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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, DC 20549
FORM 10-Q
☒ Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024, or
☐ Transition report pursuant to section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
Commission File Number 1-13374
REALTY INCOME CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Maryland |  | 33-0580106
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |  | (IRS Employer Identification Number)

11995 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (858) 284-5000
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of Each Exchange On Which Registered
Common Stock, $0.01 Par Value | O | New York Stock Exchange
1.125% Notes due 2027 | O27A | New York Stock Exchange
1.875% Notes due 2027 | O27B | New York Stock Exchange
5.000% Notes due 2029 | O29B | New York Stock Exchange
1.625% Notes due 2030 | O30 | New York Stock Exchange
4.875% Notes due 2030 | O30A | New York Stock Exchange
5.750% Notes due 2031 | O31A | New York Stock Exchange
1.750% Notes due 2033 | O33A | New York Stock Exchange
5.125% Notes due 2034 | O34 | New York Stock Exchange
6.000% Notes due 2039 | O39 | New York Stock Exchange
5.250% Notes due 2041 | O41 | New York Stock Exchange
2.500% Notes due 2042 | O42 | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," “accelerated filer,” "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐
Emerging growth company | ☐ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of October 31, 2024, there were 875,211,050 shares of common stock outstanding.

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REALTY INCOME CORPORATION
Index to Form 10-Q
September 30, 2024

PART I. | FINANCIAL INFORMATION | Page
Item 1: | Financial Statements (Unaudited) |
| Consolidated Balance Sheets | 2
| Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Equity | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 5
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 6
Item 2: | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 31
Item 3: | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 50
Item 4: | Controls and Procedures | 51
PART II. | OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1A: | Risk Factors | 52
Item 2: | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 52
Item 5: | Other Information | 52
Item 6: | Exhibits | 53
SIGNATURE | 54

-1-

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1: Financial Statements
REALTY INCOME CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except per share amounts) (unaudited)

| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
ASSETS |  |  |
Real estate held for investment, at cost: |  |  |
Land | $ | 17,140,719 |  |  | $ | 14,929,310 |
Buildings and improvements | 40,608,341 |  |  | 34,657,094 |
Total real estate held for investment, at cost | 57,749,060 |  |  | 49,586,404 |
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization | (7,066,449) |  |  | (6,072,118) |
Real estate held for investment, net | 50,682,611 |  |  | 43,514,286 |
Real estate and lease intangibles held for sale, net | 60,467 |  |  | 31,466 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 396,956 |  |  | 232,923 |
Accounts receivable, net | 835,328 |  |  | 710,536 |
Lease intangible assets, net | 6,600,058 |  |  | 5,017,907 |
Goodwill | 4,932,199 |  |  | 3,731,478 |
Investment in unconsolidated entities | 1,224,974 |  |  | 1,172,118 |
Other assets, net | 3,736,173 |  |  | 3,368,643 |
Total assets | $ | 68,468,766 |  |  | $ | 57,779,357 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |
Distributions payable | $ | 233,139 |  |  | $ | 195,222 |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | 880,122 |  |  | 738,526 |
Lease intangible liabilities, net | 1,676,549 |  |  | 1,406,853 |
Other liabilities | 863,683 |  |  | 811,650 |
Line of credit payable and commercial paper | 427,546 |  |  | 764,390 |
Term loans, net | 2,428,279 |  |  | 1,331,841 |
Mortgages payable, net | 197,522 |  |  | 821,587 |
Notes payable, net | 23,092,216 |  |  | 18,602,319 |
Total liabilities | $ | 29,799,056 |  |  | $ | 24,672,388 |
Commitments and contingencies (note 20) |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |
Common stock and paid in capital, par value $0.01 per share, 1,300,000 shares authorized, 875,197 and 752,460 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively | $ | 46,505,688 |  |  | $ | 39,629,709 |
Distributions in excess of net income | (8,151,359) |  |  | (6,762,136) |
Accumulated other comprehensive income | 103,463 |  |  | 73,894 |
Total stockholders’ equity | $ | 38,457,792 |  |  | $ | 32,941,467 |
Noncontrolling interests | 211,918 |  |  | 165,502 |
Total equity | $ | 38,669,710 |  |  | $ | 33,106,969 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 68,468,766 |  |  | $ | 57,779,357 |

The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.
-2-

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REALTY INCOME CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(in thousands, except per share amounts) (unaudited)

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
REVENUE |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental (including reimbursable) |  | $ | 1,271,153 |  |  | $ | 1,008,862 |  |  | $ | 3,764,050 |  |  | $ | 2,929,440 |  |  |
Other |  | 59,762 |  |  | 30,242 |  |  | 166,793 |  |  | 73,268 |  |  |
Total revenue |  | 1,330,915 |  |  | 1,039,104 |  |  | 3,930,843 |  |  | 3,002,708 |  |  |
EXPENSES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 602,339 |  |  | 495,566 |  |  | 1,788,973 |  |  | 1,419,321 |  |  |
Interest |  | 261,261 |  |  | 184,121 |  |  | 748,806 |  |  | 522,110 |  |  |
Property (including reimbursable) |  | 92,154 |  |  | 70,981 |  |  | 281,366 |  |  | 235,081 |  |  |
General and administrative |  | 41,869 |  |  | 35,525 |  |  | 127,781 |  |  | 106,521 |  |  |
Provisions for impairment |  | 96,920 |  |  | 16,808 |  |  | 282,867 |  |  | 59,801 |  |  |
Merger, transaction, and other costs |  | 8,610 |  |  | 2,884 |  |  | 105,468 |  |  | 4,532 |  |  |
Total expenses |  | 1,103,153 |  |  | 805,885 |  |  | 3,335,261 |  |  | 2,347,366 |  |  |
Gain on sales of real estate |  | 50,563 |  |  | 7,572 |  |  | 92,290 |  |  | 19,675 |  |  |
Foreign currency and derivative (loss) gain, net |  | (1,672) |  |  | (2,813) |  |  | 2,885 |  |  | 4,957 |  |  |
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated entities |  | 5,087 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,440 |  |  | 411 |  |  |
Other income, net |  | 4,739 |  |  | 7,235 |  |  | 16,293 |  |  | 12,985 |  |  |
Income before income taxes |  | 286,479 |  |  | 245,213 |  |  | 712,490 |  |  | 693,370 |  |  |
Income taxes |  | (15,355) |  |  | (11,336) |  |  | (46,499) |  |  | (36,218) |  |  |
Net income |  | 271,124 |  |  | 233,877 |  |  | 665,991 |  |  | 657,152 |  |  |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | (1,639) |  |  | (404) |  |  | (4,831) |  |  | (3,248) |  |  |
Net income attributable to the Company |  | 269,485 |  |  | 233,473 |  |  | 661,160 |  |  | 653,904 |  |  |
Preferred stock dividends |  | (2,588) |  |  | — |  |  | (7,763) |  |  | — |  |  |
Excess of redemption value over carrying value of preferred shares redeemed |  | (5,116) |  |  | — |  |  | (5,116) |  |  | — |  |  |
Net income available to common stockholders |  | $ | 261,781 |  |  | $ | 233,473 |  |  | $ | 648,281 |  |  | $ | 653,904 |  |  |
Amounts available to common stockholders per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income, basic and diluted |  | $ | 0.30 |  |  | $ | 0.33 |  |  | $ | 0.75 |  |  | $ | 0.96 |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 870,665 |  |  | 709,165 |  |  | 858,679 |  |  | 681,419 |  |  |
Diluted |  | 872,052 |  |  | 709,543 |  |  | 859,462 |  |  | 682,129 |  |  |
Net income available to common stockholders |  | $ | 261,781 |  |  | $ | 233,473 |  |  | $ | 648,281 |  |  | $ | 653,904 |  |  |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  | 74,615 |  |  | (61,401) |  |  | 59,797 |  |  | (3,605) |  |  |
Unrealized (loss) gain on derivatives, net |  | (46,474) |  |  | 7,193 |  |  | (30,228) |  |  | (1,379) |  |  |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | 28,141 |  |  | $ | (54,208) |  |  | $ | 29,569 |  |  | $ | (4,984) |  |  |
Comprehensive income available to common stockholders |  | $ | 289,922 |  |  | $ | 179,265 |  |  | $ | 677,850 |  |  | $ | 648,920 |  |  |

The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.
-3-

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REALTY INCOME CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(in thousands) (unaudited)
Three months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023

|  | Shares of preferred stock |  | Preferred stock and paid in capital |  |  | Shares of common stock |  | Common stock and paid in capital |  | Distributions in excess of net income |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income |  | Total stockholders’ equity |  | Non-controlling interests |  | Total equity
Balance, June 30, 2024 |  | 6,900 |  |  | $ | 167,394 |  |  |  | 870,848 |  |  | $ | 46,230,789 |  |  | $ | (7,724,318) |  |  | $ | 75,322 |  |  | $ | 38,581,793 |  |  | $ | 165,277 |  |  | $ | 38,747,070 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 269,485 |  |  | — |  |  | 269,485 |  |  | 1,639 |  |  | 271,124 |
Other comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28,141 |  |  | 28,141 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,141 |
Distributions paid and payable |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (691,410) |  |  |  |  | (691,410) |  |  | (2,740) |  |  | (694,150) |
Share issuances, net of costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,354 |  |  | 269,272 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 269,272 |  |  | — |  |  | 269,272 |
Contributions by noncontrolling interests |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 489 |  |  | 489 |
Issuance of common partnership units |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (768) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (768) |  |  | 47,253 |  |  | 46,485 |
Preferred shares redeemed |  | (6,900) |  |  | (167,394) |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,116) |  |  | — |  |  | (5,116) |  |  | — |  |  | (5,116) |
Share-based compensation, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5) |  |  | 6,395 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,395 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,395 |
Balance, September 30, 2024 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 875,197 |  |  | $ | 46,505,688 |  |  | $ | (8,151,359) |  |  | $ | 103,463 |  |  | $ | 38,457,792 |  |  | $ | 211,918 |  |  | $ | 38,669,710 |
Balance, June 30, 2023 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 708,773 |  |  | $ | 37,149,380 |  |  | $ | (6,102,226) |  |  | $ | 96,057 |  |  | $ | 31,143,211 |  |  | $ | 167,932 |  |  | $ | 31,311,143 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 233,473 |  |  | — |  |  | 233,473 |  |  | 404 |  |  | 233,877 |
Other comprehensive loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (54,208) |  |  | (54,208) |  |  | — |  |  | (54,208) |
Distributions paid and payable |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (547,781) |  |  | — |  |  | (547,781) |  |  | (2,497) |  |  | (550,278) |
Share issuances, net of costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 15,122 |  |  | 876,253 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 876,253 |  |  | — |  |  | 876,253 |
Contributions by noncontrolling interests |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 435 |  |  | 435 |
Share-based compensation, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1) |  |  | 6,196 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,196 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,196 |
Balance, September 30, 2023 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 723,894 |  |  | $ | 38,031,829 |  |  | $ | (6,416,534) |  |  | $ | 41,849 |  |  | $ | 31,657,144 |  |  | $ | 166,274 |  |  | $ | 31,823,418 |
Nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023
|  | Shares of preferred stock |  | Preferred stock and paid in capital |  |  | Shares of common stock |  | Common stock and paid in capital |  | Distributions in excess of net income |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income |  | Total stockholders’ equity |  | Non-controlling interests |  | Total equity
Balance, December 31, 2023 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 752,460 |  |  | $ | 39,629,709 |  |  | $ | (6,762,136) |  |  | $ | 73,894 |  |  | $ | 32,941,467 |  |  | $ | 165,502 |  |  | $ | 33,106,969 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 661,160 |  |  | — |  |  | 661,160 |  |  | 4,831 |  |  | 665,991 |
Other comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 29,569 |  |  | 29,569 |  |  | — |  |  | 29,569 |
Distributions paid and payable |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,045,267) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,045,267) |  |  | (7,438) |  |  | (2,052,705) |
Share issuances, net of costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 14,073 |  |  | 818,724 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 818,724 |  |  | — |  |  | 818,724 |
Shares issued with merger |  | 6,900 |  |  | 167,394 |  |  |  | 108,308 |  |  | 6,043,641 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,043,641 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,043,641 |
Contributions by noncontrolling interests |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,770 |  |  | 1,770 |
Issuance of common partnership units |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (768) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (768) |  |  | 47,253 |  |  | 46,485 |
Preferred shares redeemed |  | (6,900) |  |  | (167,394) |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,116) |  |  | — |  |  | (5,116) |  |  | — |  |  | (5,116) |
Share-based compensation, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 356 |  |  | 14,382 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,382 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,382 |
Balance, September 30, 2024 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 875,197 |  |  | $ | 46,505,688 |  |  | $ | (8,151,359) |  |  | $ | 103,463 |  |  | $ | 38,457,792 |  |  | $ | 211,918 |  |  | $ | 38,669,710 |
Balance December 31, 2022 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 660,300 |  |  | $ | 34,159,509 |  |  | $ | (5,493,193) |  |  | $ | 46,833 |  |  | $ | 28,713,149 |  |  | $ | 130,140 |  |  | $ | 28,843,289 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 653,904 |  |  | — |  |  | 653,904 |  |  | 3,248 |  |  | 657,152 |
Other comprehensive loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,984) |  |  | (4,984) |  |  | — |  |  | (4,984) |
Distributions paid and payable |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,577,245) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,577,245) |  |  | (7,108) |  |  | (1,584,353) |
Share issuances, net of costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 63,348 |  |  | 3,858,347 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,858,347 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,858,347 |
Contributions by noncontrolling interests |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 39,994 |  |  | 39,994 |
Share-based compensation, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 246 |  |  | 13,973 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,973 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,973 |
Balance, September 30, 2023 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 723,894 |  |  | $ | 38,031,829 |  |  | $ | (6,416,534) |  |  | $ | 41,849 |  |  | $ | 31,657,144 |  |  | $ | 166,274 |  |  | $ | 31,823,418 |

The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.
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REALTY INCOME CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands) (unaudited)

| Nine months ended September 30, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 665,991 |  |  | $ | 657,152 |  |  |
Adjustments to net income: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 1,788,973 |  |  | 1,419,321 |  |  |
Amortization of share-based compensation | 47,671 |  |  | 20,154 |  |  |
Non-cash revenue adjustments | (95,324) |  |  | (51,272) |  |  |
Amortization of net premiums on mortgages payable | (18) |  |  | (9,597) |  |  |
Amortization of net premiums on notes payable | (3,883) |  |  | (45,647) |  |  |
Amortization of deferred financing costs | 17,694 |  |  | 19,498 |  |  |
Foreign currency and unrealized derivative (gain) loss, net | (33,582) |  |  | 10,188 |  |  |
Non-cash interest expense (income) | 9,179 |  |  | (5,390) |  |  |
Gain on sales of real estate | (92,290) |  |  | (19,675) |  |  |
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated entities | (5,440) |  |  | (411) |  |  |
Distributions on common equity from unconsolidated entities | 15,608 |  |  | — |  |  |
Provisions for impairment | 282,867 |  |  | 59,801 |  |  |
Change in assets and liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable and other assets | 40,338 |  |  | (17,538) |  |  |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | (36,471) |  |  | 161,527 |  |  |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 2,601,313 |  |  | 2,198,111 |  |  |
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |
Investment in real estate | (1,611,794) |  |  | (6,702,140) |  |  |
Improvements to real estate, including leasing costs | (85,204) |  |  | (47,107) |  |  |
Investment in unconsolidated entities | (57,014) |  |  | — |  |  |
Investment in loans | (377,490) |  |  | — |  |  |
Proceeds from sales of real estate | 451,365 |  |  | 92,772 |  |  |
Return of investment from unconsolidated entities | — |  |  | 3,927 |  |  |
Proceeds from note receivable | 51,562 |  |  | — |  |  |
Insurance proceeds received | 2,418 |  |  | 15,177 |  |  |
Non-refundable escrow deposits | (38,750) |  |  | (1,188) |  |  |
Net cash acquired in merger | 93,683 |  |  | — |  |  |
Net cash used in investing activities | (1,571,224) |  |  | (6,638,559) |  |  |
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |
Cash distributions to common stockholders | (1,999,858) |  |  | (1,555,679) |  |  |
Cash distributions to preferred stockholders | (7,763) |  |  | — |  |  |
Borrowings on line of credit and commercial paper programs | 24,698,502 |  |  | 33,021,401 |  |  |
Payments on line of credit and commercial paper programs | (25,079,449) |  |  | (34,909,165) |  |  |
Proceeds from term loan | — |  |  | 1,029,383 |  |  |
Principal payment on term loan | (250,000) |  |  | — |  |  |
Proceeds from notes payable issued | 2,657,925 |  |  | 3,263,294 |  |  |
Principal payment on notes payable | (849,999) |  |  | — |  |  |
Principal payments on mortgages payable | (626,321) |  |  | (20,842) |  |  |
Proceeds from common stock offerings, net | 809,910 |  |  | 3,849,963 |  |  |
Proceeds from dividend reinvestment and stock purchase plan | 8,814 |  |  | 8,382 |  |  |
Redemption of preferred stock | (172,510) |  |  | — |  |  |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests | (7,185) |  |  | (5,585) |  |  |
Net receipts on derivative settlements | — |  |  | 2,191 |  |  |
Debt issuance costs | (59,285) |  |  | (35,014) |  |  |
Other items, including shares withheld upon vesting | (8,591) |  |  | (6,181) |  |  |
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | (885,810) |  |  | 4,642,148 |  |  |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | 11,423 |  |  | 2,083 |  |  |
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 155,702 |  |  | 203,783 |  |  |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period | 292,175 |  |  | 226,881 |  |  |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period | $ | 447,877 |  |  | $ | 430,664 |  |  |

For supplemental disclosures, see note 19, S upplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information.
The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.
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REALTY INCOME CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2024
(unaudited)
1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Realty Income Corporation (“Realty Income,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us”), a Maryland corporation, is an S&P 500 company and real estate partner to the world's leading companies. The Company was founded in 1969 and our shares of common stock trade on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") under the symbol “O”.
As of September 30, 2024, we owned or held interests in a diversified portfolio of 15,457 properties located in all 50 states of the United States ("U.S."), the United Kingdom ("U.K."), and six other countries in Europe, with approximately 336.6 million square feet of leasable space.
In January 2024, we completed our merger with Spirit Realty Capital, Inc. (“Spirit”). For more details, please see note 2, Merger with Spirit Realty Capital, Inc.
Basis of Presentation. These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP"). Intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated in consolidation. The U.S. dollar ("USD") is our reporting currency. Unless otherwise indicated, all dollar amounts are expressed in USD.
For our consolidated subsidiaries whose functional currency is not the USD, we translate their financial statements into USD at the time we consolidate those subsidiaries’ financial statements. Generally, assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date. The resulting translation adjustments are included in 'Accumulated other comprehensive income' ("AOCI") on our consolidated balance sheets. Certain balance sheet items, primarily equity and capital-related accounts, are reflected at the historical exchange rate. Income statement accounts are translated using the average exchange rate for the period.
We and certain of our consolidated subsidiaries have intercompany and third-party debt that is not denominated in our functional currency. When the debt is remeasured to the functional currency of the entity, a gain or loss can result. The resulting adjustment is reflected in 'Foreign currency and derivative (loss) gain, net' in our consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. In the statement of cash flows, cash flows denominated in foreign currencies are translated using the exchange rates in effect at the time of the respective cash flows or at average exchange rates for the period, depending on the nature of the cash flow items.
In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of only normal recurring accruals) necessary to present a fair statement of results for the interim periods presented have been included. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 are not necessarily an indication of the results that may be expected for the entire year. Readers of this quarterly report should refer to our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023, which are included in our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K, as certain disclosures that would substantially duplicate those contained in the audited financial statements have not been included in this report.
Principles of Consolidation. These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Realty Income and all other entities in which we have a controlling financial interest. We evaluate whether we have a controlling financial interest in an entity in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 810, Consolidation.
Voting interest entities ("VOEs") are entities considered to have sufficient equity at risk and which the equity holders have the obligation to absorb losses, the right to receive residual returns and the right to make decisions about the entity’s activities. We consolidate voting interest entities in which we have a controlling financial interest, which we typically have through holding of a majority of the entity’s voting equity interests.
Variable interest entities ("VIEs") are entities that lack sufficient equity at risk or where the equity holders either do not have the obligation to absorb losses, do not have the right to receive residual returns, do not have the right to make decisions about the entity’s activities, or some combination of the above. A controlling financial interest in a VIE is present when an entity has a variable interest, or a combination of variable interests, that provides the entity with (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially
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be significant to the VIE. An entity that meets both conditions above is deemed the primary beneficiary and consolidates the VIE. We reassess our initial evaluation of whether an entity is a VIE when certain reconsideration events occur. We reassess our determination of whether we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE on an ongoing basis based on current facts and circumstances.
At September 30, 2024, we are considered the primary beneficiary of Realty Income, L.P. and certain investments, including investments in joint ventures. Below is a summary of selected financial data of such consolidated VIEs, included on our consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Net real estate | $ | 2,907,604 |  | $ | 2,866,272 |
Total assets | $ | 3,549,127 |  | $ | 3,588,720 |
Total liabilities | $ | 154,092 |  | $ | 134,366 |

The portion of a consolidated entity not owned by us is recorded as a noncontrolling interest. Noncontrolling interests are reflected on our consolidated balance sheets as a component of equity. Noncontrolling interests that were created or assumed as part of a business combination or asset acquisition were recognized at fair value as of the date of the transaction (see note 11, Noncontrolling Interests).
Use of Estimates. The consolidated financial statements were prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Segment Reporting. We report our results in a single reportable segment, which reflects how our chief operating decision maker allocates resources and assesses our performance.
Income Taxes. We have elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust ("REIT"), under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. We believe we have qualified and continue to qualify as a REIT. Under the REIT operating structure, we are permitted to deduct dividends paid to our stockholders in determining our taxable income. Assuming our dividends equal or exceed our taxable net income in the U.S., we generally will not be required to pay U.S. income taxes on such income. Accordingly, no provision has been made for federal income taxes in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, except for federal income taxes of our taxable REIT subsidiaries ("TRS"). A TRS is a subsidiary of a REIT that is subject to federal, state and local income taxes, as applicable. Our use of TRS entities enables us to engage in certain business activities while complying with the REIT qualification requirements and to retain any income generated by these businesses for reinvestment without the requirement to distribute those earnings. For our international territories, we are liable for taxes in the U.K. and Spain. Accordingly, provisions have been made for U.K. and Spain income taxes. Therefore, the income taxes recorded on our consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income represent amounts accrued or paid by Realty Income and its subsidiaries for U.S. income taxes on our TRS entities, city and state income and franchise taxes, and income taxes for the U.K. and Spain.
Earnings and profits that determine the taxability of distributions to stockholders differ from net income reported for financial reporting purposes primarily due to differences in the estimated useful lives and methods used to compute depreciation and the carrying value (basis) of the investments in properties for tax purposes, among other things.
We regularly analyze our various international, federal and state filing positions and only recognize the income tax effect in our financial statements when certain criteria regarding uncertain income tax positions have been met. We believe that our income tax positions would more likely than not be sustained upon examination by all relevant taxing authorities. Therefore, no provisions for uncertain tax positions have been recorded on our consolidated financial statements.
Lease Revenue Recognition and Accounts Receivable. The majority of our leases are accounted for as operating leases. Under this method, leases that have fixed and d eterminable rent increases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Any rental revenue contingent upon a client’s sales, or percentage rent, is recognized only after such client exceeds its sales breakpoint. Rental increases based upon changes in the consumer price indices are recognized only after the changes in the indexes have occurred and are then applied according to the lease agreements. Contractually obligated rental revenue from our clients for recoverable real estate taxes and operating expenses are included in contractually obligated reimbursements by our clients, a component of rental revenue, in the period when such costs are incurred. Taxes and operating expenses paid directly by our clients are recorded on a net basis.
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Other revenue includes certain property-related revenue not included in rental revenue and interest income recognized on financing receivables for above-market leases acquired through sale-leaseback transactions.
We assess the probability of collecting substantially all of the lease payments to which we are entitled under the original lease contract as required under ASC 842, Leases. We assess the collectability of our future lease payments based on an analysis of creditworthiness, economic trends and other facts and circumstances related to the applicable clients. If we conclude the collection of substantially all of the lease payments under a lease is less than probable, rental revenue recognized for that lease is limited to cash received going forward, existing operating lease receivables, including those related to straight-line rental revenue, must be written off as an adjustment to rental revenue, and no further operating lease receivables are recorded for that lease until such future determination is made that substantially all lease payments under that lease are now considered probable. If we subsequently conclude that the collection of substantially all lease payments under a lease is probable, a reversal of lease receivables previously written off is recognized.
Loans Receivable. We hold our loans receivable for long-term investment. We recognize interest income on loans receivable using the effective-interest method. Direct costs associated with originating loans, along with any premium or discount, are deferred and amortized as an adjustment to interest income over the term of the loan using the effective interest method. When management identifies the full recovery of the contractually specified payments of principal and interest of a loan is less than probable, we evaluate the expected loss amount and place it on non-accrual status. We made the accounting policy election to record accrued interest on our loan portfolio separate from our loan receivable and other lending investments. These loans and the related interest receivable are presented in 'Other assets, net' on our consolidated balance sheets.
Financing Receivables. For properties we acquire that qualify as sale-leaseback transactions and the purchase price is in excess of the fair value of the real estate acquired, the difference is accounted for as financing receivables, presented within 'Other assets, net' on our consolidated balance sheets. Rent payments are allocated between rental income and the financing receivable. Interest income on the financing receivable is recognized using the interest rate implicit in the leaseback and presented within 'Other' revenue in our consolidated statement of income and comprehensive income.
Allowance for Credit Losses. The allowance for credit losses, which is recorded as a reduction to loans receivable and financing receivable within 'Other assets, net' on our consolidated balance sheets, is measured using a probability of default method based on our clients' respective credit ratings, our historical experience, and the expected value of the underlying collateral upon its repossession. If we determine a financing receivable no longer shares risk characteristics with other financing receivables in the pool, we evaluate the financing receivable for expected credit losses on an individual basis. Included in our model are factors that incorporate forward-looking information. Changes in our allowance for credit losses are presented in 'Provisions for impairment' in our consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income.
The following summarizes the activity within the allowance for credit losses related to loans and financing receivable for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 (in millions):

| Loans Receivable |  | Financing Receivable |  | Total
Allowance for credit losses at December 31, 2023 | $ | 2.5 |  | $ | 2.4 |  | $ | 4.9
Provision for credit losses (1) | 4.5 |  | 69.8 |  | 74.3
Initial allowance for PCD assets (2) | 1.8 |  | — |  |  | 1.8
Write-offs (3) | (1.8) |  | — |  |  | (1.8)
Foreign currency remeasurement | 0.4 |  | — |  |  | 0.4
Allowance for credit losses at September 30, 2024 | $ | 7.4 |  | $ | 72.2 |  | $ | 79.6

(1) During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, provisions for credit losses on loans receivable were primarily attributable to loans acquired during 2024. The increase in provision for credit losses on financing receivables is primarily due to a client in the convenience store industry that has defaulted on their lease payments and was fully reserved for as of September 30, 2024.
(2) Includes the recognition of an initial expected credit loss of $1.8 million for a purchased credit deteriorated ("PCD") loan we acquired in conjunction with our merger with Spirit.
(3) Includes a reduction due to the sale of a PCD loan in September 2024.
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Merger, Transaction, and Other Costs.
Merger, transaction, and other costs include (i) merger-related transaction costs, primarily consisting of employee severance, post-combination share-based compensation, transfer taxes, and various professional fees directly attributable to a merger, (ii) organization costs for potential strategic ventures and business lines, (iii) corporate facilities lease termination costs, and (iv) other costs that do not align with the ongoing operations of our business. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we incurred $8.6 million and $105.5 million, respectively, of merger, transaction, and other costs consisting primarily of $2.9 million and $99.8 million, respectively, of transaction and integration-related costs related to Spirit and $5.1 million for each of the respective periods related to the lease termination of a legacy corporate facility.
Recent Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted.
In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-09, Income Taxes, to enhance income tax disclosures, provide more information about tax risks and opportunities present in worldwide operations, and to disaggregate existing income tax disclosures. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 on a prospective basis, with the option to apply the standard retrospectively. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact on our financial statement disclosures.
In November 2023, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting, establishing improvements to reportable segments disclosures to enhance segment reporting under Topic 280. This ASU aims to change how public entities identify and aggregate operating segments and apply quantitative thresholds to determine their reportable segments. This ASU also requires public entities that operate as a single reportable segment to provide all segment disclosures in Topic 280, not just entity level disclosures. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and the amendments should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented in the financial statements. We are currently evaluating the impact on our financial statement disclosures.
2. Merger with Spirit Realty Capital, Inc.
On October 29, 2023, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (as amended, or the “Merger Agreement”) with Saints MD Subsidiary, Inc., (“Merger Sub”) a Maryland corporation and direct wholly owned subsidiary of Realty Income and Spirit, a Maryland corporation.
On January 23, 2024, we completed our merger with Spirit. Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions of the Merger Agreement, Spirit merged with and into Merger Sub, with Merger Sub continuing as the surviving corporation (the “Merger”). At the effective time of the Merger (the “Effective Time”), (i) each outstanding share of Spirit common stock, par value $0.05 per share, automatically converted into 0.762 (the “Exchange Ratio”) of a newly issued share of our common stock, subject to adjustments as set forth in the Merger Agreement, and cash in lieu of fractional shares, and (ii) each outstanding share of Spirit’s 6.000% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, converted into the right to receive one share of newly issued Realty Income 6.000% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (“Realty Income Series A preferred stock”), having substantially the same terms as the Spirit Series A Preferred Stock. Immediately prior to the Effective Time, each award of outstanding restricted Spirit common stock and Spirit performance share award was cancelled and converted into Realty Income common stock, using the Exchange Ratio. For more details, see note 16, Series A Preferred Stock.
The primary reason for the merger was to expand our size, scale and diversification, in order to further position us as the real estate partner of choice for large net lease transactions.
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Our merger with Spirit has been accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations, with Realty Income as the accounting acquirer, which requires, among other things, that the assets acquired, and liabilities assumed be recognized at their acquisition date fair value. The fair value of the consideration transferred on the date of the acquisition is as follows (in thousands, except share and per share data):

Shares of Spirit common stock exchanged (1) |  | 142,136,567 |
Exchange Ratio |  | 0.762
Shares of Realty Income common stock issued |  | 108,308,064
Opening price of Realty Income common stock on January 23, 2024 |  | $ | 55.80 |
Fair value of Realty Income common stock issued to the former holders of Spirit common stock |  | $ | 6,043,590 |
Shares of Realty Income Series A preferred stock issued in exchange for Spirit Series A preferred stock |  | 6,900,000 |
Opening price of Realty Income Series A preferred stock on January 23, 2024 |  | $ | 24.26 |
Fair value of Realty Income Series A preferred stock issued to the former holders of Spirit Series A preferred stock |  | $ | 167,394 |
Cash paid for fractional shares |  | $ | 51 |
Less: Fair value of Spirit restricted stock and performance awards attributable to post-combination costs (2) |  | $ | (24,751) |
Consideration transferred |  | $ | 6,186,284 |

(1) Includes 142,136,567 shares of Spirit common stock outstanding as of January 23, 2024, which were converted into Realty Income common stock at the Effective Time at an Exchange Ratio of 0.762 per share of Spirit common stock. The portion of the converted unvested Spirit Restricted Stock Awards related to post-combination expense is removed in footnote (2) below.
(2) Represents the fair value of fully vested Spirit restricted stock and performance share awards that were accelerated and converted into Realty Income common stock at the Effective Time, reflecting the value attributable to post-combination services. Spirit restricted stock and performance share awards are included in Spirit's outstanding common stock as of the merger date. The fair value attributable to pre-combination services was $41.7 million and is included in the consideration transferred above.
A. Preliminary Purchase Price Allocation
The following table summarizes the preliminary estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition (in thousands):

|  | At Acquisition Date As Reported March 31, 2024 |  | Measurement Period Adjustments |  | At Acquisition Date As Reported September 30, 2024
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  | $ | 1,853,895 |  |  | $ | 3,247 |  |  | $ | 1,857,142 |
Buildings and improvements |  | 4,859,162 |  |  | 90,314 |  |  | 4,949,476 |
Total real estate held for investment |  | 6,713,057 |  |  | 93,561 |  |  | 6,806,618 |
Real estate and lease intangibles held for sale |  | 35,650 |  |  | (1,583) |  |  | 34,067 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 93,683 |  |  | — |  |  | 93,683 |
Accounts receivable |  | 12,959 |  |  | (145) |  |  | 12,814 |
Lease intangible assets (1) |  | 2,214,615 |  |  | (32,804) |  |  | 2,181,811 |
Goodwill |  | 1,259,864 |  |  | (59,143) |  |  | 1,200,721 |
Other assets (2) |  | 174,672 |  |  | (1,881) |  |  | 172,791 |
Total assets acquired |  | $ | 10,504,500 |  |  | $ | (1,995) |  |  | $ | 10,502,505 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses |  | $ | 56,407 |  |  | $ | (1,934) |  |  | $ | 54,473 |
Lease intangible liabilities (3) |  | 378,369 |  |  | (203) |  |  | 378,166 |
Other liabilities |  | 101,954 |  |  | 142 |  |  | 102,096 |
Term loans |  | 1,300,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,300,000 |
Notes payable |  | 2,481,486 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,481,486 |
Total liabilities assumed |  | $ | 4,318,216 |  |  | $ | (1,995) |  |  | $ | 4,316,221 |
Net assets acquired, at fair value |  | $ | 6,186,284 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,186,284 |
Total purchase price |  | $ | 6,186,284 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,186,284 |

(1) The weighted average amortization period for acquired lease intangible assets is 10.8 years.
(2) Includes $53.9 million of gross contractual loans receivable, the fair value of which was $47.1 million, and we expect to collect substantially all of the loans receivable as of the acquisition date.
(3) The weighted average amortization period for acquired lease intangible liabilities is 8.2 years.
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The assessment of fair value is considered preliminary and is based on a valuation prepared by the Company with assistance of a third-party valuation specialist. We are in the process of finalizing our review of the inputs used in the valuation to ensure accuracy and procedures are performed within our policy. Accordingly, certain tangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, the valuation of intangible assets acquired, loss contingencies, and goodwill are subject to change. We expect to complete our purchase accounting assessment in the fourth quarter of 2024.
Measurement period adjustments are recorded in the period in which they are determined, as if they had been completed at the acquisition date. The measurement period adjustments recorded in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 resulted from updated valuations related to real estate assets and liabilities, in addition to loans receivable. The adjustments were determined based on additional information that existed at the acquisition date but was not contemplated in our initial fair value assessment and resulted in a decrease to goodwill of $59.1 million.
A preliminary estimate of approximately $1.20 billion has been allocated to goodwill. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The recognized goodwill is attributable to expected synergies and benefits arising from the merger transaction, including anticipated financing and corporate overhead cost savings. None of the goodwill recognized is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
B. Merger, transaction, and other costs
In conjunction with our merger with Spirit, we incurred $2.9 million and $99.8 million of merger-related transaction costs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, primarily consisting of employee severance, post-combination share-based compensation, transfer taxes, and various professional fees directly attributable to the Merger.
C. Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Information
The following unaudited pro forma information presents a summary of our combined results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, as if our merger with Spirit had occurred on January 1, 2023 (in millions, except per share data). The following pro forma financial information is not necessarily indicative of the results of operations had the acquisition been effected on the assumed date, nor is it necessarily an indication of trends in future results for a number of reasons, including, but not limited to, differences between the assumptions used to prepare the pro forma information, basic shares outstanding and dilutive equivalents, cost savings from operating efficiencies, potential synergies, and the impact of incremental costs incurred in integrating the businesses.

|  |  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
|  |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
Total revenues |  |  | $ | 1,239.3 |  |  | $ | 3,978.8 |  |  | $ | 3,595.3 |  |  |
Net income |  |  | $ | 250.5 |  |  | $ | 759.4 |  |  | $ | 673.3 |  |  |
Basic and diluted earnings per share |  |  | $ | 0.31 |  |  | $ | 0.88 |  |  | $ | 0.85 |  |  |

Our consolidated results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 include $202.8 million and $563.8 million of revenues, respectively, and $40.2 million and $96.0 million of net income, respectively, associated with the results of operations of Spirit from the merger closing date of January 23, 2024 to September 30, 2024.
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3. Supplemental Detail for Certain Components of Consolidated Balance Sheets (in thousands):

A. | Accounts receivable, net, consist of the following at: | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| Straight-line rent receivables, net | $ | 662,569 |  |  | $ | 516,692 |
| Client receivables, net | 172,759 |  |  | 193,844 |
|  | $ | 835,328 |  |  | $ | 710,536 |

B. | Lease intangible assets, net, consist of the following at: | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| In-place leases | $ | 7,393,345 |  |  | $ | 5,500,404 |
| Above-market leases | 2,225,473 |  |  | 1,811,400 |
| Accumulated amortization of in-place leases | (2,318,087) |  |  | (1,746,377) |
| Accumulated amortization of above-market leases | (702,732) |  |  | (549,319) |
| Other items | 2,059 |  |  | 1,799 |
|  | $ | 6,600,058 |  |  | $ | 5,017,907 |

C. | Other assets, net, consist of the following at: | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| Financing receivables, net | $ | 1,500,862 |  |  | $ | 1,570,943 |
| Right of use asset - financing leases, net | 671,831 |  |  | 706,837 |
| Right of use asset - operating leases, net | 624,939 |  |  | 594,712 |
| Loan receivable, net | 622,593 |  |  | 205,339 |
| Prepaid expenses | 58,520 |  |  | 33,252 |
| Value-added tax receivable | 49,412 |  |  | 100,672 |
| Non-refundable escrow deposits | 38,750 |  |  | 200 |
| Restricted escrow deposits | 37,317 |  |  | 6,247 |
| Interest receivable | 25,712 |  |  | 6,139 |
| Derivative assets and receivables - at fair value | 15,524 |  |  | 21,170 |
| Impounds related to mortgages payable | 13,604 |  |  | 53,005 |
| Corporate assets, net | 12,576 |  |  | 12,948 |
| Credit facility origination costs, net | 8,564 |  |  | 12,264 |
| Investment in sales type lease | 6,120 |  |  | 6,056 |
| Other items | 49,849 |  |  | 38,859 |
|  | $ | 3,736,173 |  |  | $ | 3,368,643 |

D. | Accounts payable and accrued expenses consist of the following at: | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| Notes payable - interest payable | $ | 245,089 |  |  | $ | 218,811 |
| Derivative liabilities and payables - at fair value | 158,024 |  |  | 119,620 |
| Property taxes payable | 104,752 |  |  | 78,809 |
| Accrued costs on properties under development | 78,833 |  |  | 65,967 |
| Accrued income taxes | 77,287 |  |  | 61,070 |
| Accrued property expenses | 63,912 |  |  | 54,208 |
| Value-added tax payable | 55,676 |  |  | 64,885 |
| Accrued merger-related costs | 18,786 |  |  | 4,551 |
| Mortgages, term loans, and credit line - interest payable | 4,239 |  |  | 8,580 |
| Other items | 73,524 |  |  | 62,025 |
|  | $ | 880,122 |  |  | $ | 738,526 |

E. | Lease intangible liabilities, net, consist of the following at: | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| Below-market leases | $ | 2,120,722 |  |  | $ | 1,728,027 |
| Accumulated amortization of below-market leases | (444,173) |  |  | (321,174) |
|  | $ | 1,676,549 |  |  | $ | 1,406,853 |

F. | Other liabilities consist of the following at: | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| Lease liability - operating leases | $ | 458,545 |  |  | $ | 425,213 |
| Rent received in advance and other deferred revenue | 317,206 |  |  | 312,195 |
| Lease liability - financing leases | 55,262 |  |  | 44,345 |
| Security deposits | 31,008 |  |  | 28,250 |
| Other acquisition liabilities | 1,662 |  |  | 1,647 |
|  | $ | 863,683 |  |  | $ | 811,650 |

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4. Investments in Real Estate
A. Acquisitions of Real Estate
Below is a summary of our acquisitions for the nine months ended September 30, 2024:

| Number of Properties |  | Leasable Square Feet (in thousands) |  | Investment ($ in millions) |  | Weighted Average Lease Term (Years) |  | Initial Weighted Average Cash Lease Yield (1)
Acquisitions - U.S. | 87 |  |  | 2,370 |  |  | $ | 414.3 |  |  | 13.4 |  | 7.5 | %
Acquisitions - Europe | 29 |  |  | 2,457 |  |  | 744.4 |  |  | 6.8 |  | 7.8 | %
Total acquisitions | 116 |  |  | 4,827 |  |  | $ | 1,158.7 |  |  | 9.1 |  | 7.7 | %
Properties under development (2) | 182 |  |  | 6,306 |  |  | 548.9 |  |  | 15.6 |  | 7.4 | %
Total (3) | 298 |  |  | 11,133 |  |  | $ | 1,707.6 |  |  | 11.1 |  | 7.6 | %

(1)The initial weighted average cash lease yield for a property is generally computed as estimated contractual first year cash net operating income, which, in the case of a net leased property, is equal to the aggregate cash base rent for the first full year of each lease, divided by the total cost of the property. Since it is possible that a client could default on the payment of contractual rent (defined as the monthly aggregate cash amount charged to clients, inclusive of monthly base rent receivables), we cannot provide assurance that the actual return on the funds invested will remain at the percentages listed above. Contractual net operating income used in the calculation of initial weighted average cash lease yield includes approximately $1.2 million received as settlement credits as reimbursement of free rent periods for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
In the case of a property under development or expansion, the contractual lease rate is generally fixed such that rent varies based on the actual total investment in order to provide a fixed rate of return. When the lease does not provide for a fixed rate of return on a property under development or expansion, the initial weighted average cash lease yield is computed as follows: estimated cash net operating income (determined by the lease) for the first full year of each lease, divided by our projected total investment in the property, including land, construction and capitalized interest costs.
(2)Includes £50.6 million of Sterling-denominated investments, and €38.9 million of Euro-denominated investments, converted at the applicable exchange rates on the funding dates.
(3)Our clients occupying the new properties are 84.9% retail and 15.1% industrial based on net operating income. Approximately 28% of the net operating income generated from acquisitions during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was from investment grade rated clients, their subsidiaries, or affiliated companies at the date of acquisition.
The aggregate purchase price of the assets acquired during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 has been allocated as follows (in millions):

| Acquisitions - USD |  | Acquisitions - Sterling |  | Acquisitions - Euro
Land | $ | 117.1 |  |  | £ | 134.2 |  |  | € | 15.5 |
Buildings and improvements | 413.1 |  |  | 302.2 |  |  | 41.6 |
Lease intangible assets (1) | 87.5 |  |  | 97.0 |  |  | 12.3 |
Other assets (2) | 13.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Lease intangible liabilities (3) | (32.5) |  |  | (5.5) |  |  | (2.5) |
| $ | 599.0 |  |  | £ | 527.9 |  |  | € | 66.9 |

(1)The weighted average amortization period for acquired lease intangible assets is 8.8 years.
(2)USD-denominated other assets consist entirely of financing receivables with above-market terms.
(3)The weighted average amortization period for acquired lease intangible liabilities is 10.6 years.
The aggregate purchase price of the assets acquired during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 included contingent consideration obligations related to leasing activities for a multi-tenant property acquired. At September 30, 2024, we had accrued $15.7 million for remaining amounts deemed probable and estimable.
The properties acquired during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 generated total revenue and net income of $34.2 million and $10.8 million, respectively.
B. Investments in Existing Properties
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we capitalized costs of $84.7 million on existing properties in our portfolio, consisting of $78.6 million for non-recurring building improvements, $5.9 million for re-leasing costs, and $0.2 million for recurring capital expenditures. In comparison, during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we capitalized costs of $43.6 million on existing properties in our portfolio, consisting of $36.5 million for non-recurring building improvements, $6.9 million for re-leasing costs, and $0.2 million for recurring capital expenditures.
C. Properties with Existing Leases
The value of the in-place and above-market leases is recorded to 'Lease intangible assets, net' on our consolidated balance sheets, and the value of the below-market leases is recorded to 'Lease intangible liabilities, net' on our consolidated balance sheets.
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The values of the in-place leases are amortized as depreciation and amortization expense. The amounts amortized to expense for all of our in-place leases, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023 were $652.8 million and $489.2 million, respectively.
The values of the above-market and below-market leases are amortized over the term of the respective leases, including any bargain renewal options, as an adjustment to rental revenue in our consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. The amounts amortized as a net decrease to rental revenue for capitalized above-market and below-market leases for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023 were $26.1 million and $48.6 million, respectively. If a lease was to be terminated prior to its stated expiration, all unamortized amounts relating to that lease would be recorded to revenue or expense, as appropriate.
The following table presents the estimated impact during the next five years and thereafter related to the amortization of the above-market and below-market lease intangibles and the amortization of the in-place lease intangibles at September 30, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

| Net increase (decrease) to rental revenue |  | Increase to amortization expense
2024 | $ | (9,108) |  |  | $ | 211,751 |
2025 | (34,482) |  |  | 781,553 |
2026 | (37,215) |  |  | 685,034 |
2027 | (38,012) |  |  | 586,735 |
2028 | (30,989) |  |  | 497,501 |
Thereafter | 303,614 |  |  | 2,312,684 |
Totals | $ | 153,808 |  |  | $ | 5,075,258 |

D. Gain on Sales of Real Estate
The following table summarizes our properties sold during the periods indicated below (dollars in millions):

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
Number of properties | 92 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 214 |  |  | 79 |  |  |
Net sales proceeds | $ | 249.5 |  |  | $ | 32.3 |  |  | $ | 451.4 |  |  | $ | 92.8 |  |  |
Gain on sales of real estate | $ | 50.6 |  |  | $ | 7.6 |  |  | $ | 92.3 |  |  | $ | 19.7 |  |  |

5. Investments in Unconsolidated Entities
The following is a summary of our investments in unconsolidated entities as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

| Ownership % |  | Number of Properties |  | Carrying Amount (1) of Investment as of
Investment | As of September 30, 2024 |  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Bellagio Las Vegas Joint Venture - Common Equity Interest | 21.9% |  | 1 |  | $ | 278,944 |  |  | $ | 296,097 |
Bellagio Las Vegas Joint Venture - Preferred Equity Interest | n/a |  | n/a |  | 650,000 |  |  | 650,000 |
Data Center Joint Venture | 80.0% |  | 2 |  | 296,030 |  |  | 226,021 |
Total investment in unconsolidated entities |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,224,974 |  |  | $ | 1,172,118 |

(1) The total carrying amount of the investments was greater than the underlying equity in net assets (i.e., basis difference) by $7.7 million as of September 30, 2024. The basis difference is primarily attributable to capitalized interest for the data center joint venture development funding.
A. Bellagio Las Vegas Joint Venture Interests
The joint venture we formed with Blackstone Real Estate Income Trust owns a 95.0% interest in the real estate of The Bellagio Las Vegas. We made an initial investment in October 2023, including $301.4 million of common equity for an indirect interest of 21.9% in the property and a $650.0 million preferred equity interest. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recognized interest income of $39.5 million for 8.1% preferential cumulative distributions within 'Other' revenue in our consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. The unconsolidated entity had total debt outstanding of $3.0 billion as of September 30, 2024, all of which was non-recourse to us with limited customary exceptions.
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B. Data Center Joint Venture
We own an 80.0% equity interest in the joint venture that we formed with Digital Realty Trust. As we do not control this VOE, we account for it under the equity method. This joint venture owns and operates two data centers. Our maximum exposure to loss associated with this joint venture is limited to our equity investment and our pro rata share of the remaining $35.4 million of estimated development costs for the first phase of the project.
6. Investments in Loans
The following table presents information about our loans as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

|  |  |  | September 30, 2024
|  | Maturity Date |  | Amortized Cost |  | Allowance |  | Carrying Amount (1)
Senior Secured Notes Receivable |  | October 2029 - May 2030 |  | $ | 586,414 |  |  | $ | (6,476) |  |  | $ | 579,938 |
Mortgage Loans |  | September 2038 |  | 33,500 |  |  | — |  |  | 33,500 |
Unsecured Loan |  | December 2026 |  | 10,053 |  |  | (898) |  |  | 9,155 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 629,967 |  |  | $ | (7,374) |  |  | $ | 622,593 |
|  |  |  | December 31, 2023
|  | Maturity Date |  | Amortized Cost |  | Allowance |  | Carrying Amount (1)
Senior Secured Note Receivable |  | October 2029 |  | $ | 174,337 |  |  | $ | (2,498) |  |  | $ | 171,839 |
Mortgage Loan |  | September 2038 |  | 33,500 |  |  | — |  |  | 33,500 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 207,837 |  |  | $ | (2,498) |  |  | $ | 205,339 |

(1) The total carrying amount of the investment in loans excludes accrued interest of $23.5 million and $3.4 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, which is recorded to 'Other assets, net' on our consolidated balance sheets.
A. Senior Secured Notes Receivable
In May 2024, we acquired a GBP-denominated senior secured note, maturing in May 2030, with a principal amount of £300.0 million, equivalent to $402.1 million as of September 30, 2024. The interest only note bears interest at a fixed rate of 8.125% and is callable at par beginning in May 2026.
In September 2024, our interest in a loan with a carrying amount of $5.3 million, which was acquired in conjunction with our merger with Spirit, was transferred to a third-party buyer. As a result of this transfer, we recorded a loss of $1.5 million, presented in 'Other income, net' in our consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income.
7. Revolving Credit Facility and Commercial Paper Programs
A. Credit Facility
We have a $4.25 billion unsecured revolving multi-currency credit facility that matures in June 2026, includes two six-month extensions that can be exercised at our option, and allows us to borrow in up to 14 currencies, including USD. Our revolving credit facility also has a $1.0 billion expansion option, which is subject to obtaining lender commitments. Under our revolving credit facility, our investment grade credit ratings at September 30, 2024 provide for USD borrowings at Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"), plus 0.725% with a SOFR adjustment charge of 0.10% and a revolving credit facility fee of 0.125%, for all-in pricing of 0.95% over SOFR, GBP at the Sterling Overnight Indexed Average (“SONIA”), plus 0.725% with a SONIA adjustment charge of 0.0326% and a revolving credit facility fee of 0.125%, for all-in pricing of 0.8826% over SONIA, and Euro ("EUR") borrowings at one-month Euro Interbank Offered Rate (“EURIBOR”), plus 0.725%, and a revolving credit facility fee of 0.125%, for all-in pricing of 0.85% over one-month EURIBOR.
As of September 30, 2024, we had a borrowing capacity of $3.82 billion available on our revolving credit facility (subject to customary conditions to borrowing) and an outstanding balance of $0.4 billion, including £0.3 billion GBP and €6.0 million EUR borrowings. There was no outstanding balance at December 31, 2023.
The weighted average interest rate on outstanding borrowings under our revolving credit facility was 5.4% and 4.8% during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023, respectively. At September 30, 2024, our weighted average interest rate on borrowings outstanding under our revolving credit facility was 5.7%. Our revolving credit facility is subject to various leverage and interest coverage ratio limitations, and at September 30, 2024, we were in compliance with the covenants under our revolving credit facility.
As of September 30, 2024, credit facility origination costs of $8.6 million are included in 'Other assets, net', as compared to $12.3 million at December 31, 2023, on our consolidated balance sheets. These costs are being amortized over the remaining term of our revolving credit facility.
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B. Commercial Paper Programs
We have a USD-denominated unsecured commercial paper program, under which we may issue unsecured commercial paper notes up to a maximum aggregate amount outstanding of $1.5 billion, as well as a EUR-denominated unsecured commercial paper program, which permits us to issue additional unsecured commercial notes up to a maximum aggregate amount of $1.5 billion (or foreign currency equivalent). Our EUR-denominated unsecured commercial paper program may be issued in USD or various foreign currencies, including but not limited to, EUR, GBP, Swiss Francs, Yen, Canadian Dollars, and Australian Dollars, in each case, pursuant to customary terms in the European commercial paper market.
The commercial paper ranks pari passu in right of payment with all of our other unsecured senior indebtedness outstanding, exclusive of unexchanged VEREIT, Inc. (“VEREIT”) and Spirit bonds, including borrowings under our revolving credit facility, our term loans and our outstanding senior unsecured notes (and is structurally subordinated to all our subsidiary debt). Proceeds from commercial paper borrowings are used for general corporate purposes.
As of September 30, 2024, we have no outstanding borrowings under our commercial paper programs, as compared to $764.4 million outstanding commercial paper borrowings, including €583.0 million of EUR borrowings, at December 31, 2023. The weighted average interest rate on outstanding borrowings under our commercial paper programs was 4.6% and 4.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023, respectively. We use our $4.25 billion revolving credit facility as a liquidity backstop for the repayment of the notes issued under the commercial paper programs. The commercial paper borrowings generally carry a term of less than a year.
We review our credit facility and commercial paper programs and may seek to extend, renew, or replace our credit facility and commercial paper programs, to the extent we deem appropriate.
8. Term Loans
In January 2024, in connection with our merger with Spirit, we entered into an amended and restated term loan agreement (which replaced Spirit's then-existing term loans with various lenders). The amended and restated term loan agreements are fixed through interest rate swaps at a weighted average interest rate of 3.9%. Pursuant to the amended and restated term loan agreement, we borrowed $800.0 million in aggregate total borrowings, $300.0 million of which matures in August 2025 and $500.0 million of which matures in August 2027 (the “$800 million term loan agreement”). We also entered into an amended and restated term loan agreement pursuant to which we borrowed $500.0 million in aggregate total borrowings which matures in June 2025 (the “$500 million term loan agreement”).
In January 2023, we entered into our 2023 term loan agreement, which allows us to incur up to an aggregate of $1.5 billion in multi-currency borrowings. As of September 30, 2024, we had $1.1 billion in multi-currency borrowings, including $90.0 million, £705.0 million, and €85.0 million in outstanding borrowings. The 2023 term loans mature in January 2025, with one remaining twelve-month maturity extension available at our option. Our A3/A- credit ratings provide for a borrowing rate of 80 basis points over the applicable benchmark rate, which includes adjusted SOFR for USD-denominated loans, adjusted SONIA for GBP-denominated loans, and EURIBOR for EUR-denominated loans. In January 2024, we entered into interest rate swaps which fix our per annum interest rate at 4.9% until January 2026, which is the term loan maturity date if our remaining extension option is exercised.
Deferred financing costs were $1.4 million at September 30, 2024 and are included net of the term loans principal balance, as compared to $0.1 million related to our 2023 term loans at December 31, 2023, on our consolidated balance sheets. These costs are being amortized over the remaining term of the term loans. As of September 30, 2024, we were in compliance with the covenants contained in the term loans.
9. Mortgages Payable
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we made $626.3 million in principal payments, including the full repayment of three mortgages for $622.7 million. No mortgages were assumed during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Assumed mortgages are secured by the properties on which the debt was placed and are considered non-recourse debt with limited customary exceptions which vary from loan to loan.
Our mortgages contain customary covenants, such as limiting our ability to further mortgage each applicable property or to discontinue insurance coverage without the prior consent of the lender. At September 30, 2024, we were in compliance with these covenants.
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The following table summarizes our mortgages payable as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

As Of | Number of Properties (1) |  | Weighted Average Stated Interest Rate (2) |  | Weighted Average Effective Interest Rate (3) |  | Weighted Average Remaining Years Until Maturity |  | Remaining Principal Balance |  | Unamortized Premium (Discount) and Deferred Financing Costs Balance, net |  | Mortgage Payable Balance
September 30, 2024 | 48 |  | 4.3 | % |  | 4.6 | % |  | 0.8 |  | $ | 198.1 |  |  | $ | (0.6) |  |  | $ | 197.5 |
December 31, 2023 | 131 |  | 4.8 | % |  | 3.3 | % |  | 0.4 |  | $ | 822.4 |  |  | $ | (0.8) |  |  | $ | 821.6 |

(1)At September 30, 2024, there were 13 mortgages on 48 properties and at December 31, 2023, there were 16 mortgages on 131 properties. With the exception of one GBP-denominated mortgage which is paid quarterly, the mortgages require monthly payments with principal payments due at maturity. At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, all mortgages were at fixed interest rates.
(2) Stated interest rates ranged from 3.0% to 6.9% at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
(3) Effective interest rates ranged from 2.8% to 6.8% and 0.5% to 6.6% at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
The following table summarizes the maturity of mortgages payable as of September 30, 2024, excluding $0.6 million related to unamortized net discounts and deferred financing costs (dollars in millions):

Year of Maturity |  | Principal
2024 |  | $ | 114.2
2025 |  | 46.0
2026 |  | 12.0
2027 |  | 22.3
2028 |  | 1.3
Thereafter |  | 2.3
Totals |  | $ | 198.1

10. Notes Payable
A. General
At September 30, 2024, our senior unsecured notes and bonds are USD-denominated, GBP-denominated, and EUR-denominated. Foreign-denominated notes are converted at the applicable exchange rate on the balance sheet date. The carrying value within the table below includes a portion of certain outstanding notes that have been assumed in both current and historical mergers that were not exchanged for new notes issued by Realty Income. We expect to fund the next twelve months of obligations through a combination of the following: (i) cash and cash equivalents, (ii) future cash flows from operations, (iii) issuances of common stock, debt, or other securities offerings, (iv) additional borrowings under our revolving credit facility, (v) short term loans, and (vi) asset dispositions and/or credit investment repayments. The following are sorted by maturity date (in thousands):

|  | Maturity Dates |  | Principal (Currency Denomination) |  | Carrying Value (USD) as of
|  |  |  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
4.600% Notes due 2024 |  | February 6, 2024 |  | $ | 499,999 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 499,999 |
3.875% Notes due 2024 |  | July 15, 2024 |  | $ | 350,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 350,000 |
3.875% Notes due 2025 |  | April 15, 2025 |  | $ | 500,000 |  |  | 500,000 |  |  | 500,000 |
4.625% Notes due 2025 |  | November 1, 2025 |  | $ | 549,997 |  |  | 549,997 |  |  | 549,997 |
5.050% Notes due 2026 |  | January 13, 2026 |  | $ | 500,000 |  |  | 500,000 |  |  | 500,000 |
0.750% Notes due 2026 |  | March 15, 2026 |  | $ | 325,000 |  |  | 325,000 |  |  | 325,000 |
4.875% Notes due 2026 |  | June 1, 2026 |  | $ | 599,997 |  |  | 599,997 |  |  | 599,997 |
4.450% Notes due 2026 (1) |  | September 15, 2026 |  | $ | 299,968 |  |  | 299,968 |  |  | — |
4.125% Notes due 2026 |  | October 15, 2026 |  | $ | 650,000 |  |  | 650,000 |  |  | 650,000 |
1.875% Notes due 2027 (2) |  | January 14, 2027 |  | £ | 250,000 |  |  | 335,075 |  |  | 318,450 |
3.000% Notes due 2027 |  | January 15, 2027 |  | $ | 600,000 |  |  | 600,000 |  |  | 600,000 |
3.200% Notes due 2027 (1) |  | January 15, 2027 |  | $ | 299,984 |  |  | 299,984 |  |  | — |
1.125% Notes due 2027 (2) |  | July 13, 2027 |  | £ | 400,000 |  |  | 536,120 |  |  | 509,520 |
3.950% Notes due 2027 |  | August 15, 2027 |  | $ | 599,873 |  |  | 599,873 |  |  | 599,873 |
3.650% Notes due 2028 |  | January 15, 2028 |  | $ | 550,000 |  |  | 550,000 |  |  | 550,000 |

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|  | Maturity Dates |  | Principal (Currency Denomination) |  | Carrying Value (USD) as of
|  |  |  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
3.400% Notes due 2028 |  | January 15, 2028 |  | $ | 599,816 |  |  | 599,816 |  |  | 599,816 |
2.100% Notes due 2028 (1) |  | March 15, 2028 |  | $ | 449,994 |  |  | 449,994 |  |  | — |
2.200% Notes due 2028 |  | June 15, 2028 |  | $ | 499,959 |  |  | 499,959 |  |  | 499,959 |
4.700% Notes due 2028 |  | December 15, 2028 |  | $ | 400,000 |  |  | 400,000 |  |  | 400,000 |
4.750% Notes due 2029 |  | February 15, 2029 |  | $ | 450,000 |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | — |
3.250% Notes due 2029 |  | June 15, 2029 |  | $ | 500,000 |  |  | 500,000 |  |  | 500,000 |
4.000% Notes due 2029 (1) |  | July 15, 2029 |  | $ | 399,999 |  |  | 399,999 |  |  | — |
5.000% Notes due 2029 (2) |  | October 15, 2029 |  | £ | 350,000 |  |  | 469,105 |  |  | — |
3.100% Notes due 2029 |  | December 15, 2029 |  | $ | 599,291 |  |  | 599,291 |  |  | 599,291 |
3.400% Notes due 2030 (1) |  | January 15, 2030 |  | $ | 500,000 |  |  | 500,000 |  |  | — |
4.850% Notes due 2030 |  | March 15, 2030 |  | $ | 600,000 |  |  | 600,000 |  |  | 600,000 |
3.160% Notes due 2030 |  | June 30, 2030 |  | £ | 140,000 |  |  | 187,642 |  |  | 178,332 |
4.875% Notes due 2030 (2) |  | July 6, 2030 |  | € | 550,000 |  |  | 613,415 |  |  | 607,915 |
1.625% Notes due 2030 (2) |  | December 15, 2030 |  | £ | 400,000 |  |  | 536,120 |  |  | 509,520 |
3.250% Notes due 2031 |  | January 15, 2031 |  | $ | 950,000 |  |  | 950,000 |  |  | 950,000 |
3.200% Notes due 2031 (1) |  | February 15, 2031 |  | $ | 449,995 |  |  | 449,995 |  |  | — |
5.750% Notes due 2031 (2) |  | December 5, 2031 |  | £ | 300,000 |  |  | 402,090 |  |  | 382,140 |
2.700% Notes due 2032 (1) |  | February 15, 2032 |  | $ | 350,000 |  |  | 350,000 |  |  | — |
3.180% Notes due 2032 |  | June 30, 2032 |  | £ | 345,000 |  |  | 462,404 |  |  | 439,461 |
5.625% Notes due 2032 |  | October 13, 2032 |  | $ | 750,000 |  |  | 750,000 |  |  | 750,000 |
2.850% Notes due 2032 |  | December 15, 2032 |  | $ | 699,655 |  |  | 699,655 |  |  | 699,655 |
1.800% Notes due 2033 |  | March 15, 2033 |  | $ | 400,000 |  |  | 400,000 |  |  | 400,000 |
1.750% Notes due 2033 (2) |  | July 13, 2033 |  | £ | 350,000 |  |  | 469,105 |  |  | 445,830 |
4.900% Notes due 2033 |  | July 15, 2033 |  | $ | 600,000 |  |  | 600,000 |  |  | 600,000 |
5.125% Notes due 2034 |  | February 15, 2034 |  | $ | 800,000 |  |  | 800,000 |  |  | — |
2.730% Notes due 2034 |  | May 20, 2034 |  | £ | 315,000 |  |  | 422,194 |  |  | 401,247 |
5.125% Notes due 2034 (2) |  | July 6, 2034 |  | € | 550,000 |  |  | 613,415 |  |  | 607,915 |
5.875% Bonds due 2035 |  | March 15, 2035 |  | $ | 250,000 |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | 250,000 |
3.390% Notes due 2037 |  | June 30, 2037 |  | £ | 115,000 |  |  | 154,135 |  |  | 146,487 |
6.000% Notes due 2039 (2) |  | December 5, 2039 |  | £ | 450,000 |  |  | 603,135 |  |  | 573,210 |
5.250% Notes due 2041 (2) |  | September 4, 2041 |  | £ | 350,000 |  |  | 469,105 |  |  | — |
2.500% Notes due 2042 (2) |  | January 14, 2042 |  | £ | 250,000 |  |  | 335,075 |  |  | 318,450 |
4.650% Notes due 2047 |  | March 15, 2047 |  | $ | 550,000 |  |  | 550,000 |  |  | 550,000 |
5.375% Notes due 2054 |  | September 1, 2054 |  | $ | 500,000 |  |  | 500,000 |  |  | — |
Total principal amount |  | $ | 23,381,663 |  |  | $ | 18,562,064 |
Unamortized net (discounts) premiums, deferred financing costs, and cumulative basis adjustment on fair value hedges (3) |  | (289,447) |  |  | 40,255 |
|  |  |  |  |  | $ | 23,092,216 |  |  | $ | 18,602,319 |

(1) In connection with our merger with Spirit, we completed our debt exchange offer to exchange all outstanding notes issued by Spirit Realty, L.P. ("Spirit OP") on January 23, 2024 for new notes issued by Realty Income. Prior to the completion of our merger with Spirit on January 23, 2024, these notes were not the obligation of Realty Income. Additional details regarding the exchange offers are provided in the Note Exchange Offers Associated with our Merger with Spirit section below.
(2) Interest paid annually. Interest on the remaining senior unsecured notes and bond obligations included in the table is paid semi-annually.
(3) As a result of our merger with Spirit, the carrying values of the senior notes exchanged were adjusted to fair value. In conjunction with the pricing of our senior unsecured notes due January 2026, we entered into three-year, fixed-to-variable interest rate swaps, which are accounted for as fair value hedges. See note 13, Derivative Instruments for further details.
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The following table summarizes the maturity of our notes and bonds payable as of September 30, 2024, excluding unamortized net discounts, deferred financing costs, and basis adjustments on interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges (dollars in millions):

Year of Maturity |  | Principal
2024 |  | $ | — |
2025 |  | 1,050.0 |
2026 |  | 2,375.0 |
2027 |  | 2,371.1 |
2028 |  | 2,499.8 |
Thereafter |  | 15,085.8 |
Totals |  | $ | 23,381.7 |

As of September 30, 2024, the weighted average interest rate on our notes and bonds payable was 3.8%, and the weighted average remaining years until maturity was 6.9 years.
Interest incurred on all of the notes and bonds was $211.4 million and $159.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023, respectively, and $618.0 million and $434.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
Our outstanding notes and bonds are unsecured; accordingly, we have not pledged any assets as collateral for these or any other obligations.
All of these notes and bonds contain various covenants, including: (i) a limitation on incurrence of any debt which would cause our debt to total adjusted assets ratio to exceed 60%; (ii) a limitation on incurrence of any secured debt which would cause our secured debt to total adjusted assets ratio to exceed 40%; (iii) a limitation on incurrence of any debt which would cause our debt service coverage ratio to be less than 1.5 times; and (iv) the maintenance at all times of total unencumbered assets not less than 150% of our outstanding unsecured debt. At September 30, 2024, we were in compliance with these covenants.
B. Note Issuances
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we issued the following notes and bonds (in millions):

2024 Issuances |  | Date of Issuance |  | Maturity Date |  | Principal amount |  | Price of par value |  | Effective yield to maturity
4.750% Notes |  | January 2024 |  | February 2029 |  | $ | 450.0 |  |  | 99.23 | % |  | 4.923 | %
5.125% Notes |  | January 2024 |  | February 2034 |  | $ | 800.0 |  |  | 98.91 | % |  | 5.265 | %
5.375% Notes |  | August 2024 |  | September 2054 |  | $ | 500.0 |  |  | 98.37 | % |  | 5.486 | %
5.000% Notes |  | September 2024 |  | October 2029 |  | £ | 350.0 |  |  | 99.14 | % |  | 5.199 | %
5.250% Notes |  | September 2024 |  | September 2041 |  | £ | 350.0 |  |  | 96.21 | % |  | 5.601 | %

C. Note Exchange Offers Associated with our Merger with Spirit
As part of our merger with Spirit, Realty Income exchanged the following notes issued by Spirit OP, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company with notes of identical terms issued by Realty Income (in millions):

Series of Spirit Notes |  | Tenders and Consents Received as of the Expiration Date |  | Percentage of Total Outstanding Principal Amount of Such Series of Spirit Notes
4.450% Notes due September 2026 |  | $291.7 |  | 97.24%
3.200% Notes due January 2027 |  | $292.7 |  | 97.56%
2.100% Notes due March 2028 |  | $443.8 |  | 98.62%
4.000% Notes due July 2029 |  | $391.7 |  | 97.93%
3.400% Notes due January 2030 |  | $484.5 |  | 96.91%
3.200% Notes due February 2031 |  | $445.0 |  | 98.90%
2.700% Notes due February 2032 |  | $347.6 |  | 99.31%

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To induce holders of the Spirit OP notes to participate in the exchange, Realty Income offered noteholders electing to exchange their notes a cash payment equal to 10 basis points of the note principal amount held. Across the various note classes, Realty Income had a success rate of approximately 98.1% on the exchange, resulting in a cash payment of $2.7 million to participating noteholders. The exchange was accounted for as a modification of the existing Spirit OP notes assumed in our merger with Spirit. The interest rate, interest payment dates, redemption terms and maturity of each series of Realty Income notes issued by Realty Income in the exchange offers were the same as those of the corresponding series of Spirit notes exchanged. With respect to the notes originally issued by Spirit OP that remained outstanding, we amended the indenture governing such notes to, among other things, eliminate substantially all of the restrictive covenants in such indenture.
11. Noncontrolling Interests
As of September 30, 2024, we have eight entities with noncontrolling interests that we consolidate, including an operating partnership, Realty Income, L.P., and interests in consolidated property partnerships not wholly-owned by us.
The following table represents the change in the carrying value of all noncontrolling interests through September 30, 2024 (in thousands):

| Realty Income, L.P. units (1) |  | Other Noncontrolling Interests |  | Total |  |
Carrying value at December 31, 2023 | $ | 114,072 |  |  | $ | 51,430 |  |  | $ | 165,502 |  |  |
Contributions | — |  |  | 1,770 |  |  | 1,770 |  |  |
Distributions | (4,627) |  |  | (2,811) |  |  | (7,438) |  |  |
Allocation of net income | 4,287 |  |  | 544 |  |  | 4,831 |  |  |
Issuance of common partnership units (2) | 54,643 |  |  | (7,390) |  |  | 47,253 |  |  |
Carrying value at September 30, 2024 | $ | 168,375 |  |  | $ | 43,543 |  |  | $ | 211,918 |  |  |

(1) 2,681,808 and 1,795,167 units were outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
(2) In July 2024, a joint venture partner converted their interests in two consolidated property partnerships into 156,621 common partnership units in Realty Income, LP and recorded the excess over carrying value of $0.8 million as a reduction to common stock and paid in capital.
In September 2024, we completed the acquisition of 42 properties by paying cash and by issuing 730,020 common partnership units in Realty Income, LP.
At September 30, 2024, we are considered the primary beneficiary of Realty Income, L.P. and other VIEs. For further information, see note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.
12. Fair Value Measurements
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received from the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (the exit price).
ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, sets forth a fair value hierarchy that categorizes inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and lowest priority to unobservable inputs. Categorization within this hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
•Level 1 – Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities
•Level 2 – Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other market-corroborated inputs
•Level 3 – Inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement
We evaluate our hierarchy disclosures each quarter and depending on various factors, it is possible that an asset or liability may be classified differently from period to period. Changes in the type of inputs may result in a reclassification for certain assets. We have not historically had changes in classifications and do not expect that changes in classifications between levels will be frequent.
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The following tables present the carrying values and estimated fair values of financial instruments as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in millions):

|  | September 30, 2024
|  |  |  | Hierarchy Level
|  | Carrying Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans receivable |  | $ | 622.6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 628.8 |  |  | $ | 35.3 |
Derivative assets |  | 15.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 15.5 |  |  | — |
Total assets |  | $ | 638.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 644.3 |  |  | $ | 35.3 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgages payable |  | $ | 198.1 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 196.3 |
Notes and bonds payable |  | 23,381.7 |  | — |  |  | 21,480.6 |  |  | 1,023.1 |
Derivative liabilities |  | 158.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 158.0 |  |  | — |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 23,737.8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21,638.6 |  |  | $ | 1,219.4 |

|  | December 31, 2023
|  |  |  | Hierarchy Level
|  | Carrying Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans receivable |  | $ | 205.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 171.8 |  |  | $ | 33.5 |
Derivative assets |  | 21.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 21.2 |  |  | — |
Total assets |  | $ | 226.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 193.0 |  |  | $ | 33.5 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgages payable |  | $ | 822.4 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 814.5 |
Notes and bonds payable |  | 18,562.1 |  | — |  |  | 16,620.8 |  |  | 982.9 |
Derivative liabilities |  | 119.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 119.6 |  |  | — |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 19,504.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,740.4 |  |  | $ | 1,797.4 |

A. Financial Instruments Not Measured at Fair Value on our Consolidated Balance Sheets
The fair value of short-term financial instruments such as cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, escrow deposits, accounts payable, distributions payable, line of credit payable and commercial paper borrowings, and other liabilities approximate their carrying value in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, due to their short-term nature. The aggregate fair value of our term loans approximates carrying value due to the frequent repricing of the variable interest rate charged on the borrowing.
The following table reflects the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of our financial instruments not measured at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets (in millions):

|  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | Carrying value |  | Fair value |  | Carrying value |  | Fair value
Mortgages payable (1) |  | $ | 198.1 |  | $ | 196.3 |  |  | $ | 822.4 |  | $ | 814.5 |
Notes and bonds payable (1) |  | $ | 23,381.7 |  | $ | 22,503.7 |  |  | $ | 18,562.1 |  | $ | 17,603.7 |

(1) Excludes non-cash net premiums and discounts as well as deferred financing costs recorded on mortgages payable. Excludes non-cash net premiums and discounts, deferred financing costs, and the cumulative basis adjustment on fair value hedges recorded on notes payable.
The estimated fair values of our mortgages payable and private senior notes payable have been calculated by discounting the future cash flows using an interest rate based upon the relevant forward interest rate curve, plus an applicable credit-adjusted spread. Because this methodology includes unobservable inputs that reflect our own internal assumptions and calculations, the measurement of estimated fair values related to our mortgages payable and private senior notes payable are categorized as level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
The estimated fair values of our publicly-traded senior notes and bonds payable are based upon indicative market prices and recent trading activity of our senior notes and bonds payable. Because this methodology includes inputs that are less observable by the public and are not necessarily reflected in active markets, the measurement of the estimated fair values related to our notes and bonds payable is categorized as level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
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B. Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
For derivative assets and liabilities, we may utilize interest rate swaps, interest rate swaptions, and forward-starting swaps to manage interest rate risk, and cross-currency swaps, currency exchange swaps, and foreign currency forwards to manage foreign currency risk. The valuation of these instruments is determined using widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves, spot and forward rates, as well as option volatility.
Derivative fair values also include credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both our own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements. In adjusting the fair value of our derivative contracts for the effect of nonperformance risk, we have considered the impact of netting and any applicable credit enhancements, such as collateral postings, thresholds, mutual puts, and guarantees.
Although we have determined that the majority of the inputs used to value our derivatives fall within level 2 on the fair value hierarchy, the credit valuation adjustments associated with our derivatives utilize level three inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads, to evaluate the likelihood of default by ourselves and our counterparties. However, at September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, we assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of our derivative positions and determined that the credit valuation adjustments are not significant to the overall valuation of our derivatives. As a result, we determined that our derivative valuations in their entirety are classified as level 2. For more details on our derivatives, see note 13, Derivative Instruments.
C. Items Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis
Impairment of Real Estate Investments
Certain financial and nonfinancial assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis and are subject to fair value adjustments only under certain circumstances, such as when an impairment write-down occurs.
Depending on impairment triggering events during the applicable period, impairments are typically recorded for properties sold, in the process of being sold, vacant, in bankruptcy, or experiencing difficulties with collection of rent.
The following table summarizes our provisions for impairment on real estate investments during the periods indicated below (in millions):

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
Carrying value prior to impairment | $ | 133.8 |  |  | $ | 37.5 |  |  | $ | 488.7 |  |  | $ | 161.4 |  |  |
Less: total provisions for impairment of real estate (1) | (33.1) |  |  | (16.8) |  |  | (208.6) |  |  | (59.8) |  |  |
Carrying value after impairment | $ | 100.7 |  |  | $ | 20.7 |  |  | $ | 280.1 |  |  | $ | 101.6 |  |  |
Number of properties: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Classified as held for sale | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | — |  |  |
Classified as held for investment | 26 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 93 |  |  | 18 |  |  |
Sold | 24 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 66 |  |  |

(1) Real estate assets that were deemed to be impaired for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 primarily relate to two office properties which were acquired and retained in our merger with VEREIT in 2021, 23 properties leased to clients in bankruptcies, as well as certain properties that are more likely than not to be sold in the next twelve months.
The valuation of impaired assets is determined using valuation techniques including discounted cash flow analysis, analysis of recent comparable sales transactions and purchase offers received from third parties, which are level 3 inputs. We may consider a single valuation technique or multiple valuation techniques, as appropriate, when estimating the fair value of such real estate. Estimating future cash flows is highly subjective and estimates can differ materially from actual results.
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13. Derivative Instruments
In the normal course of business, our operations are exposed to economic risks from interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. We may enter into derivative financial instruments to offset these underlying economic risks.
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments - Cash Flow Hedges
We enter into foreign currency forward contracts to sell GBP and EUR and buy USD to hedge the foreign currency risk associated with interest payments on intercompany loans denominated in GBP and EUR. Forward points on the forward contracts are included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness. We also execute variable-to-fixed interest rate swaps to add stability to interest expense and to manage our exposure to interest rate movements associated with our term loans and may also enter into interest rate swaption agreements.
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments - Fair Value Hedges
Periodically, we enter into and designate fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps to manage interest rate risk by managing our mix of fixed-rate and variable-rate debt. These swaps involve the receipt of fixed-rate amounts for variable interest rate payments over the life of the swaps without exchange of the underlying principal amount. We also designate some of our cross-currency swaps as fair value hedges as we use them to hedge foreign currency risk associated with changes in spot rates on foreign-denominated debt. For these hedging instruments, we have elected to exclude the change in fair value of the cross-currency swaps related to both time value and cross-currency basis spread from the assessment of hedge effectiveness (the "excluded component"). Changes in the fair value of the cross-currency swaps attributable to these excluded components are recorded to other comprehensive income and subsequently recognized in 'Foreign currency and derivative (loss) gain, net' on a systematic and rational basis, as net cash settlements and interest accruals on the respective cross currency swaps occur, over the remaining life of the hedging instruments.
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments - Net Investment Hedges
To mitigate the foreign currency exchange rate variations associated with our investment in EUR-denominated foreign operations, we may enter into derivative instruments, such as cross-currency swaps that qualify as net investment hedges under the criteria prescribed in accordance with ASC Topic 815-20, Hedging - General. We use the spot method of assessing hedge effectiveness and apply the consistent election to the excluded component by recognizing changes in the fair value of the hedging instruments attributable to the excluded component in the same manner as described above. Any difference between the change in the fair value of the excluded components and the amounts recognized in earnings is reported in other comprehensive income as part of the foreign cumulative translation adjustment. The gain or loss on the portion of the derivative instruments included in the assessment of effectiveness is reported in other comprehensive income as part of the 'Foreign currency translation adjustment' line item, to the extent the relationship is highly effective. If our net investment changes during a reporting period, the hedge relationship will be assessed for whether a de-designation is warranted (only if the hedge notional amount is outside of prescribed tolerance). Further, certain EUR-denominated bonds and borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility and Term Loans (all as defined in notes 7 and 8, respectively) may be also designated as, and are effective as, net investment hedges. Changes in the value of such borrowings, related to changes in the spot rates, will be recorded in the same manner as foreign currency translation adjustments. As of September 30, 2024, the total principal amount of foreign currency debt obligations designated as net investment hedges was $60.1 million.
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
We enter into foreign currency exchange swap agreements to reduce the effects of currency exchange rate fluctuations between the USD, our reporting currency, and GBP and EUR. These derivative contracts generally mature within one year and are not designated as hedge instruments for accounting purposes. As the currency exchange swap is not accounted for as a hedging instrument, the change in fair value is recorded in earnings through the caption entitled 'Foreign currency and derivative (loss) gain, net' in our consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income.
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The following table summarizes the terms and fair values of our derivative financial instruments at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

Derivative Type | Number of Instruments (1) |  | Notional Amount as of | Weighted Average Strike Rate (2) | Maturity Date (3) | Fair Value - asset (liability) as of
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  |  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Interest rate swaps (4) | 12 |  | $ | 2,680.0 |  |  | $ | 1,630.0 | 3.71% | Jun 2025 - Aug 2027 | $ | 13.9 |  |  | $ | 0.3 |
Interest rate swaptions (5) | — |  | — |  |  | 1,000.0 |  | — |  | — |  |  | 2.6 |
Cross-currency swaps - Fair Value | 3 |  | 320.0 |  |  | 320.0 | (6) | Oct 2032 | (59.5) |  |  | (59.8) |
Cross-currency swaps - Net Investment | 3 |  | 280.0 |  |  | 280.0 | (7) | Oct 2032 | (52.8) |  |  | (53.2) |
Foreign currency forwards | 31 |  | 357.6 |  |  | 162.3 | (8) | Oct 2024 - Jun 2026 | (15.2) |  |  | 2.7 |
|  |  | $ | 3,637.6 |  |  | $ | 3,392.3 |  |  |  | $ | (113.6) |  |  | $ | (107.4) |
Derivatives not Designated as Hedging Instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Currency exchange swaps | 3 |  | $ | 1,251.0 |  |  | $ | 1,810.6 | (9) | Oct 2024 | $ | (28.9) |  |  | $ | 8.9 |
|  |  | $ | 1,251.0 |  |  | $ | 1,810.6 |  |  |  | $ | (28.9) |  |  | $ | 8.9 |
Total of all Derivatives | $ | 4,888.6 |  |  | $ | 5,202.9 |  |  |  | $ | (142.5) |  |  | $ | (98.5) |

(1)This column represents the number of instruments outstanding as of September 30, 2024.
(2)Weighted average strike rate is calculated using the notional value as of September 30, 2024.
(3)This column represents maturity dates for instruments outstanding as of September 30, 2024.
(4)During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we entered into five variable-to-fixed interest rate swaps when we extended maturity of the 2023 term loans and designated them as cash flow hedges. We also designated five variable-to-fixed interest rate swaps we acquired from Spirit as cash flow hedges to mitigate the interest rate risk associated with the term loans we assumed in conjunction with our merger with Spirit. The acquisition date fair value of these derivatives was $35.1 million in total and will be reclassified from AOCI to interest expense over the remaining life of the term loans.
(5)There were six interest swaptions equal to $1 billion in notional entered into in March 2023, of which $800 million was terminated in January 2024 in connection with a senior unsecured note issuance. A total termination premium of $3.4 million we received was deferred in other comprehensive income and will be recognized in interest expense over the 10-year tenor of the notes due 2034. The remaining swaption of the $200 million notional expired in January 2024.
(6)USD fixed rate of 5.625% and EUR weighted average fixed rate of 4.681%.
(7)USD fixed rate of 5.625% and EUR weighted average fixed rate of 4.716%.
(8)Weighted average forward GBP-USD exchange rate of 1.28.
(9)Weighted average exchange rates of 0.84 for EUR-GBP and 1.31 for GBP-USD.
We measure our derivatives at fair value and include the balances within 'Other assets, net' and 'Accounts payable and accrued expenses' on our consolidated balance sheets.
We have agreements with each of our derivative counterparties containing provisions under which we could be declared in default on our derivative obligations if repayment of our indebtedness is accelerated by the lender due to our default.
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The following table summarizes the amount of unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives and foreign currency translation adjustments in other comprehensive income (in thousands):

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationships | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
Interest rate swaps | $ | (30,051) |  |  | $ | (7,172) |  |  | $ | (18,206) |  |  | $ | (5,328) |  |  |
Foreign currency forwards | (17,414) |  |  | 3,156 |  |  | (17,947) |  |  | (6,039) |  |  |
Interest rate swaptions | 640 |  |  | 15,126 |  |  | 2,284 |  |  | 18,679 |  |  |
Total derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships | $ | (46,825) |  |  | $ | 11,110 |  |  | $ | (33,869) |  |  | $ | 7,312 |  |  |
Derivatives in Fair Value Hedging Relationships |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cross-currency swaps - Fair Value | $ | 351 |  |  | $ | (3,917) |  |  | $ | 3,641 |  |  | $ | (8,691) |  |  |
Total derivatives in fair value hedging relationships | $ | 351 |  |  | $ | (3,917) |  |  | $ | 3,641 |  |  | $ | (8,691) |  |  |
Total unrealized (loss) gain on derivatives, net | $ | (46,474) |  |  | $ | 7,193 |  |  | $ | (30,228) |  |  | $ | (1,379) |  |  |
Derivatives and Non-derivatives in Net Investment Hedging Relationships |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cross-currency swaps - Net Investment | $ | (12,715) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,094) |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Foreign currency debt | (2,232) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,232) |  |  | — |  |  |
Total unrealized loss recorded in foreign currency translation adjustment | $ | (14,947) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3,326) |  |  | $ | — |  |  |

The following table summarizes the amount of gain (loss) on derivatives reclassified from AOCI (in thousands):

|  |  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationships |  | Location of Gain Recognized in Income | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
Interest rate swaps |  | Interest | $ | 8,316 |  |  | $ | 5,316 |  |  | $ | 25,836 |  |  | $ | 10,055 |  |  |
Foreign currency forwards |  | Foreign currency and derivative (loss) gain, net | 739 |  |  | 1,662 |  |  | 4,419 |  |  | 3,985 |  |  |
Interest rate swaptions |  | Interest | 82 |  |  | (2,250) |  |  | (827) |  |  | (4,609) |  |  |
Total derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships |  |  | $ | 9,137 |  |  | $ | 4,728 |  |  | $ | 29,428 |  |  | $ | 9,431 |  |  |
Derivatives in Fair Value Hedging Relationships |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cross-currency swaps - Fair Value |  | Foreign currency and derivative (loss) gain, net | $ | 98 |  |  | $ | 570 |  |  | $ | 1,097 |  |  | $ | 1,054 |  |  |
Total derivatives in fair value hedging relationships |  |  | $ | 98 |  |  | $ | 570 |  |  | $ | 1,097 |  |  | $ | 1,054 |  |  |
Derivatives in Net Investment Hedging Relationships |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cross-currency swaps - Net Investment (excluded component) |  | Foreign currency and derivative (loss) gain, net | $ | 549 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,356 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Total derivatives in net investment hedging relationships |  |  | $ | 549 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,356 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Net increase to net income |  |  | $ | 9,784 |  |  | $ | 5,298 |  |  | $ | 32,881 |  |  | $ | 10,485 |  |  |

We expect to reclassify $5.5 million from AOCI as a decrease to interest expense relating to interest rate swaps and $11.4 million from AOCI to foreign currency gain relating to foreign currency forwards within the next twelve months.
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The following table details our foreign currency and derivative gains (losses), net included in income (in thousands):

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
Realized foreign currency and derivative (loss) gain, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Loss) gain on the settlement of undesignated derivatives | $ | (34,164) |  |  | $ | 11,432 |  |  | $ | (54,548) |  |  | $ | 10,106 |  |  |
Gain on the settlement of designated derivatives reclassified from AOCI | 1,386 |  |  | 2,233 |  |  | 7,872 |  |  | 5,039 |  |  |
(Loss) gain on the settlement of transactions with third parties | (18) |  |  | 410 |  |  | (33) |  |  | 1,685 |  |  |
Total realized foreign currency and derivative (loss) gain, net | $ | (32,796) |  |  | $ | 14,075 |  |  | $ | (46,709) |  |  | $ | 16,830 |  |  |
Unrealized foreign currency and derivative (loss) gain, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Loss) gain on the change in fair value of undesignated derivatives | $ | (28,915) |  |  | $ | 12,910 |  |  | $ | (23,369) |  |  | $ | 4,734 |  |  |
Gain (loss) on remeasurement of certain assets and liabilities | 60,039 |  |  | (29,798) |  |  | 72,963 |  |  | (16,607) |  |  |
Total unrealized foreign currency and derivative gain (loss), net | $ | 31,124 |  |  | $ | (16,888) |  |  | $ | 49,594 |  |  | $ | (11,873) |  |  |
Total foreign currency and derivative (loss) gain, net | $ | (1,672) |  |  | $ | (2,813) |  |  | $ | 2,885 |  |  | $ | 4,957 |  |  |

14. Lessor Operating Leases
At September 30, 2024, we owned or held interests in 15,457 properties. Of the 15,457 properties, 15,156, or 98.1%, are single-client properties, and the remaining are multi-client properties. At September 30, 2024, 196 properties were available for lease or sale. The majority of our leases are accounted for as operating leases.
At September 30, 2024, most of the properties in our portfolio were leased under net lease agreements where our client pays or reimburses us for property taxes and assessments and carries insurance coverage for public liability, property damage, fire, and extended coverage.
Rent based on a percentage of our clients' gross sales, or percentage rent, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023 was $3.1 million, and $2.2 million, respectively. Percentage rent for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023 was $10.8 million, and $8.0 million, respectively.
No individual client’s rental revenue, including percentage rents, represented more than 10% of our total revenue for each of the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023.
15. Stockholders' Equity
A.Common Stock
We pay monthly distributions to our common stockholders. The following is a summary of monthly distributions paid per common share for the periods indicated below:

| Nine months ended September 30, |  |
Month | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
January | $ | 0.2565 |  | $ | 0.2485 |  |  |
February | 0.2565 |  | 0.2485 |  |  |
March | 0.2565 |  | 0.2545 |  |  |
April | 0.2570 |  | 0.2550 |  |  |
May | 0.2570 |  | 0.2550 |  |  |
June | 0.2625 |  |  | 0.2550 |  |  |
July | 0.2630 |  |  | 0.2555 |  |  |
August | 0.2630 |  |  | 0.2555 |  |  |
September | 0.2630 |  |  | 0.2555 |  |  |
Total | $ | 2.3350 |  |  | $ | 2.2830 |  |  |

At September 30, 2024, a distribution of $0.2635 per common share was payable and was paid in October 2024.
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B. At-the-Market ("ATM") Program
Under our current ATM program, which we entered into in August 2023, we may offer and sell up to 120.0 million shares of common stock (1) by us to, or through, a consortium of banks acting as our sales agents or (2) by a consortium of banks acting as forward sellers on behalf of any forward purchasers contemplated thereunder, in each case by means of ordinary brokers' transactions on the NYSE under the ticker symbol "O" at prevailing market prices or at negotiated prices. Upon settlement, subject to certain exceptions, we may elect, in our sole discretion, to cash settle or net share settle all or any portion of our obligations under any forward sale agreement, in which cases we may not receive any proceeds (in the case of cash settlement) or will not receive any proceeds (in the case of net share settlement), and we may owe cash (in the case of cash settlement) or shares of our common stock (in the case of net share settlement) to the relevant forward purchaser. As of September 30, 2024, we had 56.7 million shares remaining for future issuance under our ATM program. We anticipate maintaining the availability of our ATM program in the future, including the replenishment of authorized shares issuable thereunder.
The following table outlines common stock issuances pursuant to our ATM programs (dollars in millions, shares in thousands):

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
Shares of common stock issued under the ATM program (1) | 4,309 |  | 15,070 |  | 13,913 |  | 63,210 |  |
Gross proceeds | $ | 268.4 |  |  | $ | 883.0 |  |  | $ | 815.3 |  |  | $ | 3,880.4 |  |  |
Sales agents' commissions and other offering expenses | (1.8) |  |  | (9.7) |  |  | (5.4) |  |  | (30.4) |  |  |
Net proceeds | $ | 266.6 |  |  | $ | 873.3 |  |  | $ | 809.9 |  |  | $ | 3,850.0 |  |  |

(1) During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, 16.5 million and 24.6 million shares were sold, respectively, and 4.3 million and 13.9 million and shares were settled pursuant to forward sale confirmations. In addition, as of September 30, 2024, 16.8 million shares of common stock subject to forward sale confirmations have been executed, but not settled, at a weighted average initial gross price of $57.58 per share. We currently expect to fully settle forward sale agreements outstanding by December 31, 2024, representing $958.1 million in net proceeds, for which the weighted average forward price at September 30, 2024 was $56.88 per share.
C. Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan ("DRSPP")
Our DRSPP provides our common stockholders with a convenient and economical method of purchasing our common stock and reinvesting their distributions. It also allows our current stockholders to buy additional shares of common stock by reinvesting all or a portion of their distributions. Our DRSPP authorizes up to 26.0 million common shares to be issued. At September 30, 2024, we had 10.8 million shares remaining for future issuance under our DRSPP program.
The following table outlines common stock issuances pursuant to our DRSPP program (dollars in millions, shares in thousands):

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
Shares of common stock issued under the DRSPP program | 44 |  | 52 |  | 159 |  |  | 138 |  |  |
Gross proceeds | $ | 2.6 |  |  | $ | 3.0 |  |  | $ | 8.8 |  |  | $ | 8.4 |  |  |

16. Series A Preferred Stock
As part of the Merger Agreement with Spirit, each outstanding share of Spirit’s 6.000% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, converted into the right to receive one share of newly issued Realty Income 6.000% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, having substantially the same terms as the Spirit Series A Preferred Stock, resulting in 6.9 million shares of Realty Income Series A Preferred Stock issued.
In September 2024, we redeemed all 6.9 million shares of Realty Income Series A preferred stock outstanding. The shares were redeemed at redemption value of $25.00 per share, plus accrued and unpaid dividends to September 30, 2024. The excess of the $25.00 liquidation price per share over the carrying value of Realty Income Series A preferred stock redeemed resulted in a loss on redemption of $5.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024.
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17. Common Stock Incentive Plan
This note should be read in conjunction with the more complete discussion of the Realty Income 2021 Incentive Award Plan (the “2021 Plan”), included in note 19 to our consolidated financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
The amount of share-based compensation costs recognized in 'General and administrative' in our consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income was $6.4 million and $6.2 million during the three months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023, respectively, and $22.9 million and $20.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
In connection with the Merger, each outstanding Spirit restricted stock award and performance share award was cancelled and converted into Realty Income common stock, using the Exchange Ratio in accordance with the Merger Agreement. The issuance is excluded from the sections below, as the awards were not granted under the 2021 Plan. The aggregate fair value of fully vested Spirit awards converted into Realty Income common stock was $66.5 million, of which i.) $41.7 million related to pre-combination services and is included in the consideration transferred in the merger and ii.) $24.8 million of expense was recognized in January in merger, transaction, and other costs related to the value attributable to post-combination services. For more details, please see note 2, Merger with Spirit Realty Capital, Inc.
A. Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we granted 343,890 shares of common stock under the 2021 Plan. This included 44,000 total shares of restricted stock granted to the independent members of our Board of Directors, 4,000 of which were granted to a new member in the first quarter of 2024, and the remaining 40,000 shares of which were granted in connection with our annual awards in May 2024. The vesting schedule for these shares is up to three-years, based on each director's years of service, and is subject to the director’s continued service through each applicable vesting date. Our restricted stock awards granted to employees vest over a service period not exceeding four-years.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we also granted 30,538 restricted stock units, all of which vest over a four-year service period.
As of September 30, 2024, the remaining unamortized share-based compensation expense related to restricted stock awards and units totaled $23.8 million, which is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the service period of each applicable award. The amount of share-based compensation is based on the fair value of the stock at the grant date. We define the grant date as the date the recipient and Realty Income have a mutual understanding of the key terms and conditions of the award, and the recipient of the grant begins to benefit from, or be adversely affected by, subsequent changes in the price of the shares.
B. Performance Shares
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we granted 274,358 performance shares, as well as dividend equivalent rights, to our executive officers. The performance shares are earned based on our Total Shareholder Return (“TSR”) performance relative to select industry indices and peer groups as well as achievement of certain operating metrics, and vest 50% after the end of the three-year performance period and the remaining 50% on January 1 of the following year, subject to continued service.
As of September 30, 2024, the remaining share-based compensation expense related to the performance shares totaled $22.5 million. The performance shares are being recognized on a tranche-by-tranche basis over the service period. The fair value of the performance shares was estimated on the date of grant using a Monte Carlo Simulation model.
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18. Net Income per Common Share
The following is a reconciliation of the denominator of the basic net income per common share computation to the denominator of the diluted net income per common share computation (shares in thousands):

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
Weighted average shares used for the basic net income per share computation | 870,665 |  |  | 709,165 |  |  | 858,679 |  |  | 681,419 |  |  |
Incremental shares from share-based compensation | 525 |  |  | 378 |  |  | 442 |  |  | 360 |  |  |
Dilutive effect of forward ATM offerings | 862 |  |  | — |  |  | 341 |  |  | 350 |  |  |
Weighted average shares used for diluted net income per share computation | 872,052 |  |  | 709,543 |  |  | 859,462 |  |  | 682,129 |  |  |
Unvested shares from share-based compensation that were anti-dilutive | 72 |  |  | 309 |  |  | 151 |  |  | 243 |  |  |
Weighted average partnership common units convertible to common shares that were anti-dilutive | 1,922 |  |  | 1,795 |  |  | 1,838 |  |  | 1,795 |  |  |
Weighted average forward ATM offerings that were anti-dilutive | 488 |  |  | 535 |  |  | 477 |  |  | 460 |  |  |

19. Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information
The following table summarizes our supplemental cash flow information during the periods indicated below (in thousands):

| Nine months ended September 30, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
Supplemental disclosures: |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest | $ | 732,123 |  |  | $ | 501,162 |  |  |
Cash paid for income taxes | $ | 29,818 |  |  | $ | 11,462 |  |  |
Non-cash activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net decrease in fair value of derivatives | $ | (44,050) |  |  | $ | (51,386) |  |  |
Term loans assumed at fair value | $ | 1,300,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Notes payable assumed at fair value | $ | 2,481,486 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Increase in noncontrolling interests from property acquisitions | $ | — |  |  | $ | 39,156 |  |  |
Issuance/conversion of common partnership units of Realty Income, L.P. (1) | $ | 47,253 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |

(1) See note 11, Noncontrolling Interests for further details.
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents reported on our consolidated balance sheets to the total of the cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within our consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands):

| September 30, 2024 |  | September 30, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents shown in the consolidated balance sheets | $ | 396,956 |  |  | $ | 344,129 |
Restricted escrow deposits (1) | 37,317 |  |  | 41,311 |
Impounds related to mortgages payable (1) | 13,604 |  |  | 45,224 |
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows | $ | 447,877 |  |  | $ | 430,664 |

(1) Included within 'other assets, net' on our consolidated balance sheets (see note 3, Supplemental Detail for Certain Components of Consolidated Balance Sheets). These amounts consist of cash that we are legally entitled to, but that is not immediately available to us. As a result, these amounts were considered restricted as of the dates presented.
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20. Commitments and Contingencies
In the ordinary course of business, we are party to various legal actions which we believe are routine in nature and incidental to the operation of our business. We believe that the outcome of the proceedings will not have a material adverse effect upon our consolidated financial position or results of operations.
At September 30, 2024, we had commitments of $77.8 million, which primarily relate to tenant improvements, re-leasing costs, recurring capital expenditures, and non-recurring building improvements. In addition, as of September 30, 2024, we had committed $394.9 million under construction contracts related to development projects, which have estimated rental revenue commencement dates between November 2024 and July 2025.
21. Subsequent Events
A. Dividends
In October 2024, we declared a dividend of $0.2635 per share to our common stockholders, which will be paid in November 2024.
B. ATM Forward Offerings
As of November 4, 2024, ATM forward agreements for a total of 17.0 million shares remain unsettled with total expected net proceeds of approximately $968.7 million, of which 0.2 million shares were executed in October 2024.
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Item 2: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including the documents incorporated by reference, contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. When used in this quarterly report, the words “estimated,” “anticipated,” “expect,” “believe,” “intend,” “continue,” “should,” “may,” “likely,” “plans,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include discussions of our business and portfolio; growth strategies and intentions to acquire or dispose of properties (including geographies, timing, partners, clients and terms); re-leases, re-development and speculative development of properties and expenditures related thereto; future operations and results; the announcement of operating results, strategy, plans, and the intentions of management; settlement of shares of common stock sold pursuant to forward sale confirmations under our At-the-Market (“ATM”) Program; dividends, including the amount, timing and payments of dividends related thereto; and trends in our business, including trends in the market for long-term leases of freestanding, single-client properties. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions about us which may cause our actual future results to differ materially from expected results. Some of the factors that could cause actual results to differ materially are, among others, our continued qualification as a real estate investment trust; general domestic and foreign business, economic, or financial conditions; competition; fluctuating interest and currency rates; inflation and its impact on our clients and us; access to debt and equity capital markets and other sources of funding (including the terms and partners of such funding); continued volatility and uncertainty in the credit markets and broader financial markets; other risks inherent in the real estate business including our clients' solvency, client defaults under leases, increased client bankruptcies, potential liability relating to environmental matters, illiquidity of real estate investments, and potential damages from natural disasters; impairments in the value of our real estate assets; changes in domestic and foreign income tax laws and rates; property ownership through joint ventures, partnerships and other arrangements which may limit control of the underlying investments; epidemics or pandemics including measures taken to limit their spread, the impacts on us, our business, our clients, and the economy generally; the loss of key personnel; the outcome of any legal proceedings to which we are a party or which may occur in the future; acts of terrorism and war; and the anticipated benefits from mergers and acquisitions including from the merger (the “Merger”) with Spirit Realty Capital, Inc. (“Spirit”).
Additional factors that may cause risks and uncertainties include those discussed in the sections entitled “Business,” “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our annual report on Form 10-K, for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future plans and performance and speak only as of the date this quarterly report was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Actual plans and operating results may differ materially from what is expressed or forecasted in this quarterly report and forecasts made in the forward-looking statements discussed in this quarterly report might not materialize. We do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements or publicly release the results of any forward-looking statements that may be made to reflect events or circumstances after the date these statements were made.
OVERVIEW
Realty Income (NYSE: O), an S&P 500 company, is real estate partner to the world's leading companies. Founded in 1969, we invest in diversified commercial real estate and have a portfolio of over 15,450 properties in all 50 U.S. states, the U.K., and six other countries in Europe. We are known as “The Monthly Dividend Company®,” and have a mission to invest in people and places to deliver dependable monthly dividends that increase over time. Since our founding, we have declared 652 consecutive monthly dividends and are a member of the S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats® index for having increased our dividend for the last 30 consecutive years.
As of September 30, 2024, we owned or held interests in 15,457 properties, with approximately 336.6 million square feet of leasable space leased to 1,552 clients doing business in 90 separate industries. Of the 15,457 properties in our portfolio as of September 30, 2024, 15,156, or 98.1%, were single-client properties, and the remaining were multi–client properties. Our total portfolio of 15,457 properties as of September 30, 2024 had a weighted average remaining lease term (excluding rights to extend a lease at the option of the client) of approximately 9.4 years. Total portfolio annualized contractual rent (defined as the monthly aggregate cash amount charged to clients, inclusive of monthly base rent receivables) on our leases as of September 30, 2024 was $4.93 billion.
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As of September 30, 2024, approximately 32.1% of our total portfolio annualized contractual rent comes from properties leased to our investment grade clients, their subsidiaries or affiliated companies. As of September 30, 2024, our top 20 clients (based on percentage of total portfolio annualized contractual rent) represented approximately 35.9% of our annualized rent and 10 of these clients have investment grade credit ratings or are subsidiaries or affiliates of investment grade companies. Approximately 91% of our annualized retail contractual rent as of September 30, 2024, is derived from our clients with a service, non-discretionary, and/or low price point component to their business.
Unless otherwise specified, references to rental revenue in the Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations are exclusive of reimbursements from clients for recoverable real estate taxes and operating expenses totaling $74.3 million and $61.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023, respectively, and $227.6 million and $208.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Increases in Monthly Dividends to Common Stockholders
We have continued our 55-year history of paying monthly dividends. In addition, we have increased the dividend five times during 2024. As of October 2024, we have paid 108 consecutive quarterly dividend increases and increased the dividend 127 times since our listing on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) in 1994.

2024 Dividend increases | Month Declared |  | Month Paid |  | Monthly Dividend per share |  | Increase per share
1st increase | Dec 2023 |  | Jan 2024 |  | $ | 0.2565 |  |  | $ | 0.0005 |
2nd increase | Mar 2024 |  | Apr 2024 |  | $ | 0.2570 |  |  | $ | 0.0005 |
3rd increase | May 2024 |  | Jun 2024 |  | $ | 0.2625 |  |  | $ | 0.0055 |
4th increase | Jun 2024 |  | Jul 2024 |  | $ | 0.2630 |  |  | $ | 0.0005 |
5th increase | Sep 2024 |  | Oct 2024 |  | $ | 0.2635 |  |  | $ | 0.0005 |

The dividends paid per share during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 totaled $2.3350, as compared to $2.2830 during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $0.052, or 2.3%.
The monthly dividend of $0.2635 per share represents a current annualized dividend of $3.162 per share, and an annualized dividend yield of 5.0% based on the last reported sale price of our common stock on the NYSE of $63.42 on September 30, 2024. Although we expect to continue our policy of paying monthly dividends, we cannot guarantee that we will maintain our current level of dividends, that we will continue our pattern of increasing dividends per share, or what our actual dividend yield will be in any future period.
Investments During the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
During the three months ended September 30, 2024, we invested $0.7 billion at an initial weighted average cash yield of 7.4%, including an investment in 169 properties and properties under development or expansion.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we invested $2.1 billion at an initial weighted average cash yield of 7.7%, including an investment in 300 properties, properties under development or expansion, and an investment in a loan. See notes 4, Investments in Real Estate, 5, Investments in Unconsolidated Entities, and 6, Investments in Loans, to the consolidated financial statements for further details.
Equity Capital Raising
During the three months ended September 30, 2024, we raised $271.0 million of proceeds from the sale of common stock, at a weighted average price of $62.25 per share, primarily through proceeds from the sale of common stock through our ATM program. The ATM program issuances during the three months ended September 30, 2024 included 4.3 million shares issued pursuant to forward sale confirmations. As of September 30, 2024, 16.8 million shares of common stock subject to forward sale confirmations have been executed but not settled. See note 15, Stockholders' Equity, to the consolidated financial statements for further details.
Note Issuances
In September 2024, we issued £350.0 million of 5.000% senior unsecured notes due October 2029 and £350.0 million of 5.250% senior unsecured notes due September 2041.
In August 2024, we issued $500.0 million of 5.375% senior unsecured notes due September 2054.
See note 10, Notes Payable, to the consolidated financial statements for further details.
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Closing of Spirit Merger
On January 23, 2024, we closed on our previously announced stock-for-stock merger with Spirit (formerly NYSE: SRC). The Merger is further described in note 2, Merger with Spirit Realty Capital, Inc., to the consolidated financial statements.
Redemption of Preferred Stock
On September 30, 2024, we redeemed all 6.9 million shares outstanding of our 6.000% Series A Preferred Stock (“Realty Income Series A preferred stock”), which was converted from Spirit's outstanding preferred stock in connection with the Merger, at a redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus accrued and unpaid dividends. For more details, see note 16, Series A Preferred Stock.
Client Update
As part of the initial purchase price allocation for the acquisition of a sale-leaseback in the convenience store industry, we recorded financing receivables for the excess of the purchase price over the fair value. Following lease payment default by the tenant and our evaluation of recoverability, we recorded a provision for impairment of $63.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, and $69.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, which accounted for a dilution impact of $0.07 and $0.08 per share, respectively, to our net income and funds from operations (“FFO”). At September 30, 2024, the tenant's financing receivable balance has been fully reserved.
Portfolio Discussion
Leasing Results
At September 30, 2024, we had 196 properties available for lease or sale out of 15,457 properties in our portfolio, which represents a 98.7% occupancy rate based on the number of properties in our portfolio. Our property-level occupancy rates exclude properties with ancillary leases only, such as cell towers and billboards, and properties with possession pending, and include properties owned by unconsolidated joint ventures.
Below is a summary of our portfolio activity for the periods indicated below:

Three months ended September 30, 2024 |
Properties available for lease at June 30, 2024 | 185 |
Lease expirations (1) | 212 |
Re-leases to same client | (131) |
Re-leases to new client | (11) |
Vacant dispositions | (59) |
Properties available for lease at September 30, 2024 | 196 |
Nine months ended September 30, 2024 |
Properties available for lease at December 31, 2023 | 193 |
Lease expirations (1) | 642 |
Re-leases to same client | (441) |
Re-leases to new client | (32) |
Vacant dispositions | (166) |
Properties available for lease at September 30, 2024 | 196 |

(1)Includes scheduled and unscheduled expirations (including leases rejected in bankruptcy), as well as future expirations resolved in the periods indicated above.
During the three months ended September 30, 2024, the new annualized contractual rent on re-leases was $38.41 million, as compared to the previous annual rent of $36.57 million on the same units, representing a rent recapture rate of 105.0% on the units re-leased. We re-leased two units to new clients without a period of vacancy, and 14 units to new clients after a period of vacancy.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the new annualized contractual rent on re-leases was $131.50 million, as compared to the previous annual rent of $125.39 million on the same units, representing a rent recapture rate of 104.9% on the units re-leased. We re-leased 16 units to new clients without a period of vacancy, and 29 units to new clients after a period of vacancy.
As part of our re-leasing costs, we pay leasing commissions to unrelated, third-party real estate brokers consistent with the commercial real estate industry standard, and sometimes provide rent concessions to our clients. We do not consider the collective impact of the leasing commissions or rent concessions to our clients to be material to our financial position or results of operations.
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Disposition Strategy
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we sold 214 properties with total net proceeds received of $451.4 million. Our disposition strategy aims at further enhancing our portfolio and maximizing portfolio returns through the sale of select assets. It remains a function of our proactive investment management approach, supported by several data-driven tools including our predictive analytics platform.
Impact of Inflation
Leases generally provide for limited increases in rent as a result of fixed increases, increases in the consumer price index, or retail price index in the case of certain leases in the U.K. (typically subject to ceilings), or increases in the clients’ sales volumes. We expect that inflation will cause these lease provisions to result in rent increases over time. During times when inflation is greater than increases in rent, as provided for in the leases, rent increases may not keep up with the rate of inflation and other costs.
Moreover, our strategic focus on the use of net lease agreements reduces our exposure to rising property expenses due to inflation because the client is responsible for property expenses. Even though the utilization of net leases reduces our exposure to rising property expenses due to inflation, substantial inflationary pressures and increased costs may have an adverse impact on our clients if increases in their operating expenses exceed increases in revenue, which may adversely affect our clients' ability to pay rent. Additionally, inflationary periods may cause us to experience increased costs of financing, make it difficult to refinance debt at attractive rates or at all, and may adversely affect the properties we can acquire if the cost of financing an acquisition is in excess of our anticipated earnings from such property, thereby limiting the properties that can be acquired.
Impact of Real Estate and Capital Markets
In the commercial real estate market, property prices generally continue to fluctuate. Likewise, during certain periods, the global capital markets have experienced significant price volatility, dislocations, and liquidity disruptions, which may impact our access to and cost of capital. We continually monitor the commercial real estate and global capital markets carefully and, if required, will make decisions to adjust our business strategy accordingly.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
As of September 30, 2024, we had $5.2 billion of liquidity, which consists of cash and cash equivalents of $397.0 million, unsettled ATM forward equity of $958.1 million, and $3.8 billion of availability under our $4.25 billion unsecured revolving credit facility, net of $427.5 million of borrowing on the revolving credit facility. We use our unsecured revolving credit facility as a liquidity backstop for the repayment of the notes issued under our commercial paper programs.
Our primary cash obligations, for the current year and subsequent years, are included in the “Material Cash Requirements” table, which is presented later in this section. We expect to fund our operating expenses and other short-term liquidity requirements, including property acquisitions and development costs, payment of principal and interest on our outstanding indebtedness, property improvements, re-leasing costs, and cash distributions to common stockholders, primarily through a combination of the following:
•Cash and cash equivalents;
•Future cash flows from operations;
•Issuances of common stock or debt, or other securities offerings;
•Additional borrowings under our revolving credit facility (after deducting outstanding borrowings under our commercial paper programs);
•Short-term loans;
•Asset dispositions; and
•Credit investment repayments
In addition to these sources of liquidity, we are exploring various capital diversification initiatives, including the establishment of a third-party private capital open-end fund.
We believe that our cash and cash equivalents on hand, cash provided from operating activities, and borrowing capacity is sufficient to meet our liquidity needs for the next twelve months. We intend, however, to use permanent or long-term capital to fund property acquisitions and to repay future borrowings under our credit facility and commercial paper programs.
Long-Term Liquidity Requirements
Our goal is to deliver dependable monthly dividends to our stockholders that increase over time. Historically, we have met our principal short-term and long-term capital needs, including the funding of high-quality real estate acquisitions, investments in loans to clients, property development, and capital expenditures by issuing common
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stock, long-term unsecured notes, and term loan borrowings. Over the long term, we believe that common stock should be the majority of our capital structure. We may issue common stock when we believe our share price is at a level that allows for the proceeds of an offering to be accretively invested into additional properties or to permanently finance properties that were initially financed by our revolving credit facility, commercial paper programs, or shorter-term debt securities. However, we cannot assure you that we will have access to the capital markets at all times and at terms that are acceptable to us.
Capitalization
As of September 30, 2024, our total capitalization was $82.8 billion. Total capitalization consisted of $55.7 billion of common equity (based on the September 30, 2024 closing price on the NYSE of $63.42 and assuming the conversion of 2.7 million common units of Realty Income, L.P.), and total outstanding borrowings of $27.1 billion on our revolving credit facility, term loans, mortgages payable, senior unsecured notes and bonds, and our proportionate share of unconsolidated entities' debt (excluding unamortized deferred financing costs, discounts, and premiums). Our total debt to capitalization was 32.7% at September 30, 2024.
Universal Shelf Registration
On February 16, 2024, we filed a new shelf registration statement with the SEC, which is effective for a term of three years and will expire in February 2027. In accordance with SEC rules, the amount of securities to be issued pursuant to this shelf registration statement was not specified when it was filed and there is no specific dollar limit. The securities covered by this registration statement include (1) common stock, (2) preferred stock, (3) debt securities, (4) depositary shares representing fractional interests in shares of preferred stock, (5) warrants to purchase debt securities, common stock, preferred stock, or depositary shares, and (6) any combination of these securities. We may periodically offer one or more of these securities in amounts, prices and on terms to be announced when and if these securities are offered. The specifics of any future offerings, along with the use of proceeds of any securities offered, will be described in detail in a prospectus supplement, or other offering materials, at the time of any offering.
ATM Program
As of September 30, 2024, there were approximately 16.8 million shares of unsettled common stock subject to forward sale confirmations through our ATM program, representing approximately $958.1 million in expected net proceeds, which have been executed at a weighted average price of $56.88 per share (assuming full physical settlement of all outstanding shares of common stock, subject to such forward sale agreements and certain assumptions made with respect to settlement dates). During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we settled approximately 13.9 million shares of common stock previously sold pursuant to forward sale agreements through our ATM program for approximately $809.9 million of net proceeds. As of September 30, 2024, we had 56.7 million shares remaining for future issuance under our ATM program. We anticipate maintaining the availability of our ATM program in the future, including the replenishment of authorized shares issuable thereunder.
Debt Financing Activities
At September 30, 2024, our total outstanding borrowings of revolving credit facility, commercial paper, term loans, mortgages payable, and senior unsecured notes and bonds were $26.4 billion, with a weighted average maturity of 6.2 years and a weighted average interest rate of 3.9%. As of September 30, 2024, approximately 96% of our total debt was fixed rate debt. See notes 7 through 10 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information about our outstanding debt, along with our debt financing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 below.
Note Issuances
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we issued the following notes and bonds (in millions):

2024 Issuances |  | Date of Issuance |  | Maturity Date |  | Principal amount |  | Price of par value |  | Effective yield to maturity
4.750% Notes |  | January 2024 |  | February 2029 |  | $ | 450.0 |  |  | 99.23 | % |  | 4.923 | %
5.125% Notes |  | January 2024 |  | February 2034 |  | $ | 800.0 |  |  | 98.91 | % |  | 5.265 | %
5.375% Notes |  | August 2024 |  | September 2054 |  | $ | 500.0 |  |  | 98.37 | % |  | 5.486 | %
5.000% Notes |  | September 2024 |  | October 2029 |  | £ | 350.0 |  |  | 99.14 | % |  | 5.199 | %
5.250% Notes |  | September 2024 |  | September 2041 |  | £ | 350.0 |  |  | 96.21 | % |  | 5.601 | %

In connection with the Merger, we also completed the $2.7 billion exchange in principal of outstanding notes issued by Spirit Realty, L.P. (“Spirit OP”). See note 10, Notes Payable, to the consolidated financial statements for further details.
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Note Repayments
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we repaid the following notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest upon maturity (in millions):

Note Repayment |  | Date of Issuance |  | Maturity Date |  | Principal amount
4.600% Notes |  | February 2014 |  | February 2024 |  | $ | 500.0 |
3.875% Notes |  | June 2014 |  | July 2024 |  | $ | 350.0 |

Term Loan Issuances
In January 2024, in connection with our merger with Spirit, we entered into an amended and restated term loan agreement (which replaced Spirit's then-existing term loans with various lenders). The amended and restated term loan agreements are fixed through interest rate swaps at a weighted average interest rate of 3.9%. Pursuant to the amended and restated term loan agreement, we borrowed $800.0 million in aggregate total borrowings, $300.0 million of which matures in August 2025 and $500.0 million of which matures in August 2027 (the “$800 million term loan agreement”). We also entered into an amended and restated term loan agreement pursuant to which we borrowed $500.0 million in aggregate total borrowings which matures in June 2025 (the “$500 million term loan agreement”).
Term Loan Redemption
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we repaid our $250.0 million senior unsecured term loan in full upon maturity.
Mortgage Repayments
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we made $626.3 million in principal payments, including the full repayment of three mortgages for $622.7 million.
Covenants
The following is a summary of the key financial covenants for our senior unsecured notes, as defined and calculated per the terms of our senior notes and bonds. These calculations, which are not based on accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP"), are presented to investors to show our ability to incur additional debt under the terms of our senior notes and bonds as well as to disclose our current compliance with such covenants and are not measures of our liquidity or performance. The actual amounts as of September 30, 2024, are:

Note Covenants | Required | Actual
Limitation on incurrence of total debt | < 60% of adjusted assets | 41.5 | %
Limitation on incurrence of secured debt | < 40% of adjusted assets | 0.4 | %
Debt service and fixed charge coverage (trailing 12 months) (1) | > 1.5x | 4.6x
Maintenance of total unencumbered assets | > 150% of unsecured debt | 239.9 | %

(1) Our debt service coverage ratio is calculated on a pro forma basis for the preceding four-quarter period on the assumptions that: (i) the incurrence of any debt (as defined in the covenants) incurred by us since the first day of such four-quarter period and the application of the proceeds therefrom (including to refinance other debt since the first day of such four-quarter period), (ii) the repayment or retirement of any of our debt since the first day of such four-quarter period, and (iii) any acquisition or disposition by us of any asset or group since the first day of such four quarters had in each case occurred on October 1, 2023 and subject to certain additional adjustments. Such pro forma ratio has been prepared on the basis required by that debt service covenant, reflects various estimates and assumptions and is subject to other uncertainties, and therefore does not purport to reflect what our actual debt service coverage ratio would have been had transactions referred to in clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) of the preceding sentence occurred as of October 1, 2023, nor does it purport to reflect our debt service coverage ratio for any future period. Fixed charge coverage is calculated in the same manner as the debt service coverage. The following is our calculation of debt service and fixed charge coverage at September 30, 2024 (in thousands, for trailing twelve months):

Net income attributable to the Company | $ | 918,853
Plus: interest expense, excluding the amortization of deferred financing costs | 932,897
Plus: provision for taxes | 64,838
Plus: depreciation and amortization | 2,264,829
Plus: provisions for impairment | 268,325
Plus: pro forma adjustments | 371,396
Less: gain on sales of real estate | (98,282) |
Income available for debt service, as defined | $ | 4,722,856
Total pro forma debt service charge | $ | 1,030,535
Debt service and fixed charge coverage ratio | 4.6x

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Credit Agency Ratings
The borrowing interest rates under our revolving credit facility are based upon our ratings assigned by credit rating agencies. As of September 30, 2024, we were assigned the following investment grade corporate credit ratings on our senior unsecured notes and bonds: Moody’s Investors Service has assigned a rating of A3 with a “stable” outlook and Standard & Poor’s Ratings Group has assigned a rating of A- with a “stable” outlook. In addition, we were assigned the following ratings on our commercial paper at September 30, 2024: Moody's Investors Service has assigned a rating of P-2 and Standard & Poor's Ratings Group has assigned a rating of A-2.
Based on our credit agency ratings as of September 30, 2024, interest rates under our credit facility for U.S. borrowings would have been at the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"), plus 0.725% with a SOFR adjustment charge of 0.10% and a revolving credit facility fee of 0.125%, for all-in drawn pricing of 0.95% over SOFR, for GBP borrowings, at the Sterling Overnight Indexed Average (“SONIA”), plus 0.725% with a SONIA adjustment charge of 0.0326% and a revolving credit facility fee of 0.125%, for all-in drawn pricing of 0.8826% over SONIA, and for EUR Borrowings at one-month Euro Interbank Offered Rate (“EURIBOR”), plus 0.725%, and a revolving credit facility fee of 0.125%, for all-in drawn pricing of 0.85% over one-month EURIBOR. In addition, our credit facility provides that the interest rates can range between: (i) SOFR/SONIA/EURIBOR, plus 1.40% if our credit rating is lower than BBB-/Baa3 or our senior unsecured debt is unrated and (ii) SOFR/SONIA/EURIBOR, plus 0.70% if our credit rating is A/A2 or higher. In addition, our credit facility provides for a facility commitment fee based on our credit ratings, which ranges from: (i) 0.30% for a rating lower than BBB-/Baa3 or unrated, and (ii) 0.10% for a credit rating of A/A2 or higher.
We also issue senior debt securities from time to time and our credit ratings can impact the interest rates charged in those transactions. If our credit ratings or ratings outlook change, our cost to obtain debt financing could increase or decrease. The credit ratings assigned to us could change based upon, among other things, our results of operations and financial condition. These ratings are subject to ongoing evaluation by credit rating agencies, and we cannot assure you that our ratings will not be changed or withdrawn by a rating agency in the future if, in its judgment, circumstances warrant. Moreover, a rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold our debt securities, preferred stock or common stock.
Material Cash Requirements
The following table summarizes the maturity of each of our obligations as of September 30, 2024 (dollars in millions):

| Credit Facility and Commercial Paper (1) |  | Unsecured Term Loans (2) |  | Mortgages Payable |  | Senior Unsecured Notes and Bonds |  | Interest (3) |  | Ground Leases Paid by the Company (4) |  | Ground Leases Paid by Our Clients (5) |  | Other (6) |  | Totals
2024 | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 114.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 244.4 |  |  | $ | 3.7 |  |  | $ | 7.9 |  |  | $ | 178.0 |  |  | $ | 548.2 |
2025 | — |  |  | 800.0 |  |  | 46.0 |  |  | 1,050.0 |  |  | 993.8 |  |  | 12.5 |  |  | 31.8 |  |  | 217.3 |  |  | 3,151.4 |
2026 | 427.5 |  |  | 1,129.7 |  |  | 12.0 |  |  | 2,375.0 |  |  | 847.4 |  |  | 17.6 |  |  | 32.3 |  |  | 85.1 |  |  | 4,926.6 |
2027 | — |  |  | 500.0 |  |  | 22.3 |  |  | 2,371.1 |  |  | 753.3 |  |  | 11.1 |  |  | 30.4 |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | 3,692.8 |
2028 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 2,499.8 |  |  | 647.9 |  |  | 8.8 |  |  | 27.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,185.2 |
Thereafter | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | 15,085.8 |  |  | 3,605.9 |  |  | 311.8 |  |  | 361.5 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | 19,370.7 |
Totals | $ | 427.5 |  |  | $ | 2,429.7 |  |  | $ | 198.1 |  |  | $ | 23,381.7 |  |  | $ | 7,092.7 |  |  | $ | 365.5 |  |  | $ | 491.3 |  |  | $ | 488.4 |  |  | $ | 34,874.9 |

(1) The initial term of the credit facility expires in June 2026 and includes, at our option, two six-month extensions. At September 30, 2024, there were $427.5 million of outstanding borrowings under our revolving credit facility.
(2) The maturity date for our 2023 term loans assumes a twelve-month extension available at the company's option is exercised.
(3) Interest on the commercial paper programs, term loans, mortgages payable, and senior unsecured notes and bonds has been calculated based on outstanding balances at period end through their respective maturity dates.
(4) We currently pay the ground lessors directly for the rent under the ground leases.
(5) Our clients, who are generally sub-tenant clients under ground leases, are responsible for paying the rent under these ground leases. In the event our client fails to pay the ground lease rent, we are primarily responsible.
(6) “Other” consists of $394.9 million of commitments under construction contracts, $77.8 million for tenant improvements, re-leasing costs, recurring capital expenditures, and non-recurring building improvements, and $15.7 million for contingent consideration obligations related to leasing activities for a multi-tenant property acquired.
Investments in Unconsolidated Entities
As of September 30, 2024, our pro-rata share of secured debt of unconsolidated entities was approximately $659.2 million.
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DIVIDEND POLICY
Distributions are paid monthly to holders of shares of our common stock.
Distributions are paid monthly to the limited partners holding common units of Realty Income, L.P., each on a per unit basis that is equal to the amount paid per share to our common stockholders (subject to the adjustment factor applicable to those units at the time of such distribution).
In order to maintain our status as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") for federal income tax purposes, we generally are required to distribute dividends to our stockholders aggregating annually at least 90% of our taxable income (excluding net capital gains), and we are subject to income tax to the extent we distribute less than 100% of our taxable income (including net capital gains). In 2023, our cash distributions to common stockholders totaled $2.11 billion, or approximately 134.4% of our taxable income of $1.57 billion. Certain measures are available to us to reduce or eliminate our tax exposure as a REIT, and accordingly, no provision for U.S. federal income taxes, other than our taxable REIT subsidiaries (each, a "TRS"), has been made. Our taxable income reflects non-cash deductions for depreciation and amortization. Our taxable income is presented to show our compliance with REIT dividend requirements and is not a measure of our liquidity or operating performance. We intend to continue to make distributions to our stockholders that are sufficient to meet this dividend requirement and that will reduce or eliminate our exposure to income taxes. Furthermore, we believe our cash on hand and funds from operations are sufficient to support our current level of cash distributions to our stockholders. We distributed $2.3350 per share to stockholders during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, representing 74.4% of our diluted Adjusted Funds from Operations Available to Common Stockholders ("AFFO") per share of $3.14.
Future distributions will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, FFO, Normalized Funds from Operations Available to Common Stockholders ("Normalized FFO"), AFFO, cash flow from operations, financial condition, capital requirements, the annual distribution requirements under the REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, our debt service requirements, and any other factors the Board of Directors may deem relevant. In addition, our credit facility contains financial covenants that could limit the amount of distributions payable by us in the event of a default, and which prohibit the payment of distributions on our common stock in the event that we fail to pay when due (subject to any applicable grace period) any principal or interest on borrowings under our credit facility.
Distributions of our current and accumulated earnings and profits for federal income tax purposes generally will be taxable to stockholders as ordinary income, except to the extent that we recognize capital gains and declare a capital gains dividend, or that such amounts constitute “qualified dividend income” subject to a reduced rate of tax. The maximum tax rate of non-corporate taxpayers for “qualified dividend income” is generally 20%. In general, dividends payable by REITs are not eligible for the reduced tax rate on qualified dividend income, except to the extent that certain holding requirements have been met with respect to the REIT’s stock and the REIT’s dividends are attributable to dividends received from certain taxable corporations (such as our TRSs) or to income that was subject to tax at the corporate or REIT level (for example, if we distribute taxable income that we retained and paid tax on in the prior taxable year). However, non-corporate stockholders, including individuals, generally may deduct up to 20% of dividends from a REIT, other than capital gain dividends and dividends treated as qualified dividend income, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, and before January 1, 2026.
Distributions in excess of earnings and profits generally will first be treated as a non-taxable reduction in the stockholders’ basis in their stock, but not below zero. Distributions in excess of that basis generally will be taxable as a capital gain to stockholders who hold their shares as a capital asset. Approximately 6.8% of the distributions to our common stockholders, made or deemed to have been made in 2023, were classified as a return of capital for federal income tax purposes.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following is a comparison of our results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.
Total Revenue
The following summarizes our total revenue (in millions):

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Change |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  | Change |  |
Rental (excluding reimbursable) | $ | 1,196.8 |  | $ | 947.6 |  |  | $ | 249.2 |  | $ | 3,536.4 |  |  | $ | 2,720.8 |  |  |  |  | $ | 815.6 |  |  |
Rental (reimbursable) | 74.3 |  | 61.3 |  |  | 13.0 |  | 227.6 |  |  | 208.6 |  |  |  |  | 19.0 |  |  |
Other | 59.8 |  | 30.2 |  |  | 29.6 |  | 166.8 |  |  | 73.3 |  |  |  |  | 93.5 |  |  |
Total revenue | $ | 1,330.9 |  | $ | 1,039.1 |  |  | $ | 291.8 |  | $ | 3,930.8 |  |  | $ | 3,002.7 |  |  |  |  | $ | 928.1 |  |  |

Rental Revenue (excluding reimbursable)
The table below summarizes the increase in rental revenue (excluding reimbursable) in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same periods in 2023 (dollars in thousands):

| Three months ended September 30, |  |
| Number of Properties | 2024 | 2023 | Change |  |  |  |  |
Properties acquired during 2024 & 2023 | 1,587 | $ | 173,350 |  | $ | 101,936 |  | $ | 71,414 |  |  |  |  |  |
Same store rental revenue (1) | 13,499 | 1,001,871 |  | 999,634 |  | 2,237 |  |  |  |  |  |
Constant currency adjustment (2) | N/A | (4,636) |  | (6,623) |  | 1,987 |  |  |  |  |  |
Properties sold during and prior to 2024 | 493 | 1,144 |  | 12,773 |  | (11,629) |  |  |  |  |  |
Straight-line rent and other non-cash adjustments | N/A | 799 |  | (2,523) |  | 3,322 |  |  |  |  |  |
Vacant rents, development and other (3) | 371 | 24,448 |  | 25,188 |  | (740) |  |  |  |  |  |
Other excluded revenue (4) | N/A | (171) |  | 690 |  | (861) |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: Spirit rental revenue (5) | N/A | — |  | (183,525) |  | 183,525 |  |  |  |  |  |
Totals |  | $ | 1,196,805 |  | $ | 947,550 |  | $ | 249,255 |  |  |  |  |  |

|  |  | Nine months ended September 30,
|  |  |  |  |  | Number of Properties | 2024 | 2023 | Change
Properties acquired during 2024 & 2023 |  |  |  |  |  | 3,538 | $ | 941,640 |  | $ | 155,379 |  | $ | 786,261 |
Same store rental revenue (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 11,574 | 2,518,545 |  | 2,511,272 |  | 7,273 |
Constant currency adjustment (2) |  |  |  |  |  | N/A | (21,486) |  | (22,048) |  | 562 |
Properties sold during and prior to 2024 |  |  |  |  |  | 351 | 12,345 |  | 31,037 |  | (18,692) |
Straight-line rent and other non-cash adjustments |  |  |  |  |  | N/A | 6,046 |  | (17,109) |  | 23,155 |
Vacant rents, development and other (3) |  |  |  |  |  | 345 | 63,442 |  | 59,758 |  | 3,684 |
Other excluded revenue (4) |  |  |  |  |  | N/A | 15,888 |  | 2,517 |  | 13,371 |
Totals |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,536,420 |  | $ | 2,720,806 |  | $ | 815,614 |

(1)The same store rental revenue percentage increased by 0.2% and 0.3% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared with the same periods in 2023, respectively.
(2)For purposes of comparability, same store rental revenue is presented on a constant currency basis using the exchange rate as of September 30, 2024. None of the properties in France, Germany, Ireland or Portugal met our same store pool definition for the periods presented.
(3)Relates to the aggregate of (i) rental revenue from 312 and 295 properties that were available for lease during part of 2024 or 2023 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, and (ii) rental revenue for 59 and 50 properties under development or completed developments that do not meet our same store pool definition for the periods presented three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.
(4)"Other excluded revenue" primarily consists of reimbursements for tenant improvements and rental revenue that is not contractual base rent such as lease termination settlements.
(5)Amounts for the three months ended September 30, 2023 represent rental revenue from Spirit properties, which were not included in our financial statements prior to the close of the merger on January 23, 2024.
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For purposes of determining the same store rent property pool, we include all properties that were owned for the entire year-to-date period, for both the current and prior year, except for properties during the current or prior year that; (i) were vacant at any time, (ii) were under development or redevelopment, or (iii) were involved in eminent domain and rent was reduced. Beginning with the second quarter of 2024, properties acquired through the merger with Spirit were considered under each element of our Same Store Pool criteria, except for the requirement that the property be owned for the full comparative period. If the property was owned by Spirit for the full comparative period and each of the other criteria were met, the property was included in our Same Store Pool. Accordingly, Spirit properties have been included in the Same Store Pool for the quarter and have been excluded for the year-to-date calculation. Each of the exclusions from the same store pool are separately addressed within the applicable sentences above, explaining the changes in rental revenue for the period.
Of the 16,490 in-place leases in the portfolio, 13,544, or 82.1%, were under leases that provide for increases in rents through: base rent increases tied to inflation (typically subject to ceilings), percentage rent based on a percentage of the clients’ gross sales, fixed increases, or a combination of two or more of the aforementioned rent provisions.
Rent based on a percentage of our clients' gross sales, or percentage rent, was $3.1 million and $2.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $10.8 million and $8.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Percentage rent represents less than 1.0% of rental revenue.
At September 30, 2024, our portfolio of 15,457 properties was 98.7% leased with 196 properties available for lease or sale, as compared to 98.6% leased with 193 properties available for lease at December 31, 2023, and 98.8% leased with 159 properties available for lease at September 30, 2023. It has been our experience that approximately 1% to 4% of our property portfolio will be available for lease at any given time; however, it is possible that the number of properties available for lease or sale could increase in the future, given the nature of economic cycles and other unforeseen global events.
Rental Revenue (reimbursable)
A number of our leases provide for contractually obligated reimbursements from clients for recoverable real estate taxes and operating expenses. Contractually obligated reimbursements by our clients increased by $13.0 million and $19.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to the growth of our portfolio due to acquisitions, partially offset by lower taxes for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 due to a modification of tax remittance terms with one of our clients in 2023.
Other Revenue
The following summarizes our total other revenue (in millions):

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Change |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Change
Interest income on financing receivables | $ | 31.3 |  |  | $ | 29.9 |  |  | $ | 1.4 |  |  | $ | 92.7 |  |  | $ | 72.5 |  |  | $ | 20.2 |
Interest income on loans and preferred equity investments | 27.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 27.7 |  |  | 71.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 71.8 |
Other | 0.8 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 1.5 |
| $ | 59.8 |  |  | $ | 30.2 |  |  | $ | 29.6 |  |  | $ | 166.8 |  |  | $ | 73.3 |  |  | 93.5 |

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Total Expenses
The following summarizes our total expenses (dollars in millions):

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Change |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  | Change |  |
Depreciation and amortization | $ | 602.3 |  | $ | 495.6 |  | $ | 106.7 |  | $ | 1,789.0 |  | $ | 1,419.3 |  |  |  | $ | 369.7 |  |
Interest | 261.3 |  | 184.1 |  | 77.2 |  | 748.8 |  | 522.1 |  |  |  | 226.7 |  |
Property (excluding reimbursable) | 17.9 |  | 9.7 |  | 8.2 |  | 53.7 |  | 26.5 |  |  |  | 27.2 |  |
Property (reimbursable) | 74.3 |  | 61.3 |  | 13.0 |  | 227.6 |  | 208.6 |  |  |  | 19.0 |  |
General and administrative | 41.9 |  | 35.5 |  | 6.4 |  | 127.8 |  | 106.5 |  |  |  | 21.3 |  |
Provisions for impairment | 96.9 |  | 16.8 |  | 80.1 |  | 282.9 |  | 59.8 |  |  |  | 223.1 |  |
Merger, transaction, and other costs | 8.6 |  | 2.9 |  | 5.7 |  | 105.5 |  | 4.5 |  |  |  | 101.0 |  |
Total expenses | $ | 1,103.2 |  | $ | 805.9 |  | $ | 297.3 |  | $ | 3,335.3 |  | $ | 2,347.3 |  |  |  | $ | 988.0 |  |
Total revenue (1) | $ | 1,256.6 |  | $ | 977.8 |  |  |  | $ | 3,703.2 |  | $ | 2,794.1 |  |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative expenses as a percentage of total revenue (1) | 3.3 | % |  | 3.6 | % |  |  |  | 3.5 | % |  | 3.8 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Property expenses (excluding reimbursable) as a percentage of total revenue (1) | 1.4 | % |  | 1.0 | % |  |  |  | 1.5 | % |  | 0.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) Excludes rental revenue (reimbursable).
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization increased by $106.7 million and $369.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared with the same periods in 2023, respectively, primarily due to the merger with Spirit, the acquisitions of properties in 2023 and 2024; partially offset by property dispositions. The Spirit merger contributed an additional $111.2 million and $303.9 million of depreciation and amortization for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.
Interest Expense
The following is a summary of the components of our interest expense (dollars in thousands):

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
Interest on our credit facility, commercial paper, term loans, mortgages, senior unsecured notes and bonds, and interest rate swaps | $ | 258,877 |  | $ | 199,059 |  | $ | 752,109 |  | $ | 564,347 |  |
Credit facility commitment fees | 1,358 |  | 1,358 |  | 4,043 |  | 3,999 |  |
Amortization of debt origination and deferred financing costs | 6,001 |  | 6,930 |  | 17,694 |  | 19,498 |  |
Gain on interest rate swaps | (968) |  | (1,790) |  | (4,567) |  | (5,390) |  |
Amortization of net mortgage premiums and discounts | 51 |  | (3,201) |  | (18) |  | (9,597) |  |
Amortization of net note premiums and discounts | 242 |  | (14,989) |  | (3,883) |  | (45,647) |  |
Capital lease obligation | 532 |  | 378 |  | 1,497 |  | 1,183 |  |
Interest capitalized | (4,832) |  | (3,624) |  | (18,069) |  | (6,283) |  |
Interest expense | $ | 261,261 |  | $ | 184,121 |  | $ | 748,806 |  | $ | 522,110 |  |
Credit facility, commercial paper, term loans, mortgages and senior unsecured notes and bonds |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average outstanding balances | $ | 26,240,556 |  | $ | 20,249,836 |  | $ | 25,708,806 |  | $ | 19,685,182 |  |
Weighted average interest rates | 4.03 | % |  | 3.93 | % |  | 3.99 | % |  | 3.81 | % |  |

Interest expense increased by $77.2 million and $226.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared with the same periods in 2023, respectively, primarily due to an increase in average borrowings and weighted average interest rates, primarily due to issuance of senior notes at higher fixed interest rates, partially offset by an increase in capitalized interest driven by an increase in development. See notes to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding our indebtedness.
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Property Expenses (excluding reimbursable)
Property expenses (excluding reimbursable) consist of costs associated with properties available for lease, non-net-leased properties and general portfolio expenses and include, but are not limited to, property taxes, maintenance, insurance, utilities, property inspections and legal fees.
Property expenses (excluding reimbursable) increased by $8.2 million and $27.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared with the same periods in 2023, respectively, primarily due to a higher number of properties available for lease compared with the same periods in 2023, in addition to acquisitions in 2023 and 2024 in which the lease terms do not obligate the tenant to pay certain expenses, which resulted in higher repairs and maintenance costs, property insurance and taxes.
Property Expenses (reimbursable)
Property expenses (reimbursable) consist of reimbursable property taxes and operating costs paid on behalf of our clients. Property expenses (reimbursable) increased by $13.0 million and $19.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared with the same periods in 2023.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses increased by $6.4 million and $21.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared with the same periods in 2023, respectively, primarily due to higher employee costs of $4.6 million and $14.5 million, respectively, and higher professional fees of $1.7 million and $3.7 million, respectively.
Provisions for Impairment
The following table summarizes our provisions for impairment during the periods indicated below (in millions):

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provisions for impairment of real estate (1) |  | $ | 33.1 |  |  | $ | 16.8 |  |  | $ | 208.6 |  |  | $ | 59.8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for credit losses (2) |  | 63.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 74.3 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provisions for impairment |  | $ | 96.9 |  |  | $ | 16.8 |  |  | $ | 282.9 |  |  | $ | 59.8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) See note 12, Fair Value Measurements, to the consolidated financial statements for further details.
(2) See note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements for further details.
Merger, Transaction, and Other Costs
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we incurred $8.6 million and $105.5 million, respectively, of merger, transaction, and other costs consisting of $2.9 million and $99.8 million, respectively of transaction and integration-related costs related to Spirit, which largely consisted of employee severance, post-combination share-based compensation, transfer taxes, and various professional fees directly attributable to the Merger, as well as $5.1 million for each of the respective periods related to the lease termination of a legacy corporate facility.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we incurred $2.9 million and $4.5 million of merger, transaction, and other costs, respectively, in conjunction with our merger with VEREIT in November 2021.
Gain on Sales of Real Estate
The following summarizes our property dispositions (dollars in millions):

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
Number of properties sold | 92 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 214 |  |  | 79 |  |  |
Net sales proceeds | $ | 249.5 |  |  | $ | 32.3 |  |  | $ | 451.4 |  |  | $ | 92.8 |  |  |
Gain on sales of real estate | $ | 50.6 |  |  | $ | 7.6 |  |  | $ | 92.3 |  |  | $ | 19.7 |  |  |

Foreign Currency and Derivative Gain (Loss), Net
We borrow in the functional currencies of the countries in which we invest. Net foreign currency gain and loss are primarily related to the remeasurement of intercompany debt from foreign subsidiaries. Derivative gain and loss are primarily related to mark-to-market adjustments on derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting and settlement of designated derivatives reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income ("AOCI").
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Foreign currency and derivative (loss) gain, net increased by $1.1 million and decreased by $2.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared with the same periods in 2023, respectively, primarily due to fluctuations in foreign currency rates related to remeasurement of intercompany debt.
Equity in Earnings of Unconsolidated Entities
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated entities was $5.1 million and $5.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, compared to $0.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. There was no equity in earnings for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in equity in earnings of unconsolidated entities is due to an increase in our joint venture investments.
Other Income, Net
Other income, net decreased by $2.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023, primarily due to a loss of $1.5 million on the sale of a loan, lower insurance proceeds, partially offset by higher interest income on short-term investments.
Other income, net increased by $3.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared with the same period in 2023, primarily due to higher interest income on short-term investments, partially offset by lower insurance proceeds compared to the prior year.
Income Taxes
Income taxes primarily consist of international income taxes accrued or paid by us and our subsidiaries, as well as state and local taxes. The increase of $4.0 million and $10.3 million in income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared with the same periods in 2023, respectively, is primarily attributable to higher taxable income in the U.K.
Preferred Stock Dividends
The increase in preferred stock dividends of $2.6 million and $7.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, as compared with the same period in 2023, is due to the issuance of Realty Income Series A Preferred Stock in connection with the Spirit merger.
Excess of Redemption Value over Carrying Value of Preferred Shares Redeemed
In September 2024, we redeemed all 6.9 million of Realty Income Series A Preferred Stock outstanding. The excess of the $25.00 liquidation price per share over the carrying value of Realty Income Series A preferred stock redeemed resulted in a loss on redemption of $5.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.
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NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
Adjusted Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization for Real Estate ("Adjusted EBITDA re")
Nareit established an EBITDA metric for real estate companies (i.e., EBITDA for real estate, or EBITDA re) it believed would provide investors with a consistent measure to help make investment decisions among REITs. Our definition of “Adjusted EBITDA re” is generally consistent with the Nareit definition, other than our adjustment to remove foreign currency and derivative gain and loss and merger, transaction, and other costs. We define Adjusted EBITDAre, a non-GAAP financial measure, for the most recent quarter as earnings (net income) before (i) interest expense, (ii) income taxes, (iii) depreciation and amortization, (iv) provisions for impairment, (v) merger, transaction, and other costs, (vi) gain on sales of real estate, (vii) foreign currency and derivative gain and loss, net, and (viii) our proportionate share of adjustments from unconsolidated entities. Our Adjusted EBITDAre may not be comparable to Adjusted EBITDAre reported by other companies or as defined by Nareit, and other companies may interpret or define Adjusted EBITDA re differently than we do. Management believes Adjusted EBITDA re to be a meaningful measure of a REIT’s performance because it provides a view of our operating performance, analyzes our ability to meet interest payment obligations before the effects of income tax, depreciation and amortization expense, provisions for impairment, gain on sales of real estate and other items, as defined above, that affect comparability, including the removal of non-recurring and non-cash items that industry observers believe are less relevant to evaluating the operating performance of a company. In addition, EBITDA re is widely followed by industry analysts, lenders, investors, rating agencies, and others as a means of evaluating the operational cash generating capacity of a company prior to servicing debt obligations. Management also believes the use of an annualized quarterly Adjusted EBITDA re metric, which we refer to as Annualized Adjusted EBITDA re, is meaningful because it represents our current earnings run rate for the period presented. Annualized Adjusted EBITDA re and Annualized Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDA re, as defined below, are also used to determine the vesting of performance share awards granted to executive officers. Annualized Adjusted EBITDA re should be considered along with, but not as an alternative to net income as a measure of our operating performance. We define Annualized Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDA re as Annualized Adjusted EBITDA re, subject to certain adjustments to incorporate Adjusted EBITDA re from investments we acquired or stabilized during the applicable quarter and to remove Adjusted EBITDA re from investments we disposed of during the applicable quarter, and include transaction accounting adjustments in accordance with U.S. GAAP, giving pro forma effect to all transactions as if they occurred at the beginning of the applicable period. Our calculation includes all adjustments consistent with the requirements to present Adjusted EBITDA re on a pro forma basis in accordance with Article 11 of Regulation S-X. The Annualized Pro Forma Adjustments are consistent with the debt service coverage ratio calculated under financial covenants for our senior unsecured notes. We believe Annualized Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDA re is a useful non-GAAP supplemental measure, as it excludes properties that were no longer owned at the balance sheet date and includes the annualized rent from properties acquired during the quarter. Management also uses our ratios of Net Debt/Annualized Adjusted EBITDA re and Net Debt/Annualized Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDA re as measures of leverage in assessing our financial performance, which is calculated as net debt (which we define as total debt per the consolidated balance sheets, excluding deferred financing costs and net premiums and discounts, but including our proportionate share of debt from unconsolidated entities, less cash and cash equivalents), divided by annualized quarterly Adjusted EBITDA re and annualized Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDA re, respectively.
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The following is a reconciliation of net income (which we believe is the most comparable U.S. GAAP measure) to Adjusted EBITDA re and Annualized Pro Forma EBITDA re calculations for the periods indicated below (dollars in thousands):

| Three months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Net income | $ | 271,124 |  |  | $ | 233,877 |
Interest | 261,261 |  |  | 184,121 |
Income taxes | 15,355 |  |  | 11,336 |
Depreciation and amortization | 602,339 |  |  | 495,566 |
Provisions for impairment | 96,920 |  |  | 16,808 |
Merger, transaction, and other costs | 8,610 |  |  | 2,884 |
Gain on sales of real estate | (50,563) |  |  | (7,572) |
Foreign currency and derivative loss, net | 1,672 |  |  | 2,813 |
Proportionate share of adjustments from unconsolidated entities | 20,340 |  |  | — |
Quarterly Adjusted EBITDA re | $ | 1,227,058 |  |  | $ | 939,833 |
Annualized Adjusted EBITDA re (1) | $ | 4,908,232 |  |  | $ | 3,759,332 |
Annualized Pro Forma Adjustments | $ | 29,347 |  |  | $ | 74,503 |
Annualized Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDA re | $ | 4,937,579 |  |  | $ | 3,833,835 |
Total debt per the consolidated balance sheets, excluding deferred financing costs and net premiums and discounts | $ | 26,437,045 |  |  | $ | 20,388,406 |
Proportionate share of unconsolidated entities debt, excluding deferred financing costs | 659,190 |  |  | — |
Less: Cash and cash equivalents | (396,956) |  |  | (344,129) |
Net Debt (2) | $ | 26,699,279 |  |  | $ | 20,044,277 |
Net Debt/Annualized Adjusted EBITDA re | 5.4 | x |  | 5.3 | x
Net Debt/Annualized Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDA re | 5.4 | x |  | 5.2 | x

(1) We calculate Annualized Adjusted EBITDA re by multiplying the Quarterly Adjusted EBITDA re by four.
(2) Net Debt is total debt per our consolidated balance sheets, excluding deferred financing costs and net premiums and discounts, but including our proportionate share of debt from unconsolidated entities, less cash and cash equivalents.
As described above, the Annualized Pro Forma Adjustments, which include transaction accounting adjustments in accordance with U.S. GAAP, consist of adjustments to incorporate the Adjusted EBITDA re from investments we acquired or stabilized during the applicable quarter and remove Adjusted EBITDA re from investments we disposed of during the applicable quarter, giving pro forma effect to all transactions as if they occurred at the beginning of the period, consistent with the requirements of Article 11 of Regulation S-X. The following table summarizes our Annualized Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDA re calculation for the period indicated below (dollars in thousands):

|  | Three months ended September 30,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
Annualized pro forma adjustments from investments acquired or stabilized |  | $ | 32,378 |  |  | $ | 79,141 |
Annualized pro forma adjustments from investments disposed |  | (3,031) |  |  | (4,638) |
Annualized Pro Forma Adjustments |  | $ | 29,347 |  |  | $ | 74,503 |

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FUNDS FROM OPERATIONS AVAILABLE TO COMMON STOCKHOLDERS ("FFO") AND NORMALIZED FUNDS FROM OPERATIONS AVAILABLE TO COMMON STOCKHOLDERS ("Normalized FFO")
We define FFO, a non-GAAP measure, consistent with the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts' definition, as net income available to common stockholders, plus depreciation and amortization of real estate assets, plus provisions for impairments of depreciable real estate assets, and reduced by gain on property sales. We define Normalized FFO, a non-GAAP financial measure, as FFO excluding merger, transaction, and other costs. We define diluted FFO and diluted normalized FFO as FFO and normalized FFO adjusted for dilutive noncontrolling interests.
The following summarizes our FFO and Normalized FFO (dollars in millions, except per share data):

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | % Change |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | % Change
FFO available to common stockholders | $ | 854.9 |  | $ | 736.1 |  | 16.1 | % |  | $ | 2,569.7 |  | $ | 2,108.4 |  | 21.9 | %
FFO per common share (1) | $ | 0.98 |  | $ | 1.04 |  | (5.8) | % |  | $ | 2.99 |  | $ | 3.09 |  | (3.2) | %
Normalized FFO available to common stockholders | $ | 863.5 |  | $ | 739.0 |  | 16.8 | % |  | $ | 2,675.2 |  | $ | 2,113.0 |  | 26.6 | %
Normalized FFO per common share (1) | $ | 0.99 |  | $ | 1.04 |  | (4.8) | % |  | $ | 3.11 |  | $ | 3.10 |  | 0.3 | %

(1) All per share amounts are presented on a diluted per common share basis.
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The following is a reconciliation of net income available to common stockholders (which we believe is the most comparable U.S. GAAP measure) to FFO and Normalized FFO. Also presented is information regarding distributions paid to common stockholders and the weighted average number of common shares used for the basic and diluted computation per share (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts):

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 261,781 |  |  | $ | 233,473 |  |  | $ | 648,281 |  |  | $ | 653,904 |
Depreciation and amortization | 602,339 |  |  | 495,566 |  |  | 1,788,973 |  |  | 1,419,321 |
Depreciation of furniture, fixtures and equipment | (672) |  |  | (817) |  |  | (1,905) |  |  | (1,656) |
Provisions for impairment of real estate | 33,151 |  |  | 16,808 |  |  | 208,552 |  |  | 59,801 |
Gain on sales of real estate | (50,563) |  |  | (7,572) |  |  | (92,290) |  |  | (19,675) |
Proportionate share of adjustments for unconsolidated entities | 9,652 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,706 |  |  | (465) |
FFO adjustments allocable to noncontrolling interests | (762) |  |  | (1,312) |  |  | (2,575) |  |  | (2,808) |
FFO available to common stockholders | $ | 854,926 |  |  | $ | 736,146 |  |  | $ | 2,569,742 |  |  | $ | 2,108,422 |
FFO allocable to dilutive noncontrolling interests | 1,467 |  |  | 1,375 |  |  | 4,402 |  |  | 4,166 |
Diluted FFO | $ | 856,393 |  |  | $ | 737,521 |  |  | $ | 2,574,144 |  |  | $ | 2,112,588 |
FFO available to common stockholders | $ | 854,926 |  |  | $ | 736,146 |  |  | $ | 2,569,742 |  |  | $ | 2,108,422 |
Merger, transaction, and other costs (1) | 8,610 |  |  | 2,884 |  |  | 105,468 |  |  | 4,532 |
Normalized FFO available to common stockholders | $ | 863,536 |  |  | $ | 739,030 |  |  | $ | 2,675,210 |  |  | $ | 2,112,954 |
Normalized FFO allocable to dilutive noncontrolling interests | 1,467 |  |  | 1,375 |  |  | 4,402 |  |  | 4,166 |
Diluted Normalized FFO | $ | 865,003 |  |  | $ | 740,405 |  |  | $ | 2,679,612 |  |  | $ | 2,117,120 |
FFO per common share, basic and diluted: | $ | 0.98 |  |  | $ | 1.04 |  |  | $ | 2.99 |  |  | $ | 3.09 |
Normalized FFO per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.99 |  |  | $ | 1.04 |  |  | $ | 3.12 |  |  | $ | 3.10 |
Diluted | $ | 0.99 |  |  | $ | 1.04 |  |  | $ | 3.11 |  |  | $ | 3.10 |
Distributions paid to common stockholders | $ | 687,144 |  |  | $ | 543,343 |  |  | $ | 1,999,858 |  |  | $ | 1,555,679 |
FFO available to common stockholders in excess of distributions paid to common stockholders | $ | 167,782 |  |  | $ | 192,803 |  |  | $ | 569,884 |  |  | $ | 552,743 |
Normalized FFO available to common stockholders in excess of distributions paid to common stockholders | $ | 176,392 |  |  | $ | 195,687 |  |  | $ | 675,352 |  |  | $ | 557,275 |
Weighted average number of common shares used for FFO and Normalized FFO: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 870,665 |  |  | 709,165 |  |  | 858,679 |  |  | 681,419 |
Diluted | 873,974 |  |  | 711,338 |  |  | 861,300 |  |  | 683,925 |

(1)During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we incurred $8.6 million and $105.5 million, respectively, of merger, transaction, and other costs consisting primarily of $2.9 million and $99.8 million, respectively, of transaction and integration-related costs related to Spirit and $5.1 million for each of the respective periods related to the lease termination of a legacy corporate facility.
We consider FFO and Normalized FFO to be appropriate supplemental measures of a REIT’s operating performance as they are based on a net income analysis of property portfolio performance that adds back items such as depreciation and impairments for FFO, and adds back merger, transaction, and other costs, for Normalized FFO. The historical accounting convention used for real estate assets requires straight-line depreciation of buildings and improvements, which implies that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time. Since real estate values historically rise and fall with market conditions, presentations of operating results for a REIT, using historical accounting for depreciation, could be less informative.
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ADJUSTED FUNDS FROM OPERATIONS AVAILABLE TO COMMON STOCKHOLDERS ("AFFO")
We define AFFO, a non-GAAP measure, as FFO adjusted for unique revenue and expense items, which we believe are not as pertinent to the measurement of our ongoing operating performance. We define diluted AFFO as AFFO adjusted for dilutive noncontrolling interests.
The following summarizes our AFFO (dollars in millions, except per share data):

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | % Change |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | % Change
AFFO available to common stockholders | $ | 915.6 |  | $ | 721.4 |  | 26.9 | % |  | $ | 2,699.5 |  | $ | 2,043.8 |  | 32.1 | %
AFFO per common share (1) | $ | 1.05 |  | $ | 1.02 |  | 2.9 | % |  | $ | 3.14 |  | $ | 2.99 |  | 5.0 | %

(1) All per share amounts are presented on a diluted per common share basis.
We consider AFFO to be an appropriate supplemental measure of our performance. Most companies in our industry use a similar measurement, but they may use the term “CAD” (for Cash Available for Distribution), “FAD” (for Funds Available for Distribution) or other terms. Our AFFO calculations may not be comparable to AFFO, CAD or FAD reported by other companies, and other companies may interpret or define such terms differently than we do.
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The following is a reconciliation of net income available to common stockholders (which we believe is the most comparable U.S. GAAP measure) to Normalized FFO and AFFO. Also presented is information regarding distributions paid to common stockholders and the weighted average number of common shares used for the basic and diluted computation per share (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts). Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on previously reported AFFO.

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 261,781 |  |  | $ | 233,473 |  |  | $ | 648,281 |  |  | $ | 653,904 |
Cumulative adjustments to calculate Normalized FFO (1) | 601,755 |  |  | 505,557 |  |  | 2,026,929 |  |  | 1,459,050 |
Normalized FFO available to common stockholders | 863,536 |  |  | 739,030 |  |  | 2,675,210 |  |  | 2,112,954 |
Excess of redemption value over carrying value of preferred shares redeemed | 5,116 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,116 |  |  | — |
Amortization of share-based compensation | 6,401 |  |  | 6,231 |  |  | 22,920 |  |  | 20,154 |
Amortization of net debt discounts (premiums) and deferred financing costs | 4,861 |  |  | (10,244) |  |  | 9,861 |  |  | (34,441) |
Amortization of acquired interest rate swap value (2) | 3,711 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,225 |  |  | — |
Non-cash change in allowance for credit losses | 63,769 |  |  | — |  |  | 74,315 |  |  | — |
Leasing costs and commissions | (2,841) |  |  | (1,392) |  |  | (5,897) |  |  | (6,868) |
Recurring capital expenditures | (151) |  |  | (52) |  |  | (203) |  |  | (190) |
Straight-line rent and expenses, net | (43,930) |  |  | (42,791) |  |  | (136,377) |  |  | (113,239) |
Amortization of above and below-market leases, net | 12,973 |  |  | 24,939 |  |  | 41,053 |  |  | 61,967 |
Proportionate share of adjustments for unconsolidated entities | (2,152) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,770) |  |  | — |
Other adjustments (3) | 4,279 |  |  | 5,649 |  |  | 5,064 |  |  | 3,499 |
AFFO available to common stockholders | $ | 915,572 |  |  | $ | 721,370 |  |  | $ | 2,699,517 |  |  | $ | 2,043,836 |
AFFO allocable to dilutive noncontrolling interests | 1,467 |  |  | 1,357 |  |  | 4,413 |  |  | 4,170 |
Diluted AFFO | $ | 917,039 |  |  | $ | 722,727 |  |  | $ | 2,703,930 |  |  | $ | 2,048,006 |
AFFO per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 1.05 |  |  | $ | 1.02 |  |  | $ | 3.14 |  |  | $ | 3.00 |
Diluted | $ | 1.05 |  |  | $ | 1.02 |  |  | $ | 3.14 |  |  | $ | 2.99 |
Distributions paid to common stockholders | $ | 687,144 |  |  | $ | 543,343 |  |  | $ | 1,999,858 |  |  | $ | 1,555,679 |
AFFO available to common stockholders in excess of distributions paid to common stockholders | $ | 228,428 |  |  | $ | 178,027 |  |  | $ | 699,659 |  |  | $ | 488,157 |
Weighted average number of common shares used for computation per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 870,665 |  |  | 709,165 |  |  | 858,679 |  |  | 681,419 |
Diluted | 873,974 |  |  | 711,338 |  |  | 861,300 |  |  | 683,925 |

(1)See reconciling items for Normalized FFO presented under “Funds from Operations Available to Common Stockholders ("FFO") and Normalized Funds from Operations Available to Common Stockholders ("Normalized FFO")".
(2)Includes the amortization of the purchase price allocated to interest rate swaps acquired in the Spirit merger.
(3)Includes non-cash foreign currency losses (gains) from remeasurement to USD, mark-to-market adjustments on investments and derivatives that are non-cash in nature, straight-line payments from cross-currency swaps, obligations related to financing lease liabilities, adjustments allocable to noncontrolling interests, and gains and losses on the sale of loans receivable.
We believe the non-GAAP financial measure AFFO provides useful information to investors because it is a widely accepted industry measure of the operating performance of real estate companies that is used by industry analysts and investors who look at and compare those companies. In particular, AFFO provides an additional measure to compare the operating performance of different REITs without having to account for differing depreciation assumptions and other unique revenue and expense items which are not pertinent to measuring a particular company’s on-going operating performance. Therefore, we believe that AFFO is an appropriate supplemental performance metric, and that the most appropriate U.S. GAAP performance metric to which AFFO should be reconciled is net income available to common stockholders.
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Presentation of the information regarding FFO, Normalized FFO, and AFFO is intended to assist the reader in comparing the operating performance of different REITs, although it should be noted that not all REITs calculate FFO, Normalized FFO, and AFFO in the same way, so comparisons with other REITs may not be meaningful. Furthermore, FFO, Normalized FFO, and AFFO are not necessarily indicative of cash flow available to fund cash needs and should not be considered as alternatives to net income as an indication of our performance. FFO, Normalized FFO, and AFFO should not be considered as alternatives to reviewing our cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities. In addition, FFO, Normalized FFO, and AFFO should not be considered as measures of liquidity, our ability to make cash distributions, or our ability to pay interest payments.
PROPERTY PORTFOLIO INFORMATION
At September 30, 2024, most of the properties in our portfolio were leased under net lease agreements. A net lease typically requires the client to be responsible for monthly rent and certain property operating expenses including property taxes, insurance, and maintenance. In addition, clients of our properties typically pay rent increases based on: (1) fixed increases, (2) increases tied to inflation (typically subject to ceilings), or (3) additional rent calculated as a percentage of the clients' gross sales above a specified level.
We define total portfolio annualized contractual rent as the monthly aggregate cash amount charged to clients, inclusive of monthly base rent receivables, as of the balance sheet date, multiplied by 12, excluding percentage rent, interest income on loans and preferred equity investments, and including our pro rata share of such revenues from properties owned by unconsolidated joint ventures. We believe total portfolio annualized contractual rent is a useful supplemental operating measure, as it excludes properties that were no longer owned at the balance sheet date and includes the annualized rent from properties acquired during the quarter. Total portfolio annualized contractual rent has not been reduced to reflect reserves recorded as adjustments to U.S. GAAP rental revenue in the periods presented.
Top 10 Industry Concentrations
We are engaged in a single business activity, which is the leasing of property to clients, generally on a net basis. That business activity spans various geographic boundaries and includes property types and clients engaged in various industries. Even though we have a single segment, we believe our investors continue to view diversification as a key component of our investment philosophy and so we believe it remains important to present certain information regarding our property portfolio classified according to the business of the respective clients, expressed as a percentage of our total portfolio annualized contractual rent:

|  | Percentage of Total Portfolio Annualized Contractual Rent by Industry
|  | As of
|  | Sept 30, 2024 |  |  | Dec 31, 2023 |  |  | Dec 31, 2022 |  |  | Dec 31, 2021 |  |  | Dec 31, 2020
Grocery |  | 10.4% |  |  | 11.4% |  |  | 10.0% |  |  | 10.2% |  |  | 9.8%
Convenience Stores |  | 9.4 |  |  | 10.2 |  |  | 8.6 |  |  | 9.1 |  |  | 11.9
Dollar Stores |  | 6.5 |  |  | 7.1 |  |  | 7.4 |  |  | 7.5 |  |  | 7.6
Home Improvement |  | 6.0 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | 5.6 |  |  | 5.1 |  |  | 4.3
Restaurants-Quick Service |  | 4.9 |  |  | 5.2 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | 6.6 |  |  | 5.3
Drug Stores |  | 4.8 |  |  | 5.5 |  |  | 5.7 |  |  | 6.6 |  |  | 8.2
Automotive Service |  | 4.5 |  |  | 4.3 |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 2.7
Health and Fitness |  | 4.4 |  |  | 3.9 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | 4.7 |  |  | 6.7
Restaurants-Casual Dining |  | 4.2 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | 5.1 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | 2.8
General Merchandise |  | 3.3 |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | 3.4

Property Type Composition
The following table sets forth certain property type information regarding our property portfolio as of September 30, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

Property Type |  | Number of Properties |  | Approximate Leasable Square Feet (1) |  | Total Portfolio Annualized Contractual Rent |  | Percentage of Total Portfolio Annualized Contractual Rent
Retail |  | 14,822 |  | 211,007,300 |  | $ | 3,912,022 |  |  | 79.4 | %
Industrial |  | 564 |  | 115,466,200 |  | 720,977 |  |  | 14.6 |
Gaming |  | 2 |  | 5,053,400 |  | 159,695 |  |  | 3.2 |
Other (2) |  | 69 |  | 5,103,300 |  | 138,489 |  |  | 2.8 |
Totals |  | 15,457 |  | 336,630,200 |  | $ | 4,931,183 |  |  | 100.0 | %

(1)Represents leasable building square footage and includes our portfolio of unconsolidated joint ventures based on ownership percentage. Excludes 2,962 acres of leased land categorized as agriculture at September 30, 2024.
(2)"Other" primarily includes 15 properties classified as office with $46.0 million in annualized contractual rent, 27 properties classified as agriculture with $38.3 million in annualized contractual rent, three properties classified as data centers with $25.9 million in annualized contractual rent, and 21 properties classified as country clubs with $24.4 million in annualized contractual rent, as well as one land parcel under development.
Client Diversification
The following table sets forth the 20 largest clients in our property portfolio, expressed as a percentage of total portfolio annualized contractual rent, which does not give effect to deferred rent or interest earned on loans and preferred equity investments, at September 30, 2024:

Client |  | Number of Leases |  | Percentage of Total Portfolio Annualized Contractual Rent (1)
Dollar General |  | 1,763 |  |  | 3.3 | %
Walgreens |  | 400 |  |  | 3.3 |
Dollar Tree / Family Dollar |  | 1,387 |  |  | 3.1 |
7-Eleven |  | 640 |  |  | 2.5 |
EG Group Limited |  | 414 |  |  | 2.1 |
Wynn Resorts |  | 1 |  |  | 2.1 |
Lifetime Fitness |  | 38 |  |  | 2.0 |
FedEx |  | 82 |  |  | 1.9 |
Asda |  | 39 |  |  | 1.6 |
(B&Q) Kingfisher |  | 51 |  |  | 1.6 |
Sainsbury's |  | 37 |  |  | 1.6 |
BJ's Wholesale Club |  | 44 |  |  | 1.6 |
Tesco |  | 25 |  |  | 1.3 |
CVS Pharmacy |  | 213 |  |  | 1.2 |
LA Fitness |  | 66 |  |  | 1.2 |
Tractor Supply |  | 207 |  |  | 1.2 |
MGM (Bellagio) (2) |  | 1 |  |  | 1.2 |
AMC Theaters |  | 39 |  |  | 1.1 |
Walmart / Sam's Club |  | 63 |  |  | 1.0 |
Home Depot |  | 38 |  |  | 1.0 |
Total |  | 5,548 |  | 35.9 | %

(1)Amounts for each client are calculated independently; therefore, the individual percentages may not sum to the total.
(2)Represents our proportionate share of the common equity ownership in the unconsolidated joint venture.
Lease Expirations
The following table sets forth certain information regarding the timing of the lease term expirations in our portfolio (excluding rights to extend a lease at the option of the client) and their contribution to total portfolio annualized contractual rent as of September 30, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

| Total Portfolio (1)
| Expiring Leases |  | Approximate Leasable Square Feet |  | Total Portfolio Annualized Contractual Rent |  | Percentage of Total Portfolio Annualized Contractual Rent
Year | Retail |  | Non-Retail
2024 | 112 |  | 1 |  | 1,089,400 |  | $ | 12,764 |  |  | 0.3 | %
2025 | 826 |  | 32 |  | 12,005,400 |  | 188,669 |  |  | 3.8 |
2026 | 944 |  | 47 |  | 20,173,600 |  | 240,372 |  |  | 4.9 |
2027 | 1,578 |  | 47 |  | 26,730,800 |  | 349,659 |  |  | 7.1 |
2028 | 1,854 |  | 68 |  | 35,912,800 |  | 455,218 |  |  | 9.2 |
2029 | 1,830 |  | 49 |  | 33,919,000 |  | 432,418 |  |  | 8.8 |
2030 | 810 |  | 34 |  | 21,894,300 |  | 260,092 |  |  | 5.3 |
2031 | 632 |  | 52 |  | 27,607,900 |  | 311,038 |  |  | 6.3 |
2032 | 1,116 |  | 46 |  | 22,026,400 |  | 305,996 |  |  | 6.2 |
2033 | 950 |  | 27 |  | 22,187,000 |  | 276,567 |  |  | 5.6 |
2034 | 781 |  | 30 |  | 17,937,100 |  | 321,736 |  |  | 6.5 |
2035 | 575 |  | 23 |  | 10,154,400 |  | 182,197 |  |  | 3.7 |
2036 | 591 |  | 23 |  | 10,949,800 |  | 190,455 |  |  | 3.9 |
2037 | 579 |  | 23 |  | 12,278,600 |  | 168,785 |  |  | 3.4 |
2038 | 370 |  | 24 |  | 12,585,800 |  | 143,166 |  |  | 2.9 |
2039-2143 | 2,286 |  | 130 |  | 45,955,900 |  | 1,092,051 |  |  | 22.1 |
Totals | 15,834 |  | 656 |  | 333,408,200 |  | $ | 4,931,183 |  |  | 100.0 | %

(1)Leases on our multi-client properties are counted separately in the table above.
Geographic Diversification
The following table sets forth certain geographic information regarding our property portfolio as of September 30, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

Location | Number of Properties |  | Percent Leased |  | Approximate Leasable Square Feet |  | Percentage of Total Portfolio Annualized Contractual Rent
Alabama | 502 |  | 99 | % |  | 5,916,500 |  | 1.8 | %
Alaska | 16 |  | 100 |  |  | 622,800 |  | 0.2 |
Arizona | 294 |  | 100 |  |  | 4,955,400 |  | 1.9 |
Arkansas | 310 |  | 99 |  |  | 3,526,400 |  | 1.0 |
California | 382 |  | 100 |  |  | 14,240,100 |  | 5.0 |
Colorado | 206 |  | 98 |  |  | 3,945,400 |  | 1.2 |
Connecticut | 59 |  | 98 |  |  | 2,664,400 |  | 0.6 |
Delaware | 25 |  | 100 |  |  | 264,100 |  | 0.1 |
Florida | 1,035 |  | 99 |  |  | 13,481,400 |  | 5.1 |
Georgia | 721 |  | 98 |  |  | 11,909,700 |  | 3.6 |
Hawaii | 22 |  | 100 |  |  | 47,800 |  | 0.1 |
Idaho | 41 |  | 98 |  |  | 408,000 |  | 0.2 |
Illinois | 600 |  | 98 |  |  | 14,795,000 |  | 4.4 |
Indiana | 466 |  | 98 |  |  | 12,249,000 |  | 2.4 |
Iowa | 126 |  | 98 |  |  | 4,373,600 |  | 0.8 |
Kansas | 216 |  | 98 |  |  | 5,584,400 |  | 1.0 |
Kentucky | 436 |  | 99 |  |  | 7,001,300 |  | 1.5 |
Louisiana | 380 |  | 100 |  |  | 5,929,200 |  | 1.7 |
Maine | 112 |  | 100 |  |  | 1,300,500 |  | 0.6 |
Maryland | 95 |  | 99 |  |  | 4,417,800 |  | 1.2 |
Massachusetts | 216 |  | 100 |  |  | 7,802,000 |  | 3.9 |
Michigan | 569 |  | 98 |  |  | 8,664,900 |  | 2.6 |
Minnesota | 292 |  | 99 |  |  | 5,732,200 |  | 1.7 |
Mississippi | 355 |  | 99 |  |  | 5,505,200 |  | 1.2 |
Missouri | 446 |  | 99 |  |  | 6,795,400 |  | 1.8 |
Montana | 30 |  | 100 |  |  | 400,500 |  | 0.2 |
Nebraska | 89 |  | 100 |  |  | 1,342,000 |  | 0.3 |
Nevada | 75 |  | 100 |  |  | 4,615,400 |  | 1.9 |
New Hampshire | 69 |  | 99 |  |  | 1,287,700 |  | 0.5 |
New Jersey | 157 |  | 97 |  |  | 2,693,900 |  | 1.3 |
New Mexico | 146 |  | 99 |  |  | 2,149,500 |  | 0.7 |
New York | 378 |  | 99 |  |  | 6,833,500 |  | 2.8 |
North Carolina | 491 |  | 98 |  |  | 10,114,300 |  | 2.6 |
North Dakota | 25 |  | 100 |  |  | 537,900 |  | 0.2 |
Ohio | 818 |  | 97 |  |  | 22,452,700 |  | 4.1 |
Oklahoma | 403 |  | 97 |  |  | 5,705,900 |  | 1.5 |
Oregon | 44 |  | 98 |  |  | 757,200 |  | 0.3 |
Pennsylvania | 365 |  | 99 |  |  | 7,363,400 |  | 2.0 |
Rhode Island | 34 |  | 100 |  |  | 343,900 |  | 0.2 |
South Carolina | 389 |  | 99 |  |  | 6,163,600 |  | 1.8 |
South Dakota | 40 |  | 98 |  |  | 612,300 |  | 0.2 |
Tennessee | 578 |  | 99 |  |  | 9,796,700 |  | 2.5 |
Texas | 1,888 |  | 99 |  |  | 36,121,000 |  | 10.3 |
Utah | 57 |  | 100 |  |  | 2,618,700 |  | 0.6 |
Vermont | 19 |  | 100 |  |  | 175,300 |  | 0.1 |
Virginia | 415 |  | 99 |  |  | 9,144,300 |  | 2.6 |
Washington | 85 |  | 98 |  |  | 1,898,900 |  | 0.7 |
West Virginia | 105 |  | 100 |  |  | 1,081,500 |  | 0.4 |
Wisconsin | 320 |  | 100 |  |  | 8,553,800 |  | 1.9 |
Wyoming | 25 |  | 100 |  |  | 203,100 |  | 0.1 |
Puerto Rico | 6 |  | 100 |  |  | 59,400 |  | * |
U.S. Virgin Islands | 1 |  | 100 |  |  | 38,000 |  | * |
France | 28 |  | 100 |  |  | 1,406,800 |  | 0.3 |
Germany | 4 |  | 100 |  |  | 189,900 |  | * |
Ireland | 11 |  | 100 |  |  | 444,200 |  | 0.2 |
Italy | 34 |  | 100 |  |  | 2,492,600 |  | 0.7 |
Portugal | 5 |  | 100 |  |  | 142,300 |  | * |
Spain | 91 |  | 100 |  |  | 6,772,600 |  | 1.3 |
United Kingdom | 310 |  | 100 |  |  | 29,984,900 |  | 12.1 |
Totals/average | 15,457 |  | 99 | % |  | 336,630,200 |  | 100.0 | %
•*Less than 0.1% |  |  |  |  |  |  |

IMPACT OF RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
For information on the impact of new accounting standards on our consolidated financial statements, see note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and are the basis for our discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations. Preparing our consolidated financial statements requires us to make a number of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. We believe that we have made these estimates and assumptions in an appropriate manner and in a way that accurately reflects our financial condition. We continually test and evaluate these estimates and assumptions using our historical knowledge of the business, as well as other factors, to ensure that they are reasonable for reporting purposes. However, actual results may differ from these estimates and assumptions. There have been no material changes to the Critical Accounting Policies disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. This summary should be read in conjunction with the more complete discussion of our accounting policies and procedures included in note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to our consolidated financial statements in our Annual Report.
Item 3: Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
We are exposed to economic risks from interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. A portion of these risks is hedged, but the risks may affect our financial statements.
Interest Rates
We are exposed to interest rate changes primarily as a result of our credit facility and commercial paper programs, term loans, mortgages payable, and long-term notes and bonds used to maintain liquidity and expand our real estate investment portfolio and operations. Our interest rate risk management objective is to limit the impact of interest rate changes on earnings and cash flow and to lower our overall borrowing costs. To achieve these objectives, we issue long-term notes and bonds, primarily at fixed rates.
In order to mitigate and manage the effects of interest rate risks on our operations, we may utilize a variety of financial instruments, including interest rate swaps, interest rate swaptions, interest rate locks and caps. The use of these types of instruments to hedge our exposure to changes in interest rates carries additional risks, including counterparty credit risk, the enforceability of hedging contracts and the risk that unanticipated and significant changes in interest rates will cause a significant loss of basis in the contract. To limit counterparty credit risk, we will seek to enter into such agreements with major financial institutions with favorable credit ratings. There can be no assurance that we will be able to adequately protect against the foregoing risks or realize an economic benefit that exceeds the related amounts incurred in connection with engaging in such hedging activities. We do not enter into any derivative transactions for speculative or trading purposes.
The following table presents, by year of expected maturity, the principal amounts, average interest rates and estimated fair values of our fixed and variable rate debt as of September 30, 2024. This information is presented to evaluate the expected cash flows and sensitivity to interest rate changes (dollars in millions):
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Expected Maturity Data
The following table summarizes the maturity of our debt as of September 30, 2024 (dollars in millions):

Year of Principal Due | Fixed rate debt |  | Weighted average rate on fixed rate debt |  | Variable rate debt |  | Weighted average rate on variable rate debt
2024 | $ | 114.2 |  | 4.47 | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | %
2025 | 1,896.0 |  | 4.21 | % |  | — |  |  | — |
2026 | 3,016.7 | (1) | 4.22 | % |  | 927.5 |  | (2) | 3.53 | %
2027 | 2,893.4 |  | 2.82 | % |  | — |  |  | — |
2028 | 2,501.0 |  | 3.19 | % |  | — |  |  | — |
Thereafter | 15,088.2 |  | 4.05 | % |  | — |  |  | — |
Totals (3) | $ | 25,509.5 |  | 3.86 | % |  | $ | 927.5 |  |  | 3.53 | %
Fair Value (4) | $ | 24,629.8 |  |  |  | $ | 927.5 |  |  |

(1)The maturity date for our 2023 term loans assumes a twelve-month extension available at the company's option is exercised. In January 2024, we entered into interest rate swaps on our 2023 term loans, which fix our per annum interest rate at 4.9% until January 2026, which is the term loan maturity date if our remaining extension option is exercised.
(2)In conjunction with the pricing of our senior unsecured notes due January 2026, we executed three-year, fixed-to-variable interest rate swaps totaling $500.0 million, which are subject to the counterparties' right to terminate the swaps at any time following the 2026 notes par call date.
(3)Excludes net premiums and discounts recorded on mortgages payable, net premiums and discounts recorded on notes payable, deferred financing costs on term loans, mortgages payable, notes payable, and the basis adjustment on interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges on notes payable.
(4)We base the estimated fair value of our fixed rate mortgages and private senior notes payable at September 30, 2024, on the relevant forward interest rate curve, plus an applicable credit-adjusted spread. We base the estimated fair value of the publicly traded fixed rate senior notes and bonds at September 30, 2024, on the indicative market prices and recent trading activity of our senior notes and bonds payable. We believe that the carrying values of the line of credit, commercial paper borrowings, and term loans reasonably approximate their estimated fair values at September 30, 2024.
The table above incorporates only those exposures that exist as of September 30, 2024. It does not consider those exposures or positions that could arise after that date. As a result, our ultimate realized gain or loss, with respect to interest rate fluctuations, would depend on the exposures that arise during the period, our hedging strategies at the time, and interest rates.
At September 30, 2024, our outstanding mortgages payable, notes, and bonds had fixed interest rates. Interest on our credit facility and commercial paper borrowings and term loans is variable. However, the variable interest rate feature on our term loans have been mitigated by interest rate swap agreements. At September 30, 2024, a 1% change in interest rates on our variable-rate debt would change our interest rate costs by $9.3 million.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rates
We are exposed to foreign currency exchange variability related to investments in and earnings from our foreign investments. Foreign currency market risk is the possibility that our results of operations or financial position could be better or worse than planned because of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We primarily hedge our foreign currency risk by borrowing in the currencies in which we invest thereby providing a natural hedge. We continuously evaluate and manage our foreign currency risk through the use of derivative financial instruments, including currency exchange swaps, and foreign currency forward contracts with financial counterparties where practicable. Such derivative instruments are viewed as risk management tools and are not used for speculative or trading purposes. Additionally, our inability to redeploy rent receipts from our international operations on a timely basis subjects us to foreign exchange risk.
Item 4: Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.
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As of and for the quarter ended September 30, 2024, we carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer.
Based on the foregoing, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that as of September 30, 2024 our disclosure controls and procedures were effective and were operating at a reasonable assurance level.
Changes in Internal Controls
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2024, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls
Internal control over financial reporting cannot provide absolute assurance of achieving financial reporting objectives because of its inherent limitations. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Internal control over financial reporting also can be circumvented by collusion or improper management override. Because of such limitations, there is a risk that material misstatements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting. However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process. Therefore, it is possible to design into the process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, this risk.
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1A: Risk Factors
You should carefully consider the risks described in "Item 1A, Risk Factors" in Part I of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, as our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected by any of the risks and uncertainties described therein. There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Item 2: Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
The following shares of stock were withheld for state and federal payroll taxes on the vesting of employee stock awards, as permitted under the Realty Income 2021 Incentive Award Plan, (the "2021 Plan"):

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) |  | Average Price Paid per Share
July 1, 2024 — July 31, 2024 |  | 391 |  |  | $ | 57.59 |
August 1, 2024 — August 31, 2024 |  | 501 |  |  | $ | 60.09 |
September 1, 2024 — September 30, 2024 |  | 177 |  |  | $ | 62.12 |
Total |  | 1,069 |  |  | $ | 59.51 |

(1)All 1,069 shares of common stock purchased during the three months ended September 30, 2024 were withheld for state and federal payroll taxes on the vesting of employee stock awards, as permitted under the 2021 Incentive Award Plan of Realty Income Corporation. The withholding of common stock by us could be deemed a purchase of such common stock.
Item 5: Other Information
Director and Officer Trading Arrangements
During the three months ended September 30, 2024, none of our officers or directors adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of our securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement.”
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Item 6: Exhibits

Exhibit No. |  | Description |
Plans of acquisition, reorganization, arrangement, liquidation or succession |
2.1 |  | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 29, 2023, by and among Realty Income Corporation, Saints MD Acquisition Sub, Inc. and Spirit Realty Capital, Inc. (filed as exhibit 2.1 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on October 30, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference). |
Instruments defining the rights of security holders, including indentures |
4.1 |  | Indenture dated as of October 28, 1998 between the Company and The Bank of New York (filed as exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on October 28, 1998 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). |
4.2 |  | Form of 5.375% Note due 2054 issued on August 26, 2024 (filed as exhibit 4.2 and contained in exhibit 4.3 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on A ugust 26, 202 4 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). |
4.3 |  | Officers’ Certificate dated August 26, 2024 pursuant to Sections 201, 301 and 303 of the Indenture dated as of October 28, 1998 between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as successor trustee, establishing the terms of a new series of debt securities entitled “5.375% Notes due 2054” and including the form of debt security (filed as exhibit 4.3 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on August 26, 2024 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). |
4.4 |  | Form of 5.000% Note due 2029 issued on September 4, 2024 (filed as exhibit 4.2 and containe d in 4.4 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on September 4, 2024 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). |
4.5 |  | Form of 5.250% Note due 2041 issued on September 4, 2024 (filed as exhibit 4.3 and contained in exhibit 4.4 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on September 4, 2024 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). |
4.6 |  | Officers’ Certificate dated September 4, 2024 pursuant to Sections 201, 301 and 303 of the Indenture dated as of October 28, 1998 between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as successor trustee, establishing the terms of a new series of debt securities entitled “5.000% Notes due 2029” and a new series of debt securities entitled “5.250% Notes due 2041” and including the forms of debt securities of each such series (filed as exhibit 4.4 to the Company's Form 8-K, filed on September 4, 2024 (File No. 001-13374) and incorporated herein by reference). |
Certifications |
31.1* |  | Certification of the Princip al Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
31.2* |  | Certification of the Princip al Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
32** |  | Section 1350 Certifications as furnished by the Princip al Executive Officer and the Princip al Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
Interactive Data Files |
101.INS* |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. |
101.SCH* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. |
101.CAL* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. |
101.LAB* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. |
101.PRE* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. |
101.DEF* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. |
104* |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |
* Filed herewith. |
**Furnished herewith. |

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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| REALTY INCOME CORPORATION
Date: November 5, 2024 | /s/ NEALE REDINGTON
| Neale Redington
| Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer

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