XML 21 R8.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
v3.25.1

Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
--- | ---
Dec. 31, 2024
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract] |
Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Axon Enterprise, Inc. (“Axon”, the “Company”, “we” or “us”) is a market-leading provider of public safety technology solutions. Our mission is to protect life in service of promoting peace, justice and strong institutions. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Axon Enterprise, Inc. and our subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts, transactions and profits have been eliminated. Basis of Presentation and Use of Estimates The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions in these consolidated financial statements include: •revenue recognition, •stock-based compensation, •business combinations, •inventory valuation and related reserves, •valuation of goodwill, intangible and long-lived assets, •valuation of strategic investments, •recognition, measurement and valuation of current and deferred income taxes, and •recognition and measurement of contingencies and accrued litigation expense. We believe that estimates used in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements are reasonable; however, actual results could differ materially from those estimates. Revision of Previously Issued Financial Statements As previously disclosed in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024 and in the Original 2024 Annual Report, in preparing the condensed consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2024, we identified errors in our previously issued financial statements related to our historical conclusions of principal vs. agent accounting of certain reseller arrangements under ASC 606. The identified errors impacted our previously issued 2021 and 2022 annual financial statements, 2023 quarterly and annual financial statements, and 2024 quarterly financial statements through June 30, 2024. We have made adjustments to correct the prior period amounts presented in these financial statements accordingly. Furthermore, we have made adjustments to correct for other previously identified immaterial errors. We assessed the materiality of the errors on prior period consolidated financial statements in accordance with SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 99, "Materiality," codified in ASC 250, Accounting Changes and Error Corrections. Based on this assessment, we concluded that the error correction is not material to any previously issued interim or annual financial statements on either a quantitative or qualitative basis. A summary of the revisions to the previously reported financial information is included in Note 23 and Note 24. As further discussed within Note 25, as the financial statements as of March 31, 2024 effectuating the revision have not yet been reissued as of the date of filing this Amended 2024 Annual Report, the revision errors impacting the March 31, 2024 interim period have been subsumed into the restatement of those financial statements described below. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements Subsequent to the issuance of the Company's consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, the Company identified an error in the presentation of the $690.0 million aggregate principal amount of 0.50% convertible senior notes due 2027 (the “2027 Notes” or “Notes”) issued pursuant to an indenture dated December 9, 2022 (the “Indenture”) between current liabilities and long-term liabilities. Specifically, the terms of the Notes require conversion into cash up to the principal amount, with conversion into common stock, cash, or a combination of cash and common stock, at the Company's option, for any amount in excess of the principal. As previously disclosed, the Notes are convertible at the option of the holders under certain circumstances, including when the Company's sale price per common stock exceeds 130% of the initial conversion price of the Notes for each of at least 20 trading days, whether or not consecutive, during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter. Beginning with the quarter ended March 31, 2024, and as of the balance sheet date for each of the previously reported fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 and fiscal quarters ended March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2024 (the “Affected Periods”), the Company's sale price per common stock exceeded 130% of the initial conversion price for the contractually specified period of time. As such, although no holders of the Notes exercised this put option, the Notes should have been presented as current liabilities rather than long-term liabilities for the Affected Periods. The effect of this error did not impact Total Assets, Total Liabilities, or Stockholders' Equity in the consolidated balance sheets or the consolidated statements of operations, stockholder's equity or cash flows for the Affected Periods. The impact of the correction of the error on the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024 is summarized below. Refer to Note 12 and Note 25 for further information, including a summary of the impact to the previously reported interim financial information for the Affected Periods. There is no impact as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023.
As of December 31, 2024 |  | As Reported |  | Restatement |  | As Restated
Current portion of convertible notes, net |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 680,289 |  |  | $ | 680,289 |
Total current liabilities |  | 997,586 |  |  | 680,289 |  |  | 1,677,875 |
Long-term convertible notes, net |  | 680,289 |  |  | (680,289) |  |  | — |
Other than the captions noted above, there was no impact to the consolidated balance sheet. Out of Period Adjustment During the 2024 year-end close process, we identified immaterial errors in our previously issued financial statements related to accounting for certain contract terms and conditions in accordance with ASC 606. We assessed the materiality of the errors in combination with the errors described above on prior period consolidated financial statements in accordance with SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 99, “Materiality,” codified in ASC Topic 250, Accounting Changes and Error Corrections and concluded that the errors are not material, individually and in the aggrega te, to any previously issued financial statements and that the correction of this misstatement in 2024 was also not material to the current fiscal year on either a quantitative or qualitative basis. We corrected these errors as an out of period adjustment during the year ended December 31, 2024 with a decrease to revenue of $3.3 million and a decrease to net income of $2.3 million. These errors originated in prior years and were immaterial to each respective prior period. Concentration of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist of accounts and notes receivable, contract assets and cash. Historically, we have experienced an immaterial level of write-offs related to uncollectible accounts. We hold the majority of our cash and cash equivalents accounts at two depository institutions. As of December 31, 2024, the aggregate balances in such accounts were $376.8 million. Our balances with these two institutions regularly exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insured limits for domestic deposits and various deposit insurance programs in countries such as Australia, Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, India, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom and Vietnam. To manage the related credit exposure, management continually monitors the creditworthiness of the financial institutions where we have deposits. Major Customers and Suppliers No customer represented more than 10% of total net sales for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 or 2022. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, no customer represented more than 10% of the aggregate balance of accounts and notes receivable and contract assets. For additional details, refer to Note 2. We currently purchase both off-the-shelf and custom components, including finished circuit boards, injection-molded plastic components, small machined parts, custom cartridge components, electronic components and sub-assemblies from suppliers located in the United States, Taiwan, Mexico, China, Vietnam, Thailand and the Republic of Korea. We may source from other countries as well. Although we currently obtain components from single source suppliers, we own substantially all injection-molded component tooling, designs and test fixtures used in production for all custom components. As a result, we believe we could obtain alternative suppliers in most cases. We acquire most of our components on a purchase order basis and do not currently have significant long-term purchase contracts with most component suppliers. Segment Information Our operations comprise two reportable segments: the development, manufacture and sale of fully integrated hardware and cloud-based software solutions that enable law enforcement to capture, securely store, manage, share and analyze video and other digital evidence (collectively, the “Software and Sensors” segment); and the manufacture and sale of CEDs, batteries, accessories, extended warranties and other products and services (collectively, the “TASER” segment). In both segments, we report sales of products and services. Service revenue in both segments includes sales related to Axon Evidence. In the Software and Sensors segment, service revenue also includes other recurring cloud-hosted software revenue and related professional services. Collectively, this revenue is sometimes referred to as “Axon Cloud revenue.” Reportable segments are determined based on discrete financial information provided to our Chief Executive Officer who is our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”). In deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance, the CODM reviews adjusted gross margin by operating segment, consolidated financials and revenue by major geography, and product and service lines. Specifically, the CODM reviews adjusted gross margin by segment to evaluate segment profitability, identify cost trends and make operational decisions to support our segments. Consolidated financials provide a holistic view of our overall financial health to guide capital allocation and entity wide decisions. Disaggregated views of revenue by major geography and product line support the evaluation of specific market and product performance to understand customer trends. There are no operating segments that are aggregated. Furthermore, there are no inter-segment sales. Assets and other expense items, such as research and development and selling, general, and administrative expenses, are not provided to the CODM by segment, as our CODM does not evaluate our operating segments using this discrete information. As such, these items are not relevant to adjusted gross margin leveraged by the CODM to assess segment performance. As a result, they are not disclosed by segment. We perform an analysis of our reportable segments at least annually. The vast majority of our long-lived assets, including property, plant and equipment and right-of-use lease assets are located within the United States. International long-lived assets are immaterial. Additionally, the majority of our revenues are generated within the United States. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the segment measure of profit and loss used by the CODM was changed from gross margin to adjusted gross margin, defined as gross margin before stock-based compensation expense, amortization of acquired intangible assets and inventory step-up amortization related to acquisitions. Each of the aforementioned components of our segment measure of profit and loss, adjusted gross margin, are included within other segment items. This change in segment measure allows the CODM to better assess operating results over time and is consistent with how the CODM evaluates our businesses. Accordingly, we have updated our segment disclosure for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 to conform to the new presentati on. For additional details, refer to Note 20. Geographic Information The majority of our sales to international customers are transacted in foreign currencies and are attributed to each country based on the shipping address of the distributor or customer. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, no individual country outside the United States represented more than 10% of net sales. Substantially all of ou r assets are located in the United States. For additional details, refer to Note 2. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Investments We have cash, cash equivalents and investments, which at December 31, 2024 comprised cash, money market funds, commercial paper, corporate bonds, term deposits, U.S. government bonds, U.S. Treasury bills, and agency bonds. Cash equivalents and investments at December 31, 2023 also included U.S. Treasury inflation-protected securities. We place our cash and cash equivalents with high quality financial institutions. Although we deposit our cash with multiple financial institutions, our deposits regularly exceed federally insured limits. Cash and cash equivalents include funds on-hand and highly liquid investments purchased with initial maturity of three months or less. Short-term investments include securities with an expected maturity date within one year of the balance sheet date that do not meet the definition of a cash equivalent, and long-term investments are securities with an expected maturity date greater than one year and less than three years in accordance with our investment policy. We report available-for-sale investments at fair value as of each balance sheet date and record any unrealized gains or losses within accumulated other comprehensive loss as a component of stockholders’ equity. The cost of securities sold is determined on a specific identification basis, and realized gains and losses are included in other income (loss), net within the consolidated statements of operations. Income tax effects are released from accumulated other comprehensive loss for unrealized gains or losses when the gains or losses are realized and are taxed at the statutory rate based on jurisdiction of the underlying transaction. When the fair value is below the amortized cost of an available-for-sale investment, an estimate of expected credit losses is made. Credit losses are recognized through the use of an allowance for credit losses account in the consolidated balance sheets and subsequent improvements in expected credit losses are recognized as a reversal of an amount in the allowance account. If we have the intent to sell the security or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis, then the allowance for the credit loss is written-off and the excess of the amortized cost basis of the asset over its fair value is recorded in the consolidated statements of operations. We do not intend to sell the investments and it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost bases. There were no credit losses recorded on our investment portfolio during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022. Restricted Cash Restricted cash balances were $11.9 million and $2.1 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. This increase is primarily attributable to a payment held in escrow related to the potential construction of our headquarters building in Scottsdale, Arizona. Restricted cash also includes funds held in international bank accounts for various operating and financing activities. As of December 31, 2024, approximately $11.8 million was included in prepaid expenses and other current assets on our consolidated balance sheet, with the remainder in other long-term assets. Inventory Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, using a standard cost method which approximates the first-in, first-out method. Additional provisions are made to reduce excess, obsolete or slow-moving inventories to their net realizable value. These provisions are based on our best estimate after considering historical demand, projected future demand, inventory purchase commitments, industry and market trends and conditions among other factors. We evaluate inventory costs for abnormal costs due to excess production capacity and treat such costs as period costs. Raw materials include an immaterial amount of work-in-process inventory. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. Additions and improvements are capitalized, while ordinary maintenance and repair expenditures are charged to expense as incurred. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated economic life. Software Development Costs We expense software development costs, including costs to develop software products or the software component of products and services to be marketed to external users, before technological feasibility of such products is reached. Software development costs also include costs to develop software programs to be used solely to meet our internal needs and applications. We capitalize development costs related to these software applications once the preliminary project stage is complete and it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the intended function. Additionally, we capitalize qualifying costs incurred for upgrades and enhancements to existing software that result in additional functionality. Costs related to preliminary project planning activities, post-implementation activities, maintenance and minor modifications are expensed as incurred. Internal-use software development costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the software. We evaluate the useful lives of these assets on an annual basis and test for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances occur that could impact the recoverability of these assets. Leases We determine if a contract contains a lease at inception. At commencement, lease contracts are evaluated for classification as an operating or finance lease. Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and liabilities are recognized based on the present value of future minimum lease payments over the lease term at the commencement date. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our estimated incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. Additionally, we use the portfolio approach in determining the discount rate used to present value lease payments. We give consideration to our 2027 Notes, line of credit, macroeconomic factors, as well as publicly available data for instruments with similar characteristics when estimating our incremental borrowing rates. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and initial direct costs incurred and excludes lease incentives. We have operating leases for office space, manufacturing and logistical functions. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet; we recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We do not have any material variable lease costs associated with our operating leases. For leases beginning on or after January 1, 2019, we account for lease components separately from non-lease components for all asset classes. Our operating leases have remaining terms of less than o ne to approximately 12 years, some of which include one or more options to renew for up to five years, and some of which include options to terminate the leases within one year. The exercise of lease renewal options is at our sole discretion and such options are included in ROU assets and liabilities for renewal periods that are reasonably certain of exercise. Certain of these lease agreements include stated rental payment escalations. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. We may enter into sales-type finance leases as an alternative means to realize value for our body cameras and related accessories. For sales-type finance leases where we are the lessor, we recognize our selling profit on a gross basis at lease commencement within net sales from products and cost of product sales, respectively. Interest income is recognized over the lease term within interest income, net. The current and long-term portions of our investment in sales-type leases are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets and other long-term assets, respectively. Given the immateriality of our finance lease activity as of December 31, 2024, no further disclosure considerations related to finance leases are necessary. Valuation of Goodwill, Intangible and Long-lived Assets We evaluate whether events and circumstances have occurred that indicate the remaining estimated useful life of long-lived assets and identifiable intangible assets, excluding goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives, may warrant revision or that the remaining balance of these assets may not be recoverable. Such events and circumstances could include a change in the product mix, a change in the way products are created, produced or delivered, or a significant change in the way products are branded and marketed. In performing the review for recoverability, we estimate the future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. The amount of impairment loss, if impairment exists, is calculated based on the excess of the carrying amounts of the assets over their estimated fair values computed using discounted cash flows. Finite-lived intangible assets and other long-lived assets are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life. We do not amortize goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives; rather such assets are tested for impairment at least annually or sooner whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the assets may be impaired. We test goodwill and intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis on December 31, 2024 and on an interim basis when certain events and circumstances exist. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, long-lived asset impairment charges were immaterial. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded $5.3 million of impairment charges, the majority of which were related to the cease-use of a portion of our Seattle office. No impairment charges were recognized related to goodwill or intangible assets during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022. Customer Deposits We require deposits in advance of shipment for certain customer sales orders. Additionally, customers may elect to make deposits with us related to contracts for our products and services that were not executed as of the end of a reporting period. Customer deposits are included in other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Revenue Recognition, Receivables, Contract Assets, and Deferred Revenue We derive revenue from two primary sources: (1) the sale of physical products, including CEDs, Axon cameras, Axon Signal-enabled devices, corresponding hardware extended warranties, and related accessories such as Axon docks, cartridges and batteries, among others, and (2) subscriptions to our Axon Evidence digital evidence management SaaS offering (including data storage fees and other ancillary services), which includes varying levels of support. To a lesser extent, we also recognize revenue from training, professional services and other software and SaaS services. We apply the five-step model outlined in ASC 606. For additional discussion, refer to Note 2. We enter into contracts that can include various combinations of products and services, each of which is generally distinct and accounted for as a separate performance obligation. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer, and is the unit of account in ASC 606. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, we allocate the contract transaction price to each performance obligation using our estimate of the standalone selling price (“SSP”) of each distinct good or service in the contract. Revenues are recognized upon transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products or services. Performance obligations to deliver products, including CEDs, Axon cameras and related accessories, such as docks, cartridges and batteries, are generally satisfied at the point in time we ship the product, as this is when the customer obtains control of the asset under our standard terms and conditions. In certain contracts with non-standard terms and conditions, these performance obligations may not be satisfied until delivery or formal customer acceptance occurs. Performance obligations to fulfill service-type extended warranties and provide our SaaS offerings, including Axon Evidence and other cloud services, are generally satisfied over time as the customer receives and consumes the benefits of these services over the stated service period. We determine the term of our arrangements based on identifying the contract with the customer. In certain of our arrangements, the customer may have termination rights. In these instances, we determine if there is a substantive penalty. For contracts with a substantive penalty, the accounting term will be the legal contract term, inclusive of the periods for which the customer termination rights exist. In these contracts with no substantive penalty, we also consider if the option for our customer to purchase additional goods or services represents an additional performance obligation in the form of a material right. While our products and services may be sold on a standalone basis, we generally combine our hardware products and services together and sell them to our customers in single transactions where the customer can make payments over a multi-year period. These sales may include payments for upfront hardware and services, as well as payments for hardware and services to be provided at a future date. Additionally, we offer customers the ability to purchase CED cartridges and certain services on an unlimited basis over the contractual term. Due to the nature of these arrangements whereby we are obligated to deliver products at the customer’s request, we account for these arrangements as stand-ready obligations, and recognize revenue ratably over the contract period. Cost of product sales is recognized when control of hardware products or accessories has transferred to the customer. We recognize shipping costs as an expense in cost of product sales when the control of hardware products or accessories has transferred to the customer. Sales tax collected on sales is netted against government remittances and, thus, recorded on a net basis. Payment terms and conditions vary by contract type and geography, but our standard terms are that payments are due within 30 days from the date of invoice. The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. We generally have an unconditional right to consideration when we invoice our customers and record a receivable. We record a contract asset when revenue is recognized prior to invoicing, or a contract liability (deferred revenue) when revenue will be recognized subsequent to invoicing. Contract asset amounts that will be invoiced during the subsequent 12-month period from the balance sheet date are classified as current assets and the remaining portion is recorded within other long-term assets on our consolidated balance sheets. Deferred revenue that is expected to be recognized during the subsequent 12-month period from the balance sheet date is recorded as current deferred revenue and the remaining portion is recorded as long-term deferred revenue. Generally, customers are billed in annual installments. Contract assets generally result from our subscription programs where we satisfy a hardware performance obligation upon shipment to the customer, and the right to the portion of the transaction price allocated to that hardware performance obligation is conditional on our future performance of a SaaS service obligation under the contract. We recognize a portion of the amount allocated to hardware products shipped to the customer as accounts receivable when invoiced to the customer, and record the remaining allocated value as a contract asset as we have generally fulfilled our hardware performance obligation upon shipment. Unbilled accounts receivable expected to be invoiced and collected within 12 mo nths were $5.6 million as o f December 31, 2024, and were included in accounts and notes receivable, net on our consolidated balance sheet. Contract liabilities generally consist of deferred revenue on our subscription programs where we generally invoice customers at the beginning of each annual contract period and record a receivable at the time of invoicing when there is an unconditional right to consideration. Deferred revenue is composed mainly of unearned revenue related to our Axon Evidence SaaS platform, secure cloud-based storage, service-type extended warranties, stand-ready obligations in our cartridge programs, and rights to future CED, Axon camera and related accessories hardware in our subscription programs. For additional discussion, refer to Note 2. Reserve for Expected Credit Losses Sales are typically made on credit, and we generally do not require collateral. We are exposed to credit losses primarily through sales of products and services. Our expected loss allowance methodology for accounts receivable, contract assets, notes receivable and off-balance-sheet exposures is developed using historical collection experience, published or estimated credit default rates for entities that represent our customer base, current and future economic and market conditions and a review of the current status of customers’ trade accounts receivables. We review receivables for U.S. and international customers separately to better reflect different published credit default rates and economic and market conditions. Additionally, specific reserve amounts are established to record the appropriate provision for customers that have a higher probability of default. Our monitoring activities include account reconciliation, dispute resolution, payment confirmation, consideration of customers’ financial condition and macroeconomic conditions. Balances are written off when determined to be uncollectible. Accounts and notes receivable, contract assets and off-balance-sheet exposures are presented net of a reserve for expected credit losses, which totaled $5.6 million and $4.0 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. This reserve represents our best estimate and application of judgment considering a number of factors, including those listed above. In the event that actual uncollectible amounts differ from our estimates, additional expense could be necessary. For additional discussion, refer to Note 4. Deferred Commissions We recognize an asset for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer, which consist primarily of sales commissions. These costs are ascribed to or allocated to the underlying performance obligations in the contract and amortized consistent with the expected recognition timing of the revenue for the underlying performance obligations. For contract costs related to performance obligations with an amortization period of one year or less, we apply the practical expedient to expense these sales commissions when incurred. These costs are recognized as incurred within SG&A expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. For additional discussion, refer to Note 2. Cost of Product and Service Sales Cost of product sales represents manufacturing costs consisting of materials, labor and overhead related to finished goods and components. Shipping costs incurred related to product delivery are also included in cost of products sold. Cost of service sales includes third-party cloud services, software maintenance and support costs – including personnel costs, associated with supporting Evidence.com and other software related services. Advertising Costs We expense advertising costs in the period in which they are incurred. We incurred advertising costs of $4.4 million, $1.9 million and $2.3 million in the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Advertising costs are included within SG&A expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Warranty Reserves We warranty our CEDs, Axon cameras and certain related accessories from manufacturing defects on a limited basis for a period of one year after purchase and, thereafter, will replace any defective unit for a fee. We estimate and record a liability for standard warranty at the time products are sold. The estimates are based on historical experience and reflect our best estimates of costs to be incurred over the warranty period. Adjustments may be required when actual or projected costs differ. Variations in component failure rates, repair costs and the point of failure within the product life cycle are key drivers that impact our periodic re-assessment of the warranty liability. Revenue related to separately priced extended warranties is initially recorded as deferred revenue at its allocated amount and subsequently recognized as net sales on a straight-line basis over the warranty service period. Costs related to extended warranties are charged to cost of product sales when the costs become probable and can be reasonably estimated. Changes in our estimated warranty reserve were as follows (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 7,374 |  | $ | 811 |  | $ | 2,822
Utilization of reserve | (5,992) |  |  | (1,499) |  |  | (2,209) |
Adjustment to reserve due to business combinations | 1,311 |  | — |  | —
Warranty expense | 5,591 |  | 8,062 |  | 198
Balance, end of period | $ | 8,284 |  | $ | 7,374 |  | $ | 811
Research and Development Expenses We expense as incurred R&D costs that do not meet the qualifications to be capitalized. R&D costs include payroll costs and stock-based compensation for the personnel involved in R&D functions, as well as indirect manufacturing costs and supplies, consulting services and internal infrastructure costs incurred in connection with product research and development. We incurred R&D expense of $441.6 million, $303.7 million and $233.8 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Income Taxes Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, and for operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in future years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rate is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Deferred tax assets are reduced through the establishment of a valuation allowance if, based upon available evidence, it is determined that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We use factors to assess the likelihood of realization of deferred tax assets such as the forecast of future taxable income and available tax planning that could be implemented to realize the deferred tax assets. We recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the consolidated financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate resolution. We also assess whether uncertain tax positions, as filed, could result in the recognition of a liability for possible interest and penalties. Our policy is to include interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. For additional details, refer to Note 14. Fair Value Measurements and Financial Instruments We use the fair value framework that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques for measuring financial assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis and for non-financial assets and liabilities when these items are re-measured. Fair value is considered to be the exchange price in an orderly transaction between market participants, to sell an asset or transfer a liability at the measurement date. The hierarchy below lists three levels of fair value based on the extent to which inputs used in measuring fair value are observable in the market. We categorize each of our fair value measurements in one of these three levels based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. These levels are: •Level 1 – Valuation techniques in which all significant inputs are unadjusted quoted prices from active markets for assets or liabilities that are identical to the assets or liabilities being measured. •Level 2 – Valuation techniques in which significant inputs include quoted prices from active markets for assets or liabilities that are similar to the assets or liabilities being measured and/or quoted prices from markets that are not active for assets or liabilities that are identical or similar to the assets or liabilities being measured. Also, model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets are Level 2 valuation techniques. •Level 3 – Valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable. Unobservable inputs are valuation technique inputs that reflect our own assumptions about inputs that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. We have cash equivalents and investments, which at December 31, 2024 comprised money market funds, commercial paper, corporate bonds, term deposits, U.S. government bonds, U.S. Treasury bills, and agency bonds. For additional details regarding our cash equivalents and investments, refer to Note 3. Debt investments are classified as available-for-sale and realized gains and losses are recorded using the specific identification method. We have corporate-owned life insurance policies, included in the balance of other long-term assets, which are used to fund our deferred compensation plan. The balances of these policies as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were $8.4 million and $7.6 million, respectively. We determine the fair values of our insurance contracts by obtaining the cash surrender value of the contracts from the issuer, a Level 2 valuation technique. We have an investment in marketable securities, for which c hanges in fair value are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations as unrealized gain (or loss) on marketable securities, which is included in other income (loss), net. We have strategic equity investments in various privately held companies as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. The estimated fair value of the investments was determined based on Level 3 inputs. In determining the estimated fair value of our strategic investments in privately held companies, we utilize observable data available to us as discussed further in Note 8. The fair value of our 0.50% convertible senior notes due 2027 (the "Notes" or "2027 Notes") is determined based on the closing trading price per $1,000 of the Notes as of the last day of trading for the period. We consider the fair value of the 2027 Notes at December 31, 2024 and 2023, to be a Level 2 measurement based on the fair value hierarchy. The fair value is primarily affected by the trading price of our common stock and market interest rates. Our financial instruments also include accounts and notes receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities. Due to the short-term nature of these instruments, their fair values approximate their carrying values on the consolidated balance sheets. Stock-Based Compensation We have historically utilized stock-based compensation for key employees and non-employee directors as a means of attracting and retaining talented personnel. We recognize compensation expense for our stock-based compensation program, which includes grants of RSUs, PSUs and stock options. Our stock-based compensation awards are classified as equity and measured at the fair market value of the underlying common stock at the grant date. When determining the grant date fair value of stock-based awards, we consider whether an adjustment is required to the observable market price or volatility of our common stock used in the valuation as a result of material non-public information. RSUs Stock-based compensation expense for RSUs is measured based on the closing fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. We recognize stock-based compensation expense over the award’s requisite service period using the straight-line attribution method for service-based RSUs. Service-based grants generally have a vesting period of one to four years and a contractual maturity of ten years. We account for f orfeitures as they occur as a reduction to stock-based compensation expense and additional paid-in-capital. PSUs Stock-based compensation expense for PSUs is measured based on the closing fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. We recognize stock-based compensation expense over the award's requisite service period, which is defined as the longest explicit, implicit or derived service period based on our estimate of the probability of the performance criteria being satisfied, adjusted at each balance sheet date. The vesting of our PSUs is generally contingent upon the achievement of certain performance criteria related to our operating performance, as well as successful and timely development and market acceptance of future product introductions. For PSUs containing only performance conditions, compensation cost is recognized using the graded attribution model over the explicit or implicit service period. In addition, certain of the PSUs have further service requirements subsequent to achievement of the performance criteria. Performance-based grants generally have vesting periods ranging from one to eight years and a contractual maturity of ten years. We account for forfeitures as they occur as a reduction to stock-based compensation expense and additional paid-in-capital. Our performance-based restricted stock units include XSUs granted under the 2024 Employee XSP and the 2024 CEO Performance Award discussed further below. 2024 Employee XSP and 2024 CEO Performance Award On May 10, 2024, our shareholders approved the 2024 Employee XSP. The 2024 Employee XSP includes an approved pool of shares of common stock reserved for grants of awards of XSUs to employees. The grants of XSUs (the “2024 XSUs”) are grants of performance-based RSUs. The program includes seven substantially equal tranches that will vest upon certification by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Compensation Committee”) upon achievement of three independent vesting conditions: (1) stock price goals; (2) operational goals; and (3) minimum service conditions. Additionally, on May 10, 2024, shareholders approved a grant of XSUs to our CEO, Patrick W. Smith (the “2024 CEO Performance Award”). The stock price goals and operational goals applicable to the 2024 CEO Performance Award are identical to those under the 2024 Employee XSP, but Mr. Smith is subject to a longer minimum required service period. Stock-based compensation expense associated with the XSUs is recognized over the requisite service period, which is considered the longest explicit, implicit or derived service period for each respective tranche. W e utilized Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate a range of possible future stock price goals over the term of the awards at each of the respective grant dates. The median of all iterations of the simulation was used as the basis for the derived service period for each tranche. We measured the grant date fair value of each tranche using a Monte Carlo simulation with the following assumptions: risk-free interest rate of 3.6% – 4.5%, expected volatility of 41.0% – 46.8%, expected term of 8.0 – 8.6 years, and dividend yield of 0.0%. We utilized a blended volatility assumption, equally weighting both historical volatility and implied volatility, resulting in a weighted-average expected volatility of 41.6%. An illiquidity discount is considered in our estimate of the fair value of shares during post-vesting holding periods. The mandatory post-vesting holding periods for XSUs will lapse on the earlier of (i) December 31, 2030, or (ii) the date that a subsequent tranche vests and settles. Therefore, the illiquidity discount is dependent upon projected tranche vesting dates, determined via the Monte Carlo simulation. This simulation is based on a subjective assessment of our forward-looking financial projections, taking into consideration statistical analysis. Even though no tranche with respect to either XSUs granted under the 2024 Employee XSP or the 2024 CEO Performance Award vests unless the applicable stock price goal, operational goal and corresponding minimum service condition are achieved, stock-based compensation expense is recognized when an operational goal is considered probable of attainment regardless of the achievement of the stock price and minimum service conditions. As of December 31, 2024, we consider some of the tranches probable and will recognize the expense ratably over their respective expected vesting periods. This may result in volatility and higher upfront expense recognition and is subject to change based on periodic probability assessments. Refer to Note 16 for further discussion. Stock Options On May 24, 2018, our shareholders approved the Board of Directors’ grant of 6.4 million performance-based stock options to our CEO, Patrick W. Smith, (the “2018 CEO Performance Award”). The 2018 CEO Performance Award consisted of 12 substantially equal tranches with a vesting schedule based entirely on the attainment of both operational goals (performance conditions) and market capitalization goals (market conditions), assuming continued employment either as the Chief Executive Officer or as both Executive Chairman and Chief Product Officer and service through each vesting date. For performance-based stock options with a vesting schedule based entirely on the attainment of both performance and market conditions, stock-based compensation expense was recognized for each pair of performance and market conditions over the longer of the expected achievement period of the performance and market conditions, beginning at the point in time that the relevant performance condition is considered probable of achievement. The fair value of such awards was esti mated on the grant date using Monte Carlo simulations. Income per Common Share Basic income per common share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the periods presented. Diluted income per share reflects the potential dilution from outstanding stock-based awards, our 2027 Notes, and warrants to acquire shares of our common stock (the "Warrants" or "2027 Warrants"). The effects of outstanding stock-based awards, our 2027 Notes, and our 2027 Warrants are excluded from the computation of diluted net income per share in periods in which the effect would be antidilutive. The calculation of the weighted average number of shares outstanding and earnings per share is as follows (in thousands except per share data):
| For the Year Ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Numerator for basic and diluted earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 377,034 |  | $ | 175,783 |  | $ | 146,930 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares outstanding | 75,748 |  | 74,195 |  | 71,093
Dilutive effect of stock-based awards | 1,435 |  | 1,261 |  | 1,441
Dilutive effect of 2027 Notes | 1,139 |  | — |  | —
Dilutive effect of 2027 Warrants | 236 |  | — |  | —
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding | 78,558 |  | 75,456 |  | 72,534
Net income per common share: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 4.98 |  | $ | 2.37 |  | $ | 2.07 |
Diluted | $ | 4.80 |  | $ | 2.33 |  | $ | 2.03 |
Potentially dilutive securities that are not included in the calculation of diluted net income per share because doing so would be antidilutive are as follows (in thousands):
| For the Year Ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Stock-based awards | 4,132 |  | 1,014 |  | 3,264
2027 Notes | 1,877 |  | 3,017 |  | 3,017
2027 Warrants | 2,781 |  | 3,017 |  | 3,017
Total potentially dilutive securities | 8,790 |  | 7,048 |  | 9,298
For additional information regarding our 2027 Notes, refer to Note 12. Recently Issued Accounting Guidance In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. ASU 2023-07 requires improvements to annual and interim segment disclosures, primarily through enhanced disclosures around significant segment expenses. We adopted this ASU effective for our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2024, and as a result, enhanced certain qualitative considerations within "Segment Information" of Note 1. There were no significant impacts to our existing quantitative disclosures as a result of our adoption of this ASU. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU 2023-09 is intended to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax. The provisions of ASU 2023-09 are effective for our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2025, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this update on our consolidated financial statements. In March 2024, the SEC adopted final rules under SEC Release No. 34-99678 and No. 33-11275, The Enhancement and Standardization of Climate-Related Disclosures for Investors (the “Final Rules”), which will require registrants to provide certain climate-related information in their registration statements and annual reports. The Final Rules require, among other things, disclosure in the notes to the audited financial statements of the effects of severe weather events and other natural conditions, subject to certain thresholds, as well as amounts related to carbon offsets and renewable energy credits or certificates in certain circumstances. The financial statement disclosure requirements of the Final Rules will begin phasing in for fiscal year 2025. In April 2024, the SEC stayed the effectiveness of the Final Rules pending judicial review. We are currently evaluating the impact of the Final Rules on our consolidated financial statements. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement (Topic 220): Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures. ASU 2024-03 is intended to enhance level of detail disclosed related to expense categories and provide additional disclosure of expenses by nature. The provisions of ASU 2024-03 are effective for our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2027, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this update on our consolidated financial statements. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-04, Debt (Topic 470): Debt with Conversion and Other Options. ASU 2024-04 clarifies the assessment of whether a transaction should be accounted for as an induced conversion or debt extinguishment when the terms of convertible debt are changed to induce conversion. The provisions of ASU 2024-04 are effective for our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2026, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this update.

X
- References No definition available. + Details
Name: | us-gaap_OrganizationConsolidationAndPresentationOfFinancialStatementsAbstract
Namespace Prefix: | us-gaap_
Data Type: | xbrli:stringItemType
Balance Type: | na
Period Type: | duration

X
- Definition The entire disclosure for the organization, consolidation and basis of presentation of financial statements disclosure, and significant accounting policies of the reporting entity. May be provided in more than one note to the financial statements, as long as users are provided with an understanding of (1) the significant judgments and assumptions made by an enterprise in determining whether it must consolidate a VIE and/or disclose information about its involvement with a VIE, (2) the nature of restrictions on a consolidated VIE's assets reported by an enterprise in its statement of financial position, including the carrying amounts of such assets, (3) the nature of, and changes in, the risks associated with an enterprise's involvement with the VIE, and (4) how an enterprise's involvement with the VIE affects the enterprise's financial position, financial performance, and cash flows. Describes procedure if disclosures are provided in more than one note to the financial statements. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Topic 235 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/235/tableOfContent Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Topic 275 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/275/tableOfContent Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Topic 810 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/810/tableOfContent Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Topic 205 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/205/tableOfContent + Details
Name: | us-gaap_OrganizationConsolidationAndPresentationOfFinancialStatementsDisclosureAndSignificantAccountingPoliciesTextBlock
Namespace Prefix: | us-gaap_
Data Type: | dtr-types:textBlockItemType
Balance Type: | na
Period Type: | duration