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Fair Value (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract] |
Recurring Fair Value Measurements | The assets and liabilities measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis and their corresponding placement in the fair value hierarchy, including those items for which the Company has elected the FVO, are presented below at:
|  | December 31, 2023
|  | Fair Value Hierarchy |  |
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total Estimated Fair Value
|  | (In millions)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities AFS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. corporate |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 67,003 |  |  | $ | 13,714 |  |  | $ | 80,717 |
Foreign corporate |  | — |  |  | 40,813 |  |  | 14,631 |  |  | 55,444 |
Foreign government |  | — |  |  | 45,438 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 45,489 |
U.S. government and agency |  | 15,327 |  |  | 16,925 |  |  | — |  |  | 32,252 |
RMBS |  | 3 |  |  | 27,495 |  |  | 1,598 |  |  | 29,096 |
ABS & CLO |  | — |  |  | 15,191 |  |  | 2,103 |  |  | 17,294 |
Municipals |  | — |  |  | 11,171 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,171 |
CMBS |  | — |  |  | 9,099 |  |  | 850 |  |  | 9,949 |
Total fixed maturity securities AFS |  | 15,330 |  |  | 233,135 |  |  | 32,947 |  |  | 281,412 |
Equity securities |  | 429 |  |  | 79 |  |  | 249 |  |  | 757 |
Unit-linked and FVO securities (1) |  | 7,520 |  |  | 1,708 |  |  | 1,103 |  |  | 10,331 |
Short-term investments (2) |  | 5,103 |  |  | 667 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 5,797 |
Other investments |  | 48 |  |  | 363 |  |  | 975 |  |  | 1,386 |
Derivative assets: (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate |  | 1 |  |  | 3,674 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,675 |
Foreign currency exchange rate |  | 2 |  |  | 4,393 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 4,418 |
Credit |  | — |  |  | 228 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 236 |
Equity market |  | 8 |  |  | 393 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 408 |
Total derivative assets |  | 11 |  |  | 8,688 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 8,737 |
Market risk benefits |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 286 |  |  | 286 |
Reinsured market risk benefits (4) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | 18 |
Separate account assets (5) |  | 66,229 |  |  | 77,258 |  |  | 1,147 |  |  | 144,634 |
Total assets (6) |  | $ | 94,670 |  |  | $ | 321,898 |  |  | $ | 36,790 |  |  | $ | 453,358 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative liabilities: (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 2,805 |  |  | $ | 174 |  |  | $ | 2,984 |
Foreign currency exchange rate |  | — |  |  | 2,737 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 2,744 |
Credit |  | — |  |  | 84 |  |  | — |  |  | 84 |
Equity market |  | 11 |  |  | 475 |  |  | — |  |  | 486 |
Total derivative liabilities |  | 16 |  |  | 6,101 |  |  | 181 |  |  | 6,298 |
Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts (7) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 93 |  |  | 93 |
Market risk benefits |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,179 |  |  | 3,179 |
Separate account liabilities (5) |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 6,105 |  |  | $ | 3,453 |  |  | $ | 9,578 |
|  | December 31, 2022
|  | Fair Value Hierarchy |  |
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total Estimated Fair Value
|  | (In millions)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities AFS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. corporate |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 67,578 |  |  | $ | 12,452 |  |  | $ | 80,030 |
Foreign corporate |  | — |  |  | 40,623 |  |  | 11,949 |  |  | 52,572 |
Foreign government |  | — |  |  | 46,644 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 46,747 |
U.S. government and agency |  | 15,955 |  |  | 16,274 |  |  | — |  |  | 32,229 |
RMBS |  | 4 |  |  | 24,515 |  |  | 1,646 |  |  | 26,165 |
ABS & CLO |  | — |  |  | 14,895 |  |  | 1,927 |  |  | 16,822 |
Municipals |  | — |  |  | 12,152 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,152 |
CMBS |  | — |  |  | 9,367 |  |  | 696 |  |  | 10,063 |
Total fixed maturity securities AFS |  | 15,959 |  |  | 232,048 |  |  | 28,773 |  |  | 276,780 |
Equity securities |  | 1,293 |  |  | 132 |  |  | 259 |  |  | 1,684 |
Unit-linked and FVO securities (1) |  | 7,101 |  |  | 1,780 |  |  | 787 |  |  | 9,668 |
Short-term investments (2) |  | 3,830 |  |  | 686 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 4,573 |
Other investments |  | — |  |  | 206 |  |  | 926 |  |  | 1,132 |
Derivative assets: (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate |  | 2 |  |  | 4,570 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,572 |
Foreign currency exchange rate |  | 8 |  |  | 5,670 |  |  | 210 |  |  | 5,888 |
Credit |  | — |  |  | 69 |  |  | 82 |  |  | 151 |
Equity market |  | 8 |  |  | 785 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 800 |
Total derivative assets |  | 18 |  |  | 11,094 |  |  | 299 |  |  | 11,411 |
Market risk benefits |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 280 |  |  | 280 |
Reinsured market risk benefits (4) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23 |  |  | 23 |
Separate account assets (5) |  | 65,107 |  |  | 79,703 |  |  | 1,228 |  |  | 146,038 |
Total assets (6) |  | $ | 93,308 |  |  | $ | 325,649 |  |  | $ | 32,632 |  |  | $ | 451,589 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative liabilities: (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 3,153 |  |  | $ | 404 |  |  | $ | 3,558 |
Foreign currency exchange rate |  | — |  |  | 2,820 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 2,870 |
Credit |  | — |  |  | 92 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 107 |
Equity market |  | 4 |  |  | 436 |  |  | — |  |  | 440 |
Total derivative liabilities |  | 5 |  |  | 6,501 |  |  | 469 |  |  | 6,975 |
Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts (7) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |  |  | 17 |
Market risk benefits |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,763 |  |  | 3,763 |
Separate account liabilities (5) |  | 8 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 41 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 6,516 |  |  | $ | 4,267 |  |  | $ | 10,796 |
__________________ (1)Unit-linked and FVO securities were primarily comprised of Unit-linked investments at both December 31, 2023 and 2022. (2)Short-term investments as presented in the tables above differ from the amounts presented on the consolidated balance sheets because certain short-term investments are not measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis. (3)Derivative assets are presented within other invested assets on the consolidated balance sheets and derivative liabilities are presented within other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The amounts are presented gross in the tables above to reflect the presentation on the consolidated balance sheets, but are presented net for purposes of the rollforward in the Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) tables. (4)Reinsured MRBs are presented within premiums, reinsurance and other receivables on the consolidated balance sheets. (5)Investment performance related to separate account assets is fully offset by corresponding amounts credited to contractholders whose liability is reflected within separate account liabilities. Separate account liabilities are set equal to the estimated fair value of separate account assets. Separate account liabilities presented in the tables above represent derivative liabilities. (6)Total assets included in the fair value hierarchy exclude OLPI that are measured at estimated fair value using the net asset value (“NAV”) per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the estimated fair value of such investments was $52 million and $65 million, respectively. (7)Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts are presented within PABs and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
Fair Value Inputs, Quantitative Information | The following table presents certain quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement, and the sensitivity of the estimated fair value to changes in those inputs, for the more significant asset and liability classes measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) at:
|  |  |  |  |  |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | Impact of Increase in Input on Estimated Fair Value (2)
| Valuation Techniques |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs |  | Range |  | Weighted Average (1) |  | Range |  | Weighted Average (1) |
Fixed maturity securities AFS (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. corporate and foreign corporate | • | Matrix pricing |  | • | Offered quotes (4) |  | 4 | - | 131 |  | 93 |  | — | - | 126 |  | 87 |  | Increase
| • | Market pricing |  | • | Quoted prices (4) |  | — | - | 110 |  | 92 |  | 20 | - | 109 |  | 90 |  | Increase
| • | Consensus pricing |  | • | Offered quotes (4) |  | 86 | - | 102 |  | 96 |  | 5 | - | 99 |  | 93 |  | Increase
RMBS | • | Market pricing |  | • | Quoted prices (4) |  | — | - | 112 |  | 93 |  | — | - | 106 |  | 93 |  | Increase (5)
ABS & CLO | • | Market pricing |  | • | Quoted prices (4) |  | 3 | - | 101 |  | 93 |  | 3 | - | 102 |  | 91 |  | Increase (5)
Derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate | • | Present value techniques |  | • | Swap yield (6) |  | 367 | - | 399 |  | 385 |  | 372 | - | 392 |  | 381 |  | Increase (7)
Foreign currency exchange rate | • | Present value techniques |  | • | Swap yield (6) |  | 185 | - | 399 |  | 193 |  | 74 | - | 1,938 |  | 208 |  | Increase (7)
Credit | • | Present value techniques |  | • | Credit spreads (8) |  | — | - | — |  | — |  | 84 | - | 138 |  | 101 |  | Decrease (7)
| • | Consensus pricing |  | • | Offered quotes (9) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Market Risk Benefits and Reinsured Market Risk Benefits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct, assumed and ceded guaranteed minimum benefits | • | Option pricing techniques |  | • | Mortality rates: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | Ages 0 - 40 |  | 0% | - | 0.15% |  | 0.05% |  | 0% | - | 0.15% |  | 0.05% |  | (10)
|  |  |  |  | Ages 41 - 60 |  | 0.04% | - | 0.75% |  | 0.22% |  | 0.05% | - | 0.75% |  | 0.20% |  | (10)
|  |  |  |  | Ages 61 - 115 |  | 0% | - | 100% |  | 1.23% |  | 0.23% | - | 100% |  | 1.44% |  | (10)
|  |  |  | • | Lapse rates: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | Durations 1 - 10 |  | 0.39% | - | 20.10% |  | 8.72% |  | 0.40% | - | 37.50% |  | 8.96% |  | Decrease (11)
|  |  |  |  | Durations 11 - 20 |  | 0.39% | - | 15% |  | 4.34% |  | 0.49% | - | 35.75% |  | 6.52% |  | Decrease (11)
|  |  |  |  | Durations 21 - 116 |  | 0.10% | - | 15% |  | 4.59% |  | 0.49% | - | 35.75% |  | 2.89% |  | Decrease (11)
|  |  |  | • | Utilization rates |  | 0.20% | - | 22% |  | 0.44% |  | 0.20% | - | 22% |  | 0.38% |  | Increase (12)
|  |  |  | • | Withdrawal rates |  | 0% | - | 20% |  | 4.47% |  | 0% | - | 20% |  | 4.02% |  | (13)
|  |  |  | • | Long-term equity volatilities |  | 8.05% | - | 21.85% |  | 18.55% |  | 8.26% | - | 22.01% |  | 18.49% |  | Increase (14)
|  |  |  | • | Nonperformance risk spread |  | 0.38% | - | 1.59% |  | 0.73% |  | 0.34% | - | 1.77% |  | 0.75% |  | Decrease (15)
__________________ (1)The weighted average for fixed maturity securities AFS and derivatives is determined based on the estimated fair value of the securities and derivatives. The weighted average for MRBs is determined based on a combination of account values and experience data. (2)The impact of a decrease in input would have resulted in the opposite impact on estimated fair value. For MRBs, changes to direct and assumed guaranteed minimum benefits are based on liability positions; changes to ceded guaranteed minimum benefits are based on asset positions. (3)Significant increases (decreases) in expected default rates in isolation would have resulted in substantially lower (higher) valuations. (4)Range and weighted average are presented in accordance with the market convention for fixed maturity securities AFS of dollars per hundred dollars of par. (5)Changes in the assumptions used for the probability of default would have been accompanied by a directionally similar change in the assumption used for the loss severity and a directionally opposite change in the assumptions used for prepayment rates. (6)Ranges represent the rates across different yield curves and are presented in basis points. The swap yield curves are utilized among different types of derivatives to project cash flows, as well as to discount future cash flows to present value. Since this valuation methodology uses a range of inputs across a yield curve to value the derivative, presenting a range is more representative of the unobservable input used in the valuation. (7)Changes in estimated fair value are based on long U.S. dollar net asset positions and will be inversely impacted for short U.S. dollar net asset positions. (8)Represents the risk quoted in basis points of a credit default event on the underlying instrument. Credit derivatives with significant unobservable inputs are primarily comprised of written credit default swaps. (9)At December 31, 2023 and 2022, independent non-binding broker quotations were used in the determination of less than 1% and 1%, respectively, of the total net derivative estimated fair value. (10)Mortality rates vary by age and by demographic characteristics such as gender. Mortality rate assumptions are based on company experience. A mortality improvement assumption is also applied. For any given contract, mortality rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the MRBs. For contracts that contain only a GMDB, any increase (decrease) in mortality rates result in an increase (decrease) in the estimated fair value of MRBs. Generally, for contracts that contain both a GMDB and a living benefit (e.g., GMIB, GMWB, GMAB), any increase (decrease) in mortality rates result in a decrease (increase) in the estimated fair value of MRBs. (11)Base lapse rates are adjusted at the contract level based on a comparison of the actuarially calculated guaranteed values and the current policyholder account value, as well as other factors, such as the applicability of any surrender charges. A dynamic lapse function reduces the base lapse rate when the guaranteed amount is greater than the account value as in the money contracts are less likely to lapse. Lapse rates are also generally assumed to be lower in periods when a surrender charge applies. For any given contract, lapse rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the MRBs. (12)The utilization rate assumption estimates the percentage of contractholders with GMIBs or a lifetime withdrawal benefit who will elect to utilize the benefit upon becoming eligible. The rates may vary by the type of guarantee, the amount by which the guaranteed amount is greater than the account value, the contract’s withdrawal history and by the age of the policyholder. For any given contract, utilization rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the MRBs. (13)The withdrawal rate represents the percentage of account balance that any given policyholder will elect to withdraw from the contract each year. The withdrawal rate assumption varies by age and duration of the contract, and also by other factors such as benefit type. For any given contract, withdrawal rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the MRB. For GMWBs, any increase (decrease) in withdrawal rates results in an increase (decrease) in the estimated fair value of the guarantees. For GMABs and GMIBs, any increase (decrease) in withdrawal rates results in a decrease (increase) in the estimated fair value. (14)Long-term equity volatilities represent equity volatility beyond the period for which observable equity volatilities are available. For any given contract, long-term equity volatility rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the MRBs. (15)Nonperformance risk spread varies by duration and by currency. For any given contract, multiple nonperformance risk spreads will apply, depending on the duration of the cash flow being discounted for purposes of valuing the MRBs.
Fair Value, Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation | The following tables summarize the change of all assets (liabilities) measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):
|  | Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
|  | Fixed Maturity Securities AFS |  |  |  |
|  | Corporate (6) |  |  |  | Foreign Government |  | Structured Products |  |  |  | Equity Securities |  | Unit-linked and FVO Securities
|  | (In millions)
Balance, January 1, 2022 |  | $ | 25,435 |  |  |  |  | $ | 91 |  |  | $ | 5,871 |  |  |  |  | $ | 151 |  |  | $ | 901 |
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2) |  | (7) |  |  |  |  | (38) |  |  | 29 |  |  |  |  | 16 |  |  | (133) |
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI |  | (6,221) |  |  |  |  | (13) |  |  | (478) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchases (3) |  | 5,273 |  |  |  |  | 36 |  |  | 967 |  |  |  |  | 108 |  |  | 28 |
Sales (3) |  | (1,762) |  |  |  |  | (9) |  |  | (984) |  |  |  |  | (14) |  |  | (24) |
Issuances (3) |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Settlements (3) |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers into Level 3 (4) |  | 2,127 |  |  |  |  | 46 |  |  | 251 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 23 |
Transfers out of Level 3 (4) |  | (444) |  |  |  |  | (10) |  |  | (1,387) |  |  |  |  | (2) |  |  | (8) |
Balance, December 31, 2022 |  | 24,401 |  |  |  |  | 103 |  |  | 4,269 |  |  |  |  | 259 |  |  | 787 |
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2) |  | (35) |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | (11) |  |  |  |  | 9 |  |  | 138 |
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI |  | 1,413 |  |  |  |  | (3) |  |  | 33 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchases (3) |  | 4,896 |  |  |  |  | 13 |  |  | 757 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | 205 |
Sales (3) |  | (2,112) |  |  |  |  | (12) |  |  | (707) |  |  |  |  | (21) |  |  | (19) |
Issuances (3) |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Settlements (3) |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers into Level 3 (4) |  | 249 |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |  | 322 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Transfers out of Level 3 (4) |  | (467) |  |  |  |  | (56) |  |  | (112) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (9) |
Balance, December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 28,345 |  |  |  |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | 4,551 |  |  |  |  | $ | 249 |  |  | $ | 1,103 |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at December 31, 2021 (5) |  | $ | (5) |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 42 |  |  |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 101 |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at December 31, 2022 (5) |  | $ | (3) |  |  |  |  | $ | (38) |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | (131) |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at December 31, 2023 (5) |  | $ | (10) |  |  |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 136 |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI for the instruments still held at December 31, 2021 (5) |  | $ | (1,293) |  |  |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | (24) |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI for the instruments still held at December 31, 2022 (5) |  | $ | (6,136) |  |  |  |  | $ | (13) |  |  | $ | (450) |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI for the instruments still held at December 31, 2023 (5) |  | $ | 1,371 |  |  |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Gains (Losses) Data for the year ended December 31, 2021: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2) |  | $ | (34) |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 46 |  |  |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | 101 |
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI |  | $ | (1,334) |  |  |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | (26) |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
|  | Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
|  | Short-term Investments |  | Residential Mortgage Loans - FVO |  | Other Investments |  | Net Derivatives (7) |  | Net Embedded Derivatives (8) |  | Separate Accounts (9)
|  | (In millions)
Balance, January 1, 2022 |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 127 |  |  | $ | 898 |  |  | $ | (152) |  |  | $ | (222) |  |  | $ | 2,131 |
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2) |  | — |  |  | (8) |  |  | 57 |  |  | 238 |  |  | 121 |  |  | 61 |
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (537) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchases (3) |  | 56 |  |  | — |  |  | 246 |  |  | 82 |  |  | — |  |  | 202 |
Sales (3) |  | (2) |  |  | (108) |  |  | (177) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,164) |
Issuances (3) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |
Settlements (3) |  | — |  |  | (11) |  |  | — |  |  | 201 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 4 |
Transfers into Level 3 (4) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Transfers out of Level 3 (4) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (98) |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | (23) |
Balance, December 31, 2022 |  | 57 |  |  | — |  |  | 926 |  |  | (170) |  |  | (17) |  |  | 1,210 |
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22 |  |  | (39) |  |  | (36) |  |  | (60) |
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchases (3) |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 167 |
Sales (3) |  | (48) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (180) |
Issuances (3) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Settlements (3) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 199 |  |  | (40) |  |  | 1 |
Transfers into Level 3 (4) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |
Transfers out of Level 3 (4) |  | (10) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (128) |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |
Balance, December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 975 |  |  | $ | (143) |  |  | $ | (93) |  |  | $ | 1,147 |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at December 31, 2021 (5) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (10) |  |  | $ | 89 |  |  | $ | (361) |  |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | — |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at December 31, 2022 (5) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | 325 |  |  | $ | 121 |  |  | $ | — |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at December 31, 2023 (5) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | (39) |  |  | $ | (36) |  |  | $ | — |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI for the instruments still held at December 31, 2021 (5) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (128) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI for the instruments still held at December 31, 2022 (5) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (459) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI for the instruments still held at December 31, 2023 (5) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (5) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Gains (Losses) Data for the year ended December 31, 2021: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2) |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (5) |  |  | $ | 94 |  |  | $ | (460) |  |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 29 |
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (334) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
__________________ (1)Amortization of premium/accretion of discount is included within net investment income. Impairments and changes in ACL charged to net income (loss) on certain securities are included in net investment gains (losses), while changes in estimated fair value of Unit-linked and FVO securities and residential mortgage loans — FVO are included in net investment income. Lapses associated with net embedded derivatives are included in net derivative gains (losses). Substantially all realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for net derivatives and net embedded derivatives are reported in net derivative gains (losses). (2)Interest and dividend accruals, as well as cash interest coupons and dividends received, are excluded from the rollforward. (3)Items purchased/issued and then sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. Fees attributed to embedded derivatives are included in settlements. (4)Items transferred into and then out of Level 3 in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. (5)Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) and included in AOCI relate to assets and liabilities still held at the end of the respective periods. Substantially all changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for net derivatives and net embedded derivatives are reported in net derivative gains (losses). (6)Comprised of U.S. and foreign corporate securities. (7)Freestanding derivative assets and liabilities are presented net for purposes of the rollforward. (8)Embedded derivative assets and liabilities are presented net for purposes of the rollforward. (9)Investment performance related to separate account assets is fully offset by corresponding amounts credited to contractholders within separate account liabilities. Therefore, such changes in estimated fair value are not recorded in net income (loss). For the purpose of this disclosure, these changes are presented within net income (loss). Separate account assets and liabilities are presented net for the purposes of the rollforward.
Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements | The following table presents information for assets measured at estimated fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the periods and still held at the reporting dates (for example, when there is evidence of impairment), using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3).
| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |
| (In millions)
Carrying value after measurement: |
Mortgage loans (1) | $ | 474 |  |  | $ | 263 |  |
Other invested assets (2) | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | — |  |
Other assets (3) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  |
| Years Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
| (In millions)
Realized gains (losses) net: |
Mortgage loans (1) | $ | (215) |  |  | $ | (13) |  |  | $ | (116) |  |
Other invested assets (2) | $ | (136) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |
Other assets (3) | $ | (5) |  |  | $ | (14) |  |  | $ | (74) |  |
__________________ (1)Estimated fair values of impaired mortgage loans are based on the underlying collateral or discounted cash flows. See Note 11. (2)The Company recognized an impairment loss for the year ended December 31, 2023 in connection with the pending disposition of MetLife Malaysia. See Note 3. (3)The Company recognized impairments related to the abandonment of certain leased office space and the related leasehold improvements.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Other Than Fair Value | The carrying values and estimated fair values for such financial instruments, and their corresponding placement in the fair value hierarchy, are summarized as follows at:
|  | December 31, 2023
|  |  |  | Fair Value Hierarchy |  |
|  | Carrying Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total Estimated Fair Value
|  | (In millions)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans (1) |  | $ | 92,506 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 87,753 |  |  | $ | 87,753 |
Policy loans |  | $ | 8,788 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,516 |  |  | $ | 9,516 |
Other invested assets |  | $ | 919 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 714 |  |  | $ | 205 |  |  | $ | 919 |
Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables |  | $ | 5,182 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 791 |  |  | $ | 4,400 |  |  | $ | 5,191 |
Other assets |  | $ | 268 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | 184 |  |  | $ | 266 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policyholder account balances |  | $ | 138,233 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 134,025 |  |  | $ | 134,025 |
Long-term debt |  | $ | 15,516 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,621 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,621 |
Collateral financing arrangement |  | $ | 637 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 551 |  |  | $ | 551 |
Junior subordinated debt securities |  | $ | 3,161 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,552 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,552 |
Other liabilities |  | $ | 10,556 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 609 |  |  | $ | 9,651 |  |  | $ | 10,260 |
Separate account liabilities |  | $ | 75,705 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 75,705 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 75,705 |
|  | December 31, 2022
|  |  |  | Fair Value Hierarchy |  |
|  | Carrying Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total Estimated Fair Value
|  | (In millions)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans (1) |  | $ | 83,763 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 78,694 |  |  | $ | 78,694 |
Policy loans |  | $ | 8,874 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,682 |  |  | $ | 9,682 |
Other invested assets |  | $ | 946 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 729 |  |  | $ | 217 |  |  | $ | 946 |
Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables |  | $ | 2,905 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,042 |  |  | $ | 1,921 |  |  | $ | 2,963 |
Other assets |  | $ | 267 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 90 |  |  | $ | 175 |  |  | $ | 265 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policyholder account balances |  | $ | 133,788 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 127,514 |  |  | $ | 127,514 |
Long-term debt |  | $ | 14,591 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,241 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,241 |
Collateral financing arrangement |  | $ | 716 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 591 |  |  | $ | 591 |
Junior subordinated debt securities |  | $ | 3,158 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,502 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,502 |
Other liabilities |  | $ | 2,908 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,377 |  |  | $ | 1,793 |  |  | $ | 3,170 |
Separate account liabilities |  | $ | 81,976 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 81,976 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 81,976 |
_________________ (1)Includes mortgage loans measured at estimated fair value on a nonrecurring basis

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