to entry and changes to or withdrawals from free trade agreements, introduction of new or changes to announced tariffs directly and indirectly applicable to our industry, changes in foreign exchange rates and interest rates, economic downturns in the countries in which we operate, differing local product preferences and product requirements, changes to and compliance with U.S. and foreign countries' export controls and economic sanctions, differing labor regulations, requirements and union relationships, differing dealer and franchise regulations and relationships, difficulties in obtaining financing in foreign countries, and public health crises, including the occurrence of a contagious disease or illness; (15) any significant disruption, including any work stoppages, at any of our manufacturing facilities; (16) the ability of our suppliers to deliver parts, systems and components without disruption and at such times to allow us to meet production schedules; (17) pandemics, epidemics, disease outbreaks and other public health crises; (18) the possibility that competitors may independently develop products and services similar to ours, or that our intellectual property rights are not sufficient to prevent competitors from developing or selling those products or services; (19) our ability to manage risks related to security breaches, cyberattacks and other disruptions to our information technology systems and networked products, including connected vehicles; (20) our ability to
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manage security breaches and other disruptions to our in-vehicle systems; (21) our ability to comply with increasingly complex, restrictive and punitive regulations relating to our enterprise data practices, including the collection, use, sharing and security of the personal information of our customers, employees or suppliers; (22) our ability to comply with extensive laws, regulations and policies applicable to our industry, operations and products, including those in the Act and/or relating to fuel economy, emissions and AVs; (23) costs and risks associated with litigation and government investigations; (24) the costs and effect on our reputation of product safety recalls and alleged defects in products and services; (25) any additional tax expense or exposure or failure to fully realize available tax incentives; (26) our continued ability to develop captive financing capability through GM Financial; and (27) any significant increase in our pension funding requirements. A further discussion of these risks, uncertainties and other factors can be found in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors of our 2024 Form 10-K, Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors and our subsequent filings with the SEC.
We caution readers not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, and we undertake no obligation to update publicly or otherwise revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or other factors, except where we are expressly required to do so by law.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
There have been no significant changes in our exposure to market risk since December 31, 2024. For further discussion on market risk, refer to Part II, Item 7A. of our 2024 Form 10-K.
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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures We maintain disclosure controls and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the specified time periods and accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
Our management, with the participation of our CEO and CFO, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Exchange Act) as of June 30, 2025 as required by paragraph (b) of Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15. Based on this evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedu res were effective as of June 30, 2025.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended June 30, 2025 that have materially affected, or are r easonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
SEC regulations require us to disclose certain information about environmental proceedings if a governmental authority is a party to such proceedings and such proceedings involve potential monetary sanctions that we reasonably believe will exceed a stated threshold. Pursuant to the SEC regulations, the Company will use a threshold of $1 million for purposes of determining whether disclosure of any such proceedings is required.
The discussion under Note 14 to our condensed consolidated financial statements is incorporated by reference into this Part II, Item 1.
* * * * * * *
Item 1A. Risk Factors
We face a number of significant risks and uncertainties in connection with our operations. Our business and the results of our operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected by these risk factors. There have been no material changes to the Risk Factors disclosed in our 2024 Form 10-K, other than as set forth below in this Item 1A.
The U.S. Government has introduced new tariffs applicable to the automotive industry, and signaled additional tariffs may be implemented in August 2025. Such tariffs, and tariffs imposed by other governments, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. The U.S. Government has introduced new tariffs and tariff-related measures, including tariffs specifically related to the automotive industry, and has indicated that tariff rates may increase or additional tariffs may be introduced in the coming months. The U.S. Government has also identified other potential tariff measures under consideration. In these respects, the U.S. tariff environment remains highly dynamic and the specific tariffs applicable to goods imported by GM and our suppliers into the U.S. continue to evolve. Import tariffs charged by other countries in which GM does business may also change. We believe the tariffs currently in place will have a $4.0 billion to $5.0 billion impact on our 2025 EBIT-adjusted results, but we cannot predict with complete precision the breadth of tariffs and related costs that will ultimately impact GM this year and beyond. As a result, the ultimate impact of tariffs on our business could exceed our current estimates, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, and our expected financial results. We are taking various actions to mitigate the impact of tariffs including, but not limited to, making changes to our U.S. production plan and reducing or pausing certain imports, but we do not expect such actions to fully offset the impact of tariffs in the near term. We have made and may need to make additional changes to our global production footprint and workforce, which could require significant capital expenditures and could result in asset impairments and other charges, including restructuring charges, any of which could be material. For example, we recently announced plans to increase vehicle and engine production in the U.S. Tariffs could also cause supply chain disruptions globally, potentially resulting in increased production costs and the inability to receive certain critical parts.
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Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Purchases of Equity Securities The following table summarizes our purchases of common stock in the three months ended June 30, 2025:

| Total Number of Shares Purchased(a)(b) |  | Weighted Average Price Paid per Share (b)(c) |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased Under Announced Programs(b) |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet be Purchased Under Announced Programs(b)
April 1, 2025 through April 30, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Final settlement of ASR(b) | 4,890,748 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 4,890,748 |  |  |
Other shares purchased | 30,952 |  |  | $ | 46.39 |  |  | — |  |  | $4.3 billion
May 1, 2025 through May 31, 2025 | 112,259 |  |  | $ | 45.24 |  |  | — |  |  | $4.3 billion
June 1, 2025 through June 30, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Final settlement of ASR(b) | 5,159,608 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 5,159,608 |  |  |
Other shares purchased | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $4.3 billion
Total | 10,193,567 |  |  | $ | 45.49 |  |  | 10,050,356 |  |  |

__________
(a)Shares purchased include shares delivered by employees or directors to us for the payment of taxes resulting from the issuance of common stock upon the vesting of RSUs relating to compensation plans. Refer to our 2024 Form 10-K for additional details on employee stock incentive plans.
(b)In February 2025, our Board of Directors increased the capacity under our existing share repurchase program by $6.0 billion to an aggregate of $6.3 billion, with no expiration, and approved an ASR program to repurchase an aggregate amount of $2.0 billion of our common stock. In February 2025, pursuant to the ASR Agreements, we advanced the $2.0 billion and received and immediately retired 33 million shares of our common stock worth $1.6 billion (80% of the aggregate purchase price based on a $48.46 per share closing share price of our common stock on February 26, 2025). In the three months ended June 30, 2025, upon the final settlement of the transactions contemplated under the ASR Agreements, we received approximately 10 million additional shares, which were immediately retired. The final number of shares received under the ASR program was based on the average of the daily volume-weighted average prices of our common stock during the term of the ASR Agreements, less a discount pursuant to the terms and conditions of the ASR Agreements.
(c)The weighted-average price paid per share excludes broker commissions.
* * * * * * *
Item 5. Other Information
During the three months ended June 30, 2025, the following directors or officers of the Company adopted a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K: (1) on May 6, 2025, Rory Harvey, Executive Vice President and President, Global Markets, adopted a trading plan intended to satisfy Rule 10b5-1(c) to sell up to 18,325 shares of GM common stock and the exercise of vested stock options and the associated sale of up to 16,711 shares of GM common stock between August 5, 2025 and February 28, 2026, subject to certain conditions; and (2) on May 29, 2025, Mary Barra, Chair and Chief Executive Officer, adopted a trading plan intended to satisfy Rule 10b5-1(c) to sell up to 500,000 shares of GM common stock and the exercise of vested stock options and the associated sale of up to 1,214,048 shares of GM common stock between August 28, 2025 and May 30, 2026, subject to certain conditions.
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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit Name |  |
3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of General Motors Company dated June 3, 20 25, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of General Motors Company filed June 5, 20 25 |  | Incorporated by Reference
3.2 |  | General Motors Company Amended and Restated Bylaws, as amended October 4, 2024, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of General Motors Company filed October 9, 2024 |  | Incorporated by Reference
4.1 |  | Eighth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 7, 2025, to the Indenture, dated as of September 27, 2013, between General Motors Company, as issuer, and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of General Motors Company filed May 7, 2025 |  | Incorporated by Reference
31.1 |  | Section 302 Certification of the Chief Executive Officer |  | Filed Herewith
31.2 |  | Section 302 Certification of the Chief Financial Officer |  | Filed Herewith
32 |  | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  | Furnished with this Report
101 |  | The following financial information from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended June 30, 2025, formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language (Inline XBRL) includes: (i) the Condensed Consolidated Income Statements, (ii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iv) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (v) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity and (vi) Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements |  | Filed Herewith
104 |  | The cover page from the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended June 30, 2025, formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101 |  | Filed Herewith

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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  | GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY (Registrant) |
|  |  | By: | /s/ CHRISTOPHER T. HATTO |
|  |  |  | Christopher T. Hatto, Vice President, Global Business Solutions and Chief Accounting Officer |
Date: | July 22, 2025 |  |  |  |

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