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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-K
(Mark One)

☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019
or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File Number: 001-16391

Axon Enterprise, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 86-0741227
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
17800 North 85th Street |  | 85255
Scottsdale | , | Arizona |  |  |
(Address of principal executive offices) |  |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:
(480) 991-0797
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.00001 par value per share | AAXN | The NASDAQ Global Select Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
(Title of Class)
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer |  | ☐
Non-accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ☐
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company |  | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of June 30, 2019, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $3.737 billion based on the closing sale price as reported on the NASDAQ Global Select Market.
The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding as of February 18, 2020 was 59,528,200.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Parts of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for its 2020 annual meeting of stockholders to be prepared and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after December 31, 2019 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

Table of Contents
AXON ENTERPRISE, INC.
INDEX TO ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2019

| PART I | Page
Item 1. | Business | 4
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 8
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 21
Item 2. | Properties | 22
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 22
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 22
| PART II |
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 23
Item 6. | Selected Financial Data | 25
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 26
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 43
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 45
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 88
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 88
Item 9B. | Other Information | 90
| PART III |
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 90
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 90
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 90
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 90
Item 14. | Principal Accounting Fees and Services | 90
| PART IV |
Item 15. | Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules | 91
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 92

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PART I
Statements contained in this report that are not historical are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), including statements regarding our expectations, beliefs, intentions and strategies regarding the future. We intend that such forward-looking statements be subject to the safe-harbor provided by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such statements give our current expectations or forecasts of future events; they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. Words such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “future,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “estimate,” and similar expressions, as well as statements in future tense, identify forward-looking statements. However, not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words.
We cannot guarantee that any forward-looking statement will be realized, although we believe we have been prudent in our plans and assumptions. Achievement of future results is subject to risks, uncertainties and potentially inaccurate assumptions. The following important factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements: our ability to design, introduce and sell new products or features; our ability to defend against litigation and protect our intellectual property, and the resulting costs of this activity; our ability to manage our supply chain and avoid production delays, shortages, and impacts to expected gross margins; the impact of stock compensation expense, impairment expense, and income tax expense on our financial results; customer purchase behavior, including adoption of our software as a service delivery model; our exposure to cancellations of government contracts due to appropriation clauses, exercise of a cancellation clause, or non-exercise of contractually optional periods; negative media publicity regarding our products; the impact of product mix on projected gross margins; defects in our products; changes in the costs of product components and labor; loss of customer data, a breach of security, or an extended outage, including our reliance on third party cloud-based storage providers; exposure to international operational risks; delayed cash collections and possible credit losses due to our subscription model; changes in government regulations in the U.S. and in foreign markets, especially related to the classification of our product by the United States Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives and to evolving regulations surrounding privacy and data protection; our ability to integrate acquired businesses; our ability to attract and retain key personnel; and counter-party risks relating to cash balances held in excess of FDIC insurance limits. Many events beyond our control may determine whether results we anticipate will be achieved. Should known or unknown risks or uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove inaccurate, actual results could differ materially from past results and those anticipated, estimated or projected. You should bear this in mind as you consider forward-looking statements. This report lists various important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from expected and historical results. These factors are intended as cautionary statements for investors within the meaning of Section 21E of the Exchange Act and Section 27A of the Securities Act. Readers can find them under the heading “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and investors should refer to them. You should understand that it is not possible to predict or identify all such factors. Consequently, you should not consider any such list to be a complete set of all potential risks or uncertainties.
Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. You are advised, however, to consult any further disclosures we make on related subjects in our Form 10-Q, 8-K and 10-K reports to the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Our filings with the SEC may be accessed at the SEC’s web site at www.sec.gov.
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Item 1. Business
Axon Enterprise, Inc. may be referred to as “the Company,” “Axon,” “we,” or “our.” We were incorporated in Arizona in September 1993 as ICER Corporation. We changed our name to AIR TASER, Inc. in December 1993 and to TASER International, Incorporated in April 1998. In January 2001, we reincorporated in Delaware as TASER International, Inc., and in April 2017, changed our name to Axon Enterprise, Inc.
Our headquarters in Scottsdale, Arizona houses our executive management, sales, marketing, certain engineering, manufacturing, finance and other administrative support functions. Our global software hub is located in Seattle, Washington, and we also have subsidiaries and / or offices located in Australia, Canada, Finland, Hong Kong, Germany, India, Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Vietnam.
Overview
Axon’s mission is to protect life. We fulfill this mission through developing hardware and software products that advance our long term vision of a) obsoleting the bullet, b) reducing social conflict, and c) enabling a fair and effective justice system. Our products solve some of society's most challenging problems and our mission attracts top talent.
An axon is a nerve fiber that serves as the primary communication link in a nervous system — similarly, we see ourselves as building the nervous system for public safety. Our growth strategy includes heavy R&D investment to support continuous innovation on behalf of law enforcement customers. In addition, we are expanding our sales force to support sales into law-enforcement-adjacent markets, to include the U.S. federal government and military, U.S. and international departments of corrections (prisons), and the fire and emergency medical services markets.
In these markets, we seek to increasingly drive adoption of integrated product bundles that generate recurring revenue and cash flow. The Axon Network is a mutually reinforcing suite — the more subscribers we attract, the more value we can offer. More value delivered drives user adoption, which generates data for collaborative sharing, real-time communications, and improving product performance with artificial intelligence ("AI") training.
Axon's operations comprise two reportable segments:

1. | TASER: Axon is the market leader in the development, manufacture and sale of conducted energy weapons ("CEWs"), also known as conducted energy devices ("CEDs"), which we sell under our brand name, TASER. Research has shown that the TASER device is the most effective less-than-lethal force option, with the lowest likelihood of injury to officers and assailants. Since our inception in 1993, the TASER has been adopted by a majority of U.S. police departments and is used daily to help keep communities safe.

2. | Software and Sensors: Axon is the market leader in on-officer body (Axon Body and Flex) and in-car (Axon Fleet) cameras as well as cloud-based digital evidence management software (Evidence.com). We develop, manufacture and sell fully integrated hardware and cloud-based software solutions that enable law enforcement to capture, securely store, manage, share and analyze video and other digital evidence. Of the 69 largest metropolitan area police departments in the U.S., 47 are on the Axon Network.

Further information about our reportable segments and sales by geographic region is included in Notes 1 and 17 of the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. For backlog by reportable segment, refer to Part II, Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Guiding Product Principles
Axon’s products are generally cloud-connected, designed to drive better outcomes and customer experiences, and sold via bundles. Our solutions are organized into four categories:
•De-escalation: We develop smart weapons and tools that support public safety officers in de-escalating situations, avoiding or minimizing use of force. These tools include the cloud-connected TASER CED (TASER 7) as
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well as a suite of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality ("AR/VR") training services for law enforcement, delivered through our Axon Academy training platform. To obsolete firearms and bullets, we intend to not only develop more effective TASER devices over time but also drive training and adoption of the best practices in modern policing.
•Sensors: Our digital evidence management software, Axon Evidence, supports our network of cloud-connected cameras and sensors. Axon Evidence addresses the challenges presented by growing amounts of digital evidence via closed circuit television video, body worn camera video, in-car camera video, and citizen-captured digital evidence, making it easy to store, manage, redact and share on one platform. Axon Evidence is the world’s largest cloud-hosted data repository of law enforcement video data and other types of electronic evidence. Axon is also driving innovation in the body camera category through developing solutions that do more than collect, store and manage video. In September 2019, we began shipping Axon Body 3, a camera with an LTE antenna and a Global Positioning System ("GPS") chip, which supports real-time awareness.
•Productivity: Our productivity suite of tools is designed to reduce time spent on paperwork. Axon Records, an emerging product, is a cloud-based report-writing software tool that takes a disruptive modern approach to displace legacy records management systems ("RMS") by putting body camera video at the heart of the incident record. Axon Records includes Axon Standards, a radically simpler approach to use-of-force reporting that can be easily adopted alongside a traditional RMS before upgrading to the full service. Axon Performance helps agencies to ensure that officers are adhering to agency policies, and provides them the analytics to demonstrate the effectiveness of their body-worn camera programs. Redaction Assistant enables agencies to redact videos in a fraction of the time through the use of artificial intelligence ("AI").
•Communications: We are developing communication tools that support real-time situational awareness through the sharing of information across myriad media, including voice, messaging, location mapping, and intelligence and evidence sharing. Products include Axon Aware, which allows agencies to know the GPS location of their officers and what those officers are experiencing through live video streaming, and Axon Dispatch, which is a computer-aided dispatch ("CAD") product that is designed to empower everyone in public safety who is involved in incident response: dispatchers, call takers, command staff, patrol officers, firefighters and medical personnel.
Sales and Distribution
Axon's direct sales force and strong customer relationships represent key strategic advantages. The majority of our revenues are generated via direct sales, including our online store, although we do leverage distribution partners and third-party resellers.
No customer represented more than 10% of total net sales for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 or 2017.
Our primary customer market is US law enforcement. Of the approximately 18,000 law enforcement agencies in the US, we have a customer relationship with approximately 17,000. Axon has dedicated sales representatives for the 1,200 largest agencies, which account for 70% to 80% of U.S. law enforcement patrol officers. The remaining agencies are served via our telesales team as well as distributors. Internationally, we began focusing on a direct sales strategy in 2017, and in 2018 and 2019 we made significant investments in building out our international direct sales force, particularly in the United Kingdom, Europe, Australia and New Zealand.
In 2019, we added sales personnel to capture law enforcement-adjacent markets, such as the US federal government and military, U.S. and international departments of corrections, and the fire and emergency medical services markets.
Governmental agencies generally have the ability to terminate our contracts, in whole or in part, for reasons including, but not limited to, non-appropriation of funds.
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Manufacturing and Supply Chain
We perform light manufacturing, final assembly, and final test operations at our headquarters in Scottsdale, Arizona, and own substantially all of the equipment required to develop, prototype, manufacture and assemble our finished products. We have continued to maintain both our ISO 9001 and our ISO 9001:2015 certifications.
We obtain many of our components from single source suppliers; however, because we own the injection molded component tooling used in their production, we believe we could obtain alternative suppliers in most cases without incurring significant production delays. For additional discussion of sources and availability of raw materials, refer to Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We provide limited manufacturer's warranties on our CEDs and Axon devices. For additional information about our warranties, refer to Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Competition
De-escalation — TASER for Law Enforcement, Corrections and Private Security Markets: Our CEDs compete with a variety of other less-lethal alternatives to firearms, including rubber bullets or rubber baton rounds, pepper spray, mace, traditional stun guns, hand-held remote restraint devices involving a tether, laser dazzlers that cause temporary blindness, stun grenades, long-range acoustic devices, police batons and night sticks. TASER devices offer advanced technology, versatility, portability, effectiveness, built-in accountability systems, and low injury rates, which enable us to compete effectively against other less-lethal alternatives. TASER devices also offer connectivity to our cloud network, which allows agencies to more effectively manage their less-lethal programs and automate use-of-force reporting.
The primary competitive factors in this market include a device’s accuracy, effectiveness, reputation, safety, cost, ease of use, and exceptional customer experience. The design maturity of the TASER platform, as well as our development and sale of a two-shot device, are also key competitive differentiators. We are aware of competitors providing competing CED products primarily in international markets.
De-escalation — TASER for Private Citizen Market: In the private citizen market, these devices primarily compete with firearms, but also with other less lethal self-defense options such as pepper spray and stun guns. The primary competitive factors in this market include a device’s cost, effectiveness, safety and ease of use. The TASER StrikeLight competes in the flashlight category, in which there are dozens, if not hundreds, of competitors, including tactical flashlight providers such as SureFire, 5.11 Tactical, Blackhawk, Maglite, and many more.
Sensors — Connected Cameras and Digital Evidence Management Software: The body-worn camera and in-car video market is highly competitive. Our competition includes Motorola Solutions and WatchGuard, which Motorola purchased in 2019, Panasonic Corp., Reveal Media, L3 Mobile-Vision, Coban Technologies, Digital Ally, Getac, Utility Associates, Intrensic, Safety Vision and Visual Labs. We also compete with consumer wearable camera makers including GoPro and Garmin.
The market for software solutions to improve public safety agency workflows is highly fragmented and highly competitive. Our cloud-based digital evidence management system, Axon Evidence, competes with both cloud-based platforms and on-premises based systems designed by third-parties or in-house by an agency's technology staff.
Key competitive factors in this market include product performance, product features, battery life, product quality and warranty, total cost of ownership, data security, data and information work flows, company reputation and financial strength, and relationships with customers.
Productivity and Communications — RMS and CAD: The RMS and CAD markets are highly competitive and highly fragmented. We have identified more than 50 incumbent software providers, including Motorola Solutions, Tyler Technologies, Central Square Technologies (formerly Superion, TriTech and Aptean), Northrop Grumman, Hexagon
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AB, Niche Technology Inc., Caliber Public Safety (parent, Harris Systems USA), Saab, Sopra Steria, and Mark 43 Inc. In addition, not all law enforcement agencies use software for report writing — some still use paper. We believe our network of camera sensors and digital evidence management platform give us a strategic advantage in these product categories.
Seasonality
We have historically experienced higher net sales in our fourth quarter compared to other quarters in our fiscal year due primarily to municipal budget cycles. Additionally, new product introductions can significantly impact the cadence of net sales, product costs and operating expenses. However, historical seasonal patterns, municipal budgets or historical patterns of product introductions should not be considered reliable indicators of our future net sales or financial performance.
Environmental Regulation
We are subject to environmental laws and regulations, including restrictions on the presence of certain substances in electronic products. Refer to Section 1A, Risk Factors under the heading “A variety of new and existing laws and/or interpretations could materially and adversely affect our business.”
Intellectual Property
We protect our intellectual property with U.S. and international patents and trademarks. Our patents and pending patent applications relate to technology used by us in connection with our products. We also rely on international treaties, organizations and laws to protect our intellectual property. As of December 31, 2019, we hold 183 U.S. patents, 75 U.S. registered trademarks, 127 international patents, and 313 international registered trademarks, and also have numerous patents and trademarks pending. We are constantly innovating across all of our platforms, including on the TASER platform, and in the next few years expect to file more patent applications related to TASER 7 alone than there are TASER patents expiring due to age.
We continuously assess whether and where to seek formal protection for particular innovations and technologies based on such factors as the commercial significance of our operations and our competitors’ operations in particular countries and regions, our strategic technology or product directions in different countries, and the degree to which intellectual property laws exist and are meaningfully enforced in different jurisdictions. We have the exclusive rights to many Internet domain names, primarily including “TASER.com”, “Axon.com”, “Axon.net”, “Evidence.com” and “Axon.io.”
Confidentiality agreements are used with employees, consultants and key suppliers to help ensure the confidentiality of our trade secrets.
Employees
As of December 31, 2019, we had 1,323 full-time employees and 593 temporary employees. The breakdown of our full-time employees by department was as follows: 249 direct manufacturing employees, 408 research and development employees, 401 administrative and manufacturing support employees and 265 employees within sales, marketing, communications and training. Of the 593 temporary employees, nearly 70% worked in direct manufacturing roles. Our employees are not covered by any collective bargaining agreement, and we have never experienced a work stoppage. We believe that our relations with our employees are good.
Available Information
Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements and amendments to those reports filed with or furnished to the SEC are available free of charge on our website at http://investor.axon.com as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file or furnish such material to the SEC. The information on our website, including information about our trademarks, is not incorporated by reference
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into or otherwise a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at http://www.sec.gov.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Because of the following factors, as well as other variables affecting our operating results, our past financial performance may not be a reliable indicator of our future performance and historical trends should not be used to anticipate our results or trends in future periods. You should carefully consider the trends, risks and uncertainties described below and other information in this Form 10-K and subsequent reports filed with or furnished to the SEC before making any investment decision with respect to our securities. If any of the following trends, risks or uncertainties actually occurs or continues, our business, financial condition or operating results could be materially adversely affected, the trading prices of our securities could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment. All forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement.
We are materially dependent on acceptance of our products by law enforcement markets, both domestic and international. If law enforcement agencies do not continue to purchase and use our products, our revenues will be adversely affected.
At any point, due to external factors and opinions, whether or not related to product performance, law enforcement agencies may elect to no longer purchase our CEDs or other products.
We substantially depend on sales of our TASER CEDs, and if these products do not continue to be widely accepted, our growth prospects will be diminished.
In the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, we derived a significant portion of our revenues from sales of TASER CED brand devices and related cartridges, and expect to depend on sales of these products for a significant portion of our revenue for the foreseeable future. A decrease in the selling prices of, or demand for these products, or their failure to maintain broad market acceptance, would significantly harm our growth prospects, operating results and financial condition.
If we are unable to design, introduce, sell and deploy new products or new product features successfully, our business and financial results could be adversely affected.
Our future success will depend on our ability to develop new products or new product features that achieve market acceptance in a timely and cost-effective manner. These products include, but are not limited to, Axon Body 3, Axon Aware, Axon Records, Axon Dispatch, and future generations of the TASER CED and Axon Fleet. The development of new products and new product features is complex, time consuming and expensive, and we may experience delays in completing the development and introduction of new products. We may choose to carry higher level of inventories to mitigate the risk of production delays, which may in turn expose us to an increased risk of obsolescence.
We are devoting significant resources to develop and deploy our cloud-based productivity and communication software-as-a-service ("SaaS") solutions, which we intend to broadly deploy to a large number of customers. Customer requirements for these products are complex and varied. If we are unable to develop scalable solutions that can consistently be configured for customers with minimal effort, or if we are unable to build out a professional services team that can consistently configure our products to meet the requirements of large numbers of customers in a timely and cost-effective manner, our ability to broadly scale our cloud-based productivity and communication SaaS solutions could be negatively impacted, and our deployment costs could negatively impact our operating results.
We cannot provide any assurance that products that we may develop in the future will achieve market acceptance. If we fail to develop new products or new product features on a timely basis that achieve market acceptance, our business, financial results and competitive position could be adversely affected.
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Delays in product development schedules may adversely affect our revenues and cash flows.
The development of CEDs, devices, sensors and software is a complex and time-consuming process. New products and enhancements to existing products can require long development and testing periods. Our focus on our SaaS platform also presents complex development issues. Significant delays in new product or service releases or significant problems in creating new products or services could adversely affect our business, financial results and competitive position.
We face risks associated with rapid technological change and new competing products.
The technology associated with law enforcement devices is receiving significant attention and is rapidly evolving. While we have some patent protection in certain key areas of our CED, Axon Device and SaaS technology, it is possible that new technology may result in competing products that operate outside our patents and could present significant competition for our products, which could adversely affect our business, financial results and competitive position.
Higher costs or unavailability of materials could adversely affect our financial results.
We depend on certain domestic and international suppliers for the delivery of components used in the assembly of our products. Our reliance on third-party suppliers creates risks related to our potential inability to obtain an adequate supply of components or sub-assemblies and reduced control over pricing and timing of delivery of components and sub-assemblies. Specifically, we depend on suppliers of sub-assemblies, machined parts, injection molded plastic parts, printed circuit boards, custom wire fabrications and other miscellaneous customer parts for our products. We do not have any significant long-term agreements with any of our suppliers and there is no guarantee that supply will not be interrupted.
Single or sole-source components used in the manufacture of our products may become unavailable or discontinued. Delays caused by industry allocations or obsolescence may take weeks or months to resolve. In some cases, parts obsolescence may require a product re-design to ensure quality replacement components. These delays could cause significant delays in manufacturing and loss of sales, leading to adverse effects significantly impacting our financial condition or results of operations and could injure our reputation.
A significant number of our raw materials or components are comprised of petroleum-based products or incur some form of landed cost associated with transporting the raw materials or components to our facility. Our freight and import costs and the timely delivery of our products could be adversely impacted by a number of factors which could reduce the profitability of our operations, including: higher fuel costs; potential port closures; customs clearance issues; increased government regulation or changes for imports of foreign products into the U.S.; delays created by terrorist attacks or threats, public health issues, national disasters or work stoppages; and other matters. Any interruption of supply for any material components of our products could significantly delay the shipment of our products and have a material adverse effect on our revenues, profitability and financial condition. International or domestic geopolitical or other events, including the imposition of new or increased tariffs and/or quotas by the U.S. government on any of these raw materials or components, could adversely impact the supply and cost of these raw materials or components, and could adversely impact the profitability of our operations.
To the extent demand for our products increases, our future success will be dependent upon our ability to manage our growth and to increase manufacturing production capacity, which may be accomplished by the implementation of customized manufacturing automation equipment.
To the extent demand for our products increases significantly in future periods, one of our key challenges will be to increase our production capacity to meet sales demand while maintaining product quality. Our primary strategies to accomplish this include introducing additional shifts, increasing the physical size of our assembly facilities, the hiring of additional production staff, and the implementation of additional customized automation equipment. The investments we make in this equipment may not yield the anticipated labor and material efficiencies. Our inability to meet any future increase in sales demand or effectively manage our expansion could have a material adverse effect on our revenues, financial results and financial condition.
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Our future success is dependent on our ability to expand sales through distributors and direct sales and our inability to recruit new distributors or increase direct sales would negatively affect our sales.
Our distribution strategy is to pursue sales through multiple channels with an emphasis on independent distributors and direct sales. Our inability to establish relationships with and retain law enforcement equipment distributors, who we believe can successfully sell our products, would adversely affect our sales. In addition, our arrangements with our distributors are generally short-term. We are also focusing on direct sales to larger agencies through our regional sales managers and our inability to grow sales to these agencies in this manner could adversely affect our sales. If we do not competitively price our products, meet the requirements of our distributors or end-users, provide adequate marketing support, or comply with the terms of our distribution arrangements, our distributors may fail to aggressively market our products or may terminate their relationships with us. These developments would likely have a material adverse effect on our sales. Our reliance on the sales of our products by others also makes it more difficult to predict our revenues, cash flow and operating results.
The increased focus on direct sales compared to sales through distribution is dependent on our ability to sell into the states or foreign jurisdictions that have established distributor relationships.
In certain states and foreign jurisdictions we have decided to pursue sales directly with law enforcement customers, rather than working through established distribution channels. Our customers may have strong working relationships with distributors and we may face resistance to this change. If we do not overcome this resistance and effectively build a direct relationship with our customers, sales may be adversely affected.
We expend significant resources in anticipation of a sale due to our lengthy sales cycle and may receive no revenue in return.
Generally, law enforcement and corrections agencies consider a wide range of issues before committing to purchase our products, including product benefits, training costs, the cost to use our products in addition to, or in place of, other products, budget constraints and product reliability, safety and efficacy. The length of our sales cycle may range from a few weeks to as long as several years. Adverse publicity surrounding our products or the safety of such products has in the past, and could in the future, lengthen our sales cycle with customers. In the past, we believe that our sales were adversely impacted by negative publicity surrounding our products or the use of our products. See, for example, “Litigation - Product Litigation” in Note 9 of our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this report. We may incur substantial selling costs and expend significant effort in connection with the evaluation of our products by potential customers before they place an order. If these potential customers do not purchase our products, we will have expended significant resources and received no revenue in return.
An increasing percentage of our revenue is derived from subscription billing arrangements which may result in delayed cash collections and may increase customer credit risk on receivables and contract assets.
A growing portion of our sales are derived from subscription billing arrangements and on an open credit basis. While we perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers' financial condition, if we become aware of information related to the creditworthiness of a major customer, or if future actual default rates on receivables in general differ from those currently anticipated, we may have to adjust our allowance for doubtful accounts, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or operating results.
We may experience a decline in gross margins due to a shift in product sales from CEDs to software and sensors products and services which may continue to carry a lower gross margin.
We continue to invest in the growth of the Software and Sensors segment, and this expected growth may result in a higher percentage of total revenues being comprised of Software and Sensors products and services. Gross margin as a percentage of net sales for the Software and Sensors segment is currently lower than that of the TASER segment, and may continue to be lower in the future.
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SaaS revenue for Axon Evidence is recognized over the terms of the contracts, which may be several years, and, as such, trends in new business may not be immediately reflected in our operating results.
Our SaaS service revenue is generally recognized ratably over the terms of the contracts, which generally range from one to five years. As a result, most of the SaaS revenue we report each quarter is the result of agreements entered into during previous quarters. Consequently, current positive or negative trends in this portion of our business may not be fully reflected in our revenue results for several periods.
Most of our end-user customers are subject to budgetary and political constraints that may delay or prevent sales.
Most of our end-user customers are government agencies. These agencies often do not set their own budgets and therefore, have limited control over the amount of money they can spend. In addition, these agencies experience political pressure that may dictate the manner in which they spend money. As a result, even if an agency wants to acquire our products, it may be unable to purchase them due to budgetary or political constraints, particularly in challenging economic environments. There can be no assurance that the economic and budgeting issues will not worsen and adversely impact sales of our products. Some government agency orders may also be canceled or substantially delayed due to budgetary, political or other scheduling delays, which frequently occur in connection with the acquisition of products by such agencies, and such cancellations may accelerate or be more severe than we have experienced historically.
Due to municipal government funding rules, certain of our contracts are subject to appropriation, termination for convenience, or similar cancellation clauses, which could allow our customers to cancel or not exercise options to renew contracts in the future.
Although we have entered into contracts for the delivery of products and services in the future and anticipate the contracts will be completed, if agencies do not appropriate money in future year budgets, terminate contracts for convenience or if other cancellation clauses are invoked, revenue and cash associated with these bookings will not ultimately be recognized, and could result in a reduction to bookings and revenue.
Changes in civil forfeiture laws may affect our customers’ ability to purchase our products.
Some of our customers use funds seized through civil forfeiture proceedings to fund the purchase of our products. Legislative changes could impact our customers’ ability to seize funds or use seized funds to fund purchases. Changes in civil forfeiture statutes or regulations are outside of our control and could limit the amount of funds available to our customers, which could adversely affect the sale of our products.
If our security measures or those of our third-party cloud storage providers are breached and unauthorized access is obtained to customers’ data or our data, our network, data centers and service may be perceived as not being secure, customers may curtail or stop using our service and we may incur significant legal and financial exposure and liabilities.
Our service involves the storage and transmission of customers’ proprietary information, and security breaches could expose us to a risk of loss of information or the total or partial deletion or encryption of all stored customer data, litigation and possible liability. We devote significant resources to engineer secure products and ensure security vulnerabilities are mitigated, and we require our third-party service providers to do so as well. Despite these efforts, security measures may be breached as a result of third-party action, employee error, and malfeasance or otherwise. Breaches could occur during transfer of data to data centers or at any time, and result in unauthorized access to our data or our customers’ data. Third parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees or customers into disclosing sensitive information such as user names, passwords or other information in order to gain access to our data or our customers’ data. Additionally, hackers may develop and deploy viruses, worms, and other malicious software programs that attack or gain access to our networks and data centers.
Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, or to sabotage systems, change frequently, grow more complex over time, and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. Moreover, our security measures and those of our third-party service providers or customers may not detect such security breaches if they occur. Although we have
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developed systems and processes that are designed to protect our data and user data, to prevent data loss, and to prevent or detect security breaches, we cannot assure that such measures will provide absolute security, and we may incur significant costs in protecting against or remediating cyber-attacks.
A security breach could expose us to a risk of loss or inappropriate use of proprietary and sensitive data, or the denial of access to this data. A security breach could also result in a loss of confidence in the security of our service, disrupt our business, damage our reputation, lead to legal liability, negatively impact our future sales and significantly harm our growth prospects, operating results and financial condition.
Defects or disruptions in our services could impact demand for our services and subject us to substantial liability.
We currently serve our Axon Evidence customers from third-party cloud storage providers based in the U.S. and other countries. Interruptions in our service, or loss or corruption of digital evidence, may reduce our revenue, cause us to issue credits or pay penalties, cause customers to terminate their subscriptions and adversely affect our renewal rates and our ability to attract new customers. Our business will also be harmed if our customers and potential customers believe our service is unreliable.
Since our customers use our services for important aspects of their operations, any errors, defects, disruptions in service or other performance problems could hurt our reputation and may damage our customers’ operations. As a result, customers could elect to not renew our services or delay or withhold payment to us. We could also lose future sales or customers may make warranty or other claims against us, which could result in an increase in our warranty expense, an increase in collection cycles for and decline in the collectability of accounts receivable, and an increase in the expense and risk of litigation.
Defects in our products could reduce demand for our products and result in a loss of sales, delay in market acceptance and damage to our reputation.
Complex components and assemblies used in our products may contain undetected defects that are subsequently discovered at any point in the life of the product. Defects in our products could result in a loss of sales, delay in market acceptance, damage to our reputation and increased warranty costs, which could adversely affect our business, financial results and competitive position.
A variety of new and existing laws and/or interpretations could materially and adversely affect our business.
We are subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the United States and abroad that involve matters central to our business, including privacy, data protection and personal information, rights of publicity, content, intellectual property, advertising, marketing, distribution, data security, data retention and deletion, electronic contracts and other communications, competition, consumer protection, telecommunications, product liability, taxation, labor and employment, economic or other trade prohibitions or sanctions, securities law compliance, and online payment services. The introduction of new products, expansion of our activities in certain jurisdictions, or other actions that we may take may subject us to additional laws, regulations, or other government scrutiny. In addition, foreign data protection, privacy, content, competition, and other laws and regulations can impose different obligations or be more restrictive than those in the United States.
These U.S. federal and state and foreign laws and regulations, which in some cases can be enforced by private parties in addition to government entities, are constantly evolving and can be subject to significant change. As a result, the application, interpretation, and enforcement of these laws and regulations are often uncertain and may be interpreted and applied inconsistently from country to country and inconsistently with our current policies and practices. New laws and regulations (or new interpretations of existing laws and regulations) may require us to incur substantial costs, expose us to unanticipated civil or criminal liability, or cause us to change our business practices.
The costs of compliance with these laws and regulation are high and are likely to increase in the future. Additionally, these laws and regulations, or any associated inquiries or investigations or other government actions, may delay or impede the development of new products, result in negative publicity, require significant management time and attention, and subject us to remedies that may harm our business, including fines or demands or orders that we modify or cease existing business practices.
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TASER and Axon devices
For our TASER products, we rely on the opinions of the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, including the determination that a device that has projectiles propelled by the release of compressed gas in place of the expanding gases from ignited gunpowder is not classified as a firearm. Changes in statutes, regulations, and interpretation outside of our control may result in our products being classified or reclassified as firearms. If this were to occur, our private citizen market could be substantially reduced because consumers would be required to comply with federal, state, or local firearm transfer requirements prior to purchasing our products.
Federal regulation of sales in the U.S.: Our CEDs are not firearms regulated by the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, but our consumer products are regulated by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Although there are currently no federal laws restricting sales of our core CED products in the U.S., future federal regulation could adversely affect sales of our products.
Axon devices using lithium batteries are subject to US-DOT/UN 38.3 for transportation, and all our products containing hazardous chemicals require an additional safety data sheet following Occupational Safety and Health Administration ("OSHA") recommendation.
Our CED products are also subject to regulation by testing, safety and other standard organizations such as the American National Standards Institute, the International Electrotechnical Commission ("IEC"), the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Underwriters Laboratories ("UL"). We follow IEC 62133 for our rechargeable battery packs, UL 1642 for cells, and IEC 60950 (soon to be replaced by IEC 62368) for our wireless and docks devices. These regulations also affect CEDs with Axon signal technology, including signal performance power magazine technology, TASER 7 battery packs and could impact future CEDs that feature wireless technology. Compliance with government regulations could increase our operations and product costs and impact our future financial results.
Federal regulation of international sales: Our CEDs are considered a “crime control” product by the U.S. Department of Commerce (“DOC”) for export directly from the U.S. Consequently, we must obtain an export license from the DOC for the export of our CED devices from the U.S. other than to Canada. In addition, certain of our camera and software products require classifications from the DOC before they may be shipped internationally. Our inability to obtain DOC export licenses or classifications on a timely basis for sales of our products to our international customers could significantly and adversely affect our international sales.
State and local regulation: Our CEDs are controlled, restricted or, less frequently, prohibited by a number of state and local governments. As of December 31, 2019, the possession of stun guns by the general public, including our CEDs, is prohibited in Hawaii and Rhode Island. Some cities and municipalities also prohibit private citizen possession or use of our CED products. Other jurisdictions may ban or restrict the sale of our CED products and our product sales may be significantly affected by additional state, county and city governmental regulation.
International regulation: Certain jurisdictions prohibit, restrict, or require a permit for the importation, sale, possession or use of CEDs, including in some countries by law enforcement agencies, limiting our international sales opportunities.
Radio spectrum devices
Certain of our products utilize the radio spectrum to provide wireless voice, data and video communications services. The allocation of spectrum is regulated in the U.S. and other countries and limited spectrum space is allocated to wireless services and specifically to public safety users. In the U.S., the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) regulates spectrum use by non-federal entities and federal entities. Similarly, countries around the world have one or more regulatory bodies that define and implement the rules for use of radio spectrum and electromagnetic interference, pursuant to their respective national laws. We manufacture and market products in spectrum bands already made available by regulatory bodies. Consequently, our results could be negatively affected by the rules and regulations adopted from time to time by the FCC or regulatory agencies in other countries. Regulatory changes in current spectrum bands may also require modifications to some of our products so they can continue to be manufactured and marketed. If current products do not comply with the regulations set forth by these governing bodies, we may be unable to sell our products or could incur penalties, which could have an adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
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Axon body worn cameras, docks, fleet vehicle cameras and signal devices are subject to FCC’s rules and regulations. The FCC regulates not only the "intentional radiation" of radio transmitters, but also the "unintentional radiation" of noise from all sorts of electrical equipment. The FCC regulations appear in title 47 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations (47CFR).The current Axon products use Bluetooth, WiFi and/or LTE radio technologies. With the integration of LTE technologies, it is required to apply for the approval of private certifications such as CTIA, required by FirstNet and other operators. These regulations are also beginning to affect CEDs with signal performance power magazine technology and future CEDs implementing wireless technology into the feature set. Compliance with government regulations could increase our operations and product costs and impact our future financial results.
Environmental regulations
We are subject to various state, federal and international laws and regulations governing the environment, including restricting the presence of certain substances in our products and making producers of those products financially responsible for the collection, treatment, recycling and disposal of such products. In particular, environmental legislation within the European Union ("EU") may increase our cost of doing business internationally and impact our revenues from EU countries as we comply with and implement these requirements.
The EU has published Directives on the restriction of certain hazardous substances in electronic and electrical equipment (the “RoHS Directive”) and on electronic and electrical waste management (the “WEEE Directive”). The RoHS Directive restricts the use of a number of substances, including lead. The WEEE Directive directs members of the EU to enact laws, regulations, and administrative provisions to ensure that producers of electric and electronic equipment are financially responsible for the collection, recycling, treatment and environmentally responsible disposal of certain products sold into the EU. In addition, similar environmental legislation has been or may be enacted in other jurisdictions, including the U.S. (under federal and state laws) and other countries, the cumulative impact of which could be significant.
In addition, the EU has defined a regulation for Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (the “REACH Regulation”) that places responsibility on industry to manage the risks from chemicals contained in products and to provide safety information about such substances. Manufacturers and importers are required to gather information on the properties of the chemical substances in their products, which will allow their safe handling. Starting January 5, 2021, companies supplying products containing substances of very high concern as identified by the EU on the EU market have to submit information on these products to the European Chemicals Agency. The information in their database is then made available to waste operators and consumers.
We continue to monitor the impact of specific registration and compliance activities required by the RoHS, WEEE Directives, and REACH Regulation. We endeavor to comply with applicable environmental laws, yet compliance with such laws could increase our operations and product costs, increase the complexities of product design, procurement, and manufacturing, limit our ability to manage excess and obsolete non-compliant inventory, limit our sales activities, and impact our future financial results. Any violation of these laws can subject us to significant liability, including fines, penalties, and prohibiting sales of our products into one or more states or countries, and result in a material adverse effect on our financial condition.
Privacy regulations
We are also subject to laws and regulations that dictate whether, how, and under what circumstances we can transfer, process and/or receive certain data that is critical to our operations, including data shared between countries or regions in which we operate and data shared among our products and services. For example, in 2016, the EU and the U.S. agreed to an alternative transfer framework for data transferred from the EU to the U.S., called the Privacy Shield, but this new framework is subject to an annual review that could result in changes to our obligations and also may be challenged by national regulators or private parties. If one or more of the legal bases for transferring data from the EU to the U.S. is invalidated, if we are unable to transfer data between and among countries and regions in which we operate, or if we are prohibited from sharing data among our products and services, it could affect the manner in which we provide our services or adversely affect our financial results.
Proposed or new legislation and regulations could also significantly affect our business. There currently are a number of proposals pending before federal, state, and foreign legislative and regulatory bodies. In addition, the European General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") took effect in May 2018 and applies to all of our products
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and services that provide service in Europe. The GDPR includes operational requirements for companies that receive or process personal data of residents of the EU that are different than those previously in place in the EU. In addition, the GDPR includes significant penalties for non-compliance. Similarly, there are a number of legislative proposals in the U.S., at both the federal and state level, that could impose new obligations in areas affecting our business, such as liability for copyright infringement by third parties. In addition, some countries are considering or have passed legislation implementing data protection requirements or requiring local storage and processing of data or similar requirements that could increase the cost and complexity of delivering our services.
We may face personal injury, wrongful death and other liability claims that harm our reputation and adversely affect our sales and financial condition.
Our CED products are often used in aggressive confrontations that may result in serious, permanent bodily injury or death to those involved. Our CED products may be associated with these injuries. A person, or the family members of a person, injured in a confrontation or otherwise in connection with the use of our products, may bring legal action against us to recover damages on the basis of theories including wrongful death, personal injury, negligent design, defective product or inadequate warning. We are currently subject to a number of such lawsuits and we have been subject to significant adverse judgments and settlements. We may also be subject to lawsuits involving allegations of misuse of our products. If successful, wrongful death, personal injury, misuse and other claims could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition and could result in negative publicity about our products. We incur significant legal expenses in defending these cases, and significant litigation could also result in a diversion of management’s attention and resources, negative publicity and a potential award of monetary damages in excess of our insurance coverage. The outcome of any litigation is inherently uncertain and there can be no assurance that our existing or any future litigation will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operating results.
Other litigation may subject us to significant litigation costs and judgments and divert management attention from our business.
We have been or could in the future be involved in numerous other litigation matters relating to our products, contracts and business relationships, including litigation against persons whom we believe have infringed on our intellectual property, infringement litigation filed against us, litigation against a competitor, enforcement actions filed against us, and litigation involving the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”). Such matters have resulted, and are expected to continue to result in, substantial costs to us, including in the form of attorneys' fees and costs, damages, fines or other penalties, whether pursuant to a judgment or settlement, and diversion of our management’s attention, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or operating results. There is also a risk of adverse judgments, as the outcome of litigation is inherently uncertain.
We have been, and may be in the future, subject to intellectual property infringement and other claims, which could incur substantial litigation costs, result in significant damage awards, inhibit our use of certain technologies, and divert management attention from our business.
Many companies own intellectual property rights that are directly or indirectly related to public safety technologies. These companies periodically demand licensing agreements or engage in litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of their patents, trademarks, copyrights, or trade secrets. Non-practicing entities also have patents they have been granted or otherwise acquired, including patents that are directly or indirectly related to public safety technologies. These entities may seek compensation for perceived infringement of their patents, including by filing claims against us, independent of the merit of any such claims. As we enter new markets, expand into new product categories, and otherwise offer new products, services, and technologies, additional intellectual property claims may be filed against us by these companies, entities, and other third parties. Additional intellectual property claims may also be filed against us as our current products, services, and technologies gain additional market share.
Currently, we are a defendant in a patent litigation matter filed by Digital Ally Inc. (“Digital”) in the District of Kansas alleging patent infringement regarding our Axon Signal technology. For additional discussion of this matter, refer to Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-
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K. We believe the patent in question is both invalid and not infringed. However, if Digital ultimately succeeds in their appeal, the outcome could have an adverse effect on our results of operations in the period in which a liability is recognized and on our cash flows for the period in which any damages are paid.
If our products, services, or technologies were found to infringe a third-party’s proprietary rights, we could be forced to enter into costly royalty or licensing agreements in order to be able to sell our products or discontinue use of the protected technology. Such royalty and licensing agreements may not be available on terms acceptable to us or at all. We could also be required to pay substantial damages, fines or other penalties, indemnify customers or distributors, cease the manufacture, use, or sale of infringing products or processes, and/or expend significant resources to develop or acquire non-infringing technologies. Our suppliers may not provide, or we may not be able to obtain, intellectual property indemnification sufficient to offset all damages, fines or other penalties resulting from any claims of intellectual property infringement brought against us or our customers. There is no guarantee that our use of conventional technology searching and brand clearance searching will identify all potential rights holders. Rights holders may demand payment for past infringements and/or force us to accept costly license terms or discontinue use of protected technology and/or works of authorship that may include, for example, photos, videos, and software. Our current research and development focus on developing software-based products, including that which is related to artificial intelligence, increases this risk.
I f we are unable to protect our intellectual property, the value of our brands and products may decrease and we may lose our competitive market advantage.
Our future success depends upon our proprietary technology. Our protective measures for this proprietary technology include patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secret protection. However, these protective measures, as well as our efforts to pursue such protective measures, may prove inadequate. For example, the value of intellectual property protection in certain countries may not be apparent until after such protection can no longer be pursued. As such, our intellectual property protection may not extend to all countries in which our products are distributed or will be distributed in the future. Though we work to protect our innovations, we may not be able to obtain protection for certain innovations. For example, we may be unable to patent some software-based products. The scope of any patent protection we have obtained, or may obtain, may not prevent others from developing and selling competing products. Despite our efforts, any intellectual property protection we obtain may be later determined to be insufficient or ineffective.
Our protective measures may prove inadequate for reasons outside of our control. Different intellectual property laws between different countries may lead to differences in protection between such countries. In certain countries in which our products are distributed, the ability to effectively enforce intellectual property rights may not exist. Patent requirements differ by country and certain domestic or foreign laws may prohibit us from satisfying these requirements, creating a risk that some of our international patents may become unenforceable. Patents for older technologies, such as our M26 model of CEDs, have expired or will expire due to statutory limits on patent term. Despite policies and efforts to maintain secrecy, trade secrets and other confidential information we maintain, or may choose to maintain in the future, could be compromised by employees, partners, or other third parties.
Once established, there is no guarantee that our intellectual property rights will remain in force. Issued patents may be re-examined and subsequently ruled invalid or unenforceable. Our registered trademarks may also be diminished or lost. For example, there is a risk that our “TASER” trademark could become synonymous with the general product category of “conducted energy devices”. The right to stop others from misusing our trademarks and service marks in commerce depends, to some extent, on our ability to show evidence of enforcement of our rights against such misuse in commerce. Our efforts to stop improper use, if insufficient, may lead to loss of trademark and service mark rights, brand loyalty and notoriety among our customers and prospective customers.
Our intellectual property may also be at risk if we are unable to defend from enforcement actions, such as that filed by the FTC against us regarding our acquisition of Vievu LLC from Safariland LLC on May 3, 2018. For additional discussion of this matter, refer to Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. If successful, the FTC is seeking a divestiture of Vievu along with Axon assets sufficient to stand up a viable competitor.
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Inability to protect our intellectual property could negatively impact our commercial efforts and competitive market advantage. Regardless of outcome, the prosecution of patent and other intellectual property claims is both costly and time consuming. Unauthorized use of our proprietary technology could divert our management’s attention from our business, and could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, and operating results.
Internationally, we can enforce patent rights only in the jurisdictions in which our patent applications have been granted.
Our U.S. patents protect us from imported infringing products coming into the U.S. from abroad. We have made applications for patents in a few foreign countries; however, these may be inadequate to protect markets for our products in other foreign countries. Each patent is examined and granted according to the law of the country where it was filed independent of whether a U.S. patent on similar technology was granted. A patent in a foreign country may be subject to cancellation if the claimed invention has not been sold in that country. Meeting the requirements of working invention differs by country and ranges from sales in the country to manufacturing in the country. U.S. export law, or the laws of some foreign countries, may prohibit us from satisfying the requirements for working the invention, creating a risk that some of our international patents may become unenforceable.
Our international operations expose us to additional risks that could harm our business, operating results, and financial condition.
Our international operations are significant, and we plan to continue to grow internationally by acquiring existing entities or setting up new legal entities in new markets. In certain international markets, we have limited operating experience and may not benefit from any first-to-market advantages or otherwise succeed. In addition to risks described elsewhere in this section, our international operations expose us to other risks, including the following:

• | Restrictions on foreign ownership and investments, and stringent foreign exchange controls that might prevent us from repatriating cash earned in countries outside the U.S.

• | Import and export requirements, tariffs, trade disputes and barriers, and customs classifications that may prevent us from offering products or providing services to a particular market or obtaining necessary parts and components to manufacture products, which may lead to decreased sales and may increase our operating costs.

• | Longer payment cycles in some countries, increased credit risk, and higher levels of payment fraud.

• | Uncertainty regarding liability for our products and services, including uncertainty as a result of local laws and lack of legal precedent.

• | Different employee/employer relationships, existence of workers' councils and labor unions, and other challenges caused by distance, language, and cultural differences, making it harder to do business in certain jurisdictions.

Additionally, changes in international local political, economic, regulatory, tax, social, and labor conditions may adversely harm our business and compliance with complex foreign and U.S. laws and regulations that apply to our international operations increases our cost of doing business. These numerous and sometimes conflicting laws and regulations include, among others, environmental regulations, internal control and disclosure rules, privacy and data protection requirements, anti-corruption laws, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, and other local laws prohibiting corrupt payments to governmental officials, and competition regulations, among others.
Our business in the United Kingdom may be negatively impacted by uncertainty regarding the exit of the United Kingdom from the EU (commonly referred to as "Brexit"). The exit itself could negatively impact the United Kingdom and other economies, which could adversely affect sales of our products and services. We may also experience increased volatility in the value of the pound sterling, the euro and other European currencies. In addition, Brexit could lead to legal uncertainty and potentially divergent national laws and regulations in the United Kingdom and the EU, and we may incur additional costs or need to make operational changes as we adapt to potentially divergent regulatory frameworks.
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Violations of these laws and regulations could result in fines and penalties, criminal sanctions against us, our officers, or our employees, prohibitions on the conduct of our business and on our ability to offer our products and services in one or more countries, and could also materially affect our brand, our international growth efforts, our ability to attract and retain employees, our business, and our operating results. Although we have implemented policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with these laws and regulations, there can be no assurance that our employees, contractors, or agents will not violate our policies.
Acquisitions, joint ventures, and other strategic investments may have an adverse effect on our business.
We may consider additional acquisitions, joint ventures, or other strategic investments as part of our long-term business strategy. These transactions involve significant challenges and risks including that the transaction does not advance our business strategy, expected synergies are not achieved, we do not realize a satisfactory return on our investment, we experience difficulty in the integration or coordination of new employees, business systems, and technology, we incur unanticipated liabilities, or there is a diversion of management’s attention from our other businesses. These events could harm our operating results, financial condition or cash flows.
If our goodwill or intangible assets become impaired, we may be required to record a significant charge to earnings.
We acquire other companies and intangible assets and may not realize all the economic benefit from those acquisitions, which could cause an impairment of goodwill or intangibles. We review our amortizable intangible assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. We test goodwill and non-amortizable intangible assets for impairment at least annually. If such goodwill or intangible assets are deemed to be impaired, an impairment loss equal to the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the assets would be recognized. Events which might indicate impairment include, but are not limited to, declines in stock price market capitalization or cash flows, adverse cost factors, deteriorating financial performance, strategic decisions made in response to economic, market and competitive conditions, the impact of the economic environment on us and our customer base, and/or relevant events such as changes in management, key personnel, litigation or customers.
We may be required to record a significant charge in our financial statements during the period in which any impairment of our goodwill or intangible assets is determined, which would negatively affect our results of operations.
Catastrophic events may disrupt our business.
A disruption or failure of our systems or operations in the event of a major earthquake, weather event, fire, explosion, failure to contain hazardous materials, industrial accident, cyber-attack, terrorist attack, public health crisis, or other catastrophic event could cause delays in completing sales, providing services, or performing other mission-critical functions. A catastrophic event that results in the destruction or disruption of any of our critical business or information technology systems could harm our ability to conduct normal business operations and our operating results as well as expose us to claims, litigation and governmental investigations and fines.
In late 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus was first detected in Wuhan, China. Following the outbreak of this virus, the Chinese government has quarantined certain affected regions and certain travel restrictions have been imposed. These events have had and could continue to have an impact on our supply chain. At the time of this filing, the outbreak has been largely concentrated in China, although a growing number of cases have been confirmed in other countries. If our backup and mitigation plans are not sufficient to minimize business disruption, our financial results could be adversely affected.
Our financial performance is subject to risks associated with changes in the value of the U.S. dollar versus local currencies.
For current and potential international customers whose contracts are denominated in U.S. dollars, the relative change in local currency values creates relative fluctuations in our product pricing. These changes in international end-user costs may result in lost orders and reduce the competitiveness of our products in certain foreign markets.
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Additionally, intercompany sales to our non-U.S. dollar functional currency international subsidiaries are transacted in U.S. dollars which could increase our foreign exchange rate risk caused by foreign currency transaction gains and losses.
For non-U.S. dollar denominated sales, weakening of foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar generally leads us to raise international pricing, potentially reducing demand for our products. Should we decide not to raise local prices to fully offset the dollar’s strengthening, the U.S. dollar value of our foreign currency denominated sales and earnings would be adversely affected. We do not currently engage in hedging activities. Fluctuations in foreign currency could result in a change in the U.S. dollar value of our foreign denominated assets and liabilities including accounts receivable. Therefore, the U.S. dollar equivalent collected on a given sale could be less than the amount invoiced causing the sale to be less profitable than contemplated.
We also import selected components which are used in the manufacturing of some of our products. Although our purchase orders are generally in U.S. dollars, weakness in the U.S. dollar could lead to price increases for the components.
Unanticipated changes in our effective tax rate and additional tax liabilities may impact our operating results.
We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and various jurisdictions outside of the U.S. Our effective tax rate could fluctuate due to changes in the mix of earnings and losses in countries with differing statutory tax rates. Our tax expense could also be impacted by changes in non-deductible expenses, changes in excess tax benefits related to exercises of stock options and vesting of restricted stock units, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities and our ability to utilize them, the applicability of withholding taxes, and changes in our liability for unrecognized tax benefits.
We are subject to tax examinations in multiple jurisdictions. While we regularly evaluate new information that may change our judgment resulting in recognition, derecognition or change in measurement of a tax position taken, there can be no assurance that the final determination of any examinations will not have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial position.
Our tax provision could also be impacted by changes in federal, state or international tax laws including fundamental tax law changes applicable to corporate multinationals.
Additionally, we may be subject to additional tax liabilities due to changes in non-income-based taxes resulting from changes in federal, state or international tax laws, changes in taxing jurisdictions’ administrative interpretations, decisions, policies, and positions, results of tax examinations, settlements or judicial decisions, changes in accounting principles, changes to the business operations, including acquisitions, as well as the evaluation of new information that results in a change to a tax position taken in a prior period.
The enactment of tax reform legislation, including legislation implementing changes in taxation of international business activities, could materially impact our financial position and results of operations.
Legislation or other changes in the tax laws could increase our liability and adversely affect our after-tax profitability. For example, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("Tax Act") was enacted in the United States on December 22, 2017. The Tax Act had a significant impact on our effective tax rate, cash tax expenses and net deferred tax assets. The Tax Act, among other things, reduced the U.S. corporate statutory tax rate, eliminated or limited deduction of several expenses which were previously deductible, imposed a mandatory deemed repatriation tax on undistributed historic earnings of foreign subsidiaries, required a minimum tax on earnings generated by foreign subsidiaries and permitted a tax-free repatriation of foreign earnings through a dividends received deduction.
We maintain most of our cash balances, some of which are not insured, at four depository institutions.
We maintain the majority of our cash and cash equivalents accounts at four depository institutions. As of December 31, 2019, the aggregate balances in such accounts were $161.8 million. Our balances with these institutions regularly exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insured limits for domestic deposits and various foreign deposit insurance programs covering our deposits in Australia, Canada, Finland, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Vietnam.
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We could suffer losses with respect to the uninsured balances if the depository institutions failed and the institution’s assets were insufficient to cover its deposits and/or the governments did not take actions to support deposits in excess of existing insurance limits. Any such losses could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
We depend on our ability to attract and retain our key management, sales and technical personnel.
Our success depends upon the continued service of our key management personnel. Our success also depends on our ability to continue to attract, retain and motivate qualified technical employees. Although we have employment agreements with our officers and other members of our executive management team, the employment of such persons is “at-will” and either we or the employee can terminate the employment relationship at any time, subject to the applicable terms of the employment agreements. The competition for our key employees is intense. The loss of the service of one or more of our key personnel could adversely impact our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.
We are highly dependent on the services of Patrick W. Smith, our Chief Executive Officer.
We are highly dependent on the services of Patrick W. Smith, our founder and Chief Executive Officer. Our future success depends upon our ability to retain executive officers, specifically Mr. Smith, and any failure to do so could adversely impact our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.
Stock compensation expense may have a material, unpredictable impact on our results of operations.
We have historically granted and expect to continue to grant stock-based compensation to key employees and non-employee directors as a means of attracting and retaining highly qualified personnel. All stock-based awards are required to be recognized in our financial statements based on their grant date fair values. The amount recognized for stock compensation expense could vary depending on a number of assumptions or changes that may occur.
For awards containing multiple service, performance and market conditions, where all conditions must be satisfied prior to vesting, compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period, which is defined as the longest explicit, implicit or derived service period, based on management’s estimate of the probability and timing of the performance criteria being satisfied, adjusted at each balance sheet date. Changes in the subjective and probability-based assumptions can materially affect the estimates of the fair value of the awards and timing of recognition of stock-based compensation expense and consequently, the related amount recognized in our statements of operations and comprehensive income.
If we achieve specific operational goals and the covered employees complete the requisite service conditions for the performance-based awards with multiple service, performance, and market conditions, including our CEO Performance Award and our eXponential Stock Performance Plan ("XSPP"), we will recognize stock compensation expense regardless of whether the market conditions are achieved and the underlying tranches vest.
Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock
The trading price of our common stock has been, and is likely to continue to be, volatile. In addition to the factors discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the trading price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:

• | actual or anticipated fluctuations in our revenue and other operating results;

• | the financial projections we may provide to the public, any changes in these projections or our failure to meet these projections;

• | actions of securities analysts who initiate or maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates by any securities analysts who follow our company, or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors;

• | investor sentiment with respect to our competitors, our business partners, and our industry in general;

• | announcements by us or our competitors of significant products or features, technical innovations, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, or capital commitments;

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• | announcements by us or estimates by third-parties of actual or anticipated changes in the size of our user base, addressable market or the effectiveness of our products;

• | changes in operation performance and stock market valuations of technology companies in our industries, including our developers and competitors;

• | price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market, including as a result of trends in the economy as a whole;

• | media coverage of our business and financial performance;

• | lawsuits threatened or filed against us;

• | developments in anticipated or new legislation and pending lawsuits or regulator actions, including interim or final rulings by tax, judicial or regulatory bodies; and

• | other events or factors, including those resulting from war or incidents of terrorism, or responses to these events.

Our revenues and operating results may fluctuate unexpectedly from quarter-to-quarter, which may cause our stock price to decline.
Our revenues and operating results have varied significantly in the past and may vary significantly in the future due to various factors, including, but not limited to:

• | budgetary cycles of municipal, state and federal law enforcement and corrections agencies;

• | market acceptance of our products and services;

• | the timing of large domestic and international orders;

• | the outcome of any existing or future litigation;

• | adverse publicity surrounding our products, the safety of our products, or the use of our products;

• | changes in our sales mix;

• | new product introduction costs;

• | increased raw material expenses;

• | changes in our operating expenses, including stock-based compensation expense;

• | changes in foreign currency exchange rates and

• | regulatory changes that may affect the marketability of our products.

As a result of these and other factors, we believe that period-to-period comparisons of our operating results may not be meaningful in the short term, and our performance in a particular period may not be indicative of our performance in any future period.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
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Item 2. Properties
Our corporate headquarters and manufacturing facilities are based in an approximately 100,000 square foot facility in Scottsdale, Arizona, which we own. We also lease premises in Phoenix, Arizona; Scottsdale, Arizona; Topsfield, Massachusetts; Seattle, Washington; Melbourne, Australia; Sydney, Australia; Toronto, Canada; Daventry, England; London, England; Tampere, Finland; Frankfurt, Germany; Mumbai, India; Amsterdam, Netherlands; and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
We believe our existing facilities are well maintained and in good operating condition. We also believe we have adequate manufacturing capacity for our existing product lines. To the extent that we introduce new products in the future, we will likely need to acquire additional facilities to locate the associated production lines. However, we believe we can acquire or lease such facilities on reasonable terms. We continue to make investments in capital equipment as needed to meet anticipated demand for our products.
The majority of our locations support both of our reportable segments, except for our Vietnam and Seattle, Washington locations, which primarily support our Software & Sensors segment.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
See discussion of litigation in Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which discussion is incorporated by reference herein.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
None.
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PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Market Information
Our common stock is quoted under the symbol “AAXN” on The NASDAQ Global Select Market.
Holders
As of December 31, 2019, there were 241 holders of record of our common stock.
Dividends
To date, we have not declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. We do not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
In February 2016, our Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program to acquire up to $50.0 million of our outstanding common stock subject to stock market conditions and corporate considerations. The stock repurchase program does not have a stated expiration date. During the year ended December 31, 2019, no common shares were purchased under the program. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, $16.3 million remained available under the plan for future purchases.
Stock Performance Graph
The following stock performance graph compares the performance of our common stock to the NASDAQ Composite Index and the Russell 3000 Index. The graph covers the period from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2019. The graph assumes that the value of the investment in our stock and in each index was $100 at December 31, 2014, and that all dividends were reinvested. We do not pay dividends on our common stock.
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| 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2019
Axon Enterprise, Inc. | $ | 100.00 |  |  | $ | 65.29 |  |  | $ | 91.54 |  |  | $ | 100.08 |  |  | $ | 165.22 |  |  | $ | 276.74 |
NASDAQ Composite | 100.00 |  |  | 106.96 |  |  | 116.45 |  |  | 150.96 |  |  | 146.67 |  |  | 200.49 |
Russell 3000 | 100.00 |  |  | 100.48 |  |  | 113.27 |  |  | 137.21 |  |  | 130.02 |  |  | 170.35 |

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Item 6. Selected Financial Data
The following selected financial data should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto, and with Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” The statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, and the balance sheet data as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, have been derived from, and should be read in conjunction with, our audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included herein. The statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the balance sheet data as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, is derived from our historical audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto which are not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Dollars are in thousands, except per share amounts.

| For the Year Ended December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Statements of Operations Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales (1) | $ | 530,860 |  |  | $ | 420,068 |  |  | $ | 343,798 |  |  | $ | 268,245 |  |  | $ | 197,892 |
Gross margin | 307,286 |  |  | 258,583 |  |  | 207,088 |  |  | 170,536 |  |  | 128,647 |
Income (loss) from operations (2) (3) | (6,394 | ) |  | 24,841 |  |  | 13,023 |  |  | 31,851 |  |  | 35,335 |
Net income (3) (4) | 882 |  |  | 29,205 |  |  | 5,207 |  |  | 17,297 |  |  | 19,933 |
Diluted earnings per share (3) (4) | $ | 0.01 |  |  | $ | 0.50 |  |  | $ | 0.10 |  |  | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | 0.36 |

| As of December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Balance Sheet Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Working capital (5) (6) | $ | 423,525 |  |  | $ | 392,144 |  |  | $ | 97,242 |  |  | $ | 99,192 |  |  | $ | 123,269 |
Total assets (5) (6) | 845,639 |  |  | 719,540 |  |  | 338,112 |  |  | 278,163 |  |  | 229,881 |
Total current liabilities (7) | 195,566 |  |  | 166,011 |  |  | 107,950 |  |  | 78,039 |  |  | 38,140 |
Total stockholders’ equity (3) (5) (6) (8) | 543,495 |  |  | 467,324 |  |  | 167,444 |  |  | 150,888 |  |  | 157,004 |

(1) Amounts for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 have not been adjusted under the modified retrospective method of adoption of Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts from Customers ("Topic 606"), and are presented consistent with the prior period amounts reported under ASC 605.
(2) Reflects the impact of increased spending on research and development and selling, general and administrative expenses to support growth.
(3) Reflects the impact of $51.6 million and $3.3 million in stock compensation expense related to the CEO Performance Award and XSPP for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
(4) Includes the favorable impact of a $5.0 million, $8.9 million, and $1.8 million discrete tax benefit primarily associated with windfalls related to stock-based compensation for restricted stock units ("RSUs") that vested or stock options that were exercised during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. Includes tax expense of $8.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 related to the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.
(5) In May 2018, we sold 4,645,000 shares of our common stock, which included 645,000 shares pursuant to the full exercise of the underwriters' option to purchase additional shares, in an underwritten public offering at a price of $53.00 per share, which resulted in gross proceeds of $246.2 million. Net proceeds after deducting fees, commissions, and other expenses related to the offering were $234.0 million.
(6) In 2016 and 2015, we used cash and cash equivalents to repurchase approximately $33.7 million and $7.6 million, respectively, of our common shares.
(7) Reflects the impact of higher deferred revenue resulting from shifting an increasing amount of our business to a subscription model.
(8) We recorded a net increase in stockholders’ equity (retained earnings) of $19.0 million as of January 1, 2018 due to the cumulative impact of adopting Topic 606 on contracts that were not complete as of that date.
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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A")
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A") is designed to provide a reader of our consolidated financial statements with a narrative from the perspective of our management on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and certain other factors that may affect our future results. Our MD&A should be read in conjunction with the other sections of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including Part I, Item 1A: “Risk Factors”; Part II, Item 6: “Selected Financial Data”; and Part II, Item 8: “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” The various sections of this MD&A contain a number of forward-looking statements, all of which are based on our current expectations and could be affected by the uncertainties and risk factors described throughout this filing. The tables in the MD&A sections below are derived from exact numbers and may have immaterial rounding differences.
This section discusses our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2018. For a discussion and analysis of the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to the same period in 2017 please refer to Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the SEC on February 27, 2019.
Overview
Axon is a global network of devices, apps, training and people that helps public safety personnel become smarter and safer. Our technologies give law enforcement the confidence, focus and time they need to protect their communities. Our products impact every aspect of an officer's day-to-day experience. Our core mission is to protect life. We fulfill that mission through developing hardware and software products that advance our long term vision of a) obsoleting the bullet, b) reducing social conflict, and c) enabling a fair and effective justice system.
Our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2019 were $530.9 million, an increase of $110.8 million, or 26.4%, from the prior year. We had a loss from operations of $6.4 million compared to income from operations of $24.8 million in the prior year. Gross margins were compressed related to the rollout of our latest generation TASER device and increased data storage expenses, partially offset by higher margins for Software & Sensors devices. Increased cost of sales, selling, general and administrative expenses, and research and development expenses to support continued and future growth also contributed to the decline in operating results. Additionally, expenses for the year ended December 31, 2019 reflected $51.6 million in incremental stock-based compensation expense related to the CEO Performance Award and XSPP. The decline in operating results was partially offset by a $4.3 million increase in interest income. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we recorded net income of $0.9 million compared to $29.2 million for the prior year.
2020 Outlook
For the year ending December 31, 2020, we expect revenue of $615 million to $625 million. We anticipate that revenue for the three months ending March 31, 2020 will reflect approximately 13% growth as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2019. We anticipate that the timing of 2020 revenue will reflect a similar distribution as in 2019. We expect a normalized income tax rate of between 20% and 25%; this rate can fluctuate depending on geography of income and the effects of discrete items, including changes in our stock price.
In late 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus was first detected in Wuhan, China. Following the outbreak of this virus, the Chinese government has quarantined certain affected regions and certain travel restrictions have been imposed. Our operations team is closely monitoring the potential impact to our supply chain. At this time we have successfully managed through the current impacts. Our operations team has some flexibility to adapt to the changing situation; however, if the situation further deteriorates or the outbreak results in further travel restriction on both supply and demand, these impacts could affect our full year guidance.
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Results of Operations
The following table presents data from our consolidated statements of operations as well as the percentage relationship to total net sales of items included in our statements of operations (dollars in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Net sales from products | $ | 399,474 |  |  | 75.3 | % |  | $ | 327,635 |  |  | 78.0 | %
Net sales from services | 131,386 |  |  | 24.7 | % |  | 92,433 |  |  | 22.0 | %
Net sales | 530,860 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 420,068 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Cost of product sales | 190,683 |  |  | 35.9 | % |  | 139,337 |  |  | 33.2 | %
Cost of service sales | 32,891 |  |  | 6.2 | % |  | 22,148 |  |  | 5.3 | %
Cost of sales | 223,574 |  |  | 42.1 | % |  | 161,485 |  |  | 38.5 | %
Gross margin | 307,286 |  |  | 57.9 | % |  | 258,583 |  |  | 61.5 | %
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales, general and administrative | 212,959 |  |  | 40.1 | % |  | 156,886 |  |  | 37.3 | %
Research and development | 100,721 |  |  | 19.0 | % |  | 76,856 |  |  | 18.3 | %
Total operating expenses | 313,680 |  |  | 59.1 | % |  | 233,742 |  |  | 55.6 | %
Income (loss) from operations | (6,394 | ) |  | (1.2 | )% |  | 24,841 |  |  | 5.9 | %
Interest and other income, net | 8,464 |  |  | 1.6 | % |  | 3,263 |  |  | 0.8 | %
Income before provision for income taxes | 2,070 |  |  | 0.4 | % |  | 28,104 |  |  | 6.7 | %
Provision (benefit) for income taxes | 1,188 |  |  | 0.2 | % |  | (1,101 | ) |  | (0.3 | )%
Net income | $ | 882 |  |  | 0.2 | % |  | $ | 29,205 |  |  | 7.0 | %

Net sales to the U.S. and other countries are summarized as follows (dollars in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018
United States | $ | 446,100 |  |  | 84.0 | % |  | $ | 335,310 |  |  | 79.8 | %
Other Countries | 84,760 |  |  | 16.0 | % |  | 84,758 |  |  | 20.2 | %
Total | $ | 530,860 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 420,068 |  |  | 100.0 | %

International revenue in 2019 remained consistent with 2018. Lower sales in Canada and the Asia Pacific region were offset by increased sales in Europe and Africa.
Our operations are comprised of two reportable segments: the manufacture and sale of CEDs, batteries, accessories and extended warranties and other products and services (collectively, the “TASER” segment); and the development, manufacture, and sale of software and sensors, which includes the sale of devices, wearables, applications, cloud and mobile products, and services (collectively, the "Software and Sensors" segment). In both segments, we report sales of products and services. Service revenue in both segments includes sales related to Axon Evidence. In the Software and Sensors segment, service revenue also includes other recurring cloud-hosted software revenue and related professional services. Collectively, this revenue is sometimes referred to as "Axon Cloud revenue." Revenue from our “products” in the Software and Sensors segment are generally from sales of sensors, including on-officer body cameras, Axon Fleet cameras, other hardware sensors, warranties on sensors, and other products, and is sometimes referred to as "Sensors and Other revenue." Within the Software and Sensors segment, we include only revenues and costs attributable to that segment which costs include: costs of sales for both products and services, direct labor, and product management and R&D for products included, or to be included, within the Software and Sensors segment. All other costs are included in the TASER segment.
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For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018
Net Sales
Net sales by product line were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 (dollars in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31, |  | Dollar Change |  | Percent Change
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  |
TASER segment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
TASER 7 | $ | 56,652 |  |  | 10.7 | % |  | $ | 7,358 |  |  | 1.8 | % |  | $ | 49,294 |  |  | 669.9 | %
TASER X26P | 52,524 |  |  | 9.9 | % |  | 70,638 |  |  | 16.8 | % |  | (18,114 | ) |  | (25.6 | )%
TASER X2 | 55,920 |  |  | 10.5 | % |  | 78,837 |  |  | 18.8 | % |  | (22,917 | ) |  | (29.1 | )%
TASER Pulse and Bolt | 4,089 |  |  | 0.8 | % |  | 5,182 |  |  | 1.2 | % |  | (1,093 | ) |  | (21.1 | )%
Cartridges | 85,987 |  |  | 16.2 | % |  | 68,258 |  |  | 16.3 | % |  | 17,729 |  |  | 26.0 | %
Axon Evidence and cloud services | 704 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 704 |  |  | * |
Extended warranties | 18,074 |  |  | 3.4 | % |  | 15,753 |  |  | 3.8 | % |  | 2,321 |  |  | 14.7 | %
Other | 7,711 |  |  | 1.5 | % |  | 7,089 |  |  | 1.7 | % |  | 622 |  |  | 8.8 | %
TASER segment | 281,661 |  |  | 53.1 | % |  | 253,115 |  |  | 60.4 | % |  | 28,546 |  |  | 11.3 | %
Software and Sensors segment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Axon Body | 44,039 |  |  | 8.3 | % |  | 21,883 |  |  | 5.2 | % |  | 22,156 |  |  | 101.2 | %
Axon Flex | 5,928 |  |  | 1.1 | % |  | 6,509 |  |  | 1.5 | % |  | (581 | ) |  | (8.9 | )%
Axon Fleet | 16,182 |  |  | 3.0 | % |  | 12,527 |  |  | 3.0 | % |  | 3,655 |  |  | 29.2 | %
Axon Dock | 20,449 |  |  | 3.9 | % |  | 10,706 |  |  | 2.5 | % |  | 9,743 |  |  | 91.0 | %
Axon Evidence and cloud services | 130,265 |  |  | 24.5 | % |  | 90,291 |  |  | 21.5 | % |  | 39,974 |  |  | 44.3 | %
TASER Cam | 3,104 |  |  | 0.6 | % |  | 3,871 |  |  | 0.9 | % |  | (767 | ) |  | (19.8 | )%
Extended warranties | 19,188 |  |  | 3.6 | % |  | 11,860 |  |  | 2.8 | % |  | 7,328 |  |  | 61.8 | %
Other | 10,044 |  |  | 1.9 | % |  | 9,306 |  |  | 2.2 | % |  | 738 |  |  | 7.9 | %
Software and Sensors segment | 249,199 |  |  | 46.9 | % |  | 166,953 |  |  | 39.6 | % |  | 82,246 |  |  | 49.3 | %
Total net sales | $ | 530,860 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 420,068 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 110,792 |  |  | 26.4 | %

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Net unit sales were as follows:

| Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Unit Change |  | Percent Change
TASER 7 | 49,221 |  |  | 5,759 |  |  | 43,462 |  |  | 754.7 | %
TASER X26P | 48,798 |  |  | 71,823 |  |  | (23,025 | ) |  | (32.1 | )%
TASER X2 | 40,973 |  |  | 65,855 |  |  | (24,882 | ) |  | (37.8 | )%
TASER Pulse and Bolt | 11,785 |  |  | 18,398 |  |  | (6,613 | ) |  | (35.9 | )%
Cartridges | 2,751,603 |  |  | 2,342,897 |  |  | 408,706 |  |  | 17.4 | %
Axon Body | 151,499 |  |  | 85,965 |  |  | 65,534 |  |  | 76.2 | %
Axon Flex | 15,586 |  |  | 15,541 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 0.3 | %
Axon Fleet | 10,467 |  |  | 9,445 |  |  | 1,022 |  |  | 10.8 | %
Axon Dock | 22,275 |  |  | 17,762 |  |  | 4,513 |  |  | 25.4 | %
TASER Cam | 5,533 |  |  | 8,310 |  |  | (2,777 | ) |  | (33.4 | )%

Net sales for the TASER segment increased $28.5 million, or 11.3%, primarily as a result of a $17.7 million increase in cartridge revenue and a net increase of $7.2 million in TASER device sales. Cartridge revenues increased due to both increased unit sales and an increase in average selling price. The decreased unit sales of X2 and X26P were partially offset by higher average selling prices. As expected, we continue to see a shift to purchases of our latest generation device, TASER 7, from legacy X2 and X26P devices. We expect recurring payment plan subscriptions to increase as we drive sales of TASER 7, which includes a software subscription with Axon Evidence.
Net sales for the Software and Sensors segment increased $82.2 million, or 49.3%. Revenue from Axon Evidence and cloud services increased $40.0 million as we continued to add users and associated devices to our network during the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase in the aggregate number of users and devices also resulted in increased extended warranty revenues of $7.3 million. Revenue from Axon Body cameras increased $22.2 million and included $19.3 million in sales of Axon Body 3, which was introduced during the third quarter of 2019. Axon Dock revenue also increased $9.7 million with increased units largely driven by the introduction of Axon Body 3, as well as an increase in the average selling price.
For the past few years, we have considered bookings for our Software and Sensors segment as an early indicator of activity for Axon camera products and Axon Evidence services. We have shifted our focus to total company future contracted revenue, which we believe is a more relevant and comprehensive forward-looking performance indicator, as it encompasses all company contracts, including TASER. As of December 31, 2019, we had approximately $1.23 billion of total company future contracted revenue, which included both recognized contract liabilities as well as amounts that will be invoiced and recognized in future periods. We expect to recognize between 20% - 25% of this balance over the next twelve months, and expect the remainder to be recognized over the following five to seven years, subject to risks related to delayed deployments, budget appropriation or other contract cancellation clauses.
Backlog - As of December 31, 2019 compared to December 31, 2018
Our backlog for products and services includes all orders that have been received and are believed to be firm.
In the TASER segment, we define backlog as equal to deferred revenue. Deferred revenue represents amounts invoiced to customers for goods and services to be delivered in subsequent periods. We process orders within the TASER segment quickly, and our best estimate of firm orders outstanding as of period end represents those that have been paid for but remain undelivered. The TASER segment backlog balance was $55.2 million as of December 31, 2019. We expect to realize $22.6 million of this deferred revenue balance as revenue during the next 12 months. This represents cash received and accounts receivable from customers on or prior to December 31, 2019 for products and services expected to be delivered in the next 12 months.
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In the Software and Sensors segment, we define backlog as cumulative bookings, net of cancellations, less product and service revenue recognized to date. Bookings are generally realized as revenue over multiple years. The Software and Sensors backlog balance was $1.0 billion as of December 31, 2019. This backlog balance includes $150.6 million of deferred revenue, and $875.6 million that has been recorded as bookings but not yet invoiced, all as of December 31, 2019. We expect to realize approximately $270.0 million of the December 31, 2019 backlog balance as revenue during the next 12 months.

| TASER |  | Software and Sensors |  | Total
| (in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 54,597 |  |  | $ | 758,125 |  |  | $ | 812,722 |
Add: additions to backlog, net of cancellations | 282,253 |  |  | 517,266 |  |  | 799,519 |
Less: revenue recognized during period | ( | 281,661 | ) |  | ( | 249,199 | ) |  | ( | 530,860 | )
Balance end of period | $ | 55,189 |  |  | $ | 1,026,192 |  |  | $ | 1,081,381 |

Our backlog of $1.1 billion as of December 31, 2019 has increased significantly from $812.7 million as of December 31, 2018. The increase in TASER segment backlog is not expected to have a material impact on revenue or operating margins. Our significant increase in backlog, primarily in the Software and Sensors segment is indicative of expected revenue growth in this segment. Revenue growth in the Software and Sensors segment is expected to result in improved operating margins over time as additional revenue will cover a larger portion of our selling, general and administrative expenses and research and development costs. We also anticipate gross margins to improve gradually in future years.
Cost of Product and Service Sales
Cost of Product and Service Sales (dollars in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31, |  | Dollar Change |  | Percent Change
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  |
TASER segment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of product sales | $ | 107,188 |  |  | 38.1 | % |  | $ | 80,354 |  |  | 31.7 | % |  | $ | 26,834 |  |  | 33.4 | %
Software and Sensors segment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of product sales | 83,495 |  |  | 33.5 | % |  | 58,983 |  |  | 35.3 | % |  | 24,512 |  |  | 41.6 | %
Cost of service sales | 32,891 |  |  | 13.2 | % |  | 22,148 |  |  | 13.3 | % |  | 10,743 |  |  | 48.5 | %
Total cost of sales | 116,386 |  |  | 46.7 | % |  | 81,131 |  |  | 48.6 | % |  | 35,255 |  |  | 43.5 | %
Total cost of product and service sales | $ | 223,574 |  |  | 42.1 | % |  | $ | 161,485 |  |  | 38.4 | % |  | $ | 62,089 |  |  | 38.4 | %

Within the TASER segment, cost of product sales increased $26.8 million, or 33.4%, to $107.2 million in 2019, compared to $80.4 million in 2018. Cost as a percentage of sales increased to 38.1% from 31.7%. The increase in cost of product sales was primarily attributable to the mix of products, with higher cost per unit for TASER 7 handles and cartridges as well as higher depreciation on new production equipment for the TASER 7. Additionally, cost of product sales included approximately $3.0 million in expense for TASER 7 ramp-up and optimization costs related to scrap, obsolete inventory, and higher labor costs.
Within the Software and Sensors segment, cost of product and service sales was $116.4 million, an increase of $35.3 million, or 43.5%, from 2018. As a percentage of net sales, cost of product and service sales decreased to 46.7% in 2019 from 48.6% in 2018. Cost of product sales increased $24.5 million primarily driven by the impact of increased units as well as increased freight and customs expenses, but decreased as a percentage of total segment net sales, reflecting non-recurrence of customer fulfillment costs associated with our acquisition of VIEVU in May 2018 and higher pricing on Axon Body 2 cameras and docks. Cost of service sales increased $10.7 million driven primarily by
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a $5.0 million increase in third party cloud data storage and compute costs, and by a $3.9 million increase in professional services expense due to both significant Fleet installations during 2019 and an overall increase following the acquisition of VIEVU in May 2018. In June 2019, we entered into a purchase agreement for cloud data storage with a three year term beginning July 1, 2019. We expect that this agreement, in combination with moving certain data into archive storage, will slow the growth of our future storage and compute costs, despite anticipated increases in the amount of data stored.
Gross Margin
Gross Margin (dollars in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31,
|  |  | Dollar Change |  | Percent Change
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  |
TASER segment | $ | 174,473 |  |  | $ | 172,761 |  |  | $ | 1,712 |  |  | 1.0 | %
Software and Sensors segment | 132,813 |  |  | 85,822 |  |  | 46,991 |  |  | 54.8 | %
Total gross margin | $ | 307,286 |  |  | $ | 258,583 |  |  | $ | 48,703 |  |  | 18.8 | %
Gross margin as % of net sales | 57.9 | % |  | 61.5 | % |  |  |  |

Gross margin increased $48.7 million to $307.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $258.6 million for 2018. As a percentage of net sales, gross margin decreased to 57.9% for 2019 from 61.5% for 2018.
As a percentage of net sales, gross margin for the TASER segment decreased to 61.9% for the year ended December 31, 2019 from 68.3% for the year ended December 31, 2018. TASER 7 devices have a lower average selling price per unit than legacy products due to the bundle of products and services included, and a higher cost per unit than legacy products. Additionally, gross margin was impacted by trade in credits provided to certain customers purchasing TASER 7 devices.
Within the Software and Sensors segment, gross margin as a percentage of total segment net sales was 53.3% and 51.4% for the years ended 2019 and 2018, respectively. Within the Software and Sensors segment, product gross margin was 29.8% for the year ended December 31, 2019 and 20.8% for the same period in 2018, while the service margins were 74.8% and 76.0% during those same periods, respectively.
Sales, General and Administrative Expenses
Sales, General and Administrative ("SG&A") Expenses (dollars in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31, |  | Dollar Change |  | Percent Change
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  |
Salaries, benefits and bonus | $ | 67,582 |  |  | $ | 63,185 |  |  | $ | 4,397 |  |  | 7.0 | %
Stock-based compensation | 59,341 |  |  | 12,710 |  |  | 46,631 |  |  | 366.9 | %
Professional, consulting and lobbying | 21,590 |  |  | 24,469 |  |  | (2,879 | ) |  | (11.8 | )%
Sales and marketing | 28,961 |  |  | 19,427 |  |  | 9,534 |  |  | 49.1 | %
Travel and meals | 11,407 |  |  | 9,908 |  |  | 1,499 |  |  | 15.1 | %
Depreciation and amortization | 5,739 |  |  | 6,051 |  |  | (312 | ) |  | (5.2 | )%
Other | 18,339 |  |  | 21,136 |  |  | (2,797 | ) |  | (13.2 | )%
Total sales, general and administrative expenses | $ | 212,959 |  |  | $ | 156,886 |  |  | $ | 56,073 |  |  | 35.7 | %
SG&A expenses as a percentage of net sales | 40.1 | % |  | 37.3 | % |  |  |  |

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SG&A increased $56.1 million, or 35.7%. Stock-based compensation expense increased $46.6 million in comparison to the prior year comparable period, which was primarily attributable to an increase of $30.8 million in expense related to the CEO Performance Award and expense of $11.5 million related to our XSPP. During the year ended December 31, 2019, attainment of the third through ninth tranches of the CEO Performance Award and XSPP became probable. Accordingly, we recorded expense of $26.5 million for the CEO Performance Award and $7.3 million for the XSPP reflecting the cumulative expense for the third through ninth tranches from the grant dates through December 31, 2019. Refer to Note 12 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements within this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional discussion of the CEO Performance Award and XSPP. Stock-based compensation expense also increased over the prior year comparable period due to an increase in headcount.
Salaries, benefits and bonus expense increased $4.4 million, primarily due to an increase in headcount. The increase was partially offset by a decline in expense for contract labor. Salaries, benefits and bonus expense decreased as a percentage of sales from 15.0% for 2018 to 12.7% for 2019.
Sales and marketing expenses increased $9.5 million, driven by a $8.7 million increase in commissions tied to higher revenues. The increase in commissions was also driven by higher commission rates for higher value bundled deals, which have continued to increase.
The increases were partially offset by a decrease of $2.9 million in professional, consulting and lobbying expenses. Legal expenses increased by approximately $1.0 million, offset by a $3.8 million decrease in professional fees, which were higher during 2018 related to our acquisition of Vievu, the adoption of Topic 606, and the implementation of the CEO Performance Award and XSPP.
During 2019, we abandoned certain capitalized software related to implementation work on an enterprise resource planning system conversion, resulting in an impairment charge of $1.3 million, and certain planning and site development activities related to our planned new headquarters, resulting in an impairment charge of $0.7 million. During 2018, we recorded an impairment charge of $2.0 million related to the abandonment of certain developed technology acquired in a business combination.
As discussed in Note 9 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements within this Annual Report on Form 10-K, on January 3, 2020, we sued the FTC in the District of Arizona, and the FTC filed an enforcement action regarding our May 2018 acquisition of Vievu LLC. This litigation is expected to result in an increase in legal expenses during the year ending December 31, 2020. While the amount and timing of such expenses is unknown and will vary depending on the progression of litigation, we currently anticipate expenses in the range of $10.0 million to $15.0 million for the year, with a higher proportion of the expense expected during the first half of 2020.
Research and Development Expenses
Research and Development ("R&D") Expenses (dollars in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31, |  | Dollar Change |  | Percent Change
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  |
Salaries, benefits and bonus | $ | 63,763 |  |  | $ | 49,792 |  |  | $ | 13,971 |  |  | 28.1 | %
Stock-based compensation | 17,588 |  |  | 8,658 |  |  | 8,930 |  |  | 103.1 | %
Professional and consulting | 4,525 |  |  | 4,183 |  |  | 342 |  |  | 8.2 | %
Travel and meals | 2,247 |  |  | 2,192 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 2.5 | %
Other | 12,598 |  |  | 12,031 |  |  | 567 |  |  | 4.7 | %
Total research and development expenses | $ | 100,721 |  |  | $ | 76,856 |  |  | $ | 23,865 |  |  | 31.1 | %
R&D expenses as a percentage of net sales | 19.0 | % |  | 18.3 | % |  |  |  |

The increase in R&D expense was fully attributable to our Software and Sensors segment. Within the TASER segment, R&D expenses decreased $2.5 million or 14.9% due to lower headcount and a decrease in hardware spending,
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which was higher during the prior year comparable period leading up to the TASER 7 launch. R&D expense for the Software and Sensors segment increased $26.4 million or 44.1%, but decreased to 34.6% of sales as compared to 35.8% in the prior year. Of the increase, $16.1 million related to salaries, benefits, and bonus attributable to increased headcount.
Stock-based compensation expense increased $8.9 million. Contributing to the increase was expense of $5.2 million related to our XSPP. During 2019, attainment of the third through ninth tranches of the XSPP became probable. Accordingly, we recorded expense of $3.4 million for the XSPP reflecting the cumulative expense for the third through ninth tranches from the grant dates through December 31, 2019. Stock-based compensation expense also increased over the prior year comparable period due to an increase in headcount.
Hardware spending increased approximately $2.6 million leading up to the Axon Body 3 launch. This increase was largely offset by decreases in depreciation and other expenses.
We expect R&D expense to continue to increase in absolute dollars as we focus on growing the Software and Sensors segment as we add headcount and additional resources to develop new products and services to further advance our scalable cloud-connected device platform. We believe that these investments will result in an increase in our subscription revenue base, which over time will result in revenue increasing faster than the increase in SG&A expenses and R&D costs, as we reach economies of scale.
Interest and Other Income, Net
Interest and other income, net was $8.5 million and $3.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
For the year ended December 31, 2019, we earned interest income of $8.7 million and had losses from foreign currency transaction adjustments of $0.3 million, other income, net of $0.1 million, and interest expense of less than $0.1 million. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we earned interest income of $4.4 million and had losses from foreign currency transaction adjustments of $1.1 million, interest expense of $0.1 million, and other expense of $0.1 million.
Provision for Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes was $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The effective income tax rate for 2019 was 57.4%. The benefits related to excess stock-based compensation of $5.0 million and research and development credits of $4.9 million were partially offset by the tax effects of permanently non-deductible expenses for executive compensation of $7.6 million, an increase in uncertain tax benefits of $1.2 million and other permanently non-deductible expenses of $1.1 million and state tax expense of $0.5 million. Additionally, we recorded a $0.4 million increase to our valuation allowance as of December 31, 2019 related to research and development tax credits that may not be utilized prior to expiration, partially offset by changes in certain foreign jurisdictions.
The income tax benefit was $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The effective income tax rate for 2018 was (3.9%). The benefits related to excess stock-based compensation of $8.9 million and research and development credits of $6.9 million were partially offset by the tax effects of permanently non-deductible expenses for executive compensation of $1.2 million, an increase in uncertain tax benefits of $1.8 million and return to provision adjustments of $1.8 million. Additionally, we recorded a $2.0 million increase to our valuation allowance as of December 31, 2018 related to research and development tax credits that may not be utilized prior to expiration, partially offset by changes in certain foreign jurisdictions.
Net Income
Our net income decreased by $28.3 million to $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $29.2 million in 2018. Net income per basic and diluted share was $0.01 for 2019, compared to net income per basic and diluted share of $0.52 and $0.50, respectively, for 2018.
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Three Months Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to September 30, 2019
Net sales by product line were as follows (dollars in thousands):

| Three Months Ended December 31, 2019 |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  | Dollar Change |  | Percent Change
TASER segment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
TASER 7 | $ | 17,186 |  |  | 10.0 | % |  | $ | 20,214 |  |  | 15.4 | % |  | $ | (3,028 | ) |  | (15.0 | )%
TASER X26P | 14,692 |  |  | 8.5 | % |  | 11,578 |  |  | 8.8 | % |  | 3,114 |  |  | 26.9 | %
TASER X2 | 15,507 |  |  | 9.0 | % |  | 13,241 |  |  | 10.1 | % |  | 2,266 |  |  | 17.1 | %
TASER Pulse and Bolt | 1,169 |  |  | 0.7 | % |  | 1,132 |  |  | 0.9 | % |  | 37 |  |  | 3.3 | %
Cartridges | 28,633 |  |  | 16.7 | % |  | 18,901 |  |  | 14.4 | % |  | 9,732 |  |  | 51.5 | %
Axon Evidence and cloud services | 341 |  |  | 0.2 | % |  | 218 |  |  | 0.2 | % |  | 123 |  |  | 56.4 | %
Extended warranties | 4,733 |  |  | 2.8 | % |  | 4,543 |  |  | 3.5 | % |  | 190 |  |  | 4.2 | %
Other | 1,694 |  |  | 1.0 | % |  | 1,916 |  |  | 1.5 | % |  | (222 | ) |  | (11.6 | )%
TASER segment | 83,955 |  |  | 48.9 | % |  | 71,743 |  |  | 54.8 | % |  | 12,212 |  |  | 17.0 | %
Software and Sensors segment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Axon Body | 25,219 |  |  | 14.7 | % |  | 6,763 |  |  | 5.2 | % |  | 18,456 |  |  | 272.9 | %
Axon Flex | 1,411 |  |  | 0.8 | % |  | 1,670 |  |  | 1.3 | % |  | (259 | ) |  | (15.5 | )%
Axon Fleet | 5,205 |  |  | 3.0 | % |  | 4,341 |  |  | 3.3 | % |  | 864 |  |  | 19.9 | %
Axon Dock | 11,048 |  |  | 6.4 | % |  | 3,358 |  |  | 2.6 | % |  | 7,690 |  |  | 229.0 | %
Axon Evidence and cloud services | 36,804 |  |  | 21.4 | % |  | 34,022 |  |  | 26.0 | % |  | 2,782 |  |  | 8.2 | %
TASER Cam | 623 |  |  | 0.4 | % |  | 534 |  |  | 0.4 | % |  | 89 |  |  | 16.7 | %
Extended warranties | 5,124 |  |  | 3.0 | % |  | 4,714 |  |  | 3.6 | % |  | 410 |  |  | 8.7 | %
Other | 2,462 |  |  | 1.4 | % |  | 3,692 |  |  | 2.8 | % |  | (1,230 | ) |  | (33.3 | )%
Software and Sensors segment | 87,896 |  |  | 51.1 | % |  | 59,094 |  |  | 45.2 | % |  | 28,802 |  |  | 48.7 | %
Total net sales | $ | 171,851 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 130,837 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 41,014 |  |  | 31.3 | %

Net unit sales were as follows:

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
| December 31, 2019 |  | September 30, 2019 |  | Unit Change |  | Percent Change
TASER 7 | 14,577 |  |  | 17,674 |  |  | (3,097 | ) |  | (17.5 | )%
TASER X26P | 13,554 |  |  | 10,766 |  |  | 2,788 |  |  | 25.9 | %
TASER X2 | 11,534 |  |  | 9,819 |  |  | 1,715 |  |  | 17.5 | %
TASER Pulse and Bolt | 2,978 |  |  | 3,923 |  |  | (945 | ) |  | (24.1 | )%
Cartridges | 962,519 |  |  | 566,347 |  |  | 396,172 |  |  | 70.0 | %
Axon Body | 83,268 |  |  | 22,037 |  |  | 61,231 |  |  | 277.9 | %
Axon Flex | 3,078 |  |  | 5,409 |  |  | (2,331 | ) |  | (43.1 | )%
Axon Fleet | 3,324 |  |  | 2,967 |  |  | 357 |  |  | 12.0 | %
Axon Dock | 10,149 |  |  | 3,724 |  |  | 6,425 |  |  | 172.5 | %
TASER Cam | 1,177 |  |  | 899 |  |  | 278 |  |  | 30.9 | %

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Net sales for the TASER segment increased $12.2 million, or 17.0%, on a sequential basis primarily due to an overall increase in revenue from cartridges. An inventory shortfall earlier in the year resulted in a backlog primarily for TASER 7 and X2 cartridges; this backlog was cleared during the quarter ended December 31, 2019. The increase in cartridge units were partially offset by a decrease in the average selling price. Net sales also included a net increase of $2.4 million in TASER device sales. TASER 7 sales declined compared to the three months ending September 30, 2019; as a result of a battery component supplier not being able to timely fulfill our production needs, approximately $3 million of forecasted TASER 7 sales shifted from the three months ended June 30, 2019 to the three months ending September 30, 2019. Units of our legacy TASER devices increased, while the average selling prices remained consistent with the prior quarter.
Net sales for the Software and Sensors segment increased $28.8 million, or 48.7%, on a sequential basis. Revenue from Axon Body cameras increased $18.5 million and included $18.7 million in sales of Axon Body 3, which was introduced during the third quarter of 2019. Partially offsetting this increase was a decrease in units and average selling price of Axon Body 2 units. Axon Dock revenue also increased $7.7 million with increased units largely driven by the introduction of Axon Body 3, as well as an increase in the average selling price. The increase in the aggregate number of users on our network, including on-premise users in secondary international markets, resulted in increased Axon Evidence and cloud services revenues of $2.8 million.
International sales were $24.5 million in for the three months ended December 31, 2019 as compared to $20.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, an increase of $4.5 million, driven by increased sales in the Asia Pacific region which were partially offset by lower sales in Africa.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
To supplement our financial results presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. ("GAAP"), we present the non-GAAP financial measures of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA (CEO Performance Award). Our management uses these non-GAAP financial measures in evaluating our performance in comparison to prior periods. We believe that both management and investors benefit from referring to these non-GAAP financial measures in assessing our performance, and when planning and forecasting our future periods. A reconciliation of GAAP to the non-GAAP financial measures is presented below.

• | EBITDA (Most comparable GAAP Measure: Net income) - Earnings before interest expense, investment interest income, taxes, depreciation and amortization.

• | Adjusted EBITDA (CEO Performance Award) (Most comparable GAAP Measure: Net income) - Earnings before interest expense, investment interest income, taxes, depreciation, amortization and non-cash stock-based compensation expense.

Although these non-GAAP financial measures are not consistent with GAAP, management believes investors will benefit by referring to these non-GAAP financial measures when assessing our operating results, as well as when forecasting and analyzing future periods. However, management recognizes that:

• | these non-GAAP financial measures are limited in their usefulness and should be considered only as a supplement to our GAAP financial measures;

• | these non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, our GAAP financial measures;

• | these non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered to be superior to our GAAP financial measures; and

• | these non-GAAP financial measures were not prepared in accordance with GAAP and investors should not assume that the non-GAAP financial measures presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K were prepared under a comprehensive set of rules or principles.

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EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA (CEO Performance Award) reconcile to net income as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  | For the Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net income |  | $ | 882 |  |  | $ | 29,205 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 11,361 |  |  | 10,615 |
Interest expense |  | 46 |  |  | 86 |
Investment interest income |  | (7,040 | ) |  | (3,002 | )
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes |  | 1,188 |  |  | (1,101 | )
EBITDA |  | $ | 6,437 |  |  | $ | 35,803 |
Adjustments: |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | 78,495 |  |  | 21,879 |
Adjusted EBITDA (CEO Performance Award) |  | $ | 84,932 |  |  | $ | 57,682 |

Liquidity and Capital Resources
Summary
As of December 31, 2019, we had $172.3 million of cash and cash equivalents, a decrease of $177.2 million from December 31, 2018. Cash and cash equivalents and investments totaled $396.3 million, an increase of $46.8 million from December 31, 2018.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities (in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Operating activities | $ | 65,673 |  |  | $ | 63,875 |
Investing activities | (240,737 | ) |  | (9,860 | )
Financing activities | (3,937 | ) |  | 219,348 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | 329 |  |  | (774 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | (178,672 | ) |  | $ | 272,589 |

Operating activities
Net cash provided by operating activities in 2019 of $65.7 million consisted of $0.9 million in net income, the net add-back of non-cash income statement items totaling $89.4 million and a $24.6 million net change in operating assets and liabilities. Included in the non-cash items were $11.4 million in depreciation and amortization expense, $2.5 million related to the impairment of certain property and equipment, $78.5 million in stock-based compensation expense, and a $8.0 million increase in deferred income tax assets. The most significant increase to the portion of cash provided by operating activities related to the changes in operating assets and liabilities was a $24.0 million increase in deferred revenue. Of the deferred revenue increase, $10.5 million resulted from increased hardware deferred revenue from TASER subscription sales, and $13.1 million related to prepayments for Software and Sensors services. Additionally, operating cash flows were positively impacted by an increase of $5.0 million in accounts payable and accrued liabilities,
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which was primarily a result of the timing of invoice payments. Operating cash flows were negatively impacted by increased inventory of $4.9 million, increased accounts and notes receivable and contract assets of $38.8 million and increased prepaid expenses and other assets of $9.8 million. The increase in accounts and notes receivable and contract assets was attributable to increased sales in 2019, primarily sales made under subscription plans. The increase in prepaid expenses and other assets of $9.8 million during 2019 was primarily attributable to a $15.0 million prepayment related to a purchase agreement for cloud data storage that commenced in July 2019, net of usage of $7.0 million, and a smaller increase in deferred commissions.
Investing activities
We used $240.7 million for investing activities in 2019. Purchases of investments, net of calls and maturities, were $224.4 million. We also invested $16.3 million in the purchase of property and equipment and intangibles.
Financing activities
Net cash used in financing activities was $3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. During 2019, we paid income and payroll taxes of approximately $4.1 million on behalf of employees who net-settled stock awards during the period. These cash outflows were partially offset by $0.1 million of proceeds from the exercise of stock options.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our most significant source of liquidity continues to be funds generated by operating activities and available cash and cash equivalents. In addition, our $50.0 million revolving credit facility is available for additional working capital needs or investment opportunities. Under the terms of the line of credit, available borrowings are reduced by outstanding letters of credit. Advances under the line of credit bear interest at LIBOR plus 1.0 to 1.5% per year determined in accordance with a pricing grid based on our funded debt to earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") ratio.
As of December 31, 2019, we had letters of credit outstanding of $2.7 million, leaving the net amount available for borrowing of $47.3 million. The facility matures on December 31, 2021 and has an accordion feature which allows for an increase in the total line of credit up to $100.0 million, subject to certain conditions, including the availability of additional bank commitments. There can be no assurance that we will continue to generate cash flows at or above current levels or that we will be able to maintain our ability to borrow under our revolving credit facility. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, there were no borrowings under the line.
Our agreement with the bank requires us to comply with a maximum funded debt to EBITDA ratio, as defined, of no greater than 2.50 to 1.00 based upon a trailing four fiscal quarter period. At December 31, 2019, the Company’s funded debt to EBITDA ratio was 0.0004 to 1.00.
TASER 60 installment purchase arrangements typically involve amounts invoiced in five equal installments at the beginning of each year of the five-year term. This is in contrast to a traditional CED sale in which the entire amount being charged for the hardware is invoiced upon shipment. This impacts liquidity in a commensurate fashion, with the cash for the TASER 60 arrangement received in five annual installments rather than up front. It is our strategic intent to shift an increasing amount of our business to a subscription model, to better match the municipal budgeting process of our customers as well as to allow for multiple product offerings to be bundled into existing subscriptions. We carefully considered the cash flow impacts of this strategic shift and regularly revisit our cash flow forecast with the goal of maintaining a comfortable level of liquidity as we introduce commercial offerings in which we incur upfront cash costs to produce and fulfill hardware sales ahead of the cash inflows from our customers. We anticipate, and have prepared for, the majority of our arrangements in both reportable segments to be offered in similar subscription-type offerings over the coming years. With the launch of the TASER 7, which is primarily being sold in subscription offerings, this strategic shift continues to accelerate.
Based on our strong balance sheet and the fact that we had less than $0.1 million in total long-term debt and financing lease obligations at December 31, 2019, we believe financing will be available, both through our existing
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credit line and possible additional financing. However, there is no assurance that such funding will be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all.
We believe that our sources of funding will be sufficient to satisfy our currently anticipated cash requirements including capital expenditures, working capital requirements, potential acquisitions and other liquidity requirements through at least the next 12 months. We and our Board of Directors may consider repurchases of our common stock. Further repurchases of our common stock would take place on the open market, would be financed with available cash and are subject to authorization as well as market and business conditions.
Contractual Obligations
The following table outlines our future contractual financial obligations by period in which payment is expected, as of December 31, 2019 (dollars in thousands):

|  | Total |  | Less than 1 Year |  | 1 - 3 Years |  | 3 - 5 Years |  | More than 5 Years
Operating lease obligations |  | $ | 12,042 |  |  | $ | 4,539 |  |  | $ | 6,330 |  |  | $ | 1,173 |  |  | $ | — |
Financing leases including interest |  | 36 |  |  | 36 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchase obligations |  | 193,322 |  |  | 154,845 |  |  | 24,118 |  |  | 4,413 |  |  | 9,946 |
Total contractual obligations |  | $ | 205,400 |  |  | $ | 159,420 |  |  | $ | 30,448 |  |  | $ | 5,586 |  |  | $ | 9,946 |

Purchase obligations in the table above represent $137.9 million of open purchase orders and $55.4 million of other purchase obligations. The open purchase orders represent both cancelable and non-cancelable purchase orders with key vendors, which are included in this table due to our strategic relationships with these vendors.
We are subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income taxes imposed by state and foreign jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2019, we had $6.9 million of gross unrecognized tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions. The settlement period for our long-term income tax liabilities cannot be determined; however, the liabilities are expected to increase by approximately $1.2 million within the next 12 months.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
The discussion of off-balance sheet arrangements in Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is incorporated by reference herein.
Critical Accounting Estimates
We have identified the following accounting estimates as critical to our business operations and the understanding of our results of operations. The preparation of this Annual Report on Form 10-K requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. While we do not believe that a change in these estimates is reasonably likely, there can be no assurance that our actual results will not differ from these estimates. The effect of these estimates on our business operations is discussed below.
Product Warranties
We warranty our CEDs, Axon cameras and certain related accessories from manufacturing defects on a limited basis for a period of one year after purchase and, thereafter, will replace any defective unit for a fee. Estimated costs for the standard warranty are charged to cost of products sold when revenue is recorded for the related product. Future warranty costs are estimated based on historical data related to warranty claims on a quarterly basis and this rate is applied to current product sales. Historically, reserve amounts have been increased if management becomes aware of a component failure or other issue that could result in larger than anticipated warranty claims from customers. The
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warranty reserve is reviewed quarterly to verify that it sufficiently reflects the remaining warranty obligations based on the anticipated expenditures over the balance of the warranty obligation period, and adjustments are made when actual warranty claim experience differs from estimates. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, our warranty reserve was approximately $1.5 million and $0.9 million, respectively. Warranty expense for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $1.6 million, $0.7 million and $0.1 million, respectively. The increase in warranty expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 was primarily driven by the initial reserves on the new product launch of our Axon Body 3 camera as well as our continued support of TASER 7. As of December 31, 2019, our reserve included initial reserves related to Axon Body 3 cameras and docks. Warranty expense for the year ended December 31, 2018 was impacted by higher than initially expected warranty claims for the Axon Flex 2 on-officer body camera. Warranty expense for the year ended December 31, 2017, was impacted by lower than expected warranty claims for the Axon Body 2 on-officer body camera.
Revenue related to separately-priced extended warranties is initially recorded as deferred revenue at its allocated amount and subsequently recognized as net sales on a straight-line basis over the warranty service period. Costs related to extended warranties are charged to cost of product and service sales when incurred.
Inventory
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost is determined using the weighted average cost of raw materials, which approximates the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method and includes allocations of manufacturing labor and overhead. Provisions are made to reduce potentially excess, obsolete or slow-moving inventories, as well as trial and evaluation inventories to their net realizable value. These provisions are based on management’s best estimate after considering historical demand, projected future demand, inventory purchase commitments, industry and market trends and conditions among other factors. We evaluate inventory costs for abnormal costs due to excess production capacity and treats such costs as period costs.
During the year ended December 31, 2019, we recorded provisions to reduce inventories to their lower of cost and net realizable value of approximately $1.3 million compared to $3.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2018. The provision in 2019 was driven by analyses of projected sales data for existing products resulting in adjustments to state inventories at their lower of cost and net realizable value. The provision for 2018 was primarily attributable to the impact of phasing out previous generations of VIEVU cameras in an effort to convert existing customers to Axon body camera deployments.
Revenue Recognition, Deferred Revenue and Accounts and Notes Receivable
We derive revenue from two primary sources: (1) the sale of physical products, including CEDs, Axon cameras, Axon Signal enabled devices, corresponding hardware extended warranties, and related accessories such as Axon docks, cartridges and batteries, among others, and (2) subscriptions to our Axon Evidence digital evidence management SaaS (including data storage fees and other ancillary services), which includes varying levels of support. To a lesser extent, we also recognize training, professional services and revenue related to other software and SaaS services. We apply the five-step model outlined in Topic 606.
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Many of our products and services are sold on a standalone basis. We also bundle our hardware products and services together and sell them to our customers in single transactions, where the customer can make payments over a multi-year period. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the composition of revenue recognized from contracts containing multiple performance obligations and those not containing multiple performance obligations was as follows (dollars in thousands):

| For the Year Ended December 31, 2019
| TASER |  | Software and Sensors |  | Total
Contracts with Multiple Performance Obligations | $ | 130,761 |  |  | 46.4 | % |  | $ | 245,416 |  |  | 98.5 | % |  | $ | 376,177 |  |  | 70.9 | %
Contracts without Multiple Performance Obligations | 150,900 |  |  | 53.6 |  |  | 3,783 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | 154,683 |  |  | 29.1 |
Total | $ | 281,661 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 249,199 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 530,860 |  |  | 100.0 | %

| For the Year Ended December 31, 2018
| TASER |  | Software and Sensors |  | Total
Contracts with Multiple Performance Obligations | $ | 72,355 |  |  | 28.6 | % |  | $ | 159,318 |  |  | 95.4 | % |  | $ | 231,673 |  |  | 55.2 | %
Contracts without Multiple Performance Obligations | 180,760 |  |  | 71.4 |  |  | 7,635 |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | 188,395 |  |  | 44.8 |
Total | $ | 253,115 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 166,953 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 420,068 |  |  | 100.0 | %

| For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 (1)
| TASER |  | Software and Sensors |  | Total
Contracts with Multiple Performance Obligations | $ | 53,865 |  |  | 23.0 | % |  | $ | 102,529 |  |  | 93.8 | % |  | $ | 156,394 |  |  | 45.5 | %
Contracts without Multiple Performance Obligations | 180,647 |  |  | 77.0 |  |  | 6,757 |  |  | 6.2 |  |  | 187,404 |  |  | 54.5 |
Total | $ | 234,512 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 109,286 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 343,798 |  |  | 100.0 | %

(1) Amounts for the years ended December 31, 2017 have not been adjusted under the modified retrospective method of adoption of Topic 606, and are presented consistent with the prior period amounts reported under ASC 605.
Additionally, we offer customers the ability to purchase CED cartridges and certain services on an unlimited basis over the contractual term. Due to the unlimited nature of these arrangements whereby we are obligated to deliver unlimited products at the customer’s request, we account for these arrangements as stand-ready obligations, and recognize revenue ratably over the contract period. Cost of product sales is recognized as the products are shipped to the customer.
Revenues are recognized upon transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products or services. We enter into contracts that can include various combinations of products and services, each of which is generally distinct and accounted for as a separate performance obligation. Revenue is recognized net of allowances for returns and any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental taxing authorities.
A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer, and is the unit of account in Topic 606. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, we allocate the contract transaction price to each performance obligation using our estimate of the standalone selling price ("SSP") of each distinct good or service in the contract.
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Performance obligations to deliver products, including CEDs, cameras and related accessories such as cartridges, batteries and docks, are generally satisfied at the point in time we ship the product, as this is when the customer obtains control of the asset under our standard terms and conditions. In certain contracts with non-standard terms and conditions, these performance obligations may not be satisfied until formal customer acceptance occurs. Performance obligations to fulfill service-type extended warranties and provide our SaaS offerings, including Axon Evidence and other cloud services, are generally satisfied over time as the customer receives and consumes the benefits of these services over the stated service period.
We have elected to recognize shipping costs as an expense in cost of product sales when the control of hardware products or accessories have transferred to the customer.
Sales tax collected on sales is netted against government remittances and thus, recorded on a net basis.
Deferred revenue consists of payments received in advance related to products and services for which the criteria for revenue recognition have not yet been met. Deferred revenue that will be recognized during the subsequent twelve month period from the balance sheet date is recorded as current deferred revenue and the remaining portion is recorded as long-term. Generally, customers are billed in annual installments.
Sales are typically made on credit, and we generally do not require collateral. Management performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers’ financial condition, and maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts. Uncollectible accounts are charged to expense when deemed uncollectible, and accounts and notes receivable are presented net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. This allowance represents management’s best estimate and application of judgment considering a number of factors, including third-party credit reports, actual payment history, cash discounts, customer-specific financial information and broader market and economic trends and conditions.
Valuation of Goodwill, Intangibles and Long-lived Assets
We do not amortize goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives. Such assets are required to be tested for impairment at least annually, or sooner whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the assets may be impaired. We perform our annual impairment assessment in the fourth quarter of each year. Finite-lived intangible assets and other long-lived assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives. Management evaluates whether events and circumstances have occurred that indicate the remaining estimated useful life of long-lived assets and intangible assets may warrant revision or that the remaining balance of these assets, including intangible assets with indefinite lives, may not be recoverable.
Circumstances that might indicate long-lived assets might not be recoverable could include, but are not limited to, a change in the product mix, a change in the way products and services are created, produced or delivered, or a significant change in the way our products are branded and marketed. When performing a review for recoverability, management estimates the future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. The amount of the impairment loss, if impairment exists, is calculated based on the excess of the carrying amounts of the assets over their estimated fair value computed using discounted cash flows. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we abandoned certain capitalized software related to implementation work on an enterprise resource planning system conversion, resulting in an impairment charge of $1.3 million, and certain planning and site development activities related to our planned new headquarters, resulting in an impairment charge of $0.7 million, both of which were included in sales, general and administrative expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we abandoned certain developed technology acquired in a business combination resulting in an impairment charge of $2.0 million. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we abandoned certain developed technology acquired in a business combination resulting in an impairment charge of $1.0 million.
Income Taxes
We recognize federal, state and foreign current tax liabilities or assets based on our estimate of taxes payable or refundable in the current fiscal year by tax jurisdiction. We also recognize federal, state and foreign deferred tax assets or liabilities, as appropriate, for our estimate of future tax effects attributable to temporary differences and carry forwards.
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We recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the consolidated financial statements from such positions are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate resolution. We must also assess whether uncertain tax positions as filed could result in the recognition of a liability for possible interest and penalties if any. We have completed research and development tax credit studies for each year a tax credit was claimed for federal, Arizona, and California income tax purposes. We determined that it was more likely than not that the full benefit of the research and development tax credit would not be sustained on examination and accordingly, have established a liability for unrecognized tax benefits of $6.1 million as of December 31, 2019. In addition, we established a $0.1 million liability related to uncertain tax positions for certain federal income tax liabilities, for a total unrecognized tax benefit of $6.2 million. We expect the amount of the unrecognized tax benefit to increase by approximately $1.2 million within the next 12 months. Should the unrecognized tax benefit of $6.2 million be recognized, our effective tax rate would be favorably impacted. Our estimates are based on information available to us at the time we prepare the income tax provision. Our income tax returns are subject to audit by federal, state, and local governments, generally years after the returns are filed. These returns could be subject to material adjustments or differing interpretations of the tax laws. Our U.S. federal income tax return for fiscal year 2016 is currently under audit by the IRS.
Our calculation of current and deferred tax assets and liabilities is based on certain estimates and judgments and involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws. Our estimates of current and deferred tax assets and liabilities may change based, in part, on added certainty or finality to an anticipated outcome, changes in accounting or tax laws in the U.S. and internationally, or changes in other facts or circumstances. In addition, we recognize liabilities for potential tax contingencies based on our estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes may be due. If we determine that payment of these amounts is unnecessary, or if the recorded tax liability is greater than our current assessment, we may be required to recognize an income tax benefit, or additional income tax expense, respectively, in our consolidated financial statements.
In preparing our consolidated financial statements, we assess the likelihood that our deferred tax assets will be realized from future taxable income. In evaluating our ability to recover our deferred income tax assets, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including operating results, ongoing tax planning and forecasts of future taxable income on a jurisdiction by jurisdiction basis. A valuation allowance is established if we determine that it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the net deferred tax assets will not be realized.
Although we believe that our tax estimates are reasonable, the ultimate tax determination involves significant judgments that could become subject to audit by tax authorities in the ordinary course of business. As of December 31, 2019, we would need to generate approximately $88.5 million of pre-tax income in the U.S. in order to realize the net deferred tax assets for which a benefit has been recorded. This estimate considers the reversal of approximately $25.3 million in gross deferred tax liabilities, $6.2 million tax-effected. We have state net operating losses ("NOLs") of $1.2 million, which produce deferred tax assets of $0.1 million, which expire at various dates between 2029 and 2036. We anticipate sufficient future pre-tax book income to realize a large portion of our deferred tax assets. However, based on expected income for years in which Arizona R&D tax credits are set to expire, and cumulative losses in certain foreign jurisdictions, a reserve of $7.2 million has been recorded as a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2019.
Stock-Based Compensation
We have historically granted stock-based compensation to key employees and non-employee directors as a means of attracting and retaining highly qualified personnel. Stock-based compensation awards primarily consist of service-based RSUs, performance-based RSUs, and performance-based stock options. Our stock-based compensation awards are classified as equity and measured at the fair market value of the underlying stock at the grant date. For service-based awards, we recognize RSU expense using the straight-line attribution method over the requisite service period. Vesting of performance-based RSUs and options is contingent upon the achievement of certain performance criteria related to our operating performance, as well as successful and timely development and market acceptance of future product introductions. For performance-based RSUs containing only performance conditions, compensation cost is recognized using the graded attribution model over the explicit or implicit service period. For awards containing multiple
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service, performance or market conditions, where all conditions must be satisfied prior to vesting, compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period, which is defined as the longest explicit, implicit or derived service period, based on management’s estimate of the probability and timing of the performance criteria being satisfied, adjusted at each balance sheet date. For both service-based and performance-based RSUs, we account for forfeitures as they occur as a reduction to stock-based compensation expense and additional paid-in-capital.
For performance-based options, stock-based compensation expense is recognized over the expected performance achievement period of individual performance goals when the achievement of each individual performance goal becomes probable. For performance-based awards with a vesting schedule based entirely on the attainment of both performance and market conditions, stock-based compensation expense is recognized over the longer of the expected achievement period of the performance and market conditions, beginning at the point in time that the relevant performance condition is considered probable of achievement. The fair value of such awards is estimated on the grant date using Monte Carlo simulations. Refer to Note 12 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements within this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We have granted a total of approximately 14.5 million performance-based awards (options and restricted stock units) of which approximately 12.4 million are outstanding as of December 31, 2019, the vesting of which is contingent upon the achievement of certain performance criteria including the successful development and market acceptance of future product introductions as well as our future sales targets and operating performance and market capitalization. Compensation expense for performance awards will be recognized based on management’s best estimate of the probability of the performance criteria being satisfied using the most currently available projections of future product adoption and operating performance, adjusted at each balance sheet date. Changes in the subjective and probability-based assumptions can materially affect the estimates of the fair value of the awards and timing of recognition of stock-based compensation and consequently, the related amount recognized in our statements of operations and comprehensive income.
Contingencies and Accrued Litigation Expense
We are subject to the possibility of various loss contingencies arising in the ordinary course of business, including product-related and other litigation. We consider the likelihood of loss or impairment of an asset or the incurrence of a liability, as well as our ability to reasonably estimate the amount of loss in determining loss contingencies. An estimated loss contingency is accrued when it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. We regularly evaluate current information available to us to determine whether such accruals should be adjusted and whether new accruals are required. Refer to Note 9 of our consolidated financial statements within this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Interest Rate Risk
We typically invest in a limited number of financial instruments, consisting principally of investments in money market accounts, certificates of deposit, corporate and municipal bonds with a typical long-term debt rating of “A” or better by any nationally recognized statistical rating organization, denominated in U.S. dollars. All of our cash equivalents and investments are treated as “held-to-maturity.” Investments in fixed-rate interest-earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk as their market value may be adversely impacted due to a rise in interest rates. As a result, we may suffer losses in principal if we sell securities that have declined in market value due to changes in interest rates. However, because we classify our debt securities as “held-to-maturity” based on our intent and ability to hold these instruments to maturity, no gains or losses are recognized due to changes in interest rates. These securities are reported at amortized cost. Based on investment positions as of December 31, 2019, a hypothetical 100 basis point increase in interest rates across all maturities would result in a $0.8 million decline in the fair market value of the portfolio. Such losses would only be realized if we sold the investments prior to maturity.
Additionally, we have access to a $50.0 million line of credit borrowing facility which bears interest at LIBOR plus 1.0 to 1.5% per year determined in accordance with a pricing grid based on our funded debt to EBITDA ratio. Under the terms of the line of credit, available borrowings are reduced by outstanding letters of credit, which totaled
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$2.7 million at December 31, 2019. At December 31, 2019, there was no amount outstanding under the line of credit, and the available borrowing under the line of credit was $47.3 million. We have not borrowed any funds under the line of credit since its inception; however; should we need to do so in the future, such borrowings could be subject to adverse or favorable changes in the underlying interest rate.
Exchange Rate Risk
Our results of operations and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, in each case compared to the U.S. dollar, related to transactions by our foreign subsidiaries. The majority of our sales to international customers are transacted in U.S. dollars and therefore, are not subject to exchange rate fluctuations on these transactions. However, the cost of our products to our customers increases when the U.S. dollar strengthens against their local currency, and we may have more sales and expenses denominated in foreign currencies in future years which could increase our foreign exchange rate risk. Additionally, intercompany sales to our non-U.S. dollar functional currency international subsidiaries are transacted in U.S. dollars which could increase our foreign exchange rate risk caused by foreign currency transaction gains and losses.
To date, we have not engaged in any currency hedging activities. However, we may enter into foreign currency forward and option contracts with financial institutions to protect against foreign exchange risks associated with certain existing assets and liabilities, certain firmly committed transactions, forecasted future cash flows and net investments in foreign subsidiaries. However, we may choose not to hedge certain foreign exchange exposures for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to the prohibitive economic cost of hedging particular exposures. As such, fluctuations in currency exchange rates could harm our business in the future.
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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements |  | Page
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 |  | 46
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 |  | 47
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 |  | 48
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 |  | 49
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |  | 50
Report of Grant Thornton LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm |  | 85

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AXON ENTERPRISE, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except share data)

| December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018
ASSETS |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 172,250 |  |  | $ | 349,462 |
Short-term investments | 178,534 |  |  | — |
Accounts and notes receivable, net of allowance of $1,567 and $1,882 as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively | 146,878 |  |  | 130,579 |
Contract assets, net | 47,718 |  |  | 13,960 |
Inventory | 38,845 |  |  | 33,763 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 34,866 |  |  | 30,391 |
Total current assets | 619,091 |  |  | 558,155 |
Property and equipment, net | 43,770 |  |  | 37,893 |
Deferred tax assets, net | 27,688 |  |  | 19,347 |
Intangible assets, net | 12,771 |  |  | 15,935 |
Goodwill | 25,013 |  |  | 24,981 |
Long-term investments | 45,499 |  |  | — |
Long-term notes receivable, net of current portion | 31,598 |  |  | 40,230 |
Other assets | 40,209 |  |  | 22,999 |
Total assets | $ | 845,639 |  |  | $ | 719,540 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 25,874 |  |  | $ | 15,164 |
Accrued liabilities | 45,001 |  |  | 41,092 |
Current portion of deferred revenue | 117,864 |  |  | 107,016 |
Customer deposits | 2,974 |  |  | 2,702 |
Other current liabilities | 3,853 |  |  | 37 |
Total current liabilities | 195,566 |  |  | 166,011 |
Deferred revenue, net of current portion | 87,936 |  |  | 74,417 |
Liability for unrecognized tax benefits | 3,832 |  |  | 2,849 |
Long-term deferred compensation | 3,936 |  |  | 3,235 |
Deferred tax liability, net | 354 |  |  | — |
Other long-term liabilities | 10,520 |  |  | 5,704 |
Total liabilities | 302,144 |  |  | 252,216 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 9) |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.00001 par value; 25,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.00001 par value; 200,000,000 shares authorized; 59,497,759 and 58,810,637 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Additional paid-in capital | 528,272 |  |  | 453,400 |
Treasury stock at cost, 20,220,227 shares as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 | (155,947 | ) |  | (155,947 | )
Retained earnings | 172,265 |  |  | 171,383 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (1,096 | ) |  | (1,513 | )
Total stockholders’ equity | 543,495 |  |  | 467,324 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 845,639 |  |  | $ | 719,540 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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AXON ENTERPRISE, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(in thousands, except per share data)

| For the Years Ended December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net sales from products | $ | 399,474 |  |  | $ | 327,635 |  |  | $ | 285,859 |
Net sales from services | 131,386 |  |  | 92,433 |  |  | 57,939 |
Net sales | 530,860 |  |  | 420,068 |  |  | 343,798 |
Cost of product sales | 190,683 |  |  | 139,337 |  |  | 117,997 |
Cost of service sales | 32,891 |  |  | 22,148 |  |  | 18,713 |
Cost of sales | 223,574 |  |  | 161,485 |  |  | 136,710 |
Gross margin | 307,286 |  |  | 258,583 |  |  | 207,088 |
Sales, general and administrative | 212,959 |  |  | 156,886 |  |  | 138,692 |
Research and development | 100,721 |  |  | 76,856 |  |  | 55,373 |
Total operating expenses | 313,680 |  |  | 233,742 |  |  | 194,065 |
Income (loss) from operations | (6,394 | ) |  | 24,841 |  |  | 13,023 |
Interest and other income, net | 8,464 |  |  | 3,263 |  |  | 2,738 |
Income before provision for income taxes | 2,070 |  |  | 28,104 |  |  | 15,761 |
Provision (benefit) for income taxes | 1,188 |  |  | (1,101 | ) |  | 10,554 |
Net income | $ | 882 |  |  | $ | 29,205 |  |  | $ | 5,207 |
Net income per share: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.01 |  |  | $ | 0.52 |  |  | $ | 0.10 |
Diluted | $ | 0.01 |  |  | $ | 0.50 |  |  | $ | 0.10 |
Weighted average shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 59,190 |  |  | 56,392 |  |  | 52,726 |
Diluted | 60,018 |  |  | 57,922 |  |  | 53,898 |
Net income | $ | 882 |  |  | $ | 29,205 |  |  | $ | 5,207 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | 417 |  |  | (46 | ) |  | (2,370 | )
Comprehensive income | $ | 1,299 |  |  | $ | 29,159 |  |  | $ | 2,837 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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AXON ENTERPRISE, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(in thousands, except share data)

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Treasury Stock |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |
Balance, December 31, 2016 | 52,325,251 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 187,656 |  |  | 20,220,227 |  |  | $ | (155,947 | ) |  | $ | 118,275 |  |  | $ | 903 |  |  | $ | 150,888 |
Cumulative effect of applying a change in accounting principle | — |  |  | — |  |  | 475 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (297 | ) |  | — |  |  | 178 |
Issuance of common stock under employee plans, net | 644,618 |  |  | — |  |  | (2,069 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,069 | )
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,610 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,610 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,207 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,207 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,370 | ) |  | (2,370 | )
Balance, December 31, 2017 | 52,969,869 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 201,672 |  |  | 20,220,227 |  |  | $ | (155,947 | ) |  | $ | 123,185 |  |  | $ | (1,467 | ) |  | $ | 167,444 |
Cumulative effect of applying a change in accounting principle | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,993 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,993 |
Issuance of common stock | 4,645,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 233,993 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 233,993 |
Issuance of common stock business combination | 58,843 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,226 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,226 |
Issuance of common stock under employee plans, net | 1,136,925 |  |  | — |  |  | (12,370 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,370 | )
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21,879 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21,879 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 29,205 |  |  | — |  |  | 29,205 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (46 | ) |  | (46 | )
Balance, December 31, 2018 | 58,810,637 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 453,400 |  |  | 20,220,227 |  |  | $ | (155,947 | ) |  | $ | 171,383 |  |  | $ | (1,513 | ) |  | $ | 467,324 |
Issuance of common stock under employee plans, net | 616,509 |  |  | — |  |  | (3,937 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,937 | )
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 78,809 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 78,809 |
Issuance of common stock for business combination contingent consideration | 70,613 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 882 |  |  | — |  |  | 882 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 417 |  |  | 417 |
Balance, December 31, 2019 | 59,497,759 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 528,272 |  |  | 20,220,227 |  |  | $ | (155,947 | ) |  | $ | 172,265 |  |  | $ | (1,096 | ) |  | $ | 543,495 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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AXON ENTERPRISE, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)

| For the Years Ended December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 882 |  |  | $ | 29,205 |  |  | $ | 5,207 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization | 11,361 |  |  | 10,615 |  |  | 8,041 |
Loss on disposal and abandonment of intangible assets | 67 |  |  | 2,117 |  |  | 1,146 |
Purchase accounting adjustments to goodwill | — |  |  | — |  |  | (23 | )
Loss (gain) on disposal and impairment of property and equipment, net | 2,542 |  |  | 303 |  |  | (28 | )
Stock-based compensation | 78,495 |  |  | 21,879 |  |  | 15,610 |
Deferred income taxes | (7,987 | ) |  | (3,592 | ) |  | 2,830 |
Unrecognized tax benefits | 983 |  |  | 1,144 |  |  | (191 | )
Other noncash, net | 3,928 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 657 |
Change in assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Accounts and notes receivable and contract assets | (38,830 | ) |  | (67,643 | ) |  | (35,305 | )
Inventory | (4,903 | ) |  | 14,804 |  |  | (11,746 | )
Prepaid expenses and other assets | (9,845 | ) |  | (12,739 | ) |  | (8,992 | )
Accounts payable, accrued and other liabilities | 4,967 |  |  | 13,506 |  |  | 1,530 |
Deferred revenue | 24,013 |  |  | 54,242 |  |  | 39,735 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 65,673 |  |  | 63,875 |  |  | 18,471 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of investments | (354,477 | ) |  | (4,331 | ) |  | (19,950 | )
Proceeds from call / maturity of investments | 130,083 |  |  | 11,158 |  |  | 61,080 |
Purchases of property and equipment | (15,939 | ) |  | (11,139 | ) |  | (10,419 | )
Proceeds from disposal of property and equipment | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24 |
Purchases of intangible assets | (404 | ) |  | (558 | ) |  | (1,024 | )
Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired | — |  |  | (4,990 | ) |  | (10,629 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | (240,737 | ) |  | (9,860 | ) |  | 19,082 |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net proceeds from equity offering | — |  |  | 233,993 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from options exercised | 114 |  |  | 1,757 |  |  | 1,383 |
Income and payroll tax payments for net-settled stock awards | (4,051 | ) |  | (14,127 | ) |  | (3,453 | )
Payment of contingent consideration for business acquisitions | — |  |  | (2,275 | ) |  | (1,750 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (3,937 | ) |  | 219,348 |  |  | (3,820 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | 329 |  |  | (774 | ) |  | 737 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | (178,672 | ) |  | 272,589 |  |  | 34,470 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of year | 351,027 |  |  | 78,438 |  |  | 43,968 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of year | $ | 172,355 |  |  | $ | 351,027 |  |  | $ | 78,438 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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AXON ENTERPRISE, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Axon Enterprise, Inc. (“Axon”, the “Company”, "we", or "us") is a market-leading provider of law enforcement technology solutions. Our core mission is to protect life. We fulfill that mission through developing hardware and software products that advance the long term objectives of a) obsoleting the bullet, b) reducing social conflict, and c) enabling a fair and effective justice system.
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Axon Enterprise, Inc. and our wholly owned subsidiaries. All material intercompany accounts, transactions, and profits have been eliminated.
Basis of Presentation and Use of Estimates
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions in these consolidated financial statements include:

• | product warranty reserves,

• | inventory valuation,

• | revenue recognition,

• | valuation of goodwill, intangible and long-lived assets,

• | recognition, measurement and valuation of current and deferred income taxes,

• | stock-based compensation,

• | recognition and measurement of contingencies and accrued litigation expense, and

• | fair values of identified tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations.

Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Investments
Cash, cash equivalents and investments include cash, money market funds, certificates of deposit, state and municipal obligations and corporate bonds. We place our cash and cash equivalents with high quality financial institutions. Although we deposit our cash with multiple financial institutions, our deposits regularly exceed federally insured limits.
Cash and cash equivalents include funds on hand and highly liquid investments purchased with initial maturity of three months or less. Short-term investments include securities with an expected maturity date within one year of the balance sheet date that do not meet the definition of a cash equivalent, and long-term investments are securities with an expected maturity date greater than one year. Based on management’s intent and ability, our investments are classified as held to maturity investments and are recorded at amortized cost. Held-to-maturity investments are reviewed quarterly for impairment to determine if other-than-temporary declines in the fair value have occurred for any individual investment that may affect our intent and ability to hold the investment until recovery. Other-than-temporary declines in the value of held-to-maturity investments are recorded as expense in the period the determination is made.
Restricted Cash
Restricted cash balance of $0.1 million as of December 31, 2019 primarily relates to funds held in an international bank account for a country in which we are required to maintain a minimum balance to operate. Approximately half of the balance was included in prepaid expenses and other current assets on our consolidated balance sheets, with the remainder included in other assets. Restricted cash balances as of December 31, 2018 included $0.9 million of sales proceeds related to long-term contracts with customers, which were included in prepaid expenses and other current assets on our consolidated balance sheets. The proceeds were held in escrow until certain billing milestones were
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AXON ENTERPRISE, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)
achieved, and then specified amounts were transferred to our operating accounts. Restricted cash balances as of December 31, 2018 also included $0.7 million related to a performance guarantee for an international customer sales contract, which were included in other assets on our accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Inventory
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost is determined using the weighted average cost of raw materials, which approximates the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method and includes allocations of manufacturing labor and overhead. Provisions are made to reduce potentially excess, obsolete or slow-moving inventories, as well as trial and evaluation inventories to their net realizable value. These provisions are based on management’s best estimate after considering historical demand, projected future demand, inventory purchase commitments, industry and market trends and conditions among other factors. We evaluate inventory costs for abnormal costs due to excess production capacity and treat such costs as period costs.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. Additions and improvements are capitalized, while ordinary maintenance and repair expenditures are charged to expense as incurred. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets.
Software Development Costs
We expense software development costs, including costs to develop software products or the software component of products and services to be marketed to external users, before technological feasibility of such products is reached. We have determined that technological feasibility is reached shortly before the release of those products and as a result, the development costs incurred after the establishment of technological feasibility and before the release of those products are not material.
Software development costs also include costs to develop software programs to be used solely to meet our internal needs and applications. We capitalize development costs related to these software applications once the preliminary project stage is complete and it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the intended function. Additionally, we capitalize qualifying costs incurred for upgrades and enhancements to existing software that result in additional functionality. Costs related to preliminary project planning activities, post-implementation activities, maintenance and minor modifications are expensed as incurred. Internal-use software is amortized on a straight line basis over its estimated useful life.
We evaluate the useful lives of these assets on an annual basis and test for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances occur that could impact the recoverability of these assets.
Valuation of Goodwill, Intangible and Long-lived Assets
Finite-lived intangible assets and other long-lived assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives. We do not amortize goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives; rather, such assets are required to be tested for impairment at least annually, or sooner whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the assets may be impaired. We perform our annual impairment assessment in the fourth quarter of each year. Management evaluates whether events and circumstances have occurred that indicate the remaining estimated useful life of long-lived assets and intangible assets may warrant revision or that the remaining balance of these assets, including intangible assets with indefinite lives, may not be recoverable.
Circumstances that might indicate long-lived assets might not be recoverable could include, but are not limited to, a change in the product mix, a change in the way products and services are created, produced or delivered, or a significant change in the way our products are branded and marketed. When performing a review for recoverability, management estimates the future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. The amount of the impairment loss, if impairment exists, is calculated based on the excess of the carrying
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AXON ENTERPRISE, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)
amounts of the assets over their estimated fair value computed using discounted cash flows. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we abandoned certain capitalized software related to implementation work on an enterprise resource planning system conversion, resulting in an impairment charge of $1.3 million, and certain planning and site development activities related to our planned new headquarters, resulting in an impairment charge of $0.7 million, both of which were included in sales, general and administrative expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we abandoned certain developed technology acquired in a business combination resulting in an impairment charge of $2.0 million which was included in sales, general and administrative expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we abandoned certain developed technology acquired in a business combination resulting in an impairment charge of $1.0 million which was included in research and development expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, and recorded within the Software and Sensors Segment.
Customer Deposits
We require deposits in advance of shipment for certain customer sales orders. Additionally, customers may elect to make deposits with us related to contracts for our products and services that were not executed as of the end of a reporting period. Customer deposits are recorded as a current liability in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Revenue Recognition, Deferred Revenue and Accounts and Notes Receivable
We derive revenue from two primary sources: (1) the sale of physical products, including conducted energy devices ("CEDs"), Axon cameras, Axon Signal enabled devices, corresponding hardware extended warranties, and related accessories such as Axon docks, cartridges and batteries, among others, and (2) subscriptions to our Axon Evidence digital evidence management software-as-a-service ("SaaS") (including data storage fees and other ancillary services), which includes varying levels of support. To a lesser extent, we also recognize training, professional services and revenue related to other software and SaaS services. We apply the five-step model outlined in Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts from Customers ("Topic 606"). For additional discussion of the adoption of Topic 606, see Note 2.
Many of our products and services are sold on a standalone basis. We also bundle our hardware products and services together and sell them to our customers in single transactions, where the customer can make payments over a multi-year period. These sales may include payments for upfront hardware and services, as well as payments for hardware and services to be provided by us at a future date. Additionally, we offer customers the ability to purchase CED cartridges and certain services on an unlimited basis over the contractual term. Due to the unlimited nature of these arrangements whereby we are obligated to deliver unlimited products at the customer’s request, we account for these arrangements as stand-ready obligations, and recognize revenue ratably over the contract period. Cost of product sales is recognized when control of hardware products or accessories have transferred to the customer.
Revenues are recognized upon transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products or services. We enter into contracts that can include various combinations of products and services, each of which is generally distinct and accounted for as a separate performance obligation. Revenue is recognized net of allowances for returns and any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental taxing authorities.
A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer, and is the unit of account in Topic 606. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, we allocate the contract transaction price to each performance obligation using our estimate of the standalone selling price ("SSP") of each distinct good or service in the contract.
Performance obligations to deliver products, including CEDs, cameras and related accessories such as cartridges, batteries and docks, are generally satisfied at the point in time we ship the product, as this is when the customer obtains control of the asset under our standard terms and conditions. In certain contracts with non-standard terms and conditions,
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AXON ENTERPRISE, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)
these performance obligations may not be satisfied until formal customer acceptance occurs. Performance obligations to fulfill service-type extended warranties and provide our SaaS offerings, including Axon Evidence and other cloud services, are generally satisfied over time as the customer receives and consumes the benefits of these services over the stated service period.
We have elected to recognize shipping costs as an expense in cost of product sales when the control of hardware products or accessories have transferred to the customer.
Sales tax collected on sales is netted against government remittances and thus, recorded on a net basis.
The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. We generally have an unconditional right to consideration when we invoice our customers and record a receivable. We record a contract asset when revenue is recognized prior to invoicing, or a contract liability (deferred revenue) when revenue will be recognized subsequent to invoicing. Deferred revenue that will be recognized during the subsequent twelve month period from the balance sheet date is recorded as current deferred revenue and the remaining portion is recorded as long-term deferred revenue. Contract asset amounts that will be invoiced during the subsequent twelve month period from the balance sheet date are classified as current assets and the remaining portion is recorded within other assets on our consolidated balance sheets. Generally, customers are billed in annual installments. See Note 2 for further disclosures about our contract assets.
Sales are typically made on credit, and we generally do not require collateral. Management performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers’ financial condition, and maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts. Uncollectible accounts are charged to expense when deemed uncollectible, and accounts and notes receivable are presented net of an allowance for doubtful accounts, which totaled $1.6 million and $1.9 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. This allowance represents management’s best estimate and application of judgment considering a number of factors, including third-party credit reports, actual payment history, cash discounts, customer-specific financial information and broader market and economic trends and conditions. In the event that actual uncollectible amounts differ from our estimates, additional expense could be necessary.
Cost of Product and Service Sales
Cost of product sales represents manufacturing costs, consisting of materials, labor and overhead related to finished goods and components. Shipping costs incurred related to product delivery are also included in cost of products sold. Cost of service sales includes third-party cloud services, and software maintenance and support costs, including personnel costs, associated with supporting Evidence.com and other software related services.
Advertising Costs
We expense advertising costs in the period in which they are incurred. We incurred advertising costs of $0.9 million, $1.1 million and $0.5 million in the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Advertising costs are included in sales, general and administrative expenses in the accompanying statements of operations.
Standard Warranties
We warranty our CEDs, Axon cameras and certain related accessories from manufacturing defects on a limited basis for a period of one year after purchase and, thereafter, will replace any defective unit for a fee. Estimated costs for the standard warranty are charged to cost of products sold when revenue is recorded for the related product. Future warranty costs are estimated on a quarterly basis based on historical data related to warranty claims and this rate is applied to current product sales. Historically, reserve amounts have been increased if management becomes aware of a component failure or other issue that could result in larger than anticipated warranty claims from customers. The warranty reserve is reviewed quarterly to verify that it sufficiently reflects the remaining warranty obligations based on the anticipated expenditures over the balance of the warranty obligation period, and adjustments are made when actual warranty claim experience differs from estimates. The warranty reserve is included in accrued liabilities on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
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AXON ENTERPRISE, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)
Changes in our estimated warranty reserve were as follows (in thousands):

| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Balance, January 1 | $ | 898 |  |  | $ | 644 |  |  | $ | 780 |
Utilization of reserve | (973 | ) |  | (458 | ) |  | (245 | )
Warranty expense | 1,551 |  |  | 712 |  |  | 109 |
Balance, December 31 | $ | 1,476 |  |  | $ | 898 |  |  | $ | 644 |

Research and Development Expenses
We expense as incurred research and development costs that do not meet the qualifications to be capitalized. We incurred research and development expense of $100.7 million, $76.9 million and $55.4 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Income Taxes
Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in future years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rate is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Deferred tax assets are reduced through the establishment of a valuation allowance if, based upon available evidence, it is determined that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
We recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the consolidated financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate resolution. We also assess whether uncertain tax positions, as filed, could result in the recognition of a liability for possible interest and penalties. Our policy is to include interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. Refer to Note 10 for additional information regarding the change in unrecognized tax benefits.
Concentration of Credit Risk and Major Customers / Suppliers
Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist of accounts and notes receivable, contract assets, and cash. Historically, we have experienced an immaterial level of write-offs related to uncollectible accounts.
We maintain the majority of our cash at four depository institutions. As of December 31, 2019, the aggregate balances in such accounts were $161.8 million. Our balances with these institutions regularly exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insured limits for domestic deposits and various deposit insurance programs covering our deposits in Australia, Canada, Finland, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Vietnam. To manage the related credit exposure, management continually monitors the creditworthiness of the financial institutions where we have deposits.
We sell some of our products through a network of unaffiliated distributors. We also sell directly to customers. No customer represented more than 10% of total net sales for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 or 2017. At December 31, 2019, and 2018, no customer represented more than 10% of the aggregate balance of accounts and notes receivable and contract assets.
We currently purchase both off the shelf and custom components, including, but not limited to, finished circuit boards, injection-molded plastic components, small machined parts, custom cartridge components, electronic
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components, and off the shelf sub-assemblies from suppliers located in the U.S., Canada, China, Israel, Mexico, Republic of Korea, and Taiwan. Although we currently obtain many of these components from single source suppliers, we own the injection molded component tooling, most of the designs, and the test fixtures used in their production for all custom components. As a result, we believe we could obtain alternative suppliers in most cases without incurring significant production delays. We also strategically hold safety stock levels on custom components to further reduce this risk. For off the shelf components, we believe that in most cases there are readily available alternative suppliers who can consistently meet our needs for these components. We acquire most of our components on a purchase order basis and do not have any significant long-term contracts with component suppliers.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
We use the fair value framework that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques for measuring financial assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis and for non-financial assets and liabilities when these items are re-measured. Fair value is considered to be the exchange price in an orderly transaction between market participants, to sell an asset or transfer a liability at the measurement date. The hierarchy below lists three levels of fair value based on the extent to which inputs used in measuring fair value are observable in the market. We categorize each of our fair value measurements in one of these three levels based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. These levels are:

• | Level 1 – Valuation techniques in which all significant inputs are unadjusted quoted prices from active markets for assets or liabilities that are identical to the assets or liabilities being measured.

• | Level 2 – Valuation techniques in which significant inputs include quoted prices from active markets for assets or liabilities that are similar to the assets or liabilities being measured and/or quoted prices for assets or liabilities that are identical or similar to the assets or liabilities being measured from markets that are not active. Also, model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets are Level 2 valuation techniques.

• | Level 3 – Valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable. Unobservable inputs are valuation technique inputs that reflect our own assumptions about inputs that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

We have cash equivalents and investments, which at December 31, 2019 and 2018, were comprised of money market funds, and at December 31, 2019, also included agency bonds, certificates of deposit, commercial paper, corporate bonds, municipal bonds, and U.S. Treasury repurchase agreements, and U.S. Treasury inflation-protected securities. See additional disclosure regarding the fair value of our cash equivalents and investments in Note 3. Included in the balance of other assets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 was $4.2 million and $3.6 million, respectively, related to corporate-owned life insurance policies which are used to fund our deferred compensation plan. We determine the fair value of our insurance contracts by obtaining the cash surrender value of the contracts from the issuer, a Level 2 valuation technique.
Our financial instruments also include accounts and notes receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities. Due to the short-term nature of these instruments, their fair values approximate their carrying values on the balance sheet.
Segment and Geographic Information
Our operations are comprised of two reportable segments: the manufacture and sale of CEDs, batteries, accessories, extended warranties and other products and services (the “TASER” segment); and the development, manufacture and sale of software and sensors, which includes the sale of devices, wearables, applications, cloud and mobile products, and services (collectively, the "Software and Sensors" segment). Reportable segments are determined based on discrete financial information reviewed by our Chief Executive Officer who is our chief operating decision maker ("CODM"). We organize and review operations based on products and services, and currently there are no operating segments that are aggregated. We perform an analysis of our reportable segments at least annually. Additional information related to our business segments is summarized in Note 17.
For a summary of net sales by geographic area, see Note 2. Sales to customers outside of the U.S. are typically denominated in U.S. dollars and are attributed to each country based on the shipping address of the distributor or customer. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, no individual country outside the U.S. represented more than 10% of net sales. Substantially all of our assets are located in the U.S.
Stock-Based Compensation
We recognize expense related to stock-based compensation transactions in which we receive services in exchange for equity instruments of the Company. Stock-based compensation expense for restricted stock units ("RSUs") is measured based on the closing fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. We recognize stock-based compensation expense over the award’s requisite service period on a straight-line basis for time-based RSUs. For performance-based RSUs, compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period, which is defined as the longest explicit, implicit or derived service period based on management’s estimate of the probability of the performance criteria being satisfied, adjusted at each balance sheet date. For performance-based options with a vesting schedule based entirely on the attainment of both performance and market conditions, stock-based compensation expense is recognized over the longer of the expected achievement period of the performance and market conditions, beginning at the point in time that the relevant performance condition is considered probable of achievement. For both time-based and performance-based RSUs, we recognize forfeitures as they occur as a reduction to stock-based compensation expense and to additional paid-in-capital.
eXponential Stock Performance Plan
On February 12, 2019, our shareholders approved the 2019 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”), which was adopted by the Board of Directors to reserve a sufficient number of shares to facilitate our eXponential Stock Performance Plan (“XSPP”) and grants of eXponential Stock Units (“XSUs”) under the plan. The XSUs are grants of restricted stock units, each with a term of approximately nine years, that vest in 12 equal tranches. Each of the 12 tranches will vest upon certification by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors that both (i) the market capitalization goal for such tranche, which begins at $2.5 billion for the first tranche and increases by increments of $1.0 billion thereafter, and (ii) any one of eight operational goals focused on revenue or eight operational goals focused on Adjusted EBITDA (CEO Performance Award) have been met for the previous four consecutive fiscal quarters. A total of approximately 5.9 million XSUs were granted in the year ended December 31, 2019.
Stock-based compensation expense associated with XSU awards is recognized over the longer of the expected achievement period for each pair of market capitalization and operational goals, beginning at the point in time when the relevant operational goal is considered probable of being met. The market capitalization goal period and the valuation of each tranche are determined using a Monte Carlo simulation, which is also used as the basis for determining the expected achievement period of the market capitalization goal. The probability of meeting an operational goal and the expected achievement point in time for meeting a probable operational goal are based on a subjective assessment of our forward-looking financial projections, taking into consideration statistical analysis. Even though no tranches of the XSU awards vest unless a market capitalization and a matching operational goal are both achieved, stock-based compensation expense is recognized when an operational goal is considered probable of achievement regardless of whether a market capitalization goal is actually achieved.
Given the complexity of the awards, we utilized Monte Carlo simulations to simulate a range of possible future market capitalizations for the Company over the term of the awards. The average of all iterations of the simulation was used as the basis for the valuation and market capitalization goal derived service period for each tranche. Additionally, we applied an illiquidity discount of between 9.8% and 16.8% to the valuation of XSUs because the awards specify a post-vest holding period of 2.5 years. Certain of the XSU awards specify a post-vest holding period of the longer of 2.5 years or until the next tranche vests. The illiquidity discounts were estimated using the Finnerty model and reduced by the impact of expected payroll and income taxes due upon vesting of the awards, as the related proportion of shares are expected to be sold to satisfy such obligations. We measured the grant date fair value of the XSU awards with the following assumptions: risk-free interest rate of between 1.64% and 2.62%, expected term of between 8.3 and 9.0 years, expected volatility of between 44.12% and 45.47%, and dividend yield of 0.00%.
Stock Options
Historically, we have calculated the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing valuation model, which incorporates various assumptions including expected volatility, expected life, expected dividends and risk-free interest rates. On May 24, 2018 (the “ CEO Grant Date”), our stockholders approved the Board of Directors’ grant of 6,365,856 stock option awards to Patrick W. Smith, our CEO (the “CEO Performance Award”). The CEO Performance Award consists of 12 vesting tranches with a vesting schedule based entirely on the attainment of both operational goals (performance conditions) and market capitalization goals (market conditions), assuming continued employment either as the CEO or as both Executive Chairman and Chief Product Officer and service through each vesting date. Stock-based compensation expense associated with the CEO Performance Award is recognized over the requisite service period, which is defined as the longer of the expected achievement period for each pair of market capitalization and operational goals, beginning at the point in time when the relevant operational goal is considered probable of being met.
Given the complexity of the award, we utilized Monte Carlo simulations to simulate a range of possible future market capitalizations for the Company over the term of the options. The average of all iterations of the simulation was used as the basis for the valuation and market capitalization goal derived service period for each tranche. Additionally, we applied an illiquidity discount of 9.2% to the valuation because the award specifies a post-exercise holding period of 2.5 years. This discount was estimated using the Finnerty model and reduced by the impact of expected payroll and income taxes due upon exercise of the options, as the related proportion of shares are expected to be sold to satisfy such obligations. Additional assumptions used for the CEO Performance Award and the resulting estimates of weighted-average fair value per share of options granted are as follows:

Volatility |  | 47.71%
Risk-free interest rate |  | 2.98%
Dividend rate |  | —
Expected life of options |  | 9.76 years
Weighted average grant date fair value of options granted |  | $38.64

The expected life of the options represents the estimated period of time from grant date until exercise; in this case, exercise is assumed to occur at the full contractual term of ten years from grant and is based on input from the CEO and his historical behavior of not exercising vested options until the end of their terms. Expected stock price volatility is based on the average of the 9.76-year historical volatility and the implied volatility on 1,080-day call option for the Company. The risk-free interest rate is based on the implied yield available on United States Treasury bill zero-coupon issuances with an equivalent remaining term to the term of the options. We have not paid dividends in the past and do not plan to pay any dividends in the near future.
No options were awarded during the year ended December 31, 2019. Other than the CEO Performance Award, no options were awarded during the year ended December 31, 2018. No options were awarded during the year ended December 31, 2017.
Income per Common Share
Basic income per common share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the periods presented. Diluted income per share reflects the potential dilution from outstanding stock options and unvested restricted stock units. The calculation of the weighted average number of shares outstanding and earnings per share are as follows (in thousands except per share data):

| For the Year Ended December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Numerator for basic and diluted earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 882 |  |  | $ | 29,205 |  |  | $ | 5,207 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares outstanding—basic | 59,190 |  |  | 56,392 |  |  | 52,726 |
Dilutive effect of stock-based awards | 828 |  |  | 1,530 |  |  | 1,172 |
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding | 60,018 |  |  | 57,922 |  |  | 53,898 |
Anti-dilutive stock-based awards excluded | 12,627 |  |  | 6,757 |  |  | 386 |
Net income per common share: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.01 |  |  | $ | 0.52 |  |  | $ | 0.10 |
Diluted | $ | 0.01 |  |  | $ | 0.50 |  |  | $ | 0.10 |

Recently Issued Accounting Guidance
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which is intended to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by requiring the recognition of right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet. In July 2018, the FASB issued additional guidance which provided an additional transition method for adopting the updated guidance. Most prominent among the changes in the standard is the requirement for lessees to recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities for those leases that were classified as operating leases under previous U.S. GAAP. On January 1, 2019, we adopted Topic 842 by applying the non-comparative modified retrospective method of adoption. Under this method, financial information related to periods prior to adoption will be as originally reported under the then-current standard (Topic 840, Leases).
Results for reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019 are presented under Topic 842, while prior period amounts are not adjusted, and continue to be reported in accordance with our historic accounting under Topic 840. We elected to apply the package of practical expedients to not reassess whether a contract is or contains a lease, lease classification, or initial lease costs for all leases that commenced before the adoption date.
The adoption had a material impact to our consolidated balance sheet. The most significant impact was the recognition of ROU assets and lease liabilities for operating leases, while our accounting for finance leases remained substantially unchanged. There was no other impact from the adoption. The adjustments to the opening balance sheet were as follows (in thousands):

| December 31, 2018 |  | Impact of Adoption of Topic 842 on Opening Balance Sheet |  | January 1, 2019
| (As reported) |  |  | (As adjusted)
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: |  |  |  |  |
Other assets | $ | 22,999 |  |  | $ | 12,483 |  |  | $ | 35,482 |
Total assets | 719,540 |  |  | 12,483 |  |  | 732,023 |
Accrued liabilities | 41,092 |  |  | (1,138 | ) |  | 39,954 |
Other current liabilities | 37 |  |  | 3,588 |  |  | 3,625 |
Total current liabilities | 166,011 |  |  | 2,450 |  |  | 168,461 |
Other long-term liabilities | 5,704 |  |  | 10,033 |  |  | 15,737 |
Total liabilities | 252,216 |  |  | 12,483 |  |  | 264,699 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | 719,540 |  |  | 12,483 |  |  | 732,023 |

See Note 13 for further disclosures related to Topic 842.
In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718), expanding the scope of Topic 718 to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. We adopted this standard on January 1, 2019 and the adoption had no impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Effective the first quarter of 2020:
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The FASB also issued various updates to ASU 2016-13 to provide additional guidance and clarification. ASU 2016-13 includes an impairment model (known as the current expected credit loss model) on financial instruments and other commitments that is based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. Under the new guidance, an entity recognizes as an allowance its estimate of expected credit losses, which the FASB believes will result in more timely recognition of such losses. The use of forecasted information is intended to incorporate more timely information in the estimate of expected credit loss. This ASU will also require enhanced disclosures relating to significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses, as well as credit quality. We will adopt this guidance on January 1, 2020. We are nearing completion of the opening balance sheet adjustment related to ASU 2016-13 and expect to record an opening balance sheet adjustment of less than $1.0 million reflecting an overall increase to the allowance for expected credit losses.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. ASU 2018-13 eliminates, adds and modifies certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The amendments apply to the disclosures of changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty should be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial year of adoption. All other amendments should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented upon their effective date. Early adoption is permitted, and an entity is also permitted to early adopt any removed or modified disclosures and delay adoption of the additional disclosures until their effective date. Adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The amendments in the ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods therein. Early adoption of the standard is permitted, including adoption in interim or annual periods for which financial statements have not yet been issued. Adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Reclassification of Prior Year Presentation
Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified for consistency with the current year presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on the reported results of operations.
2. Revenues
Nature of Products and Services
The following table presents our revenues by primary product and service offering (in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31, 2019 |  | Year Ended December 31, 2018
| TASER |  | Software and Sensors |  | Total |  | TASER |  | Software and Sensors |  | Total
TASER 7 | $ | 56,652 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 56,652 |  |  | $ | 7,358 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,358 |
TASER X26P | 52,524 |  |  | — |  |  | 52,524 |  |  | 70,638 |  |  | — |  |  | 70,638 |
TASER X2 | 55,920 |  |  | — |  |  | 55,920 |  |  | 78,837 |  |  | — |  |  | 78,837 |
TASER Pulse and Bolt | 4,089 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,089 |  |  | 5,182 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,182 |
Cartridges | 85,987 |  |  | — |  |  | 85,987 |  |  | 68,258 |  |  | — |  |  | 68,258 |
Axon Body | — |  |  | 44,039 |  |  | 44,039 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,883 |  |  | 21,883 |
Axon Flex | — |  |  | 5,928 |  |  | 5,928 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,509 |  |  | 6,509 |
Axon Fleet | — |  |  | 16,182 |  |  | 16,182 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,527 |  |  | 12,527 |
Axon Dock | — |  |  | 20,449 |  |  | 20,449 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,706 |  |  | 10,706 |
Axon Evidence and cloud services | 704 |  |  | 130,265 |  |  | 130,969 |  |  | — |  |  | 90,291 |  |  | 90,291 |
TASER Cam | — |  |  | 3,104 |  |  | 3,104 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,871 |  |  | 3,871 |
Extended warranties | 18,074 |  |  | 19,188 |  |  | 37,262 |  |  | 15,753 |  |  | 11,860 |  |  | 27,613 |
Other | 7,711 |  |  | 10,044 |  |  | 17,755 |  |  | 7,089 |  |  | 9,306 |  |  | 16,395 |
Total | $ | 281,661 |  |  | $ | 249,199 |  |  | $ | 530,860 |  |  | $ | 253,115 |  |  | $ | 166,953 |  |  | $ | 420,068 |

The following table presents our revenues disaggregated by geography (in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 (1)
United States | $ | 446,100 |  |  | 84.0 | % |  | $ | 335,310 |  |  | 79.8 | % |  | $ | 282,810 |  |  | 82.3 | %
Other Countries | 84,760 |  |  | 16.0 |  |  | 84,758 |  |  | 20.2 |  |  | 60,988 |  |  | 17.7 |
Total | $ | 530,860 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 420,068 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 343,798 |  |  | 100.0 | %

(1) Amounts for the year ended December 31, 2017 have not been adjusted under the modified retrospective method of adoption of Topic 606, and are presented consistent with the prior period amounts reported under ASC 605.
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Contract Balances
The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. We generally have an unconditional right to consideration when we invoice our customers and record a receivable. We record a contract asset when revenue is recognized prior to invoicing, or a contract liability (deferred revenue) when revenue will be recognized subsequent to invoicing.
Contract assets generally result from our subscription programs where we satisfy a hardware performance obligation upon shipment to the customer, and the right to the portion of the transaction price allocated to that hardware performance obligation is conditional on our future performance of a SaaS service obligation under the contract. We recognize a portion of the amount allocated to hardware products shipped to the customer as accounts receivable when invoiced to the customer, and record the remaining allocated value as a contract asset as we have generally fulfilled our hardware performance obligation upon shipment. Unbilled accounts receivable expected to be invoiced and collected within twelve months was $19.7 million as of December 31, 2019, and was included in accounts and notes receivable, net on our consolidated balance sheet.
Contract liabilities generally consist of deferred revenue on our subscription programs where we generally invoice customers at the beginning of each annual period and record a receivable at the time of invoicing when there is an unconditional right to consideration.
Deferred revenue is comprised mainly of unearned revenue related to our Axon Evidence SaaS platform, secure cloud-based storage, service-type extended warranties, stand-ready obligations in our cartridge programs, and rights to future CED, camera and related accessories hardware in our subscription programs. Revenue for Axon Evidence and cloud-based storage, our service-type extended warranties and stand-ready cartridge programs is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the subscription term. Revenue for the rights to future hardware is generally recognized at the point in time the hardware products are shipped to the customer.
Payment terms and conditions vary by contract type and geography, but our standard terms are that payments are due within 30 days from the date of invoice.
The following table presents our contract assets, contract liabilities and certain information related to these balances as of and for the year ended December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

| December 31, 2019
Contract assets, net | $ | 47,746 |
Contract liabilities (deferred revenue) | 205,800 |
Revenue recognized in the period from: |
Amounts included in contract liabilities at the beginning of the period | 101,768 |

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Contract liabilities (deferred revenue) consisted of the following (in thousands):

| December 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
| Current |  | Long-Term |  | Total |  | Current |  | Long-Term |  | Total
Warranty: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
TASER | $ | 12,716 |  |  | $ | 16,378 |  |  | $ | 29,094 |  |  | $ | 12,797 |  |  | $ | 16,847 |  |  | $ | 29,644 |
Software and Sensors | 9,852 |  |  | 5,156 |  |  | 15,008 |  |  | 8,273 |  |  | 6,516 |  |  | 14,789 |
| 22,568 |  |  | 21,534 |  |  | 44,102 |  |  | 21,070 |  |  | 23,363 |  |  | 44,433 |
Hardware: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
TASER | 9,569 |  |  | 15,468 |  |  | 25,037 |  |  | 9,355 |  |  | 15,598 |  |  | 24,953 |
Software and Sensors | 22,235 |  |  | 33,759 |  |  | 55,994 |  |  | 20,878 |  |  | 24,685 |  |  | 45,563 |
| 31,804 |  |  | 49,227 |  |  | 81,031 |  |  | 30,233 |  |  | 40,283 |  |  | 70,516 |
Services: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
TASER | 293 |  |  | 765 |  |  | 1,058 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Software and Sensors | 63,199 |  |  | 16,410 |  |  | 79,609 |  |  | 55,713 |  |  | 10,771 |  |  | 66,484 |
| $ | 63,492 |  |  | $ | 17,175 |  |  | $ | 80,667 |  |  | $ | 55,713 |  |  | $ | 10,771 |  |  | $ | 66,484 |
Total | $ | 117,864 |  |  | $ | 87,936 |  |  | $ | 205,800 |  |  | $ | 107,016 |  |  | $ | 74,417 |  |  | $ | 181,433 |

| December 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
| Current |  | Long-Term |  | Total |  | Current |  | Long-Term |  | Total
TASER | $ | 22,578 |  |  | $ | 32,611 |  |  | $ | 55,189 |  |  | $ | 22,152 |  |  | $ | 32,445 |  |  | $ | 54,597 |
Software and Sensors | 95,286 |  |  | 55,325 |  |  | 150,611 |  |  | 84,864 |  |  | 41,972 |  |  | 126,836 |
Total | $ | 117,864 |  |  | $ | 87,936 |  |  | $ | 205,800 |  |  | $ | 107,016 |  |  | $ | 74,417 |  |  | $ | 181,433 |

Remaining Performance Obligations
As of December 31, 2019, we had approximately $1.23 billion of remaining performance obligations, which included both recognized contract liabilities as well as amounts that will be invoiced and recognized in future periods. The remaining performance obligations are limited only to arrangements that meet the definition of a contract under Topic 606 as of December 31, 2019. We expect to recognize between 20% - 25% of this balance over the next twelve months, and expect the remainder to be recognized over the following five to seven years, subject to risks related to delayed deployments, budget appropriation or other contract cancellation clauses.
Costs to Obtain a Contract
We recognize an asset for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer, which consist primarily of sales commissions. These costs are ascribed to or allocated to the underlying performance obligations in the contract and amortized consistent with the recognition timing of the revenue for the underlying performance obligations.
For contract costs related to performance obligations with an amortization period of one year or less, we apply the practical expedient to expense these sales commissions when incurred. These costs are recognized as incurred within sales, general and administrative expenses on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.
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As of December 31, 2019, our assets for costs to obtain contracts were as follows (in thousands):

| December 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Current deferred commissions (1) | $ | 9,623 |  |  | $ | 7,062 |
Deferred commissions, net of current portion (2) | 22,068 |  |  | 15,530 |
| $ | 31,691 |  |  | $ | 22,592 |

(1) Current deferred commissions are included within prepaid expenses and other current assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.
(2) Deferred commissions, net of current portion, are included in other assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.
During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, we recognized $8.2 million and $5.3 million, respectively, of amortization related to deferred commissions. These costs are recorded within sales, general and administrative expenses on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.
Significant Judgments
Our contracts with certain municipal government customers may be subject to budget appropriation, other contract cancellation clauses or future periods which are optional. In contracts where the customer’s performance is subject to budget appropriation clauses, we generally consider the likelihood of non-appropriation to be remote when determining the contract term and transaction price. Contracts with other cancellation provisions or optional periods may require judgment in determining the contract term, including the existence of material rights, transaction price and identifying the performance obligations.
At times, customers may request changes that either amend, replace or cancel existing contracts. Judgment is required to determine whether the specific facts and circumstances within the contracts require the changes to be accounted for as a separate contract or as a modification. Generally, contract modifications containing additional goods and services that are determined to be distinct and sold at their SSP are accounted for as a separate contract. For contract modifications where both criteria are not met, the original contract is updated and the required adjustments to revenue and contract assets, liabilities, and other accounts will be made accordingly.
Our contracts with customers often include promises to transfer multiple products and services to a customer. Determining whether products and services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately rather than together may require significant judgment. We consider CED devices and related accessories, as well as cameras and related accessories, to be separately identifiable from each other as well as from extended warranties on these products and the SaaS subscriptions to Axon Evidence and other cloud services.
In contracts where there are timing differences between when we transfer a promised good or service to the customer and when the customer pays for that good or service, we have determined that, with the exception of our TASER 60 installment purchase arrangements, our contracts generally do not include a significant financing component. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we recorded revenue of $39.3 million, including $1.6 million of interest income, under our TASER 60 plan. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded revenue of $48.2 million including $1.3 million of interest income under our TASER 60 plan. For the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded revenue of $40.7 million including $0.7 million of interest income under our TASER 60 plan. Amounts for the year ended December 31, 2017 have not been adjusted under the modified retrospective method of adoption of Topic 606.
Judgment is required to determine the SSP for each distinct performance obligation.We analyze separate sales of our products and services as a basis for estimating the SSP of our products and services and then use that SSP as the basis for allocating the transaction price when our products and services are sold together in a contract with multiple performance obligations. In instances where the SSP is not directly observable, such as when we do not sell the product or service separately, we determine the SSP using information that may include market conditions, time value of money and other observable inputs. We typically have more than one SSP for individual products and services due to the
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stratification of those products and services by customers and circumstances. In these instances, we may use information such as geographic region and distribution channel in determining the SSP.
3. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Investments
The following tables summarize the Company's cash, cash equivalents, and held-to-maturity investments at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (in thousands):

| As of December 31, 2019
| Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Cash and Cash Equivalents |  | Short-Term Investments |  | Long-Term Investments
Cash | $ | 103,319 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 103,319 |  |  | $ | 103,319 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Level 1: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds | 8,845 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,845 |  |  | 8,845 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Agency bonds | 32,869 |  |  | 14 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | 32,879 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,131 |  |  | 17,738 |
Subtotal | 41,714 |  |  | 14 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | 41,724 |  |  | 8,845 |  |  | 15,131 |  |  | 17,738 |
Level 2: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and municipal obligations | 25,038 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,046 |  |  |  |  |  | 21,560 |  |  | 3,478 |
Certificates of deposit | 1,400 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,400 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,400 |  |  | — |
Corporate bonds | 135,175 |  |  | 71 |  |  | (30 | ) |  | 135,216 |  |  | 886 |  |  | 113,241 |  |  | 21,048 |
U.S. Treasury repurchase agreements | 57,200 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 57,200 |  |  | 57,200 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Treasury inflation-protected securities | 3,235 |  |  | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,249 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,235 |
Commercial paper | 29,202 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 29,202 |  |  | 2,000 |  |  | 27,202 |  |  | — |
Subtotal | 251,250 |  |  | 93 |  |  | (30 | ) |  | 251,313 |  |  | 60,086 |  |  | 163,403 |  |  | 27,761 |
Total | $ | 396,283 |  |  | $ | 107 |  |  | $ | (34 | ) |  | $ | 396,356 |  |  | $ | 172,250 |  |  | $ | 178,534 |  |  | $ | 45,499 |

| As of December 31, 2018
| Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Cash and Cash Equivalents |  | Short-Term Investments |  | Long-Term Investments
Cash | $ | 144,095 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 144,095 |  |  | $ | 144,095 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Level 1: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds | 205,367 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 205,367 |  |  | 205,367 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 349,462 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 349,462 |  |  | $ | 349,462 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

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4. Inventory
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost is determined using the weighted average cost of raw materials which approximates the FIFO method and includes allocations of manufacturing labor and overhead. Included in finished goods at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 was $1.4 million and $1.4 million, respectively, of trial and evaluation hardware units. Provisions are made to reduce excess, obsolete or slow-moving inventories to their net realizable value. Inventories consisted of the following at December 31 (in thousands):

| 2019 |  | 2018
Raw materials | $ | 20,789 |  |  | $ | 19,670 |
Finished goods | 18,056 |  |  | 14,093 |
Total inventory | $ | 38,845 |  |  | $ | 33,763 |

5. Property and Equipment
Property and equipment consisted of the following at December 31 (in thousands):

| Estimated Useful Life |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Land | N/A |  | $ | 2,900 |  |  | $ | 2,900 |
Building and leasehold improvements | 3-39 years |  | 20,089 |  |  | 19,578 |
Production equipment | 3-7 years |  | 29,961 |  |  | 19,817 |
Computers, equipment and software | 3-5 years |  | 8,126 |  |  | 8,392 |
Furniture and office equipment | 5-7 years |  | 6,514 |  |  | 6,529 |
Vehicles | 5 years |  | 1,753 |  |  | 1,385 |
Website development costs | 3 years |  | 204 |  |  | 687 |
Capitalized internal-use software development costs | 3 years |  | 3,670 |  |  | 3,670 |
Construction-in-process | N/A |  | 12,385 |  |  | 14,820 |
Total cost |  |  | 85,602 |  |  | 77,778 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation |  |  | (41,832 | ) |  | (39,885 | )
Property and equipment, net |  |  | $ | 43,770 |  |  | $ | 37,893 |

Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment was $7.9 million, $4.9 million and $3.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, of which $3.5 million, $1.4 million and $1.1 million was included in cost of sales for the respective years.
6. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2019 were as follows (in thousands):

| TASER |  | Software and Sensors |  | Total
Balance, December 31, 2018 | $ | 1,338 |  |  | $ | 23,643 |  |  | $ | 24,981 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | 16 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 32 |
Balance, December 31, 2019 | $ | 1,354 |  |  | $ | 23,659 |  |  | $ | 25,013 |

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Intangible assets (other than goodwill) consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  |  | December 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
| Useful Life |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
Amortizable (definite-lived) intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domain names | 5-10 years |  | $ | 3,161 |  |  | $ | (1,035 | ) |  | $ | 2,126 |  |  | $ | 3,161 |  |  | $ | (732 | ) |  | $ | 2,429 |
Issued patents | 5-25 years |  | 3,271 |  |  | (1,339 | ) |  | 1,932 |  |  | 2,940 |  |  | (1,106 | ) |  | 1,834 |
Issued trademarks | 3-15 years |  | 1,166 |  |  | (678 | ) |  | 488 |  |  | 1,053 |  |  | (599 | ) |  | 454 |
Customer relationships | 4-8 years |  | 3,721 |  |  | (1,416 | ) |  | 2,305 |  |  | 3,701 |  |  | (880 | ) |  | 2,821 |
Non-compete agreements | 3-4 years |  | 450 |  |  | (404 | ) |  | 46 |  |  | 540 |  |  | (439 | ) |  | 101 |
Developed technology | 3-5 years |  | 10,660 |  |  | (6,528 | ) |  | 4,132 |  |  | 13,404 |  |  | (7,081 | ) |  | 6,323 |
Re-acquired distribution rights | 2 years |  | 2,009 |  |  | (2,009 | ) |  | — |  |  | 1,928 |  |  | (1,813 | ) |  | 115 |
Total amortizable |  |  | 24,438 |  |  | (13,409 | ) |  | 11,029 |  |  | 26,727 |  |  | (12,650 | ) |  | 14,077 |
Non-amortizable (indefinite-lived) intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
TASER trademark |  |  | 900 |  |  |  |  | 900 |  |  | 900 |  |  |  |  | 900 |
Patents and trademarks pending |  |  | 842 |  |  |  |  | 842 |  |  | 958 |  |  |  |  | 958 |
Total non-amortizable |  |  | 1,742 |  |  |  |  | 1,742 |  |  | 1,858 |  |  |  |  | 1,858 |
Total intangible assets |  |  | $ | 26,180 |  |  | $ | (13,409 | ) |  | $ | 12,771 |  |  | $ | 28,585 |  |  | $ | (12,650 | ) |  | $ | 15,935 |

Amortization expense of intangible assets was $3.5 million, $5.7 million and $4.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Estimated amortization for intangible assets with definitive lives for the next five years ended December 31, and thereafter, is as follows (in thousands):

2020 | $ | 3,316 |
2021 | 2,868 |
2022 | 1,266 |
2023 | 971 |
2024 | 887 |
Thereafter | 1,721 |
Total | $ | 11,029 |

7. Other Long-Term Assets
Other long-term assets consisted of the following at December 31 (in thousands):

| 2019 |  | 2018
Cash surrender value of corporate-owned life insurance policies | $ | 4,214 |  |  | $ | 3,596 |
Deferred commissions | 22,068 |  |  | 15,530 |
Restricted cash | 56 |  |  | 661 |
Operating lease assets | 9,653 |  |  | — |
Prepaid expenses, deposits and other | 4,218 |  |  | 3,212 |
Total other long-term assets | $ | 40,209 |  |  | $ | 22,999 |

8. Accrued Liabilities
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Accrued liabilities consisted of the following at December 31 (in thousands):

| 2019 |  | 2018
Accrued salaries, benefits and bonus | $ | 24,737 |  |  | $ | 19,063 |
Accrued professional, consulting and lobbying fees | 3,235 |  |  | 4,894 |
Accrued warranty expense | 1,476 |  |  | 898 |
Accrued income and other taxes | 3,362 |  |  | 4,167 |
Other accrued expenses | 12,191 |  |  | 12,070 |
Accrued liabilities | $ | 45,001 |  |  | $ | 41,092 |

9. Commitments and Contingencies
Data Storage Purchase Commitment
In June 2019, we entered into a purchase agreement for cloud data storage with a 3 year term beginning July 1, 2019. The purchase agreement includes a total commitment of $50.0 million, with an up-front prepayment of $15.0 million that was made in July 2019. The current balance of the prepayment is included within prepaid expenses and other current assets on our consolidated balance sheet. Storage fees under this agreement were $7.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, and were recorded in cost of service sales. The remaining purchase commitment at December 31, 2019 was $43.0 million.
Purchase commitments
We routinely enter into cancelable and non-cancelable purchase orders with many of our key vendors. Based on the strategic relationships with many of these vendors, our ability to cancel these purchase orders and maintain a favorable relationship would be limited. As of December 31, 2019, we had approximately $137.9 million of open purchase orders.
Litigation
Product Litigation
As a manufacturer of weapons and other law enforcement tools used in high-risk field environments, we are often the subject of products liability litigation concerning the use of our products. We are currently named as a defendant in eight lawsuits in which the plaintiffs allege either wrongful death or personal injury in situations in which a TASER CED was used by law enforcement officers in connection with arrests or training. While the facts vary from case to case, these product liability claims typically allege defective product design, manufacturing, and/or failure to warn. They seek compensatory and sometimes punitive damages, often in unspecified amounts.
We continue to aggressively defend all product litigation. As a general rule, it is our policy not to settle suspect injury or death cases. Exceptions are sometimes made where the settlement is strategically beneficial to us. Due to the confidential nature of our litigation strategy and the confidentiality agreements that are executed in the event of a settlement, we do not identify or comment on specific settlements by case or amount. Based on current information, we do not believe that the outcome of any such legal proceeding will have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. We are self-insured for the first $5.0 million of any product claim made after 2014. No judgment or settlement has ever exceeded this amount in any products case. We continue to maintain product liability insurance coverage, including an insurance policy fronting arrangement, above our self-insured retention with various limits depending on the policy period.
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Other Litigation
We are a defendant in a litigation matter filed by Digital Ally Inc. (“Digital”) in the District of Kansas alleging patent infringement regarding our Axon Signal technology. Axon was granted summary judgment of non-infringement on June 17, 2019 and judgment was entered in our favor on all of Digital's claims. Digital's appeal is scheduled for oral argument on April 6, 2020.
We are also a defendant in a consumer class action lawsuit filed in the District of Nevada on April 9, 2019 by Douglas Richey (“Richey”). The case alleges the TASER Pulse, X2 and X26P CEDs have a faulty safety switch based on Richey’s Pulse allegedly discharging inside its neoprene case in a jacket pocket without injury. Any such discharge was likely due to static electricity, as disclosed in our consumer warnings. We will vigorously defend this claim and the propriety of any class certification.
The litigation information in this note is current through the date of these financial statements.
U.S. Federal Trade Commission Enforcement Action
The U.S. Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) filed an enforcement action on January 3, 2020 regarding Axon’s May 2018 acquisition of Vievu LLC from Safariland LLC. The FTC alleges the merger was anticompetitive and adversely affected the body worn camera ("BWC") and digital evidence management systems ("DEMS") market for “large metropolitan police departments.” The administrative hearing is set for May 19, 2020. If successful, the FTC may require us to divest Vievu and other assets, which could be material to Axon. We are vigorously defending the matter. At this time, we cannot predict the eventual scope, duration, or outcome of this request and accordingly we have not recorded any liability in the accompanying financial statements.
Also on January 3, 2020, we sued the FTC in the District of Arizona for declaratory and injunctive relief alleging the FTC’s structure and administrative processes violate Article II of the U.S. Constitution and our Fifth Amendment rights to due process and equal protection. We further seek a declaration on the merits of the Vievu acquisition’s lawfulness. Motions for a preliminary injunction and a stay of the FTC administrative proceedings remain pending.
General
From time to time, we are notified that we may be a party to a lawsuit or that a claim is being made against us. It is our policy to not disclose the specifics of any claim or threatened lawsuit until the summons and complaint are actually served on us. After carefully assessing the claim, and assuming we determine that we are not at fault or we disagree with the damages or relief demanded, we vigorously defend any lawsuit filed against us. We record a liability when losses are deemed probable and reasonably estimable. When losses are deemed reasonably possible but not probable, we determine whether it is possible to provide an estimate of the amount of the loss or range of possible losses for the claim, if material for disclosure. In evaluating matters for accrual and disclosure purposes, we take into consideration factors such as our historical experience with matters of a similar nature, the specific facts and circumstances asserted, the likelihood of our prevailing, the availability of insurance, and the severity of any potential loss. We reevaluate and update accruals as matters progress over time.
Based on our assessment of outstanding litigation and claims as of December 31, 2019, we have determined that it is not reasonably possible that these lawsuits will individually, or in the aggregate, materially affect our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows. However, the outcome of any litigation is inherently uncertain and there can be no assurance that any expense, liability or damages that may ultimately result from the resolution of these matters will be covered by our insurance or will not be in excess of amounts recognized or provided by insurance coverage and will not have a material adverse effect on our operating results, financial condition or cash flows.
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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Under certain circumstances, we use letters of credit and surety bonds to guarantee our performance under various contracts, principally in connection with the installation and integration of our Axon cameras and related technologies. Certain of our letters of credit contracts and surety bonds have stated expiration dates, with others being released as the contractual performance terms are completed. We expect to fulfill all contractual performance obligations related to outstanding guarantees. At December 31, 2019, we had outstanding letters of credit of approximately $2.7 million, which are expected to expire in May 2020 and September 2021. Additionally, we had approximately $24.0 million of outstanding surety bonds at December 31, 2019, with $0.5 million expiring in 2020, $2.3 million expiring in 2021, $2.3 million expiring in 2022, $7.5 million expiring in 2023 and the remaining $10.5 million expiring in 2024.
10. Income Taxes
Income (loss) before income taxes included the following components for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):

| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
United States | $ | (1,449 | ) |  | $ | 25,751 |  |  | $ | 14,978 |
Foreign | 3,519 |  |  | 2,353 |  |  | 783 |
Total | $ | 2,070 |  |  | $ | 28,104 |  |  | $ | 15,761 |

Significant components of the provision for income taxes are as follows for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):

| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Current: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 4,247 |  |  | $ | 4,900 |  |  | $ | 6,039 |
State | 2,414 |  |  | 1,377 |  |  | 1,263 |
Foreign | 1,533 |  |  | 228 |  |  | 656 |
Total current | 8,194 |  |  | 6,505 |  |  | 7,958 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | (6,060 | ) |  | (8,382 | ) |  | 4,539 |
State | (1,665 | ) |  | (364 | ) |  | (1,631 | )
Foreign | (264 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | (78 | )
Total deferred | (7,989 | ) |  | (8,749 | ) |  | 2,830 |
Tax impact of unrecorded tax benefits liability | 983 |  |  | 1,143 |  |  | (234 | )
Provision for income taxes (Income tax benefit) | $ | 1,188 |  |  | $ | (1,101 | ) |  | $ | 10,554 |

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A reconciliation of our effective income tax rate to the federal statutory rate follows for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):

| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Federal income tax at the statutory rate | $ | 435 |  |  | $ | 5,902 |  |  | $ | 5,518 |
State income taxes, net of federal benefit | 526 |  |  | (215 | ) |  | 339 |
Difference between statutory and foreign tax rates | 43 |  |  | 7 |  |  | (560 | )
Permanent differences (1) | 1,139 |  |  | 725 |  |  | 300 |
Executive compensation limitation | 7,596 |  |  | 1,167 |  |  | — |
Research and development | (4,911 | ) |  | (6,908 | ) |  | (2,380 | )
Return to provision adjustment | (9 | ) |  | 1,780 |  |  | 23 |
Change in liability for unrecognized tax benefits | 1,191 |  |  | 1,768 |  |  | 7 |
Excess stock-based compensation benefit | (4,999 | ) |  | (8,907 | ) |  | (1,819 | )
Change in valuation allowance | 368 |  |  | 1,984 |  |  | 1,949 |
Tax effects of intercompany transactions | 16 |  |  | 1,004 |  |  | (277 | )
Adjustments to deferred tax assets, net resulting from enactment of new tax law (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,601 |
Other | (207 | ) |  | 592 |  |  | (147 | )
Provision for income taxes (Income tax benefit) | $ | 1,188 |  |  | $ | (1,101 | ) |  | $ | 10,554 |
Effective tax rate | 57.4 | % |  | (3.9 | )% |  | 66.9 | %

(1) | Permanent differences include certain expenses that are not deductible for tax purposes including meals and entertainment, certain transaction costs, lobbying fees, and taxable income as a result of global intangible low-tax income ("GILTI") offset by favorable items including the domestic production activities deduction, for tax year 2017, and a deduction for foreign derived intangible income ("FDII") beginning in 2018.

(2) | The adjustment to deferred tax assets of $7.6 million in 2017 was a result of the impact of changes in the U.S. federal effective tax rate, as well as a reduction of the stock-based compensation deferred tax asset due to expected permanent limitations on its deductibility for certain key executives under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.

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Significant components of our deferred income tax assets and liabilities are as follows at December 31 (in thousands):

| 2019 |  | 2018
Deferred income tax assets: |  |  |
Net operating loss carryforward | $ | 2,341 |  |  | $ | 2,347 |
Deferred revenue | 15,348 |  |  | 13,304 |
Deferred compensation | 971 |  |  | 858 |
Lease liability | 2,460 |  |  | — |
Inventory reserve | 1,258 |  |  | 1,294 |
Stock-based compensation | 10,769 |  |  | 3,758 |
Amortization | 1,133 |  |  | 412 |
Research and development tax credit carryforward | 4,957 |  |  | 5,193 |
Reserves, accruals, and other | 3,394 |  |  | 3,094 |
Total deferred income tax assets | 42,631 |  |  | 30,260 |
Deferred income tax liabilities: |  |  |
Customer contract asset | (883 | ) |  | — |
Right of use asset | (2,228 | ) |  | — |
Depreciation | (3,715 | ) |  | (2,195 | )
Amortization | (62 | ) |  | (57 | )
Other | (1,237 | ) |  | (1,232 | )
Total deferred income tax liabilities | (8,125 | ) |  | (3,484 | )
Net deferred income tax assets before valuation allowance | 34,506 |  |  | 26,776 |
Valuation allowance | (7,172 | ) |  | (7,429 | )
Net deferred income tax assets | $ | 27,334 |  |  | $ | 19,347 |

We have $1.2 million of state net operating losses (“NOLs”) which expire at various dates between 2029 and 2036. We also have a federal NOL of $0.8 million which expires in 2036, and is subject to limitation under Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) Section 382. We have $0.1 million of federal R&D credits, which expire between 2034 and 2037, and are also subject to limitation under IRC Section 382. We have $9.2 million of Arizona R&D credits carrying forward, which expire at various dates between 2020 and 2034. In the U.K., Canada, and Australia, we have $8.0 million, $1.2 million, and $1.4 million of NOLs, respectively, which expire at various dates or may be carried forward indefinitely.
In preparing our consolidated financial statements, we have assessed the likelihood that deferred income tax assets will be realized from future taxable income. In evaluating the ability to recover its deferred income tax assets, we consider all available evidence, positive and negative, including our operating results, ongoing tax planning and forecasts of future taxable income on a jurisdiction by jurisdiction basis. A valuation allowance is established if it is determined that it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the net deferred income tax assets will not be realized. We exercise significant judgment in determining our provision for income taxes, our deferred income tax assets and liabilities, and our future taxable income for purposes of assessing our ability to utilize any future tax benefit from our deferred income tax assets.
As of December 31, 2019, we continue to demonstrate positive income in the U.S. federal and state tax jurisdictions; however, we have Arizona R&D tax credits expiring unutilized each year. Therefore, we have concluded that it is more likely than not that our Arizona R&D deferred tax asset will not be realized.
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As of December 31, 2019, we have cumulative pre-tax losses in the U.K. and Canada, which limits the ability to consider other subjective evidence, such as projections for future growth. On the basis of this evaluation, a full valuation allowance has been recorded for these jurisdictions. The amount of the deferred tax asset considered realizable; however, could be adjusted in future periods if objective negative evidence in the form of cumulative losses is no longer present and additional weight is given to subjective evidence such as projections for growth. Although we also have cumulative pre-tax losses in Australia, we have determined that sufficient deferred tax liabilities will reverse in order to realize all assets except one long-lived intangible asset where there is not an expectation that the deferred tax asset may be realized. Therefore, we have recorded a partial valuation allowance for Australia.
We consider the undistributed earnings of certain non-U.S. subsidiaries to be indefinitely reinvested outside of the United States on the basis of estimates that future domestic cash generation will be sufficient to meet future domestic cash needs and our specific plans for reinvestment of those subsidiary earnings. We project that our foreign earnings will be utilized offshore for working capital and future foreign growth. The determination of the unrecognized deferred tax liability on those undistributed earnings is not practicable due to our legal entity structure and the complexity of U.S. and local country tax laws. If we decide to repatriate the undistributed foreign earnings, we will need to recognize the income tax effects in the period we change our assertion on indefinite reinvestment.
We complete R&D tax credit studies for each year that an R&D tax credit is claimed for federal, Arizona, and California income tax purposes. Management has made the determination that it is more likely than not that the full benefit of the R&D tax credit will not be sustained on examination and recorded a liability for unrecognized tax benefits of $6.1 million as of December 31, 2019. In addition, management accrued approximately $0.1 million for estimated uncertain tax positions related to certain federal income tax liabilities. Should the unrecognized tax benefit of $6.2 million be recognized, our effective tax rate would be favorably impacted.
The following table presents a roll forward of our liability for unrecognized tax benefits, exclusive of accrued interest, as of December 31 (in thousands):

| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 6,058 |  |  | $ | 4,243 |  |  | $ | 4,050 |
Increase (decrease) in previous year tax positions | (615 | ) |  | 213 |  |  | 379 |
Increase in current year tax positions | 1,749 |  |  | 1,982 |  |  | 587 |
Decrease due to lapse of statutes of limitations | (331 | ) |  | (380 | ) |  | (773 | )
Balance, end of period | $ | 6,861 |  |  | $ | 6,058 |  |  | $ | 4,243 |

Federal income tax returns for 2016 through 2018 remain open to examination by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”), while state and local income tax returns for 2015 through 2018 also generally remain open to examination by state taxing authorities. The 2005 through 2014 income tax returns are only open to the extent that net operating loss or other tax attributes carrying forward from those years were utilized in 2015 through 2018. The foreign tax returns for 2015 through 2018 also generally remain open to examination. Our U.S. federal income tax return for fiscal year 2016 is currently under audit by the Internal Revenue Service.
We recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within the provision (benefit) for income tax expense line in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, we had accrued interest of $0.2 million and $0.1 million, respectively.
11. Line of Credit
We have a $50.0 million unsecured revolving line of credit with a domestic bank, of which $10.0 million is available for letters of credit. The credit agreement matures on December 31, 2021 and has an accordion feature which allows for an increase in the total line of credit up to $100.0 million, subject to certain conditions, including the availability of additional bank commitments.
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At December 31, 2019 and 2018, there were no borrowings under the line. Under the terms of the line of credit, available borrowings are reduced by outstanding letters of credit. As of December 31, 2019, we had letters of credit outstanding of approximately $2.7 million under the facility and available borrowing of $47.3 million. Advances under the line of credit bear interest at LIBOR plus 1.0 to 1.5% per year determined in accordance with a pricing grid based on our funded debt to earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") ratio.
We are required to comply with a maximum funded debt to EBITDA ratio of no greater than 2.50 to 1.00 based upon a trailing four fiscal quarter period. At December 31, 2019, our funded debt to EBITDA ratio was 0.0004 to 1.00.
12. Stockholders’ Equity
Common Stock and Preferred Stock
We have authorized the issuance of two classes of stock designated as “common stock” and “preferred stock,” each having a par value of $0.00001 per share. We are authorized to issue 200 million shares of common stock and 25 million shares of preferred stock.
Stock-based Compensation Plans
We have historically utilized stock-based compensation, consisting of RSUs and stock options, for key employees and non-employee directors as a means of attracting and retaining quality personnel. Service-based grants generally have a vesting period of 3 to 5 years and a contractual maturity of ten years. Performance-based grants generally have vesting periods ranging from 1 to 10 years and a contractual maturity of ten years.
On February 12, 2019, our shareholders approved the 2019 Plan, which was adopted by the Board of Directors to reserve a sufficient number of shares to facilitate our eXponential Stock Performance Plan ("XSPP") and grants of eXponential Stock Units ("XSUs") under the plan. Under the 2019 Plan, we reserved for future grants: (i) 6.0 million shares of common stock, plus (ii) the number of shares of common stock that were authorized but unissued under our 2018 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”) and all prior Company equity plans as of the effective date of the 2019 Plan, and (iii) the number of shares of stock that have been granted under the prior plans that either terminate, expire or lapse for any reason after the effective date of the 2019 Plan. As of December 31, 2019, approximately 2.0 million shares remain available for future grants. Shares issued upon exercise of stock awards from these plans have historically been issued from our authorized unissued shares.
Performance-based stock awards
We have issued performance-based stock options and performance-based RSUs, the vesting of which is generally contingent upon the achievement of certain performance criteria related to our operating performance, as well as successful and timely development and market acceptance of future product introductions. In addition, certain of the performance RSUs have additional service requirements subsequent to the achievement of the performance criteria. Compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period, which is defined as the longest explicit, implicit or derived service period based on management’s estimate of the probability of the performance criteria being satisfied, adjusted at each balance sheet date. For both service-based and performance-based RSUs, we account for forfeitures as they occur as a reduction to stock-based compensation expense and additional paid-in-capital
For performance-based options with a vesting schedule based entirely on the attainment of both performance and market conditions, stock-based compensation expense is recognized over the longer of the expected achievement period
of the performance and market conditions, beginning at the point in time that the relevant performance condition is considered probable of achievement. The fair value of such awards is estimated on the grant date using Monte Carlo simulations.
CEO Performance Award
On May 24, 2018, our stockholders approved the CEO Performance Award of 6,365,856 stock option awards. The CEO Performance Award consists of 12 vesting tranches with a vesting schedule based entirely on the attainment of both operational goals (performance conditions) and market capitalization goals (market conditions), assuming continued employment either as the CEO or as both Executive Chairman and Chief Product Officer and service through each vesting date. Each of the 12 vesting tranches of the CEO Performance Award have a 10-year contractual term and will vest upon certification by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors that both (i) the market capitalization goal for such tranche, which begins at $2.5 billion for the first tranche and increases by increments of $1.0 billion thereafter, and (ii) any one of the following eight operational goals focused on revenue or eight operational goals focused on Adjusted EBITDA have been met for the previous four consecutive fiscal quarters. Adjusted EBITDA for purposes of the CEO Performance Award ("Adjusted EBITDA (CEO Performance Award)") is defined as net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders before interest expense, investment interest income, provision (benefit) for income taxes, depreciation and amortization, and stock-based compensation expense.

Eight Separate Revenue Goals (1) (in thousands) |  | Eight Separate Adjusted EBITDA (CEO Performance Award) Goals (in thousands)
Goal #1, $710,058 |  | Goal #9, $125,000
Goal #2, $860,058 |  | Goal #10, $155,000
Goal #3, $1,010,058 |  | Goal #11, $175,000
Goal #4, $1,210,058 |  | Goal #12, $190,000
Goal #5, $1,410,058 |  | Goal #13, $200,000
Goal #6, $1,610,058 |  | Goal #14, $210,000
Goal #7, $1,810,058 |  | Goal #15, $220,000
Goal #8, $2,010,058 |  | Goal #16, $230,000

(1) In connection with the acquisition of Vievu that was completed during 2018, the revenue goals were adjusted for the acquiree's Target Revenue, as defined in the CEO Performance Award agreement.
As of December 31, 2019, the following operational goals were considered probable of achievement:

• | Total revenue of $710.1 million, $860.1 million, and $1,010.1 million; and

• | Adjusted EBITDA (CEO Performance Award) of $125.0 million, $155.0 million, $175.0 million, $190.0 million, $200.0 million, and $210.0 million.

Stock-based compensation expense associated with the CEO Performance Award is recognized over the longer of the expected achievement period for each pair of market capitalization and operational goals, beginning at the point in time when the relevant operational goal is considered probable of being met. The probability of meeting an operational goal and the expected achievement point in time for meeting a probable operational goal are based on a subjective assessment of our forward-looking financial projections, taking into consideration statistical analysis. Even though no tranches of the CEO Performance Award vest unless a market capitalization and a matching operational goal are both achieved, stock-based compensation expense is recognized when an operational goal is considered probable of achievement regardless of whether a market capitalization goal is actually achieved. Stock-based compensation represents a non-cash expense and is recorded in sales, general, and administrative operating expense on our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.
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The first two market capitalization goals have been achieved as of December 31, 2019. However, none of the stock options granted under the CEO Performance Award have vested thus far as the operational goals have not yet been achieved as of December 31, 2019. As there are nine operational goals considered probable of achievement, we recorded stock-based compensation expense of $37.4 million related to the CEO Performance Award from the CEO Grant Date through December 31, 2019. The number of stock options that would vest related to the nine tranches is approximately 4.8 million shares.
As of December 31, 2019, we had $154.2 million of total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the CEO Performance Award for the operational goals that were considered probable of achievement, which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 6.0 years. As of December 31, 2019, we had unrecognized stock-based compensation expense of $54.4 million for the operational goals that were considered not probable of achievement.
eXponential Stock Performance Plan
On February 12, 2019, our shareholders approved the 2019 Plan, which was adopted by the Board of Directors to reserve a sufficient number of shares to facilitate our XSPP and grants of XSUs under the plan. Pursuant to the XSPP, all eligible full-time U.S. employees were granted an award of 60 XSUs in January 2019, and certain employees had the opportunity to elect to receive a percentage of the value of their target compensation over the following nine years (2019-2027) in the form of additional XSUs. For employees who elected to receive XSUs, the XSU grants were made as an up front, lump sum grant in January 2019, and are intended to replace that portion of the target compensation they elected to receive in the form of XSUs for the subsequent nine years. Accordingly, their go forward target compensation will be reduced until 2027 by the amount of such compensation that the employees elected to receive in the form of the January 2019 XSU grants. Additional employee awards were granted in February, September and November of 2019. A total of approximately 5.9 million XSUs were granted during the year ended December 31, 2019.
The XSUs are grants of restricted stock units, each with a term of approximately nine years, that vest in 12 equal tranches. Each of the 12 tranches will vest upon certification by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors that both (i) the market capitalization goal for such tranche, which begins at $2.5 billion for the first tranche and increases by increments of $1.0 billion thereafter, and (ii) any one of eight operational goals focused on revenue or eight operational goals focused on Adjusted EBITDA (CEO Performance Award) have been met for the previous four consecutive fiscal quarters.
The XSPP contains an anti-dilution provision, which is used to calculate a maximum number of shares outstanding for purposes of determining achievement of the market capitalization goals whereby the maximum number of shares used to calculate the market capitalization goal is calculated by organically growing the current number of shares outstanding by 3% per year (the "XSU Maximum"). Any shares of Stock issued to Patrick W. Smith upon the exercise of the stock options granted to Mr. Smith under the CEO Performance Award shall increase the XSU Maximum. The XSU Maximum shall also be adjusted for acquisitions, spin-offs or other changes in the number of outstanding shares of common stock, if such changes have a corresponding adjustment on the market capitalization goals.
The market capitalization and operational goals are identical to the CEO Performance Award, except for the number of shares that are used to calculate the market capitalization goals if shares outstanding exceed the XSU Maximum. Additionally, because the grant date is different than that of the CEO Performance Award, the measurement period for market capitalization is not identical.
Stock-based compensation expense associated with XSU awards is recognized over the longer of the expected achievement period for each pair of market capitalization and operational goals, beginning at the point in time when the relevant operational goal is considered probable of being met. The market capitalization goal period and the valuation of each tranche are determined using a Monte Carlo simulation, which is also used as the basis for determining the expected achievement period of the market capitalization goal. The probability of meeting an operational goal and the expected achievement point in time for meeting a probable operational goal are based on a subjective assessment of our forward-looking financial projections, taking into consideration statistical analysis. Even though no tranches of the
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XSU awards vest unless a market capitalization and a matching operational goal are both achieved, stock-based compensation expense is recognized when an operational goal is considered probable of achievement regardless of whether a market capitalization goal is actually achieved.
The first two market capitalization goals have been achieved as of December 31, 2019. However, none of the XSU tranches have vested thus far as the operational goals have not yet been achieved as of December 31, 2019. As there are nine operational goals considered probable of achievement, we recorded stock-based compensation expense of $17.5 million related to the XSU awards from their respective grant dates through December 31, 2019. The number of XSU awards that would vest related to the nine tranches is approximately 4.2 million shares.
As of December 31, 2019, we had $139.8 million of total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the XSU awards for the performance goals that were considered probable of achievement, which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 5.9 years. As of December 31, 2019, we had unrecognized stock-based compensation expense of $35.9 million for the performance goals that were considered not probable of achievement.
Restricted Stock Units
The following table summarizes RSU activity for the years ended December 31 (number of units and aggregate intrinsic value in thousands):

| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
| Number of Units |  | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value |  | Number of Units |  | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value |  | Number of Units |  | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Units outstanding, beginning of year | 1,655 |  |  | $ | 28.34 |  |  | 2,348 |  |  | $ | 23.47 |  |  | 1,330 |  |  | $ | 20.40 |
Granted | 6,759 |  |  | 37.21 |  |  | 381 |  |  | 46.06 |  |  | 1,731 |  |  | 24.59 |
Released | (650 | ) |  | 25.75 |  |  | (772 | ) |  | 23.85 |  |  | (519 | ) |  | 18.85 |
Forfeited | (482 | ) |  | 34.97 |  |  | (302 | ) |  | 24.73 |  |  | (194 | ) |  | 24.61 |
Units outstanding, end of year | 7,282 |  |  | 36.36 |  |  | 1,655 |  |  | 28.34 |  |  | 2,348 |  |  | 23.47 |
Aggregate intrinsic value at year end | $ | 533,623 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Aggregate intrinsic value represents our closing stock price on the last trading day of the period, which was $73.28 per share at December 31, 2019, multiplied by the number of RSUs. The fair value as of the respective vesting dates of RSUs that vested during the year was $39.4 million, $36.6 million, and $14.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. Certain RSUs that vested in 2019 were net-share settled, such that we withheld shares with value equivalent to the employees’ minimum statutory obligation for the applicable income and other employment taxes, and remitted the cash to the appropriate taxing authorities. Total shares withheld during 2019 were 0.1 million and had a value of approximately $3.5 million on their respective vesting dates as determined by the closing stock price of our stock. Payments for the employees’ tax obligations are reflected as a financing activity within the statement of cash flows. These net-share settlements had the effect of share repurchases by us as they reduced the amount of shares that would have otherwise been issued as a result of the vesting.
In 2019, 2018 and 2017, we granted approximately 6.0 million, 0.1 million and 0.4 million performance-based RSUs, respectively (included in the table above). Of the 6.0 million performance-based RSUs granted in 2019, 5.9 million were XSUs. Certain of the performance-based RSUs outstanding as of December 31, 2019 can vest with a range of shares earned being between 0% and 200% of the targeted shares granted, depending on the final achievement of pre-determined performance criteria as of the vesting date. As of December 31, 2019, the performance criteria had been met for approximately 0.1 million of the 0.4 million performance-based RSUs outstanding, exclusive of XSUs outstanding. We recognized $24.1 million, $4.8 million and $2.5 million of compensation expense related to performance-based RSUs during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, which included expense related to XSUs of $17.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2019.
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As of December 31, 2019, we had $190.8 million of total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense for time-based RSUs and PSUs for which the performance goals were considered probable of achievement. We expect to recognize the cost related to the RSUs over a weighted average period of 4.9 years.
Stock Option Activity
The following table summarizes stock option activity for the years ended December 31 (number of options in thousands):

| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
| Number of Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Number of Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Number of Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price
Options outstanding, beginning of year | 6,458 |  |  | $ | 28.24 |  |  | 804 |  |  | $ | 4.99 |  |  | 1,008 |  |  | $ | 5.40 |
Granted | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,366 |  |  | 28.58 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Exercised | (27 | ) |  | 4.27 |  |  | (664 | ) |  | 5.09 |  |  | (198 | ) |  | 6.99 |
Expired / terminated | — |  |  | — |  |  | (48 | ) |  | 4.55 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | 8.32 |
Options outstanding, end of year | 6,431 |  |  | 28.34 |  |  | 6,458 |  |  | 28.24 |  |  | 804 |  |  | 4.99 |
Options exercisable, end of year | 65 |  |  | 4.52 |  |  | 92 |  |  | 4.45 |  |  | 775 |  |  | 5.00 |

We granted 6.4 million stock options in 2018 and none in 2019 or 2017. The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $1.2 million, $28.5 million and $3.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The intrinsic value for options exercised was calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying stock option awards and the market price of our common stock on the date of exercise.
The following table summarizes information about stock options that were fully vested or expected to vest as of December 31, 2019 (number of options in thousands):

|  | Options Outstanding |  | Options Exercisable
Range of Exercise Price |  | Number of Options Outstanding |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) |  | Number of Options Exercisable |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)
$4.34 - $4.97 |  | 65 |  |  | $ | 4.52 |  |  | 0.94 |  | 65 |  |  | $ | 4.52 |  |  | 0.94

The aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding and options exercisable at December 31, 2019 was $4.5 million and $4.5 million, respectively. Aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the exercise price of the underlying stock option awards and the closing market price of our common stock of $73.28 on December 31, 2019.
At December 31, 2019, we had 6.4 million unvested options outstanding with a weighted average exercise price of $28.58 per share, weighted average grant-date fair value of $38.64 per share and weighted average remaining contractual life of 8.2 years. The aggregate intrinsic value of unvested options at December 31, 2019 was $284.6 million.
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Stock-based Compensation Expense
We account for stock-based compensation using the fair-value method. Reported stock-based compensation was classified as follows for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):

| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Cost of product and service sales | $ | 1,565 |  |  | $ | 511 |  |  | $ | 508 |
Sales, general and administrative expenses | 59,342 |  |  | 12,710 |  |  | 9,047 |
Research and development expenses | 17,588 |  |  | 8,658 |  |  | 6,055 |
Total stock-based compensation expense | $ | 78,495 |  |  | $ | 21,879 |  |  | $ | 15,610 |
Income tax benefit | $ | 11,457 |  |  | $ | 4,049 |  |  | $ | 5,791 |

Stock Inducement Plan
In September 2019, our Board of Directors adopted the Axon Enterprise, Inc. 2019 Stock Inducement Plan (the “2019 Inducement Plan”) pursuant to which we reserved 500,000 shares of common stock for issuance under the Inducement Plan. The 2019 Inducement Plan was adopted without stockholder approval pursuant to Rule 5635(c)(4) and Rule 5635(c)(3) of the Nasdaq Listing Rules. The Inducement Plan provides for the grant of equity-based awards, including restricted stock units, restricted stock, performance shares and performance units, and its terms are substantially similar to our stockholder-approved 2019 Plan. In accordance with Rule 5635(c)(4) and Rule 5635(c)(3) of the Nasdaq Listing Rules, awards under the Inducement Plan may only be made to individuals not previously employees or non-employee directors of the Company (or following such individuals’ bona fide period of non-employment with the Company), as an inducement material to the individuals’ entry into employment with the Company.
As of December 31, 2019, there were 29,600 shares available for grant under the 2019 Inducement Plan.
Stock Repurchase Plan
In February 2016, our Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program to acquire up to $50.0 million of our outstanding common stock subject to stock market conditions and corporate considerations. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, $16.3 million remained available under the plan for future purchases.
13. Leases
Lease Obligations
We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized based on the present value of future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. Additionally, we use the portfolio approach in determining the discount rate used to present value lease payments. We give consideration to our line of credit as well as publicly available data for instruments with similar characteristics when calculating our incremental borrowing rates. The ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and initial direct costs incurred and excludes lease incentives.
We have operating and finance leases for office space and certain equipment. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet; we recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For leases beginning on or after January 1, 2019, we account for lease components separately from non-lease components for all asset classes.
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Our leases have remaining terms of less than 1 to approximately 4 years, some of which include one or more options to renew for up to 2 years, and some of which include options to terminate the leases within 1 year. The exercise of lease renewal options is at our sole discretion and such options are included in ROU assets and liabilities for renewal periods that are reasonably certain of exercise. Certain of our lease agreements include stated rental payment escalations. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. We sublease certain real estate to third parties. Finance leases as of December 31, 2019 were immaterial.

Leases (in thousands) |  | Classification |  | December 31, 2019
Assets |  |  |  |
Operating lease assets |  | Other assets |  | $ | 9,653 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |
Current |  |  |  |
Operating |  | Other current liabilities |  | $ | 3,817 |
Noncurrent |  |  |  |
Operating |  | Other long-term liabilities |  | 6,792 |
Total lease liabilities |  |  |  | $ | 10,609 |

The components of lease expense were as follows (in thousands):

|  | Classification |  | Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2019
Operating lease expense (1) |  | Sales, general and administrative expenses (2) |  | $ | 4,627 |
Sublease income |  | Interest and other income, net |  | (301 | )
Net lease expense |  |  |  | $ | 4,326 |

(1) Includes short-term leases, which are immaterial.
(2) An immaterial portion of operating lease expense is included within research and development expenses and cost of sales.
Other information related to leases was as follows (in thousands, except lease term and discount rate):

|  | Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2019
Supplemental Cash Flows Information |  |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |
Operating cash flows for operating leases |  | $ | 4,374 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities: |  |
Operating leases |  | 888 |
Weighted average remaining lease term: |  |
Operating leases |  | 3.1 years |
Weighted average discount rate: |  |
Operating leases |  | 3.55 | %

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)
Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2019 were as follows (in thousands):

| Operating |  | Sublease income |  | Net
2020 | 4,539 |  |  | (82 | ) |  | 4,457 |
2021 | 3,641 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,641 |
2022 | 2,689 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,689 |
2023 | 1,173 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,173 |
2024 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Thereafter | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total minimum lease payments | 12,042 |  |  | (82 | ) |  | 11,960 |
Less: Amount representing interest |  |  |  |  | (1,351 | )
Present value of lease payments |  |  |  |  | $ | 10,609 |

As of December 31, 2019, we do not have any leases that have not yet commenced that create significant rights and obligations for us.
14. Related Party Transactions
We subscribe to a mobile collaboration software suite from Quip, a company that was co-founded and managed by Bret Taylor, a former member of our Board of Directors. Mr. Taylor resigned from the Board of Directors in June 2019. In April 2016, Quip was acquired by Salesforce, and subsequent to the acquisition, we continued to consider Quip a related party. In November 2017, Mr. Taylor was appointed to President and Chief Product Officer of Salesforce. We consider the consolidated Salesforce entity to be a related party through the year ended December 31, 2019. The cost to subscribe to various cloud-based hosting arrangements from Salesforce and Quip was $1.9 million, $1.8 million and $1.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Amounts owed as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 were negligible.
15. Employee Benefit Plans
We have a defined contribution profit sharing 401(k) plan for eligible employees, which is qualified under Sections 401(a) and 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. Employees are entitled to make tax-deferred contributions of up to the maximum allowed by law of their eligible compensation.
We also have a non-qualified deferred compensation plan for certain executives, key employees and non-employee directors through which participants may elect to postpone the receipt and taxation of a portion of their compensation, including stock-based compensation, received from us. The non-qualified deferred compensation plan allows eligible participants to defer up to 80% of their base salary and up to 100% of other types of compensation. The plan also allows for matching and discretionary employer contributions. Employee deferrals are deemed 100% vested upon contribution. Distributions from the plan generally commence upon retirement, death, separation of service, specified date or upon the occurrence of an unforeseeable emergency. Distributions can be paid in a variety of forms from lump sum to installments over a period of years. Participants in the plan are entitled to select from a wide variety of investments available under the plan and are allocated gains or losses based upon the performance of the investments selected by the participant. All gains or losses are allocated fully to plan participants and we do not guarantee a rate of return on deferred balances. Assets related to this plan consist of corporate-owned life insurance contracts and are included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets; see Note 7 for balances. Participants have no rights or claims with respect to any plan assets and any such assets are subject to the claims of our general creditors.
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Contributions to the plans are made by both the employee and us. Our contributions to the 401(k) plan are based on the level of employee contributions and are immediately vested. Future matching contributions to the plans are at our sole discretion.
We also sponsor defined contribution plans in Australia, Finland, and the United Kingdom.
Our matching contributions for all defined contribution plans for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, were approximately $4.8 million, $3.2 million and $2.5 million, respectively. Future matching or profit sharing contributions to the plans are at our sole discretion.
16. Business Acquisitions
Dextro, Inc.
On February 8, 2017, we acquired all of the outstanding common stock of Dextro for a total purchase price of $7.5 million. Dextro's technology provides one of the first computer-vision and deep learning systems to make the visual contents in video searchable in real time. This technology will allow law enforcement agencies and departments to quickly isolate and analyze critical seconds of footage from massive amounts of video data. The technology acquired, along with the Dextro employees that joined Axon, were key additions to the Axon Artificial Intelligence team.
The purchase price of $7.5 million consisted primarily of cash, net of cash acquired, and contingent consideration of $1.0 million representing potential earn-outs to former stockholders based on predetermined future metrics, which was fully earned and paid as of December 31, 2019. We also agreed to additional earn-out provisions to former Dextro employees totaling approximately $1.4 million based, in part, on predetermined future metrics. The additional earn-outs were not included as part of the purchase price and are being expensed as compensation for the employees in the period earned.
The major classes of assets and liabilities to which we allocated the purchase price were as follows (in thousands):

Accounts receivable | $ | 12 |
Property and equipment | 46 |
Developed technology | 5,800 |
Goodwill | 2,703 |
Deferred income tax liabilities, net | (1,074 | )
Total purchase price | $ | 7,487 |

We assigned the goodwill to the Software and Sensors segment. Identifiable definite-lived intangible assets were assigned a total weighted average amortization period of 3.4 years. Dextro has been included in our consolidated results of operations subsequent to the acquisition date. In connection with the acquisition, we incurred and expensed costs of approximately $0.2 million, which included legal, accounting and other third-party expenses related to the transaction.
Breon Enterprises
On July 1, 2017, we acquired certain tangible and intangible assets from Breon, which was our distributor in the Australia region. This transaction, which was accounted for as a business combination under ASC 805, is intended to expand our growth across Australia and surrounding regions by growing our in-country sales and support team.
The purchase price of $4.2 million was paid in full in July 2017. As of the acquisition date, we had a $2.2 million pre-existing accounts receivable balance from Breon for our sales of goods and services to Breon prior to the acquisition date. This receivable balance was cash settled in full separately from the business combination at its book value, which was considered to be the fair value due to the short-term nature of the receivable.
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AXON ENTERPRISE, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)
The major classes of assets to which we allocated the purchase price were as follows (in thousands):

Re-acquired distribution rights | $ | 2,100 |
Customer relationships | 400 |
Goodwill | 1,650 |
Total purchase price | $ | 4,150 |

We assigned $0.8 million of the goodwill to each of the TASER and Software and Sensors segments. The assignment of goodwill was based on our estimate of how the acquired assets would contribute cash flows to us over time. Identifiable definite-lived intangible assets were assigned a total weighted average amortization period of 2.1 years. Breon has been included in our consolidated results of operations subsequent to the acquisition date. Costs related to the acquisition were expensed as incurred and were considered insignificant.
VIEVU
On May 3, 2018, we acquired all of the outstanding ownership interests of VIEVU, a public safety camera and cloud-based evidence management system provider for law enforcement agencies.
The purchase price of $17.6 million consisted of $5.0 million in cash, net of cash acquired of $0.1 million, and $2.4 million, or 58,843 shares, of our common stock issued to VIEVU’s parent company, Safariland, LLC (“Safariland”). Additionally, the purchase price consisted of contingent consideration of up to $6.0 million, or 141,226 additional shares of common stock, if certain conditions relating to retention of certain VIEVU customers are met as of the first and second anniversaries of the acquisition date. The fair value of the contingent consideration as of the acquisition date was $5.8 million. The purchase price also included the fair value of a long-term Product Development and Supplier Agreement (the “Supply Agreement”) with Safariland, pursuant to which Safariland will be our preferred provider of holsters for our CEW products. The estimated fair value of the Supply Agreement as of the acquisition date was $4.5 million, a portion of which was recorded within accrued liabilities and the remaining portion recorded within other long-term liabilities.
The major classes of assets and liabilities to which we have allocated the purchase price were as follows (in thousands):

Accounts receivable | $ | 1,776 |
Inventory | 2,626 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | 362 |
Property and equipment | 459 |
Contract assets | 1,472 |
Intangible assets | 4,510 |
Goodwill | 10,285 |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | (3,345 | )
Deferred revenue | (543 | )
Total purchase price | $ | 17,602 |

We have assigned the goodwill to the Software and Sensors segment. Identifiable definite-lived intangible assets were assigned a total weighted average amortization period of 5.1 years. VIEVU has been included in our consolidated results of operations subsequent to the acquisition date. In connection with the acquisition, we incurred and expensed costs of approximately $0.8 million, which included legal, accounting and other third-party expenses related to the transaction. Subsequent to the acquisition date, we recorded expenses of $1.2 million related to purchase commitments assumed in the VIEVU business combination that exceeded estimated future demand.
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AXON ENTERPRISE, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)
17. Segment Data
Our operations are comprised of two reportable segments: the manufacture and sale of CEDs, batteries, accessories, extended warranties and other products and services (the “TASER” segment); and the software and sensors business, which includes the sale of devices, wearables, applications, cloud and mobile products, and services (collectively, the “Software and Sensors” segment). In both segments, we report sales of products and services. Service revenue in both segments includes sales related to Axon Evidence. In the Software and Sensors segment, service revenue also includes other recurring cloud-hosted software revenue and related professional services. Collectively, this revenue is sometimes referred to as "Axon Cloud revenue." Our Chief Executive Officer, who is the CODM, is not provided asset information or sales, general, and administrative expense by segment.
Information relative to our reportable segments was as follows (in thousands):

| For the year ended December 31, 2019
| TASER |  | Software and Sensors |  | Total
Net sales from products | $ | 280,554 |  |  | $ | 118,920 |  |  | $ | 399,474 |
Net sales from services | 1,107 |  |  | 130,279 |  |  | 131,386 |
Net sales | 281,661 |  |  | 249,199 |  |  | 530,860 |
Cost of product sales | 107,188 |  |  | 83,495 |  |  | 190,683 |
Cost of service sales | — |  |  | 32,891 |  |  | 32,891 |
Cost of sales | 107,188 |  |  | 116,386 |  |  | 223,574 |
Gross margin | $ | 174,473 |  |  | $ | 132,813 |  |  | $ | 307,286 |
Research and development | $ | 14,469 |  |  | $ | 86,252 |  |  | $ | 100,721 |

| For the year ended December 31, 2018
| TASER |  | Software and Sensors |  | Total
Net sales from products | $ | 253,115 |  |  | $ | 74,520 |  |  | $ | 327,635 |
Net sales from services | — |  |  | 92,433 |  |  | 92,433 |
Net sales | 253,115 |  |  | 166,953 |  |  | 420,068 |
Cost of product sales | 80,354 |  |  | 58,983 |  |  | 139,337 |
Cost of service sales | — |  |  | 22,148 |  |  | 22,148 |
Cost of sales | 80,354 |  |  | 81,131 |  |  | 161,485 |
Gross margin | $ | 172,761 |  |  | $ | 85,822 |  |  | $ | 258,583 |
Research and development | $ | 17,012 |  |  | $ | 59,844 |  |  | $ | 76,856 |

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AXON ENTERPRISE, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

| For the year ended December 31, 2017
| TASER |  | Software and Sensors |  | Total
Net sales from products (1) | $ | 234,512 |  |  | $ | 51,347 |  |  | $ | 285,859 |
Net sales from services (1) | — |  |  | 57,939 |  |  | 57,939 |
Net sales (1) | 234,512 |  |  | 109,286 |  |  | 343,798 |
Cost of product sales | 72,054 |  |  | 45,943 |  |  | 117,997 |
Cost of service sales | — |  |  | 18,713 |  |  | 18,713 |
Cost of sales | 72,054 |  |  | 64,656 |  |  | 136,710 |
Gross margin | $ | 162,458 |  |  | $ | 44,630 |  |  | $ | 207,088 |
Research and development | $ | 8,377 |  |  | $ | 46,996 |  |  | $ | 55,373 |

(1) Amounts for the year ended December 31, 2017 have not been adjusted under the modified retrospective method of adoption of Topic 606, and are presented consistent with the prior period amounts reported under ASC 605.
18. Selected Quarterly Financial Data (unaudited)
Selected quarterly financial data for years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 follows (in thousands, except per share data):

| Quarter Ended
| March 31, |  | June 30, |  | September 30, |  | December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2019 |  | 2019 |  | 2019
Net sales | $ | 115,810 |  |  | $ | 112,362 |  |  | $ | 130,837 |  |  | $ | 171,851 |
Gross margin | 68,917 |  |  | 65,560 |  |  | 80,169 |  |  | 92,640 |
Net income | 6,419 |  |  | 738 |  |  | 6,104 |  |  | (12,379 | )
Earnings (loss) per share (2): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.11 |  |  | $ | 0.01 |  |  | $ | 0.10 |  |  | $ | (0.21 | )
Diluted | $ | 0.11 |  |  | $ | 0.01 |  |  | $ | 0.10 |  |  | $ | (0.21 | )
| Quarter Ended
| March 31, |  | June 30, |  | September 30, |  | December 31,
| 2018 |  | 2018 |  | 2018 |  | 2018 (1)
Net sales | $ | 101,215 |  |  | $ | 99,226 |  |  | $ | 104,836 |  |  | $ | 114,791 |
Gross margin | 64,461 |  |  | 63,143 |  |  | 65,633 |  |  | 65,346 |
Net income | 12,926 |  |  | 8,485 |  |  | 5,711 |  |  | 2,083 |
Earnings per share (2): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.24 |  |  | $ | 0.15 |  |  | $ | 0.10 |  |  | $ | 0.04 |
Diluted | $ | 0.24 |  |  | $ | 0.15 |  |  | $ | 0.10 |  |  | $ | 0.03 |

(1) Results of operations for the three months ended December 31, 2018 included out of period adjustments related to prior quarterly periods in 2018 and 2017. The aggregate out of period adjustment was approximately $1.8 million, reflecting a $0.9 million decrease to net sales, a $1.3 million increase to sales, general and administrative expense, and a $0.4 million decrease to provision for income taxes. Based on our quantitative and qualitative analysis, we do not consider the out of period impact to be material to our financial position or results of operations for any prior periods or for the quarter or year ended December 31, 2018.
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AXON ENTERPRISE, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)
(2) Basic and diluted earnings per share are computed independently for each of the quarters presented. Therefore, the sum of quarterly basic and diluted per share information may not equal annual basic and diluted earnings per share.
19. Supplemental Disclosure to Cash Flows
Supplemental non-cash and other cash flow information were as follows as of and for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):

| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Supplemental disclosures: |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 172,250 |  |  | $ | 349,462 |  |  | $ | 75,105 |
Restricted cash | $ | 105 |  |  | $ | 1,565 |  |  | $ | 3,333 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in the statements of cash flows | $ | 172,355 |  |  | $ | 351,027 |  |  | $ | 78,438 |
Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds | $ | 3,669 |  |  | $ | 10,609 |  |  | $ | 11,487 |
Non-cash transactions: |  |  |  |  |
Contingent consideration related to business combinations | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,007 |
Non-cash purchase consideration related to business combinations | — |  |  | 12,508 |  |  | — |
Property and equipment purchases in accounts payable | 834 |  |  | 501 |  |  | 133 |
Commission payable converted to stock-based award | 314 |  |  | — |  |  | — |

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
Board of Directors and Stockholders
Axon Enterprise, Inc.
Opinion on the financial statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Axon Enterprise, Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes and financial statement schedule included under Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”), and our report dated February 27, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical audit matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Revenue Recognition - Bundled Arrangements with Multiple Performance Obligations
As described further in Notes 1 and 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company derives revenue from two primary sources: the sale of physical products (including conducted energy devices (CEDs), cameras, corresponding hardware extended warranties, and related accessories), and subscriptions to the Axon Evidence digital evidence
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management software as a service and support. To a lesser extent, the Company also recognizes revenue related to training, professional services and other software services. Many of the Company’s products are sold on a standalone basis, however, the Company also bundles its hardware products and services together and sells them to customers as part of a single transaction. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, the Company allocates the contract transaction price to each performance obligation using its estimate of the standalone selling price of each distinct good or service in the contract. Further, performance obligations can be satisfied at a point in time when the Company ships the product, or over time as the customer receives and consumes the benefit of services over a stated period of time. In addition, the Company will, on occasion, agree to terms that amend the performance obligations in an existing contract. We consider the identification of performance obligations, the determination of the standalone selling price and allocation of the transaction price to multiple performance obligations, including the determination as to whether any amendments to an existing contract result in a modification, to be a critical audit matter.
Identifying performance obligations in each contract involves identifying all promises in the contract and determining whether such promises are limited to explicit goods or services or whether they may be implied. In addition, determining whether the customer can benefit from the promised goods or services on their own or whether the contract promises to deliver goods or services on a combined basis impacts whether such performance obligations should be accounted for separately or together with other performance obligations. Judgment is also required to determine the standalone selling price for each distinct performance obligation, which serves as a basis for allocating the transaction price amongst products and services when sold together. Estimates of standalone selling price involve the use of observable data and can include selling prices for each performance obligation when sold separately, a market assessment of what the customer would be willing to pay for each performance obligation, or an estimate of the expected cost plus an appropriate estimated margin of the performance obligation. In addition, amendments to existing contracts require additional judgment since they involve an assessment of whether a modification occurred. The related audit effort to test these items was extensive and required a high degree of auditor judgment.
Our audit procedures related to the revenue recognition of bundled arrangements with multiple performance obligations included the following, among others.
We tested the design and operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s contract review process, including those over the identification of all material terms and promises included in the initial or amended contract, and the establishment and monitoring of standalone selling prices.
For a sample of contracts, we compared the identified performance obligations in the allocation to the underlying contract, recalculated the allocation of the total transaction price to each performance obligation, and, if applicable, reviewed contract amendments and management’s assessment of the amendments for appropriate accounting treatment. We also evaluated the reasonableness of management’s estimate of standalone selling prices for products and services that are not sold separately. For sample selections where revenue was recognized at a point in time, we inspected shipping documents and contract terms to evaluate whether control transferred to the customer. For sample selections where revenue was recognized over time, we traced the term of the revenue recognition period to the contract and recalculated the expected revenue recognized during the period.
Stock Based Compensation - Initial Measurement of Fair Value
As described further in Notes 1 and 12 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s stockholders approved the eXponential Stock Performance Plan (“XSPP ”) during the year ended December 31, 2019. Under the terms of the XSPP the Company’s employees were granted eXponential Stock Units (“XSUs”) which vest in 12 tranches with a vesting schedule based entirely on the attainment of both operational and market capitalization goals. To estimate the grant date fair value of the awards, the Company utilized a Monte Carlo simulation to simulate a range of possible future market capitalizations for the Company over the term of the XSUs and assigned a value to each market capitalization tranche. We consider the determination of grant date fair value for the XSUs to be a critical audit matter.
The Company’s determination of the grant date fair value of the XSUs required complex modeling and significant judgment related to inputs and assumptions used in the Monte Carlo simulation. Such assumptions include determining an estimate of volatility associated with achieving the Company’s market capitalization, the expected impact of dilution resulting from the XSPP, a risk free interest rate associated with the term of the XSPP and a discount rate associated
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with the holding period required as part of the XSPP. Auditing the initial measurement of fair value also requires the use of valuation specialists.
Our audit procedures related to the grant date fair value of the XSUs included the following procedures, among others.
We evaluated the expertise and experience of the valuation specialists who determined the fair value measurements on behalf of the Company. We reviewed the methodologies employed by the specialists in determining the value of the XSUs and determined whether the use of a Monte Carlo simulation was reasonable. We reviewed the key assumptions utilized in the valuation, including volatility, the expected impact of dilution, the risk-free rate, and discounts for illiquidity by comparing them to the terms of the XSU awards, historical information and market data. We also used a specialist to develop an independent model to assist us in evaluating the appropriateness and reasonableness of the Monte Carlo simulation.
Stock Based Compensation - Ongoing Assessment of Vesting Probabilities
As described further in Notes 1 and 12 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s stockholders approved the CEO Performance Award during the year ended December 31, 2018 and the XSPP during the year ended December 31, 2019. The CEO Performance Award provides for the granting of stock options to the Company’s CEO and the XSPP provides for the granting of eXponential Stock Units (XSUs) to the Company’s employees. Both the stock options and XSUs vest in 12 tranches with a vesting schedule based entirely on the attainment of both operational and market capitalization goals. Each of the 12 tranches for both the CEO Performance Award and the XSPP will vest upon the achievement of market capitalization and operational goals. Stock-based compensation expense associated with the awards is recognized beginning at the point in time when the relevant operational goal is considered probable of being met. We consider the probability assessment of achieving the operational goals to be a critical audit matter.
At the grant date and continuing on an ongoing basis over the term of the award, the Company must determine the number of operational goals that are probable to be achieved, and the expected point in time the goals will be met. The probability of meeting an operational goal and the expected achievement point in time for meeting a probable operational goal are based on a subjective assessment of the Company’s forward-looking financial projections, taking into consideration statistical analysis. The probability assessments require management to estimate the successful development and market acceptance of future product introductions, future sales targets and operating performance. Changes in the subjective probability-based assumptions can materially affect the amount and timing of the recognition of stock based compensation expense.
Our audit procedures related to the ongoing assessment of vesting probabilities included the following procedures, among others.
We evaluated the expertise and experience of the valuation specialists who prepared the statistical analysis considered by the Company in determining the probability assessments for the operation goals. We reviewed the statistical analysis employed by the specialists in determining the projected achievement of each operational goal and determined whether such assessment was reasonable. We evaluated the reasonableness of management’s forecasts as an input into the model by comparing management’s previous forecasts to actual results to assess management’s ability to accurately forecast actual results. We also evaluated the impact of market and industry trends on management’s forecast and used a specialist to develop an independent model to assist us in evaluating the appropriateness and reasonableness of the Company’s statistical analysis.
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2005.
Phoenix, Arizona
February 27, 2020
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Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Attached as exhibits to this Form 10-K are certifications of the Chief Executive Officer (as the principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer (as the principal financial and accounting officer), which are required in accordance with Rule 13a-14 of the Exchange Act. This “Controls and Procedures” section includes information concerning the controls and controls evaluation referred to in the certifications. This section should be read in conjunction with the certifications and the Grant Thornton LLP attestation report for a more complete understanding of the topics presented. Grant Thornton LLP has independently assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and its report is included below.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer are responsible for the evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer have concluded that as of December 31, 2019 our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act (i) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and (ii) is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Management has assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019 based on criteria set forth in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). As a result of this assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2019, our internal control over financial reporting was effective in providing reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Grant Thornton LLP has independently assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and its report is included below.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2019, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
Board of Directors and Stockholders
Axon Enterprise, Inc.
Opinion on internal control over financial reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Axon Enterprise, Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by COSO.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2019, and our report dated February 27, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
Basis for opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting (“Management’s Report”). Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and limitations of internal control over financial reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
Phoenix, Arizona
February 27, 2020
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Item 9B. Other Information
None.
PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The information required to be disclosed by this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement for the 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “2020 Proxy Statement”), which proxy statement we expect to file with the SEC within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required to be disclosed by this item is incorporated herein by reference to our 2020 Proxy Statement.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
Equity Compensation Plan Information
A description of our equity compensation plans approved by our stockholders is included in Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following table provides details of our equity compensation plans at December 31, 2019:

Plan Category | Number of Securities to be Issued upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights (a) |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights (b) (1) |  | Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in Column (a)) (c)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders | 13,242,645 |  |  | $ | 28.34 |  |  | 1,979,076 |
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders(2) | 470,400 |  |  |  |  | 29,600 |
Total | 13,713,045 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 2,008,676 |

(1) | The weighted average exercise price is calculated based solely on the exercise prices of the outstanding options and does not reflect the shares that will be issued upon the vesting of outstanding awards of RSUs which have no exercise price.

(2) | In September 2019, our Board of Directors adopted the Axon Enterprise, Inc. 2019 Stock Inducement Plan (the “2019 Inducement Plan”) pursuant to which we reserved 500,000 shares of common stock for issuance under the Inducement Plan. The 2019 Inducement Plan was adopted without stockholder approval pursuant to Rule 5635(c)(4) and Rule 5635(c)(3) of the Nasdaq Listing Rules. The Inducement Plan provides for the grant of equity-based awards, including restricted stock units, restricted stock, performance shares and performance units, and its terms are substantially similar to our stockholder-approved 2019 Plan. In accordance with Rule 5635(c)(4) and Rule 5635(c)(3) of the Nasdaq Listing Rules, awards under the Inducement Plan may only be made to individuals not previously employees or non-employee directors of the Company (or following such individuals’ bona fide period of non-employment with the Company), as an inducement material to the individuals’ entry into employment with the Company.

All other information required to be disclosed by this item is incorporated herein by reference to our 2020 Proxy Statement.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required to be disclosed by this item is incorporated herein by reference to our 2020 Proxy Statement.
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
The information required to be disclosed by this item is incorporated herein by reference to our 2020 Proxy Statement.
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PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules
(a) The following documents are filed as part of this report:

1. | Consolidated financial statements: All consolidated financial statements as set forth under Part II, Item 8 of this report.

2. | Supplementary Financial Statement Schedules: Schedule II — Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

Other schedules have not been included because they are not applicable or because the information is included elsewhere in this report.
SCHEDULE II – VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
(Dollars in thousands)

Description | Balance at Beginning of Period |  | Charged to (Recovered from) Costs and Expenses |  | Charged to Other Accounts |  | Deductions |  | Balance at End of Period
Allowance for doubtful accounts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Year ended December 31, 2019 | $ | 1,882 |  |  | $ | (226 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (89 | ) |  | $ | 1,567 |
Year ended December 31, 2018 | 729 |  |  | 1,189 |  |  | — |  |  | (36 | ) |  | 1,882 |
Year ended December 31, 2017 | 443 |  |  | 592 |  |  | — |  |  | (306 | ) |  | 729 |

3. Exhibits:

Exhibit Number |  | Description
3.1 |  | Complete copy of the Certificate of Incorporation, as amended consisting of (i) Certificate of Incorporation filed January 5, 2001, (ii) Certificate of Amendment filed April 20, 2001, (iii) Certificate of Amendment filed December 31, 2004, and (iv) Certificate of Amendment filed April 4, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.5 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed May 10, 2018)
3.2 |  | Bylaws, as amended, consisting of Bylaws adopted January 6, 2001, amended April 10, 2001, January 17, 2016, April 5, 2017, and December 13, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed February 27, 2019)
4.1+ |  | Form of Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Registration Statement on Form SB-2, effective May 11, 2001 (Registration No. 333-55658))
4.2* |  | Description of securities of Axon Enterprise, Inc. registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act
10.1+ |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Company and its directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Registration Statement on Form SB-2, effective May 11, 2001 (Registration No. 333-55658))
10.2+ |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Company and its officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to Registration Statement on Form SB-2, effective May 11, 2001 (Registration No. 333-55658))
10.3+ |  | 2004 Outside Director Stock Option Plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to the Annual Report on Form 10-KSB, filed March 31, 2005)
10.4+ |  | 2009 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to 2009 Proxy Statement, filed April 15, 2009)
10.5+ |  | 2013 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix of 2013 Proxy Statement, filed on April 3, 2013)
10.6+ |  | TASER International, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K, filed on July 12, 2013)
10.7+ |  | 2016 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Annex B of 2016 Proxy Statement, filed on April 15, 2016)

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Exhibit Number |  | Description
10.8+ |  | Axon Enterprise, Inc. 2018 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Annex B of the Company's definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on April 13, 2018)
10.9+ |  | CEO Performance Award (incorporated by reference to Annex A of the Company's definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on April 13, 2018)
10.10+ |  | Axon Enterprise, Inc. 2019 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Annex A of the Company's definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on December 31, 2018)
10.11+ |  | Axon Enterprise, Inc. 2019 Stock Incentive Plan Exponential Stock Unit Grant Notice (incorporated by reference to Annex B of the Company’s definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on December 31, 2018)
10.12 |  | Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated December 31, 2018 between the Company and JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed January 7, 2019)
10.13+ |  | Executive Employment Agreement by and between Axon Enterprise, Inc. and Jawad A. Ahsan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current report on Form 8-K, filed June 4, 2019)
10.14+ |  | Executive Employment Agreement by and between Axon Enterprise, Inc. and Luke S. Larson (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current report on Form 8-K, filed June 4, 2019)
10.15+ |  | Executive Employment Agreement by and between Axon Enterprise, Inc. and Joshua M. Isner (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed June 4, 2019)
10.16+ * |  | Executive Employment Agreement by and between Axon Enterprise, Inc. and Jeffrey C. Kunins, dated September 23, 2019
10.17+ |  | Axon Enterprise, Inc. 2019 Stock Inducement Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the registration statement on Form S-8, filed September 23, 2019)
21.1* |  | List of Subsidiaries
23.1* |  | Consent of Grant Thornton, LLP, independent registered public accounting firm
24.1* |  | Powers of attorney (see signature page)
31.1* |  | Principal Executive Officer Certification pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a)
31.2* |  | Principal Financial Officer Certification pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a)
32** |  | Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS* |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document
104 |  | The cover page from the Company's Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 2019, formatted in Inline XBRL

+ Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement
* Filed herewith
** Furnished herewith
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
Not applicable.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

AXON ENTERPRISE, INC. |  |  |
Date: | February 27, 2020 |  |  |
|  | By: |  | /s/ PATRICK W. SMITH
|  |  |  | Chief Executive Officer, Director
|  |  |  | (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: | February 27, 2020 | By: |  | /s/ JAWAD A. AHSAN
|  |  |  | Chief Financial Officer
|  |  |  | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Patrick W. Smith his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact, or his substitute or substitutes, may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature |  | Title |  | Date
|  | Chief Executive Officer, Director |  |
/s/ PATRICK W. SMITH |  | (Principal Executive Officer) |  | February 27, 2020
Patrick W. Smith |  |  |  |
|  | Chief Financial Officer |  |
/s/ JAWAD A. AHSAN |  | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) |  | February 27, 2020
Jawad A. Ahsan |  |  |  |
/s/ RICHARD H. CARMONA |  | Director |  | February 27, 2020
Richard H. Carmona |  |  |  |
/s/ JULIE A. CULLIVAN |  | Director |  | February 27, 2020
Julie A. Cullivan |  |  |  |
/s/ MICHAEL GARNREITER |  | Director |  | February 27, 2020
Michael Garnreiter |  |  |  |
/s/ CAITLIN E. KALINOWSKI |  | Director |  | February 27, 2020
Caitlin E. Kalinowski |  |  |  |
/s/ MARK W. KROLL |  | Director |  | February 27, 2020
Mark W. Kroll |  |  |  |
/s/ MATTHEW R. MCBRADY |  | Director |  | February 27, 2020
Matthew R. McBrady |  |  |  |
/s/ HADI PARTOVI |  | Director |  | February 27, 2020
Hadi Partovi |  |  |  |

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