FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy establishes three levels to classify the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 inputs are quoted prices in markets that are not active, quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (for example, interest rate and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals, forward pricing curves used to value currency and commodity contracts and volatility measurements used to value option contracts), or inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data or other means. Level 3 inputs are unobservable (supported by little or no market activity). The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to Level 1 inputs and the lowest priority to Level 3 inputs.

a) Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis



Fair Value Measurements
At December 31, 2018	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		Significant Other Observable Inputs			Significant Unobservable Inputs		Aggregate Fair Value
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)			(Level 3)
Cash and equivalents		$1,571		$—			$—		$1,571
Other investments	209		—			—		209
Derivatives	—		—			—		—
Receivables from provisional copper and gold sales	—		76			—		76
		$1,780		$76			$—		$1,856

Fair Value Measurements
At December 31, 2017	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		Significant Other Observable Inputs			Significant Unobservable Inputs		Aggregate Fair Value
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)			(Level 3)
Cash and equivalents		$2,234		$—			$—		$2,234
Other investments	33		—			—		33
Derivatives	—		(29		)	—		(29		)
Receivables from provisional copper and gold sales	—		110			—		110
		$2,267		$81			$—		$2,348

b) Fair Values of Financial Assets and Liabilities



	At December 31, 2018				At December 31, 2017
	Carrying amount		Estimated fair value		Carrying amount		Estimated fair value
Financial assets
Other assets¹		$559		$559		$572		$572
Other investments²	209		209		33		33
Derivative assets	3		3		3		3
		$771		$771		$608		$608
Financial liabilities
Debt³		$5,738		$6,183		$6,423		$7,715
Derivative liabilities	3		3		32		32
Other liabilities	297		297		252		252
		$6,038		$6,483		$6,707		$7,999


¹	Includes restricted cash and amounts due from our partners.


²	Recorded at fair value. Quoted market prices are used to determine fair value.

Debt is generally recorded at amortized cost except for obligations that are designated in a fair-value hedge relationship, in which case the carrying amount is adjusted for changes in fair value of the hedging instrument in periods when a hedge relationship exists. The fair value of debt is primarily determined using quoted market prices. Balance includes both current and long-term portions of debt.

We do not offset financial assets with financial liabilities.

c) Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis



	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets		Significant other observable inputs		Significant unobservable inputs		Aggregate fair value
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Other assets¹		$—		$—		$190		$190
Property, plant and equipment²	—		—		801		801
Intangible assets³	—		—		10		10
Goodwill⁴	—		—		—		—


¹	Other assets were written down by $74 million, which was included in earnings in this period.


²	Property, plant and equipment were written down by $648 million, which was included in earnings in this period.


³	Intangibles were written down by $24 million, which was included in earnings in this period, to their fair value less costs of disposal of $10 million.


⁴	Goodwill was fully written down at Veladero by $154 million, which was included in earnings in this period.

Valuation Techniques

Cash Equivalents

The fair value of our cash equivalents is classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using quoted market prices in active markets. Our cash equivalents are comprised of U.S. Treasury bills and money market securities that are invested primarily in U.S. Treasury bills.

Other Investments

The fair value of other investments is determined based on the closing price of each security at the balance sheet date. The closing price is a quoted market price obtained from the exchange that is the principal active market for the particular security, and therefore other investments are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.

Derivative Instruments

The fair value of derivative instruments is determined using either present value techniques or option pricing models that utilize a variety of inputs that are a combination of quoted prices and market-corroborated inputs. The fair value of all our derivative contracts includes an adjustment for credit risk. For counterparties in a net asset position, credit risk is based upon the observed credit default swap spread for each particular counterparty, as appropriate. For counterparties in a net liability position, credit risk is based upon Barrick’s observed credit default swap (“CDS”) spread. The fair value of US dollar interest rate and currency swap contracts is determined by discounting contracted cash flows using a discount rate derived from observed LIBOR and swap rate curves and credit default swap rates. In the case of currency contracts, we convert non-US dollar cash flows into US dollars using an exchange rate derived from currency swap curves and CDS rates. The fair value of commodity forward contracts is determined by discounting contractual cash flows using a discount rate derived from observed LIBOR and swap rate curves and CDS rates. Contractual cash flows are calculated using a forward pricing curve derived from observed forward prices for each commodity. Derivative instruments are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Receivables from Provisional Copper and Gold Sales

The fair value of receivables arising from copper and gold sales contracts that contain provisional pricing mechanisms is determined using the appropriate quoted forward price from the exchange that is the principal active market for the particular metal. As such, these receivables, which meet the definition of an embedded derivative, are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Other Long-Term Assets

The fair value of property, plant and equipment, goodwill, intangibles and other assets is determined primarily using an income approach based on unobservable cash flows and a market multiples approach where applicable, and as a result is classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Refer to note 21 for disclosure of inputs used to develop these measures.