Derivatives and Financial Instruments

Derivative Instruments

We use financial and commodity-based derivative contracts to manage exposures to fluctuations in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and commodity prices or to capture market opportunities. Because we have not used cash-flow hedge accounting for commodity derivative contracts, all gains and losses, realized or unrealized, from commodity derivative contracts have been recognized in the consolidated statement of income. Gains and losses from derivative contracts held for trading not directly related to our physical business, whether realized or unrealized, have been reported net in “Other income” on our consolidated statement of income. Cash flows from all our derivative activity for the periods presented appear in the operating section of the consolidated statement of cash flows.

Purchase and sales contracts with fixed minimum notional volumes for commodities that are readily convertible to cash (e.g., crude oil and gasoline) are recorded on the balance sheet as derivatives unless the contracts are eligible for, and we elect, the normal purchases and normal sales exception (i.e., contracts to purchase or sell quantities we expect to use or sell over a reasonable period in the normal course of business). We generally apply this normal purchases and normal sales exception to eligible crude oil, refined product, NGL, natural gas and power commodity purchase and sales contracts; however, we may elect not to apply this exception (e.g., when another derivative instrument will be used to mitigate the risk of the purchase or sales contract but hedge accounting will not be applied, in which case both the purchase or sales contract and the derivative contract mitigating the resulting risk will be recorded on the balance sheet at fair value). Our derivative instruments are held at fair value on our consolidated balance sheet. For further information on the fair value of derivatives, see Note 17—Fair Value Measurements.

Commodity Derivative Contracts—We sell into or receive supply from the worldwide crude oil, refined products, natural gas, NGL, and electric power markets, exposing our revenues, purchases, cost of operating activities, and cash flows to fluctuations in the prices for these commodities. Generally, our policy is to remain exposed to the market prices of commodities; however, we use futures, forwards, swaps and options in various markets to balance physical systems, meet customer needs, manage price exposures on specific transactions, and do a limited, immaterial amount of trading not directly related to our physical business, all of which may reduce our exposure to fluctuations in market prices. We also use the market knowledge gained from these activities to capture market opportunities such as moving physical commodities to more profitable locations, storing commodities to capture seasonal or time premiums, and blending commodities to capture quality upgrades.

The following table indicates the balance sheet line items that include the fair values of commodity derivative assets and liabilities. The balances in the following table are presented on a gross basis, before the effects of counterparty and collateral netting. However, we have elected to present our commodity derivative assets and liabilities with the same counterparty on a net basis on the balance sheet when the right of setoff exists. For information on the impact of counterparty netting and collateral netting, and reconciliation of the balances presented below to the balance sheet, see Note 17—Fair Value Measurements.



	Millions of Dollars
	2016		2015
Assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	741	2,607
Other assets	5		5
Liabilities
Other accruals	766		2,425
Other liabilities and deferred credits	2		5

Hedge accounting has not been used for any item in the table.

The gains (losses) incurred from commodity derivatives, and the line items where they appear on our consolidated statement of income, were:



	Millions of Dollars
	2016			2015	2014

Sales and other operating revenues	$	(451	)	162	658
Equity in earnings of affiliates	—			—	66
Other income	29			58	20
Purchased crude oil and products	(62		)	121	136

Hedge accounting has not been used for any item in the table.

The following table summarizes our material net exposures resulting from outstanding commodity derivative contracts. These financial and physical derivative contracts are primarily used to manage price exposure on our underlying operations. The underlying exposures may be from non-derivative positions such as inventory volumes. Financial derivative contracts may also offset physical derivative contracts, such as forward sales contracts. The percentage of our derivative contract volumes expiring within the next 12 months was at least 98 percent at December 31, 2016 and 2015.



	Open Position Long / (Short)
	2016		2015
Commodity
Crude oil, refined products and NGL (millions of barrels)	(18	)	(17	)

Interest-Rate Derivative Contracts—During the first quarter of 2016, we entered into interest-rate swaps to hedge the variability of anticipated lease payments on our new headquarters. These monthly lease payments will vary based on monthly changes in the one-month LIBOR and changes, if any, in the Company’s credit rating over the five-year term of the lease. The pay-fixed, receive-floating interest rate swaps have an aggregate notional value of $650 million and end on April 25, 2021. They qualify for and are designated as cash-flow hedges.

At December 31, 2016, the aggregate net fair value of these swaps, which is included in the “Other accruals” and “Other assets” lines of our consolidated balance sheet, amounted to $8 million.

We report the effective portion of the mark-to-market gain or loss on our interest rate swaps designated and qualifying as a cash flow hedging instrument as a component of other comprehensive income/loss and reclassify such gains and losses into earnings in the same period during which the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. Gains and losses due to ineffectiveness are recognized in general and administrative expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we did not recognize any material hedge ineffectiveness gain or loss in the consolidated income statement. Net realized loss from settlements of the swaps during the year ended December 31, 2016, was immaterial.

We estimate that pre-tax losses of $3 million will be reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income/loss into general and administrative expenses during the next twelve months as the hedged transaction settles; however, the actual amounts that will be reclassified will vary based on changes in interest rates throughout the year 2017.

Credit Risk

Financial instruments potentially exposed to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of over-the-counter (OTC) derivative contracts and trade receivables.

The credit risk from our OTC derivative contracts, such as forwards and swaps, derives from the counterparty to the transaction. Individual counterparty exposure is managed within predetermined credit limits and includes the use of cash-call margins when appropriate, thereby reducing the risk of significant nonperformance. We also use futures, swaps and option contracts that have a negligible credit risk because these trades are cleared with an exchange clearinghouse and subject to mandatory margin requirements until settled; however, we are exposed to the credit risk of those exchange brokers for receivables arising from daily margin cash calls, as well as for cash deposited to meet initial margin requirements.

Our trade receivables result primarily from the sale of products from, or related to, our refinery operations and reflect a broad national and international customer base, which limits our exposure to concentrations of credit risk. The majority of these receivables have payment terms of 30 days or less. We continually monitor this exposure and the creditworthiness of the counterparties and recognize bad debt expense based on historical write-off experience or specific counterparty collectability. Generally, we do not require collateral to limit the exposure to loss; however, we will sometimes use letters of credit, prepayments, and master netting arrangements to mitigate credit risk with counterparties that both buy from and sell to us, as these agreements permit the amounts owed by us or owed to others to be offset against amounts due to us.

Certain of our derivative instruments contain provisions that require us to post collateral if the derivative exposure exceeds a threshold amount. We have contracts with fixed threshold amounts and other contracts with variable threshold amounts that are contingent on our credit rating. The variable threshold amounts typically decline for lower credit ratings, while both the variable and fixed threshold amounts typically revert to zero if our credit ratings fall below investment grade. Cash is the primary collateral in all contracts; however, many contracts also permit us to post letters of credit as collateral.

The aggregate fair values of all derivative instruments with such credit-risk-related contingent features that were in a liability position were not material at December 31, 2016 or 2015.