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Employee Benefit Plans | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Retirement Benefits [Abstract] |
Employee Benefit Plans | 21. Employee Benefit Plans Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans Certain subsidiaries of MetLife, Inc. sponsor a U.S. qualified and various U.S. and non-U.S. nonqualified defined benefit pension plans covering employees who meet specified eligibility requirements. U.S. pension benefits are provided utilizing either a traditional formula or cash balance formula. The traditional formula provides benefits that are primarily based upon years of credited service and final average earnings. The cash balance formula utilizes hypothetical or notional accounts which credit participants with benefits equal to a percentage of eligible pay, as well as interest credits, determined annually based upon the annual rate of interest on 30-year U.S. Treasury securities, for each account balance. In September 2018, the U.S. qualified and nonqualified defined benefit pension plans were amended, effective January 1, 2023, to provide benefits accruals for all active participants under the cash balance formula and to cease future accruals under the traditional formula. The U.S. nonqualified pension plans provide supplemental benefits in excess of limits applicable to a qualified plan. The non-U.S. pension plans generally provide benefits based upon either years of credited service and earnings preceding retirement or points earned on job grades and other factors in years of service. These subsidiaries also provide certain postemployment benefits and certain postretirement medical and life insurance benefits for U.S. and non-U.S. retired employees. U.S. employees of these subsidiaries who were hired prior to 2003 (or, in certain cases, rehired during or after 2003) and meet age and service criteria while working for one of the subsidiaries may become eligible for these other postretirement benefits, at various levels, in accordance with the applicable plans. Virtually all retirees, or their beneficiaries, contribute a portion of the total costs of postretirement medical benefits. U.S. employees hired after 2003 are not eligible for any employer subsidy for postretirement medical benefits. In September 2018, the U.S. postretirement medical and life insurance benefit plans were amended, effective January 1, 2023, to discontinue the accrual of the employer subsidy credits for eligible employees. The benefit obligations, funded status and net periodic benefit costs related to these pension and other postretirement benefits were comprised of the following:
| December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits |  | Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
| U.S. Plans |  | Non- U.S. Plans |  | Total |  | U.S. Plans |  | Non- U.S. Plans |  | Total |  | U.S. Plans |  | Non- U.S. Plans |  | Total |  | U.S. Plans |  | Non- U.S. Plans |  | Total
| (In millions)
Benefit obligations | $ | 8,649 |  |  | $ | 849 |  |  | $ | 9,498 |  |  | $ | 723 |  |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 765 |  |  | $ | 8,425 |  |  | $ | 873 |  |  | $ | 9,298 |  |  | $ | 758 |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | 794 |
Estimated fair value of plan assets | 7,786 |  |  | 484 |  |  | 8,270 |  |  | 1,307 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 1,334 |  |  | 7,831 |  |  | 463 |  |  | 8,294 |  |  | 1,277 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 1,303 |
Over (under) funded status | $ | (863) |  |  | $ | (365) |  |  | $ | (1,228) |  |  | $ | 584 |  |  | $ | (15) |  |  | $ | 569 |  |  | $ | (594) |  |  | $ | (410) |  |  | $ | (1,004) |  |  | $ | 519 |  |  | $ | (10) |  |  | $ | 509 |
Net periodic benefit costs | $ | 227 |  |  | $ | 64 |  |  | $ | 291 |  |  | $ | (41) |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | (38) |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | 122 |  |  | $ | (43) |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (42) |
Obligations and Funded Status
|  | December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | Pension Benefits (1) |  | Other Postretirement Benefits |  | Pension Benefits (1) |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
|  | (In millions)
Change in benefit obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Benefit obligations at January 1, |  | $ | 9,298 |  |  | $ | 794 |  |  | $ | 12,182 |  |  | $ | 1,138 |
Service costs |  | 143 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 187 |  |  | 4 |
Interest costs |  | 474 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 328 |  |  | 34 |
Plan participants’ contributions |  | — |  |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | 32 |
Plan amendments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |
Net actuarial (gains) losses (2) |  | 299 |  |  | (23) |  |  | (2,609) |  |  | (289) |
Acquisition, divestitures, settlements and curtailments |  | (35) |  |  | — |  |  | (45) |  |  | — |
Benefits paid |  | (636) |  |  | (86) |  |  | (630) |  |  | (125) |
Effect of foreign currency translation |  | (45) |  |  | 4 |  |  | (123) |  |  | — |
Benefit obligations at December 31, |  | 9,498 |  |  | 765 |  |  | 9,298 |  |  | 794 |
Change in plan assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Estimated fair value of plan assets at January 1, |  | 8,294 |  |  | 1,303 |  |  | 10,971 |  |  | 1,443 |
Actual return on plan assets |  | 529 |  |  | 72 |  |  | (2,095) |  |  | (43) |
Acquisition, divestitures and settlements |  | (35) |  |  | — |  |  | (38) |  |  | — |
Plan participants’ contributions |  | — |  |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | 32 |
Employer contributions |  | 140 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 152 |  |  | (3) |
Benefits paid |  | (636) |  |  | (86) |  |  | (630) |  |  | (125) |
Effect of foreign currency translation |  | (22) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (66) |  |  | (1) |
Estimated fair value of plan assets at December 31, |  | 8,270 |  |  | 1,334 |  |  | 8,294 |  |  | 1,303 |
Over (under) funded status at December 31, |  | $ | (1,228) |  |  | $ | 569 |  |  | $ | (1,004) |  |  | $ | 509 |
Amounts recognized on the consolidated balance sheets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other assets |  | $ | 229 |  |  | $ | 886 |  |  | $ | 428 |  |  | $ | 796 |
Other liabilities |  | (1,457) |  |  | (317) |  |  | (1,432) |  |  | (287) |
Net amount recognized |  | $ | (1,228) |  |  | $ | 569 |  |  | $ | (1,004) |  |  | $ | 509 |
AOCI: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial (gains) losses |  | $ | 2,360 |  |  | $ | (509) |  |  | $ | 2,277 |  |  | $ | (498) |
Prior service costs (credit) |  | (25) |  |  | — |  |  | (36) |  |  | — |
AOCI, before income tax |  | $ | 2,335 |  |  | $ | (509) |  |  | $ | 2,241 |  |  | $ | (498) |
Accumulated benefit obligation |  | $ | 9,377 |  |  | N/A |  | $ | 9,185 |  |  | N/A
__________________ (1)Includes nonqualified unfunded plans, for which the aggregate PBO was $1.0 billion at both December 31, 2023 and 2022. (2)For the year ended December 31, 2023, significant sources of actuarial (gains) losses for pension and other postretirement benefits include the impact of changes to the financial assumptions of $256 million and $8 million, respectively, demographic assumptions of ($54) million and ($8) million, respectively, and plan experience of $97 million and ($23) million, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2022, significant sources of actuarial (gains) losses for pension and other postretirement benefits include the impact of changes to the financial assumptions, primarily related to an increase in the discount rate, of ($2.6) billion and ($276) million, respectively, and plan experience of $14 million and ($13) million, respectively. Information regarding pension plans and other postretirement benefit plans with PBOs and/or accumulated benefit obligations (“ABO”) or APBO in excess of plan assets was as follows at:
| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| PBO Exceeds Estimated Fair Value of Plan Assets |  | ABO Exceeds Estimated Fair Value of Plan Assets |  | APBO Exceeds Estimated Fair Value of Plan Assets
| (In millions)
Projected benefit obligations | $ | 1,474 |  |  | $ | 1,444 |  |  | $ | 1,459 |  |  | $ | 1,434 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
Accumulated benefit obligations | $ | 1,411 |  |  | $ | 1,384 |  |  | $ | 1,411 |  |  | $ | 1,384 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
Accumulated postretirement benefit obligations | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | $ | 580 |  |  | $ | 562 |
Estimated fair value of plan assets | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 266 |  |  | $ | 276 |
Net Periodic Benefit Costs The components of net periodic benefit costs and other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in OCI were as follows:
| Years Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits |  | Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits |  | Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
| (In millions)
Net periodic benefit costs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service costs | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 187 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 215 |  |  | $ | 4 |
Interest costs | 474 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 328 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 342 |  |  | 37 |
Settlement and curtailment (gains) losses | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  | 1 |
Expected return on plan assets | (480) |  |  | (54) |  |  | (516) |  |  | (55) |  |  | (506) |  |  | (56) |
Amortization of net actuarial (gains) losses | 159 |  |  | (30) |  |  | 129 |  |  | (25) |  |  | 162 |  |  | (39) |
Amortization of prior service costs (credit) | (11) |  |  | — |  |  | (11) |  |  | — |  |  | (12) |  |  | — |
Total net periodic benefit costs (credit) | 291 |  |  | (38) |  |  | 122 |  |  | (42) |  |  | 194 |  |  | (53) |
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in OCI: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial (gains) losses | 250 |  |  | (41) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (191) |  |  | (166) |  |  | (54) |
Prior service costs (credit) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |
Amortization of net actuarial gains (losses) | (159) |  |  | 30 |  |  | (129) |  |  | 25 |  |  | (162) |  |  | 39 |
Amortization of prior service (costs) credit | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |
Settlement and curtailment (gains) losses | (6) |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | (10) |  |  | 10 |
Exchange rate changes | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  | — |  |  | (8) |  |  | — |
Total recognized in OCI | 94 |  |  | (11) |  |  | (120) |  |  | (166) |  |  | (333) |  |  | (6) |
Total recognized in net periodic benefit costs and OCI | $ | 385 |  |  | $ | (49) |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (208) |  |  | $ | (139) |  |  | $ | (59) |
Assumptions Assumptions used in determining benefit obligations for the U.S. plans were as follows:
| Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average discount rate | 5.25% |  | 5.35%
Weighted average interest crediting rate | 4.00% |  | N/A
Rate of compensation increase | 2.50% | - | 8.00% |  | N/A
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average discount rate | 5.60% |  | 5.70%
Weighted average interest crediting rate | 4.00% |  | N/A
Rate of compensation increase | 2.50% | - | 8.00% |  | N/A
Assumptions used in determining net periodic benefit costs for the U.S. plans were as follows:
| Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
Year Ended December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average discount rate | 5.60% |  | 5.70%
Weighted average interest crediting rate | 4.00% |  | N/A
Weighted average expected rate of return on plan assets | 6.25% |  | 4.25%
Rate of compensation increase | 2.50% | - | 8.00% |  | N/A
Year Ended December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average discount rate | 2.95% |  | 3.05%
Weighted average interest crediting rate | 3.43% |  | N/A
Weighted average expected rate of return on plan assets | 5.00% |  | 3.86%
Rate of compensation increase | 2.50% | - | 8.00% |  | N/A
Year Ended December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average discount rate | 3.01% |  | 3.14%
Weighted average interest crediting rate | 3.24% |  | N/A
Weighted average expected rate of return on plan assets | 5.00% |  | 3.87%
Rate of compensation increase | 2.50% | - | 8.00% |  | N/A
The weighted average discount rate for the U.S. plans is determined annually based on the yield, measured on a yield to worst basis, of a hypothetical portfolio constructed of high quality debt instruments available on the measurement date, which would provide the necessary future cash flows to pay the aggregate PBO when due. The weighted average expected rate of return on plan assets for the U.S. plans is based on anticipated performance of the various asset sectors in which the plans invest, weighted by target allocation percentages. Anticipated future performance is based on long-term historical returns of the plan assets by sector, adjusted for the long-term expectations on the performance of the markets. While the precise expected rate of return derived using this approach will fluctuate from year to year, the policy is to hold this long-term assumption constant as long as it remains within reasonable tolerance from the derived rate. The weighted average expected rate of return on plan assets for use in that plan’s valuation in 2024 is currently anticipated to be 6.00% for U.S. pension benefits and 4.25% for U.S. other postretirement benefits. The weighted average interest crediting rate is determined annually based on the plan selected rate, long-term financial forecasts of that rate and the demographics of the plan participants. The assumed healthcare costs trend rates used in measuring the APBO and net periodic benefit costs were as follows:
| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| Before Age 65 |  | Age 65 and older |  | Before Age 65 |  | Age 65 and older
Following year | 6.2 | % |  | 4.5 | % |  | 5.2 | % |  | 3.9 | %
Ultimate rate to which cost increase is assumed to decline | 3.7 | % |  | 4.5 | % |  | 3.7 | % |  | 4.5 | %
Year in which the ultimate trend rate is reached | 2074 |  | 2102 |  | 2074 |  | 2100
Plan Assets Certain U.S. subsidiaries provide employees with benefits under various Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”) benefit plans. These include qualified pension plans, postretirement medical plans and certain retiree life insurance coverage. The assets of these U.S. subsidiaries’ qualified pension plans are held in insurance group annuity contracts, and the vast majority of the assets of the postretirement medical plan are held in a trust which largely utilizes insurance contracts to hold the assets. All of these contracts are issued by the Company and the assets under the contracts are held in insurance separate accounts. The underlying assets of the separate accounts are principally comprised of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, fixed maturity securities AFS, equity securities, derivatives, real estate and private equity investments. The assets backing the retiree life coverage also utilize insurance contracts issued by the Company’s insurance affiliate and are held in a general account Life Insurance Funding Agreement. The insurance contract provider engages investment management firms (“Managers”) to serve as sub-advisors for the separate accounts based on the specific investment needs and requests identified by the plan fiduciary. These Managers have portfolio management discretion over the purchasing and selling of securities and other investment assets pursuant to the respective investment management agreements and guidelines established for each insurance separate account. The assets of the qualified pension plans and postretirement medical plans (the “Invested Plans”) are well diversified across multiple asset categories and across a number of different Managers, with the intent of minimizing risk concentrations within any given asset category or with any of the given Managers. The Invested Plans, other than those held in participant directed investment accounts, are managed in accordance with investment policies consistent with the longer-term nature of related benefit obligations and within prudent risk parameters. Specifically, investment policies are oriented toward (i) maximizing the Invested Plan’s funded status; (ii) minimizing the volatility of the Invested Plan’s funded status; (iii) generating asset returns that exceed liability increases; and (iv) targeting rates of return in excess of a custom benchmark and industry standards over appropriate reference time periods. These goals are expected to be met through identifying appropriate and diversified asset classes and allocations, ensuring adequate liquidity to pay benefits and expenses when due and controlling the costs of administering and managing the Invested Plan’s investments. Independent investment consultants are periodically used to evaluate the investment risk of the Invested Plan’s assets relative to liabilities, analyze the economic and portfolio impact of various asset allocations and management strategies and recommend asset allocations. Derivative contracts may be used to reduce investment risk, to manage duration and to replicate the risk/return profile of an asset or asset class. Derivatives may not be used to leverage a portfolio in any manner, such as to magnify exposure to an asset, asset class, interest rates or any other financial variable. Derivatives are also prohibited for use in creating exposures to securities, currencies, indices or any other financial variable that is otherwise restricted. The table below summarizes the actual weighted average allocation of the estimated fair value of total plan assets by asset class at December 31 for the years indicated and the approved target allocation by major asset class at December 31, 2023 for the Invested Plans:
|  | December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | U.S. Pension Benefits |  | U.S. Other Postretirement Benefits (1) |  | U.S. Pension Benefits |  | U.S. Other Postretirement Benefits (1)
|  | Target |  | Actual Allocation |  | Target |  | Actual Allocation |  | Actual Allocation |  | Actual Allocation
Asset Class |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities AFS |  | 85 | % |  | 82 | % |  | 95 | % |  | 94 | % |  | 83 | % |  | 96 | %
Equity securities (2) |  | 7 | % |  | 6 | % |  | 5 | % |  | 6 | % |  | 6 | % |  | 4 | %
Alternative securities (3) |  | 8 | % |  | 12 | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | 11 | % |  | — | %
Total assets |  |  |  | 100 | % |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %
__________________ (1)U.S. other postretirement benefits do not reflect postretirement life’s plan assets invested in fixed maturity securities AFS. (2)Equity securities percentage includes derivative assets. (3)Alternative securities primarily include private equity and real estate funds. Estimated Fair Value The pension and other postretirement benefit plan assets are categorized into a three-level fair value hierarchy, as described in Note 13, based upon the significant input with the lowest level in its valuation. The Level 2 asset category includes certain separate accounts that are primarily invested in liquid and readily marketable securities. The estimated fair value of such separate accounts is based upon reported NAV provided by fund managers and this value represents the amount at which transfers into and out of the respective separate account are effected. These separate accounts provide reasonable levels of price transparency and can be corroborated through observable market data. Directly held investments are primarily invested in U.S. and foreign government and corporate securities. The Level 3 asset category includes separate accounts that are invested in assets that provide little or no price transparency due to the infrequency with which the underlying assets trade and generally require additional time to liquidate in an orderly manner. Accordingly, the values for separate accounts invested in these alternative asset classes are based on inputs that cannot be readily derived from or corroborated by observable market data. The pension and other postretirement plan assets measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis and their corresponding placement in the fair value hierarchy are summarized as follows:
|  | December 31, 2023
|  | Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
|  | Fair Value Hierarchy |  |  |  | Fair Value Hierarchy |  |
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total Estimated Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total Estimated Fair Value
|  | (In millions)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities AFS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,029 |  |  | $ | 54 |  |  | $ | 3,083 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 167 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 167 |
U.S. government bonds |  | 1,537 |  |  | 38 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,575 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 58 |
Foreign bonds |  | — |  |  | 808 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 810 |  |  | — |  |  | 46 |  |  | — |  |  | 46 |
Federal agencies |  | 62 |  |  | 141 |  |  | — |  |  | 203 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Municipals |  | — |  |  | 147 |  |  | — |  |  | 147 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |
Short-term investments |  | 13 |  |  | 184 |  |  | — |  |  | 197 |  |  | 554 |  |  | 403 |  |  | — |  |  | 957 |
Other (1) |  | 114 |  |  | 577 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 699 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 33 |  |  | — |  |  | 37 |
Total fixed maturity securities AFS |  | 1,726 |  |  | 4,924 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 6,714 |  |  | 611 |  |  | 663 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,274 |
Equity securities |  | 436 |  |  | 162 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 610 |  |  | 59 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 59 |
Other investments |  | 41 |  |  | — |  |  | 828 |  |  | 869 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Derivative assets |  | 10 |  |  | 67 |  |  | — |  |  | 77 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total assets |  | $ | 2,213 |  |  | $ | 5,153 |  |  | $ | 904 |  |  | $ | 8,270 |  |  | $ | 671 |  |  | $ | 663 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,334 |
|  | December 31, 2022
|  | Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
|  | Fair Value Hierarchy |  |  |  | Fair Value Hierarchy |  |
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total Estimated Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total Estimated Fair Value
|  | (In millions)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities AFS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,946 |  |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 3,001 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 205 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 205 |
U.S. government bonds |  | 1,462 |  |  | 45 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,507 |  |  | 68 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 68 |
Foreign bonds |  | — |  |  | 769 |  |  | — |  |  | 769 |  |  | — |  |  | 61 |  |  | — |  |  | 61 |
Federal agencies |  | 87 |  |  | 190 |  |  | — |  |  | 277 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Municipals |  | — |  |  | 159 |  |  | — |  |  | 159 |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |
Short-term investments |  | 12 |  |  | 384 |  |  | — |  |  | 396 |  |  | 463 |  |  | 396 |  |  | — |  |  | 859 |
Other (1) |  | 92 |  |  | 598 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 693 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 36 |  |  | — |  |  | 44 |
Total fixed maturity securities AFS |  | 1,653 |  |  | 5,091 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 6,802 |  |  | 542 |  |  | 714 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,256 |
Equity securities |  | 416 |  |  | 151 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 570 |  |  | 47 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 47 |
Other investments |  | 40 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 855 |  |  | 896 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Derivative assets |  | 21 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 26 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total assets |  | $ | 2,130 |  |  | $ | 5,244 |  |  | $ | 920 |  |  | $ | 8,294 |  |  | $ | 589 |  |  | $ | 714 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,303 |
__________________ (1)Other primarily includes money market securities, mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations and ABS & CLO. A rollforward of all pension and other postretirement benefit plan assets measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs was as follows:
|  | Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
|  | Fixed Maturity Securities AFS: |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Foreign Bonds |  | Corporate |  | Other |  | Equity Securities |  | Other Investments |  | Derivative Assets
|  | (In millions)
Balance, January 1, 2022 |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 954 |  |  | $ | — |
Realized gains (losses) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Unrealized gains (losses) |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 54 |  |  | 1 |
Purchases, sales, issuances and settlements, net |  | — |  |  | 56 |  |  | 3 |  |  | (8) |  |  | (153) |  |  | 3 |
Transfers into and/or out of Level 3 |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance, December 31, 2022 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 855 |  |  | $ | 4 |
Realized gains (losses) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |
Unrealized gains (losses) |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (51) |  |  | (1) |
Purchases, sales, issuances and settlements, net |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | 25 |  |  | (3) |
Transfers into and/or out of Level 3 |  | 2 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance, December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 54 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 828 |  |  | $ | — |
Expected Future Contributions and Benefit Payments It is the subsidiaries’ practice to make contributions to the U.S. qualified pension plan to comply with minimum funding requirements of ERISA. In accordance with such practice, no contributions are expected to be required for 2024. The subsidiaries do not expect to make any discretionary contributions to the qualified pension plan in 2024. For information on employer contributions, see “— Obligations and Funded Status.” Benefit payments due under the U.S. nonqualified pension plans are primarily funded from the subsidiaries’ general assets as they become due under the provisions of the plans, and therefore benefit payments equal employer contributions. The U.S. subsidiaries expect to make contributions of $80 million to fund the benefit payments in 2024. Postretirement benefits are either: (i) not vested under law; (ii) a non-funded obligation of the subsidiaries; or (iii) both. Current regulations do not require funding for these benefits. The subsidiaries use their general assets, net of participant’s contributions, to pay postretirement medical claims as they come due. As permitted under the terms of the governing trust document, the subsidiaries may be reimbursed from plan assets for postretirement medical claims paid from their general assets. The U.S. subsidiaries expect to make contributions of $20 million towards benefit obligations in 2024 to pay postretirement medical claims. Gross benefit payments for the next 10 years, which reflect expected future service where appropriate, are expected to be as follows:
|  | Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
|  | (In millions)
2024 |  | $ | 690 |  |  | $ | 61 |
2025 |  | $ | 697 |  |  | $ | 58 |
2026 |  | $ | 707 |  |  | $ | 57 |
2027 |  | $ | 718 |  |  | $ | 57 |
2028 |  | $ | 735 |  |  | $ | 56 |
2029-2033 |  | $ | 3,668 |  |  | $ | 267 |
Defined Contribution Plans Certain subsidiaries sponsor defined contribution plans under which a portion of employee contributions are matched. These subsidiaries contributed $90 million, $46 million and $88 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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