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Investments (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Investments [Abstract] |
Schedule for fixed income securities at amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value |
Amortized cost, gross unrealized gains (losses) and fair value for fixed income securities
|  | Amortized cost |  | Gross unrealized |  | Fair value
($ in millions) |  |  | Gains |  | Losses |
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agencies |  | $ | 5,386 |  |  | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | (6 | ) |  | $ | 5,517 |
Municipal |  | 8,963 |  |  | 249 |  |  | (43 | ) |  | 9,169 |
Corporate |  | 40,536 |  |  | 490 |  |  | (890 | ) |  | 40,136 |
Foreign government |  | 739 |  |  | 13 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | 747 |
ABS |  | 1,049 |  |  | 6 |  |  | (10 | ) |  | 1,045 |
RMBS |  | 377 |  |  | 89 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 464 |
CMBS |  | 63 |  |  | 8 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 70 |
Redeemable preferred stock |  | 21 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 22 |
Total fixed income securities |  | $ | 57,134 |  |  | $ | 993 |  |  | $ | (957 | ) |  | $ | 57,170 |
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agencies |  | $ | 3,580 |  |  | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | (20 | ) |  | $ | 3,616 |
Municipal |  | 8,053 |  |  | 311 |  |  | (36 | ) |  | 8,328 |
Corporate |  | 42,996 |  |  | 1,234 |  |  | (204 | ) |  | 44,026 |
Foreign government |  | 1,005 |  |  | 27 |  |  | (11 | ) |  | 1,021 |
ABS |  | 1,266 |  |  | 13 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | 1,272 |
RMBS |  | 480 |  |  | 101 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 578 |
CMBS |  | 124 |  |  | 6 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 128 |
Redeemable preferred stock |  | 21 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 23 |
Total fixed income securities |  | $ | 57,525 |  |  | $ | 1,750 |  |  | $ | (283 | ) |  | $ | 58,992 |
Schedule for fixed income securities based on contractual maturities |
Scheduled maturities for fixed income securities
|  | As of December 31, 2018
($ in millions) |  | Amortized cost |  | Fair value
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 3,344 |  |  | $ | 3,348 |
Due after one year through five years |  | 27,862 |  |  | 27,742 |
Due after five years through ten years |  | 17,033 |  |  | 16,773 |
Due after ten years |  | 7,406 |  |  | 7,728 |
|  | 55,645 |  |  | 55,591 |
ABS, RMBS and CMBS |  | 1,489 |  |  | 1,579 |
Total |  | $ | 57,134 |  |  | $ | 57,170 |
Schedule of net investment income |
Net investment income
|  | For the years ended December 31,
($ in millions) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Fixed income securities |  | $ | 2,077 |  |  | $ | 2,078 |  |  | $ | 2,060 |
Equity securities |  | 170 |  |  | 174 |  |  | 137 |
Mortgage loans |  | 217 |  |  | 206 |  |  | 217 |
Limited partnership interests (1)(2) |  | 705 |  |  | 889 |  |  | 561 |
Short-term investments |  | 73 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 16 |
Other |  | 272 |  |  | 236 |  |  | 222 |
Investment income, before expense |  | 3,514 |  |  | 3,613 |  |  | 3,213 |
Investment expense |  | (274 | ) |  | (212 | ) |  | (171 | )
Net investment income |  | $ | 3,240 |  |  | $ | 3,401 |  |  | $ | 3,042 |
(1) | Due to the adoption of the recognition and measurement accounting standard, limited partnerships previously reported using the cost method are now reported at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net investment income.
(2) | Includes net investment income of $451 million for EMA limited partnership interests and $254 million for limited partnership interests carried at fair value for 2018.
Schedule of realized capital gains and losses by asset type |
Realized capital gains (losses) by asset type
|  | For the years ended December 31,
($ in millions) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Fixed income securities |  | $ | (237 | ) |  | $ | 94 |  |  | $ | (91 | )
Equity securities |  | (594 | ) |  | 255 |  |  | 23 |
Mortgage loans |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Limited partnership interests |  | (101 | ) |  | 132 |  |  | (21 | )
Derivatives |  | 46 |  |  | (46 | ) |  | 3 |
Other |  | 7 |  |  | 9 |  |  | (4 | )
Realized capital gains and losses |  | $ | (877 | ) |  | $ | 445 |  |  | $ | (90 | )
Schedule of realized capital gains and losses by transaction type |
Realized capital gains (losses) by transaction type
|  | For the years ended December 31,
($ in millions) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Impairment write-downs (1) |  | $ | (14 | ) |  | $ | (102 | ) |  | $ | (234 | )
Change in intent write-downs (1) |  | — |  |  | (48 | ) |  | (69 | )
Net OTTI losses recognized in earnings |  | (14 | ) |  | (150 | ) |  | (303 | )
Sales (1) |  | (215 | ) |  | 641 |  |  | 213 |
Valuation of equity investments (1) (2) |  | (691 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Valuation and settlements of derivative instruments |  | 43 |  |  | (46 | ) |  | — |
Realized capital gains and losses |  | $ | (877 | ) |  | $ | 445 |  |  | $ | (90 | )
(1) | Due to the adoption of the recognition and measurement accounting standard, equity securities are reported at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in valuation of equity investments and are no longer included in impairment write-downs, change in intent write-downs and sales.
(2) | Includes valuation of equity securities and certain limited partnership interests where the underlying assets are predominately public equity securities.
Realized gain (loss) on investments |
Net appreciation (decline) recognized in net income
|  | For the year ended
($ in millions) |  | December 31, 2018
Equity securities |  | $ | (261 | )
Limited partnership interests carried at fair value |  | 249 |
Total |  | $ | (12 | )
Schedule of other-than-temporary impairment losses by asset type |
OTTI losses by asset type
|  | For the years ended December 31,
($ in millions) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | Gross |  | Included in OCI |  | Net |  | Gross |  | Included in OCI |  | Net |  | Gross |  | Included in OCI |  | Net
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | (4 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Corporate |  | (4 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (9 | ) |  | 3 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | (33 | ) |  | 9 |  |  | (24 | )
ABS |  | (1 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | (6 | ) |  | — |  |  | (6 | )
RMBS |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | (5 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (1 | )
CMBS |  | (3 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | (9 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | (8 | ) |  | (15 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | (13 | )
Total fixed income securities |  | (9 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (10 | ) |  | (22 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | (26 | ) |  | (54 | ) |  | 10 |  |  | (44 | )
Equity securities (1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (86 | ) |  | — |  |  | (86 | ) |  | (194 | ) |  | — |  |  | (194 | )
Mortgage loans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Limited partnership interests (1) |  | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | (32 | ) |  | — |  |  | (32 | ) |  | (56 | ) |  | — |  |  | (56 | )
Other |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (5 | ) |  | — |  |  | (5 | ) |  | (9 | ) |  | — |  |  | (9 | )
OTTI losses |  | $ | (13 | ) |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | (14 | ) |  | $ | (146 | ) |  | $ | (4 | ) |  | $ | (150 | ) |  | $ | (313 | ) |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | (303 | )
(1) | Due to the adoption of the recognition and measurement accounting standard, equity securities and limited partnerships previously reported using the cost method are now reported at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income and are no longer included in the table above.
Schedule of other-than-temporary impairment losses on fixed income securities included in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income |
OTTI losses included in AOCI at the time of impairment for fixed income securities which were not included in earnings
($ in millions) |  | December 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Municipal |  | $ | (5 | ) |  | $ | (5 | )
Corporate |  | (2 | ) |  | — |
ABS |  | (10 | ) |  | (15 | )
RMBS |  | (67 | ) |  | (77 | )
CMBS |  | (2 | ) |  | (4 | )
Total |  | $ | (86 | ) |  | $ | (101 | )
Schedule of credit losses on fixed income securities recognized in earnings |
Rollforward of the cumulative credit losses recognized in earnings for fixed income securities held
|  | As of December 31,
($ in millions) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Beginning balance |  | $ | (226 | ) |  | $ | (318 | ) |  | $ | (392 | )
Additional credit loss for securities previously other-than-temporarily impaired |  | (7 | ) |  | (18 | ) |  | (21 | )
Additional credit loss for securities not previously other-than-temporarily impaired |  | (3 | ) |  | (8 | ) |  | (23 | )
Reduction in credit loss for securities disposed or collected |  | 30 |  |  | 116 |  |  | 117 |
Change in credit loss due to accretion of increase in cash flows |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |
Ending balance |  | $ | (204 | ) |  | $ | (226 | ) |  | $ | (318 | )
Schedule of unrealized net capital gains and losses |
Unrealized net capital gains and losses included in AOCI
($ in millions) |  | Fair value |  | Gross unrealized |  | Unrealized net gains (losses)
December 31, 2018 |  |  | Gains |  | Losses |
Fixed income securities |  | $ | 57,170 |  |  | $ | 993 |  |  | $ | (957 | ) |  | $ | 36 |
Short-term investments |  | 3,027 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Derivative instruments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | (3 | )
EMA limited partnerships (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Unrealized net capital gains and losses, pre-tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 33 |
Amounts recognized for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance reserves (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
DAC and DSI (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (33 | )
Amounts recognized |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (33 | )
Deferred income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2 | )
Unrealized net capital gains and losses, after-tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (2 | )
(1) | Unrealized net capital gains and losses for limited partnership interests represent the Company’s share of EMA limited partnerships’ OCI. Fair value and gross unrealized gains and losses are not applicable.
(2) | The insurance reserves adjustment represents the amount by which the reserve balance would increase if the net unrealized gains in the applicable product portfolios were realized and reinvested at lower interest rates, resulting in a premium deficiency. This adjustment primarily relates to structured settlement annuities with life contingencies (a type of immediate fixed annuities).
(3) | The DAC and DSI adjustment balance represents the amount by which the amortization of DAC and DSI would increase or decrease if the unrealized gains or losses in the respective product portfolios were realized.
Unrealized net capital gains and losses included in AOCI
($ in millions) |  | Fair value |  | Gross unrealized |  | Unrealized net gains (losses)
December 31, 2017 |  |  | Gains |  | Losses |
Fixed income securities |  | $ | 58,992 |  |  | $ | 1,750 |  |  | $ | (283 | ) |  | $ | 1,467 |
Equity securities |  | 6,621 |  |  | 1,172 |  |  | (12 | ) |  | 1,160 |
Short-term investments |  | 1,944 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Derivative instruments (1) |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | (1 | )
EMA limited partnerships |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |
Unrealized net capital gains and losses, pre-tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,627 |
Amounts recognized for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance reserves |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (315 | )
DAC and DSI |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (196 | )
Amounts recognized |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (511 | )
Deferred income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (454 | )
Unrealized net capital gains and losses, after-tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,662 |
(1) | Included in the fair value of derivative instruments is $2 million classified as liabilities.
Change in unrealized net capital gains (losses)
|  | For the years ended December 31,
($ in millions) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Fixed income securities |  | $ | (1,431 | ) |  | $ | 204 |  |  | $ | 516 |
Equity securities (1) |  | — |  |  | 651 |  |  | 233 |
Derivative instruments |  | (2 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | (4 | )
EMA limited partnerships |  | (1 | ) |  | 5 |  |  | — |
Total |  | (1,434 | ) |  | 857 |  |  | 745 |
Amounts recognized for: |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance reserves |  | 315 |  |  | (315 | ) |  | — |
DAC and DSI |  | 163 |  |  | (50 | ) |  | (79 | )
Amounts recognized |  | 478 |  |  | (365 | ) |  | (79 | )
Deferred income taxes |  | 202 |  |  | 117 |  |  | (233 | )
(Decrease) increase in unrealized net capital gains and losses, after-tax |  | $ | (754 | ) |  | $ | 609 |  |  | $ | 433 |
Schedule of change in unrealized net capital gains and losses |
Change in unrealized net capital gains (losses)
|  | For the years ended December 31,
($ in millions) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Fixed income securities |  | $ | (1,431 | ) |  | $ | 204 |  |  | $ | 516 |
Equity securities (1) |  | — |  |  | 651 |  |  | 233 |
Derivative instruments |  | (2 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | (4 | )
EMA limited partnerships |  | (1 | ) |  | 5 |  |  | — |
Total |  | (1,434 | ) |  | 857 |  |  | 745 |
Amounts recognized for: |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance reserves |  | 315 |  |  | (315 | ) |  | — |
DAC and DSI |  | 163 |  |  | (50 | ) |  | (79 | )
Amounts recognized |  | 478 |  |  | (365 | ) |  | (79 | )
Deferred income taxes |  | 202 |  |  | 117 |  |  | (233 | )
(Decrease) increase in unrealized net capital gains and losses, after-tax |  | $ | (754 | ) |  | $ | 609 |  |  | $ | 433 |
(1) | Upon adoption of the recognition and measurement accounting standard on January 1, 2018, $1.16 billion of pre-tax unrealized net capital gains for equity securities were reclassified from AOCI to retained income. See Note 2 for further details.
Schedule of gross unrealized losses and fair value of available for sale securities by length of time |
Gross unrealized losses and fair value by type and length of time held in a continuous unrealized loss position
($ in millions) |  | Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or more |  |
|  | Number of issues |  | Fair value |  | Unrealized losses |  | Number of issues |  | Fair value |  | Unrealized losses |  | Total unrealized losses
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed income securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agencies |  | 11 |  |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 38 |  |  | $ | 364 |  |  | $ | (6 | ) |  | $ | (6 | )
Municipal |  | 943 |  |  | 1,633 |  |  | (10 | ) |  | 1,147 |  |  | 1,554 |  |  | (33 | ) |  | (43 | )
Corporate |  | 1,735 |  |  | 19,243 |  |  | (543 | ) |  | 645 |  |  | 8,374 |  |  | (347 | ) |  | (890 | )
Foreign government |  | 7 |  |  | 20 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 27 |  |  | 412 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | (5 | )
ABS |  | 64 |  |  | 454 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | 28 |  |  | 161 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | (10 | )
RMBS |  | 166 |  |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | 195 |  |  | 52 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (2 | )
CMBS |  | 3 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (1 | )
Redeemable preferred stock |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total fixed income securities |  | 2,930 |  |  | $ | 21,442 |  |  | $ | (559 | ) |  | 2,082 |  |  | $ | 10,917 |  |  | $ | (398 | ) |  | $ | (957 | )
Investment grade fixed income securities |  | 2,348 |  |  | $ | 17,485 |  |  | $ | (331 | ) |  | 2,021 |  |  | $ | 10,626 |  |  | $ | (360 | ) |  | $ | (691 | )
Below investment grade fixed income securities |  | 582 |  |  | 3,957 |  |  | (228 | ) |  | 61 |  |  | 291 |  |  | (38 | ) |  | (266 | )
Total fixed income securities |  | 2,930 |  |  | $ | 21,442 |  |  | $ | (559 | ) |  | 2,082 |  |  | $ | 10,917 |  |  | $ | (398 | ) |  | $ | (957 | )
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed income securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agencies |  | 66 |  |  | $ | 2,829 |  |  | $ | (18 | ) |  | 18 |  |  | $ | 182 |  |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | (20 | )
Municipal |  | 1,756 |  |  | 3,143 |  |  | (24 | ) |  | 165 |  |  | 349 |  |  | (12 | ) |  | (36 | )
Corporate |  | 781 |  |  | 11,616 |  |  | (102 | ) |  | 208 |  |  | 3,289 |  |  | (102 | ) |  | (204 | )
Foreign government |  | 45 |  |  | 580 |  |  | (10 | ) |  | 5 |  |  | 44 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (11 | )
ABS |  | 57 |  |  | 476 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 9 |  |  | 34 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | (7 | )
RMBS |  | 118 |  |  | 35 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 181 |  |  | 50 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (3 | )
CMBS |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 23 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (2 | )
Redeemable preferred stock |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total fixed income securities |  | 2,826 |  |  | 18,680 |  |  | (158 | ) |  | 592 |  |  | 3,971 |  |  | (125 | ) |  | (283 | )
Equity securities |  | 127 |  |  | 369 |  |  | (12 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12 | )
Total fixed income and equity securities |  | 2,953 |  |  | $ | 19,049 |  |  | $ | (170 | ) |  | 594 |  |  | $ | 3,971 |  |  | $ | (125 | ) |  | $ | (295 | )
Investment grade fixed income securities |  | 2,706 |  |  | $ | 17,668 |  |  | $ | (134 | ) |  | 535 |  |  | $ | 3,751 |  |  | $ | (98 | ) |  | $ | (232 | )
Below investment grade fixed income securities |  | 120 |  |  | 1,012 |  |  | (24 | ) |  | 57 |  |  | 220 |  |  | (27 | ) |  | (51 | )
Total fixed income securities |  | 2,826 |  |  | $ | 18,680 |  |  | $ | (158 | ) |  | 592 |  |  | $ | 3,971 |  |  | $ | (125 | ) |  | $ | (283 | )
Principal geographic distribution of commercial real estate represented in the mortgage portfolio |
Principal geographic distribution of commercial real estate exceeding 5% of the mortgage loans portfolio
|  | As of December 31,
(% of mortgage loan portfolio carrying value) |  | 2018 |  | 2017
California |  | 16.4 | % |  | 19.9 | %
Texas |  | 14.9 |  |  | 13.0 |
Illinois |  | 7.8 |  |  | 7.1 |
New Jersey |  | 6.8 |  |  | 7.6 |
Florida |  | 6.1 |  |  | 6.4 |
North Carolina |  | 5.1 |  |  | 4.0 |
Types of property collateralizing the mortgage loans |
Types of properties collateralizing the mortgage loan portfolio
|  | As of December 31,
(% of mortgage loan portfolio carrying value) |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Apartment complex |  | 34.4 | % |  | 30.9 | %
Office buildings |  | 24.5 |  |  | 23.8 |
Warehouse |  | 15.8 |  |  | 15.7 |
Retail |  | 14.4 |  |  | 18.0 |
Other |  | 10.9 |  |  | 11.6 |
Total |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Contractual maturities of the commercial mortgage loan portfolio |
Contractual maturities of the mortgage loan portfolio
|  | As of December 31, 2018
($ in millions) |  | Number of loans |  | Carrying value |  | Percent
2019 |  | 8 |  |  | $ | 171 |  |  | 3.7 | %
2020 |  | 13 |  |  | 119 |  |  | 2.6 |
2021 |  | 41 |  |  | 566 |  |  | 12.1 |
2022 |  | 32 |  |  | 553 |  |  | 11.8 |
Thereafter |  | 189 |  |  | 3,261 |  |  | 69.8 |
Total |  | 283 |  |  | $ | 4,670 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Carrying value of non-impaired fixed and variable rate mortgage loans by debt service coverage ratio distribution |
Carrying value of non-impaired mortgage loans summarized by debt service coverage ratio distribution
|  | As of December 31,
($ in millions) |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Debt Service Coverage Ratio Distribution |  | Fixed rate mortgage loans |  | Variable rate mortgage loans |  | Total |  | Fixed rate mortgage loans |  | Variable rate mortgage loans |  | Total
Below 1.0 |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |
1.0 - 1.25 |  | 273 |  |  | — |  |  | 273 |  |  | 345 |  |  | — |  |  | 345 |
1.26 - 1.50 |  | 1,192 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,192 |  |  | 1,141 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 1,171 |
Above 1.50 |  | 3,063 |  |  | 101 |  |  | 3,164 |  |  | 2,949 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 3,011 |
Total non-impaired mortgage loans |  | $ | 4,534 |  |  | $ | 132 |  |  | $ | 4,666 |  |  | $ | 4,438 |  |  | $ | 92 |  |  | $ | 4,530 |
Net carrying value of impaired mortgage loans |
Net carrying value of impaired mortgage loans
|  | As of December 31,
($ in millions) |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Impaired mortgage loans with a valuation allowance |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 4 |
Impaired mortgage loans without a valuation allowance |  | — |  |  | — |
Total impaired mortgage loans |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 4 |
Valuation allowance on impaired mortgage loans |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 3 |
Valuation allowance on impaired mortgage loans |
Rollforward of the valuation allowance on impaired mortgage loans
|  | For the years ended December 31,
($ in millions) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Beginning balance |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 3 |
Net increase in valuation allowance |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Charge offs |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |
Ending balance |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 3 |
Principal geographic distribution of municipal bond |
Principal geographic distribution of municipal bond issuers exceeding 5% of the portfolio
|  | As of December 31,
(% of municipal bond portfolio carrying value) |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Texas |  | 12.3 | % |  | 9.6 | %
California |  | 7.4 |  |  | 7.0 |
Washington |  | 6.2 |  |  | 5.4 |
New York |  | 5.6 |  |  | 6.9 |
Florida |  | 4.9 |  |  | 6.5 |
Schedule of other investments, by type |
Other investments by asset type
($ in millions) |  | December 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Bank loans |  | $ | 1,350 |  |  | $ | 1,702 |
Policy loans |  | 891 |  |  | 905 |
Real estate |  | 791 |  |  | 632 |
Agent loans |  | 620 |  |  | 538 |
Derivatives and other |  | 200 |  |  | 195 |
Total |  | $ | 3,852 |  |  | $ | 3,972 |

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