Restructuring and Other Initiatives

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2025

Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]

We have executed various restructuring and other initiatives and we may execute additional initiatives in the future, if necessary, to streamline manufacturing capacity and reduce other costs to improve the utilization of remaining facilities. To the extent these programs involve voluntary separations, a liability is generally recorded at the time offers to employees are accepted. To the extent these programs provide separation benefits in accordance with pre-existing agreements, a liability is recorded once the amount is probable and reasonably estimable. If employees are involuntarily terminated, a liability is generally recorded at the communication date. Related charges are recorded in Automotive and other cost of sales and Automotive and other selling, general and administrative expense.

The following table summarizes the reserves and charges related to restructuring and other initiatives, including postemployment benefit reserves and charges:


	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2025		September 30, 2024		September 30, 2025		September 30, 2024
Balance at beginning of period	$	854	$	615	$	1,243	$	779
Additions, interest accretion and other	366		369		868		781
Payments	(379)		(363)		(1,274)		(935)
Revisions to estimates and effect of foreign currency	(1)		(3)		4		(7)
Balance at end of period	$	841	$	617	$	841	$	617

We recorded no charges in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and incurred $708 million in cash outflows in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 resulting from strategic restructuring activities in GMNA related to Buick dealerships. Cumulatively, we have incurred charges of approximately $2.0 billion and cash outflows of $2.0 billion related to this initiative, which is substantially complete as of September 30, 2025.

We have made significant investments and contractual commitments in the development of EVs to help our vehicle fleet comply with emissions and fuel economy regulations that were scheduled to become increasingly stringent. Following recent U.S. Government policy changes, including the termination of certain consumer tax incentives for EV purchases, we expect the adoption rate of EVs to slow. These developments have caused us to reassess our EV capacity and manufacturing footprint. Based on a planned strategic realignment of our EV capacity and manufacturing footprint to expected consumer demand, we recorded charges of $1.6 billion in GMNA in the three months ended September 30, 2025. These charges include non-cash impairment and other charges of $1.2 billion, which are not reflected in the table above, resulting from adjustments to our EV capacity. In addition, we incurred charges of $404 million, of which $356 million are reflected in the table above, primarily related to contract cancellation fees and commercial settlements associated with EV-related investments that will have a cash impact when paid. The non-cash impairment charges include the cost of writing down EV-related tooling and equipment to its nominal salvage value. The reassessment of our EV capacity and manufacturing footprint, including our investments in our battery component manufacturing, is ongoing. In October 2025, we decided to stop producing our BrightDrop EVs. Our CAMI Assembly facility in Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada will be assessed for future opportunities. Because of this decision, we expect to record impairments and other charges in the three months ended December 31, 2025 that are not currently estimable. It is also reasonably possible that we will recognize other future material cash and non-cash charges as a result of our ongoing reassessment of our EV capacity.

In October 2023, Cruise voluntarily paused all of its driverless, supervised and manual autonomous vehicle (AV) operations in the U.S. while it examined its processes, systems and tools. In conjunction with these actions, Cruise recorded charges before noncontrolling interest of $529 million in the year ended December 31, 2023, which included non-cash restructuring charges of $250 million. In June 2024, Cruise indefinitely delayed the Cruise Origin and recognized primarily non-cash charges before noncontrolling interest of $631 million. In December 2024, in conjunction with GM's announcement of its decision to no longer fund Cruise's robotaxi development work and its plans to combine the Cruise and GM technical efforts to advance autonomous and assisted driving, Cruise recorded net charges before noncontrolling interest of $522 million, which included net non-cash restructuring charges of $173 million. Cumulatively, we have incurred $577 million of cash outflows resulting from these restructuring activities and have a remaining accrual of $137 million as of September 30, 2025. We expect to complete these restructuring activities by the end of 2025.