Commitments, Contingencies and Uncertainties	9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2025
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Commitments, Contingencies and Uncertainties	Commitments, Contingencies and Uncertainties Litigation-Related Liability and Indirect Tax-Related Matters In the normal course of our business, we are named from time to time as a defendant in various legal actions, including arbitrations, class actions and other litigation. We identify below the material individual proceedings and investigations where we believe a material loss is reasonably possible or probable. We accrue for matters when we believe that losses are probable and can be reasonably estimated. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had accruals of $1.4 billion and $1.1 billion for such legal actions in Accrued liabilities and Other liabilities. In many matters, it is inherently difficult to determine whether a loss is probable or reasonably possible or to estimate the size or range of the potential loss. Some matters may involve compensatory, punitive or other treble damage claims, environmental remediation programs or sanctions that, if granted, could require us to pay damages or make other expenditures in amounts that cannot be reasonably estimated. Accordingly, while we believe that appropriate accruals have been established for losses that are probable and can be reasonably estimated, it is possible that adverse outcomes from such proceedings could exceed the amounts accrued by an amount that could be material to our results of operations or cash flows in any particular reporting period. Opel/Vauxhall Sale In 2017, we sold the Opel and Vauxhall businesses and certain other assets in Europe (the Opel/Vauxhall Business) to PSA Group, now Stellantis N.V. (Stellantis), under a Master Agreement (the Agreement). We also sold the European financing subsidiaries and branches to Banque PSA Finance S.A. and BNP Paribas Personal Finance S.A. Although the sale reduced our new vehicle presence in Europe, we may still be impacted by actions taken by regulators related to vehicles sold before the sale. General Motors Holdings LLC agreed, on behalf of our wholly owned subsidiary (the Seller), to indemnify Stellantis for certain losses resulting from any inaccuracy of the representations and warranties or breaches of our covenants included in the Agreement and for certain other liabilities, including costs related to certain emissions claims, product liabilities and recalls. We are unable to estimate any reasonably possible material loss or range of loss that may result from these actions either directly or through an indemnification claim from Stellantis. Certain of these indemnification obligations are subject to time limitations, thresholds and/or caps as to the amount of required payments. Currently, various consumer lawsuits have been filed against the Seller and Stellantis in Germany, the United Kingdom, Austria and the Netherlands alleging that Opel and Vauxhall vehicles sold by the Seller violated applicable emissions standards. In addition, we indemnified Stellantis for an immaterial amount for certain recalls that Stellantis has conducted or will conduct, including recalls in certain geographic locations that Stellantis intends to conduct related to Takata Corporation (Takata) inflators in legacy Opel vehicles. We may in the future be required to further indemnify Stellantis relating to its Takata recalls, but we believe such further indemnification to be remote at this time. Other Litigation-Related Liabilities Various other legal actions, including class actions, governmental investigations, claims and proceedings are pending against us or our related companies or joint ventures, including, but not limited to, matters arising out of alleged product defects; employment-related matters; product and workplace safety, vehicle emissions and fuel economy regulations; product warranties; financial services; dealer, supplier and other contractual relationships; competition issues; product design, manufacture and performance; consumer protection laws; and environmental protection laws, including laws regulating air emissions, water discharges, waste management and environmental remediation from stationary sources. We also from time to time receive subpoenas and other inquiries or requests for information from agencies or other representatives of U.S. federal, state and foreign governments on a variety of issues. There are several putative class actions pending against GM in the U.S. and Canada alleging that various vehicles sold, including model year 2011–2016 Duramax Diesel Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra vehicles, violate federal and state laws because they release more emissions than a reasonable customer would expect. In July 2023, the two putative class actions pending in the U.S. were dismissed with prejudice and judgment entered in favor of GM, and plaintiffs appealed the dismissal. In August 2024, the Sixth Circuit reversed in part and affirmed in part the dismissal in one of the cases. In June 2025, a different panel in the second case affirmed in part, vacated in part and remanded for further proceedings. We are currently unable to estimate any reasonably possible material loss or range of loss that may result from these actions. GM has also faced a series of additional lawsuits in the U.S. based on these allegations, including a shareholder demand lawsuit that remains pending. There is one putative class action and one certified class action pending against GM in the U.S. alleging that various 2015–2022 model year vehicles are defective because they are equipped with faulty 8-speed transmissions. In March 2023, the judge overseeing the class action concerning 2015–2019 model year vehicles certified 26 state subclasses and GM appealed. In June 2025, the Sixth Circuit decertified all 26 state subclasses and remanded to the district court for further proceedings. The putative class action concerning 2020–2022 model year vehicles is pending in front of a different judge that has not yet addressed class certification. We have similar cases pending in Canada concerning these vehicles. We are currently unable to estimate any reasonably possible or probable material loss or range of loss that may result from these proceedings in excess of the immaterial amounts accrued. Beyond the class action litigations disclosed, we have several other class action litigations pending at any given time. Historically, relatively few classes have been certified in these types of cases. Therefore, we will generally only disclose specific class actions if a class is certified and we believe there is a reasonably possible material exposure to the Company. Takata Matters In November 2020, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) directed that we replace the Takata airbag inflators in our GMT900 vehicles, which are full-size pickup trucks and sport utility vehicles (SUVs), and we decided not to contest NHTSA's decision. While we have already begun the process of executing the recall, given the number of vehicles in this population, the recall will take several years to be completed. Accordingly, in the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded a warranty accrual of $1.1 billion for the expected costs of complying with the recall remedy. At September 30, 2025, our remaining accrual for these matters was $394 million, and we believe the currently accrued amount remains reasonable. GM has recalled certain vehicles sold outside of the U.S. to replace Takata inflators in those vehicles. There are significant differences in vehicle and inflator design between the relevant vehicles sold internationally and those sold in the U.S. We continue to gather and analyze evidence about these inflators and to share our findings with regulators. Any additional recalls relating to these inflators could be material to our results of operations and cash flows. There are several putative class actions that have been filed against GM, including in the U.S. and Canada, arising out of allegations that airbag inflators manufactured by Takata are defective. In March 2023, a U.S. court overseeing one of the putative class actions issued a final judgment in favor of GM on all claims in eight states at issue in that proceeding. In August 2023, the same U.S. court granted class certification as to a Louisiana claim, but denied certification as to seven other states. At this stage of these proceedings, we are unable to provide an estimate of the amounts or range of reasonably possible material loss. ARC Matters In May 2023, we initiated a voluntary recall covering nearly one million 2014–2017 model year Buick Enclave, Chevrolet Traverse and GMC Acadia SUVs equipped with driver front airbag inflators manufactured by ARC Automotive, Inc. (ARC), and accrued an insignificant amount for the expected costs of the recall. As part of its ongoing investigation into ARC airbag inflators, on September 5, 2023, NHTSA issued an Initial Decision that approximately 52 million frontal driver and passenger airbag inflators manufactured by ARC and Delphi Automotive Systems LLC over a roughly 20-year period contain a safety-related defect and must be recalled. On July 31, 2024, NHTSA issued a Supplemental Initial Decision reaffirming its September 2023 Initial Decision and reopening the administrative record to additional public comments. The Initial Decision and the Supplemental Initial Decision are primarily based on the occurrence of seven field ruptures involving ARC-manufactured frontal airbag inflators. We are continuing to investigate the cause of the ruptures in GM vehicles in connection with our existing recalls. On December 13, 2024, NHTSA issued a memorandum indicating that, based on the public comments it had received to date, the agency would be "conducting additional investigation of the issues related to the Supplemental Initial Decision." As indicated in GM's filed comments in the record, we do not believe that further GM vehicle recalls are necessary or appropriate at this time. However, depending on the outcome of the dispute between NHTSA and ARC, and the possibility of additional recalls, the cost of which may not be fully recoverable, it is reasonably possible that the costs associated with these matters in excess of amounts accrued could be material, but we are unable to provide an estimate of the amounts or range of reasonably possible material loss at this time. There are several putative class actions that have been filed against GM, including in the U.S., Canada and Israel, arising out of allegations that airbag inflators manufactured by ARC are defective. At this stage of these proceedings, we are unable to provide an estimate of the amounts or range of reasonably possible material loss. Chevrolet Bolt Recall In July 2021, we initiated a voluntary recall for certain 2017–2019 model year Chevrolet Bolt EVs due to the risk that two manufacturing defects present in the same battery cell could cause a high voltage battery fire in certain of these vehicles. After further investigation into the manufacturing processes at our battery supplier, LGES, and disassembling battery packs, we determined that the risk of battery cell defects was not confined to the initial recall population. As a result, in August 2021, we expanded the recall to include all 2017–2022 model year Chevrolet Bolt EV and Chevrolet Bolt Electric Utility Vehicles (EUVs). LG Electronics, Inc. and LGES (collectively, LG), have agreed to reimburse GM for certain costs and expenses associated with the recall. The commercial negotiations with LG also resolved other commercial matters associated with our Ultium Cells Holdings LLC joint venture with LGES. Accordingly, as of September 30, 2025, we had accrued a total of $2.7 billion and recognized receivables totaling $1.7 billion in connection with these matters. At September 30, 2025, our remaining accrual for these matters was $0.3 billion. These charges reflect our current best estimate for the cost of the recall remedy, which includes non-traditional recall remedies provided by GM to enhance customer satisfaction. The actual costs of the recall could be materially higher or lower. In addition, putative class actions have been filed against GM in the U.S. and Canada alleging that the batteries contained in the Bolt EVs and EUVs included in the recall population are defective. GM has agreed to settle the U.S. class actions for an immaterial amount and the settlement agreement is pending final court approval. Privacy and Consumer Protection Matters There are putative class actions pending against GM in federal courts in the U.S. alleging violations of state and federal privacy and consumer protection laws related to the collection and use of certain consumer data obtained through our former OnStar Smart Driver product. In June 2024, those class actions were consolidated into a multi-district litigation proceeding in the Northern District of Georgia. In addition, several states have filed enforcement lawsuits against us, and other state attorneys general have opened investigations or made inquiries of us relating to these alleged consumer protection and privacy issues. The Company resolved a Federal Trade Commission investigation through an agreed administrative consent order. The Company is defending litigation filed against us and fully cooperating with agencies and attorneys general that are conducting investigations. In the three months ended September 30, 2025, we accrued $0.3 billion in connection with these investigations and litigations. At this stage, we are not able to estimate any reasonably possible or probable material loss or range of loss that may result from these actions beyond this accrual. Product Liability and Breach of Warranty We record liabilities related to product liability claims in Accrued liabilities and Other liabilities for the expected cost of all known product liability claims, plus an estimate of the expected cost for product liability claims that have already been incurred and are expected to be filed in the future for which we are self-insured. It is reasonably possible that our accruals for product liability claims may increase in future periods in material amounts, although we cannot estimate a reasonable range of incremental loss based on currently available information. We believe that any judgment against us involving our products for actual damages will be adequately covered by our recorded accruals and, where applicable, excess liability insurance coverage. We are also subject to breach of warranty claims resulting from state and federal consumer protection laws that allow consumers to hold manufacturers legally responsible in situations where a product cannot be conformed to its warranties. Consumer relief can include, but is not limited to, a refund, a replacement vehicle, a recovery of legal and administrative fees, or other monetary damages. Losses that we believe to be probable and estimable based on evaluation of historical transactions are included in Accrued liabilities and Other liabilities and are reviewed regularly for adequacy. We believe that any judgment against us involving our warranties for actual damages will be adequately covered by our recorded accruals. Guarantees We enter into indemnification agreements for liability claims involving products manufactured primarily by certain joint ventures. These guarantees terminate in years ranging from 2025 to 2030, or upon the occurrence of specific events or are ongoing. We believe that the related potential costs incurred are adequately covered by our recorded accruals, which are insignificant. The maximum future undiscounted payments mainly based on royalties received associated with vehicles sold to date were $4.0 billion and $3.7 billion for these guarantees at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the majority of which relates to the indemnification agreements. We provide payment guarantees on commercial loans outstanding with third parties such as dealers. In some instances, certain assets of the party or our payables to the party whose debt or performance we have guaranteed may offset, to some degree, the amount of any potential future payments. We are also exposed to residual value guarantees associated with certain sales to rental car companies. We periodically enter into agreements that incorporate indemnification provisions in the normal course of business. It is not possible to estimate our maximum exposure under these indemnifications or guarantees due to the conditional nature of these obligations. Insignificant amounts have been recorded for such obligations as the majority of them are not probable or estimable at this time and the fair value of the guarantees at issuance was insignificant. Refer to the Opel/Vauxhall Sale section of this note for additional information on our indemnification obligations to Stellantis under the Agreement. Supplier Finance Programs Third-party finance providers offer certain suppliers the option for payment in advance of their invoice due date through financing programs that we established. We retain our obligation to the participating suppliers, and we make payments directly to the third-party finance providers on the original invoice due date pursuant to the original invoice terms. There are no assets pledged as security or other forms of guarantees provided for committed payments. Our outstanding eligible balances under our supplier finance programs were $1.7 billion and $0.9 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, which are recorded in Accounts payable (principally trade). Indirect Tax-Related Matters Tax matters not subject to the provision of Accounting Standards Codification 740, "Income Taxes" that pertain to value added taxes, customs, duties, sales tax, property taxes and other non-income tax exposures are evaluated globally. For indirect tax-related matters, we estimate our reasonably possible loss in excess of amounts accrued to be up to $6.7 billion at September 30, 2025. Certain indirect tax-related administrative proceedings may require that we deposit funds in escrow or provide an alternative form of security. We are not able to estimate the timing or amount of potential deposits and currently believe any required amounts will not be material. Emissions-Related Uncertainties We are subject to state and federal governmental regulations, as well as regulations from governments outside of the U.S., relating to fuel economy standards and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. There are several methods to comply with these regulations that we have utilized and may continue to utilize, including, but not limited to, increasing production and sales of certain vehicles, such as EVs; curtailing production of certain vehicles, such as internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles; certain technology changes; and/or the purchase of emission credits from third parties. Recently, the U.S. Government began to take actions to reduce the stringency and/or scope of these regulations. During the three months ended September 30, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the Act) set the civil penalties for noncompliance with corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards to zero, and NHTSA submitted a proposal to amend CAFE standards to the Office of Management and Budget for review. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) also proposed to remove GHG regulations for light-, medium- and heavy-duty on-highway vehicles on a retrospective and prospective basis. We expect any final action to alter U.S. GHG regulations to be subject to legal challenges that could result in the revised rules being vacated until conclusion of the legal proceedings, which is unlikely to occur in the near term. Under current regulations, shortfalls to certain emissions standards could result in legal or regulatory proceedings, the recall or decertification of one or more of our products, negotiated remedial actions, fines and penalties, and/or restricted product offerings. Based on our current and forecasted sales mix, we currently have, and expect to continue to have shortfalls in complying with current U.S. regulations. We recorded compliance-related costs of $0.3 billion and $0.2 billion in the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 and $0.7 billion and $0.6 billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 in Automotive and other cost of sales. Our compliance-related costs in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 include an insignificant charge to write off acquired CAFE credits. Additional compliance costs, under current regulations, including potential fines and penalties, are not reasonably estimable and could be substantial. At September 30, 2025, the carrying amount of our acquired credits was $1.2 billion, most of which may be subject to impairment in the near term should the EPA remove GHG regulations.

Litigation-Related Liability and Indirect Tax-Related Matters In the normal course of our business, we are named from time to time as a defendant in various legal actions, including arbitrations, class actions and other litigation. We identify below the material individual proceedings and investigations where we believe a material loss is reasonably possible or probable. We accrue for matters when we believe that losses are probable and can be reasonably estimated. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had accruals of $1.4 billion and $1.1 billion for such legal actions in Accrued liabilities and Other liabilities. In many matters, it is inherently difficult to determine whether a loss is probable or reasonably possible or to estimate the size or range of the potential loss. Some matters may involve compensatory, punitive or other treble damage claims, environmental remediation programs or sanctions that, if granted, could require us to pay damages or make other expenditures in amounts that cannot be reasonably estimated. Accordingly, while we believe that appropriate accruals have been established for losses that are probable and can be reasonably estimated, it is possible that adverse outcomes from such proceedings could exceed the amounts accrued by an amount that could be material to our results of operations or cash flows in any particular reporting period.

Opel/Vauxhall Sale In 2017, we sold the Opel and Vauxhall businesses and certain other assets in Europe (the Opel/Vauxhall Business) to PSA Group, now Stellantis N.V. (Stellantis), under a Master Agreement (the Agreement). We also sold the European financing subsidiaries and branches to Banque PSA Finance S.A. and BNP Paribas Personal Finance S.A. Although the sale reduced our new vehicle presence in Europe, we may still be impacted by actions taken by regulators related to vehicles sold before the sale. General Motors Holdings LLC agreed, on behalf of our wholly owned subsidiary (the Seller), to indemnify Stellantis for certain losses resulting from any inaccuracy of the representations and warranties or breaches of our covenants included in the Agreement and for certain other liabilities, including costs related to certain emissions claims, product liabilities and recalls. We are unable to estimate any reasonably possible material loss or range of loss that may result from these actions either directly or through an indemnification claim from Stellantis. Certain of these indemnification obligations are subject to time limitations, thresholds and/or caps as to the amount of required payments.

Currently, various consumer lawsuits have been filed against the Seller and Stellantis in Germany, the United Kingdom, Austria and the Netherlands alleging that Opel and Vauxhall vehicles sold by the Seller violated applicable emissions standards. In addition, we indemnified Stellantis for an immaterial amount for certain recalls that Stellantis has conducted or will conduct, including recalls in certain geographic locations that Stellantis intends to conduct related to Takata Corporation (Takata) inflators in legacy Opel vehicles. We may in the future be required to further indemnify Stellantis relating to its Takata recalls, but we believe such further indemnification to be remote at this time.

Other Litigation-Related Liabilities Various other legal actions, including class actions, governmental investigations, claims and proceedings are pending against us or our related companies or joint ventures, including, but not limited to, matters arising out of alleged product defects; employment-related matters; product and workplace safety, vehicle emissions and fuel economy regulations; product warranties; financial services; dealer, supplier and other contractual relationships; competition issues; product design, manufacture and performance; consumer protection laws; and environmental protection laws, including laws regulating air emissions, water discharges, waste management and environmental remediation from stationary sources. We also from time to time receive subpoenas and other inquiries or requests for information from agencies or other representatives of U.S. federal, state and foreign governments on a variety of issues.

There are several putative class actions pending against GM in the U.S. and Canada alleging that various vehicles sold, including model year 2011–2016 Duramax Diesel Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra vehicles, violate federal and state laws because they release more emissions than a reasonable customer would expect. In July 2023, the two putative class actions pending in the U.S. were dismissed with prejudice and judgment entered in favor of GM, and plaintiffs appealed the dismissal. In August 2024, the Sixth Circuit reversed in part and affirmed in part the dismissal in one of the cases. In June 2025, a different panel in the second case affirmed in part, vacated in part and remanded for further proceedings. We are currently unable to estimate any reasonably possible material loss or range of loss that may result from these actions. GM has also faced a series of additional lawsuits in the U.S. based on these allegations, including a shareholder demand lawsuit that remains pending.

There is one putative class action and one certified class action pending against GM in the U.S. alleging that various 2015–2022 model year vehicles are defective because they are equipped with faulty 8-speed transmissions. In March 2023, the judge overseeing the class action concerning 2015–2019 model year vehicles certified 26 state subclasses and GM appealed. In June 2025, the Sixth Circuit decertified all 26 state subclasses and remanded to the district court for further proceedings. The putative class action concerning 2020–2022 model year vehicles is pending in front of a different judge that has not yet addressed class certification. We have similar cases pending in Canada concerning these vehicles. We are currently unable to estimate any reasonably possible or probable material loss or range of loss that may result from these proceedings in excess of the immaterial amounts accrued.

Takata Matters In November 2020, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) directed that we replace the Takata airbag inflators in our GMT900 vehicles, which are full-size pickup trucks and sport utility vehicles (SUVs), and we decided not to contest NHTSA's decision. While we have already begun the process of executing the recall, given the number of vehicles in this population, the recall will take several years to be completed. Accordingly, in the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded a warranty accrual of $1.1 billion for the expected costs of complying with the recall remedy. At September 30, 2025, our remaining accrual for these matters was $394 million, and we believe the currently accrued amount remains reasonable.

GM has recalled certain vehicles sold outside of the U.S. to replace Takata inflators in those vehicles. There are significant differences in vehicle and inflator design between the relevant vehicles sold internationally and those sold in the U.S. We continue to gather and analyze evidence about these inflators and to share our findings with regulators. Any additional recalls relating to these inflators could be material to our results of operations and cash flows.

There are several putative class actions that have been filed against GM, including in the U.S. and Canada, arising out of allegations that airbag inflators manufactured by Takata are defective. In March 2023, a U.S. court overseeing one of the putative class actions issued a final judgment in favor of GM on all claims in eight states at issue in that proceeding. In August 2023, the same U.S. court granted class certification as to a Louisiana claim, but denied certification as to seven other states. At

ARC Matters In May 2023, we initiated a voluntary recall covering nearly one million 2014–2017 model year Buick Enclave, Chevrolet Traverse and GMC Acadia SUVs equipped with driver front airbag inflators manufactured by ARC Automotive, Inc. (ARC), and accrued an insignificant amount for the expected costs of the recall. As part of its ongoing investigation into ARC airbag inflators, on September 5, 2023, NHTSA issued an Initial Decision that approximately 52 million frontal driver and passenger airbag inflators manufactured by ARC and Delphi Automotive Systems LLC over a roughly 20-year period contain a safety-related defect and must be recalled. On July 31, 2024, NHTSA issued a Supplemental Initial Decision reaffirming its September 2023 Initial Decision and reopening the administrative record to additional public comments. The Initial Decision and the Supplemental Initial Decision are primarily based on the occurrence of seven field ruptures involving ARC-manufactured frontal airbag inflators. We are continuing to investigate the cause of the ruptures in GM vehicles in connection with our existing recalls. On December 13, 2024, NHTSA issued a memorandum indicating that, based on the public comments it had received to date, the agency would be "conducting additional investigation of the issues related to the Supplemental Initial Decision." As indicated in GM's filed comments in the record, we do not believe that further GM vehicle recalls are necessary or appropriate at this time. However, depending on the outcome of the dispute between NHTSA and ARC, and the possibility of additional recalls, the cost of which may not be fully recoverable, it is reasonably possible that the costs associated with these matters in excess of amounts accrued could be material, but we are unable to provide an estimate of the amounts or range of reasonably possible material loss at this time.

Chevrolet Bolt Recall In July 2021, we initiated a voluntary recall for certain 2017–2019 model year Chevrolet Bolt EVs due to the risk that two manufacturing defects present in the same battery cell could cause a high voltage battery fire in certain of these vehicles. After further investigation into the manufacturing processes at our battery supplier, LGES, and disassembling battery packs, we determined that the risk of battery cell defects was not confined to the initial recall population. As a result, in August 2021, we expanded the recall to include all 2017–2022 model year Chevrolet Bolt EV and Chevrolet Bolt Electric Utility Vehicles (EUVs). LG Electronics, Inc. and LGES (collectively, LG), have agreed to reimburse GM for certain costs and expenses associated with the recall. The commercial negotiations with LG also resolved other commercial matters associated with our Ultium Cells Holdings LLC joint venture with LGES. Accordingly, as of September 30, 2025, we had accrued a total of $2.7 billion and recognized receivables totaling $1.7 billion in connection with these matters. At September 30, 2025, our remaining accrual for these matters was $0.3 billion. These charges reflect our current best estimate for the cost of the recall remedy, which includes non-traditional recall remedies provided by GM to enhance customer satisfaction. The actual costs of the recall could be materially higher or lower.

Privacy and Consumer Protection Matters There are putative class actions pending against GM in federal courts in the U.S. alleging violations of state and federal privacy and consumer protection laws related to the collection and use of certain consumer data obtained through our former OnStar Smart Driver product. In June 2024, those class actions were consolidated into a multi-district litigation proceeding in the Northern District of Georgia. In addition, several states have filed enforcement lawsuits against us, and other state attorneys general have opened investigations or made inquiries of us relating to these alleged consumer protection and privacy issues. The Company resolved a Federal Trade Commission investigation through an agreed administrative consent order. The Company is defending litigation filed against us and fully cooperating with agencies and attorneys general that are conducting investigations. In the three months ended September 30, 2025, we accrued $0.3 billion in connection with these investigations and litigations. At this stage, we are not able to estimate any reasonably possible or probable material loss or range of loss that may result from these actions beyond this accrual.

Product Liability and Breach of Warranty We record liabilities related to product liability claims in Accrued liabilities and Other liabilities for the expected cost of all known product liability claims, plus an estimate of the expected cost for product liability claims that have already been incurred and are expected to be filed in the future for which we are self-insured. It is reasonably possible that our accruals for product liability claims may increase in future periods in material amounts, although we cannot estimate a reasonable range of incremental loss based on currently available information. We believe that any

We are also subject to breach of warranty claims resulting from state and federal consumer protection laws that allow consumers to hold manufacturers legally responsible in situations where a product cannot be conformed to its warranties. Consumer relief can include, but is not limited to, a refund, a replacement vehicle, a recovery of legal and administrative fees, or other monetary damages. Losses that we believe to be probable and estimable based on evaluation of historical transactions are included in Accrued liabilities and Other liabilities and are reviewed regularly for adequacy. We believe that any judgment against us involving our warranties for actual damages will be adequately covered by our recorded accruals.

Guarantees We enter into indemnification agreements for liability claims involving products manufactured primarily by certain joint ventures. These guarantees terminate in years ranging from 2025 to 2030, or upon the occurrence of specific events or are ongoing. We believe that the related potential costs incurred are adequately covered by our recorded accruals, which are insignificant. The maximum future undiscounted payments mainly based on royalties received associated with vehicles sold to date were $4.0 billion and $3.7 billion for these guarantees at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the majority of which relates to the indemnification agreements.

We provide payment guarantees on commercial loans outstanding with third parties such as dealers. In some instances, certain assets of the party or our payables to the party whose debt or performance we have guaranteed may offset, to some degree, the amount of any potential future payments. We are also exposed to residual value guarantees associated with certain sales to rental car companies.

We periodically enter into agreements that incorporate indemnification provisions in the normal course of business. It is not possible to estimate our maximum exposure under these indemnifications or guarantees due to the conditional nature of these obligations. Insignificant amounts have been recorded for such obligations as the majority of them are not probable or estimable at this time and the fair value of the guarantees at issuance was insignificant. Refer to the Opel/Vauxhall Sale section of this note for additional information on our indemnification obligations to Stellantis under the Agreement.

Supplier Finance Programs Third-party finance providers offer certain suppliers the option for payment in advance of their invoice due date through financing programs that we established. We retain our obligation to the participating suppliers, and we make payments directly to the third-party finance providers on the original invoice due date pursuant to the original invoice terms. There are no assets pledged as security or other forms of guarantees provided for committed payments. Our outstanding eligible balances under our supplier finance programs were $1.7 billion and $0.9 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, which are recorded in Accounts payable (principally trade).

Indirect Tax-Related Matters Tax matters not subject to the provision of Accounting Standards Codification 740, "Income Taxes" that pertain to value added taxes, customs, duties, sales tax, property taxes and other non-income tax exposures are evaluated globally. For indirect tax-related matters, we estimate our reasonably possible loss in excess of amounts accrued to be up to $6.7 billion at September 30, 2025. Certain indirect tax-related administrative proceedings may require that we deposit funds in escrow or provide an alternative form of security. We are not able to estimate the timing or amount of potential deposits and currently believe any required amounts will not be material.

Emissions-Related Uncertainties We are subject to state and federal governmental regulations, as well as regulations from governments outside of the U.S., relating to fuel economy standards and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. There are several methods to comply with these regulations that we have utilized and may continue to utilize, including, but not limited to, increasing production and sales of certain vehicles, such as EVs; curtailing production of certain vehicles, such as internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles; certain technology changes; and/or the purchase of emission credits from third parties. Recently, the U.S. Government began to take actions to reduce the stringency and/or scope of these regulations. During the three months ended September 30, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the Act) set the civil penalties for noncompliance with corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards to zero, and NHTSA submitted a proposal to amend CAFE standards to the Office of Management and Budget for review. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) also proposed to remove GHG regulations for light-, medium- and heavy-duty on-highway vehicles on a retrospective and prospective basis. We expect any final action to alter U.S. GHG regulations to be subject to legal challenges that could result in the revised rules being vacated until conclusion of the legal proceedings, which is unlikely to occur in the near term.

offerings. Based on our current and forecasted sales mix, we currently have, and expect to continue to have shortfalls in complying with current U.S. regulations. We recorded compliance-related costs of $0.3 billion and $0.2 billion in the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 and $0.7 billion and $0.6 billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 in Automotive and other cost of sales. Our compliance-related costs in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 include an insignificant charge to write off acquired CAFE credits. Additional compliance costs, under current regulations, including potential fines and penalties, are not reasonably estimable and could be substantial. At September 30, 2025, the carrying amount of our acquired credits was $1.2 billion, most of which may be subject to impairment in the near term should the EPA remove GHG regulations.