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Market Risk Benefits | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2024
Insurance [Abstract] |
Market Risk Benefits | 5. Policyholder Account Balances The Company establishes liabilities for PABs, which are generally equal to the account value, and which includes accrued interest credited, but excludes the impact of any applicable charge that may be incurred upon surrender. The Company’s PABs on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets were as follows at:
|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | (In millions)
Group Benefits - Group Life |  | $ | 7,747 |  | $ | 7,692
RIS: |  |  |  |
Capital Markets Investment Products and Stable Value GICs |  | 64,269 |  | 64,140
Annuities and Risk Solutions |  | 18,266 |  | 17,711
Asia: |  |  |  |
Universal and Variable Universal Life |  | 49,484 |  | 49,739
Fixed Annuities |  | 36,969 |  | 36,863
EMEA - Variable Annuities |  | 2,631 |  | 2,720
MetLife Holdings: |  |  |  |
Annuities |  | 11,129 |  | 11,537
Life and Other |  | 11,486 |  | 11,641
Other |  | 17,187 |  | 17,226
Total |  | $ | 219,168 |  | $ | 219,269
Rollforwards The following information about the direct and assumed liability for PABs includes year-to-date disaggregated rollforwards. The products grouped within these rollforwards were selected based upon common characteristics and valuations using similar inputs, judgments, assumptions and methodologies within a particular segment of the business. Policy charges presented in each disaggregated rollforward reflect a premium and/or assessment based on the account balance. Group Benefits Group Life The Group Benefits segment’s group life PABs predominantly consist of retained asset accounts, universal life products, and the fixed account of variable life insurance products. Information regarding this liability was as follows:
|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 7,692 |  | $ | 8,028
Deposits |  | 1,083 |  | 851
Policy charges |  | (163) |  | (160)
Surrenders and withdrawals |  | (906) |  | (799)
Benefit payments |  | (4) |  | (1)
Net transfers from (to) separate accounts |  | (3) |  | 1
Interest credited |  | 48 |  | 45
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 7,747 |  | $ | 7,965
Weighted-average annual crediting rate |  | 2.5 % |  | 2.3 %
At period end: |  |  |  |
Cash surrender value |  | $ | 7,687 |  | $ | 7,904
Net amount at risk, excluding offsets from reinsurance: |  |  |  |
In the event of death |  | $ | 260,502 |  | $ | 249,463
The Group Benefits segment’s group life product account values by range of guaranteed minimum crediting rates (“GMCR”) and the related range of differences between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums were as follows at:
Range of GMCR |  | At GMCR |  | Greater than 0% but less than 0.50% above GMCR |  | Equal to or greater than 0.50% but less than 1.50% above GMCR |  | Equal to or greater than 1.50% above GMCR |  | Total Account Value
|  | (In millions)
March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2% |  | $ | — |  | $ | 154 |  | $ | 839 |  | $ | 4,628 |  | $ | 5,621
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4% |  | 1,242 |  | 9 |  | 60 |  | 2 |  | 1,313
Equal to or greater than 4% |  | 701 |  | — |  | 40 |  | 33 |  | 774
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 39
Total |  | $ | 1,943 |  | $ | 163 |  | $ | 939 |  | $ | 4,663 |  | $ | 7,747
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2% |  | $ | — |  | $ | 77 |  | $ | 935 |  | $ | 4,640 |  | $ | 5,652
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4% |  | 1,277 |  | 10 |  | 63 |  | 2 |  | 1,352
Equal to or greater than 4% |  | 759 |  | 1 |  | 43 |  | 33 |  | 836
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 125
Total |  | $ | 2,036 |  | $ | 88 |  | $ | 1,041 |  | $ | 4,675 |  | $ | 7,965
RIS Capital Markets Investment Products and Stable Value GICs The RIS segment’s capital markets investment products and stable value GICs in PABs are investment-type products, mainly funding agreements. Information regarding this liability was as follows:
|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 64,140 |  | $ | 63,723
Deposits |  | 18,073 |  | 21,234
Surrenders and withdrawals |  | (18,070) |  | (22,590)
Interest credited |  | 573 |  | 460
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net |  | (447) |  | 457
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 64,269 |  | $ | 63,284
Weighted-average annual crediting rate |  | 3.6 % |  | 2.9 %
Cash surrender value at period end |  | $ | 1,992 |  | $ | 2,074
The RIS segment’s capital markets investment products and stable value GICs account values by range of GMCR and the related range of differences between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums were as follows at:
Range of GMCR |  | At GMCR |  | Greater than 0% but less than 0.50% above GMCR |  | Equal to or greater than 0.50% but less than 1.50% above GMCR |  | Equal to or greater than 1.50% above GMCR |  | Total Account Value
|  | (In millions)
March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2% |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 1,998 |  | $ | 1,999
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 62,270
Total |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 1,998 |  | $ | 64,269
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2% |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 1,835 |  | $ | 1,836
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 61,448
Total |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 1,835 |  | $ | 63,284
Annuities and Risk Solutions The RIS segment’s annuity and risk solutions PABs include certain structured settlements and institutional income annuities, and benefit funding solutions that include postretirement benefits and company-, bank- or trust-owned life insurance used to finance nonqualified benefit programs for executives. Information regarding this liability was as follows:
|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 17,711 |  | $ | 15,549
Deposits |  | 700 |  | 629
Policy charges |  | (15) |  | (47)
Surrenders and withdrawals |  | (58) |  | (39)
Benefit payments |  | (242) |  | (191)
Net transfers from (to) separate accounts |  | 19 |  | 55
Interest credited |  | 177 |  | 151
Other |  | (26) |  | 21
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 18,266 |  | $ | 16,128
Weighted-average annual crediting rate |  | 3.9 % |  | 3.8 %
At period end: |  |  |  |
Cash surrender value |  | $ | 8,043 |  | $ | 7,592
Net amount at risk, excluding offsets from ceded reinsurance: |  |  |  |
In the event of death |  | $ | 42,677 |  | $ | 41,924
The RIS segment’s annuity and risk solutions account values by range of GMCR and the related range of differences between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums were as follows at:
Range of GMCR |  | At GMCR |  | Greater than 0% but less than 0.50% above GMCR |  | Equal to or greater than 0.50% but less than 1.50% above GMCR |  | Equal to or greater than 1.50% above GMCR |  | Total Account Value
|  | (In millions)
March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2% |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 20 |  | $ | 1,834 |  | $ | 1,854
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4% |  | 244 |  | 34 |  | 106 |  | 416 |  | 800
Equal to or greater than 4% |  | 4,260 |  | — |  | 390 |  | 5 |  | 4,655
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 10,957
Total |  | $ | 4,504 |  | $ | 34 |  | $ | 516 |  | $ | 2,255 |  | $ | 18,266
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2% |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 58 |  | $ | 1,424 |  | $ | 1,482
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4% |  | 230 |  | 39 |  | 125 |  | 441 |  | 835
Equal to or greater than 4% |  | 4,460 |  | 120 |  | 96 |  | 5 |  | 4,681
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 9,130
Total |  | $ | 4,690 |  | $ | 159 |  | $ | 279 |  | $ | 1,870 |  | $ | 16,128
Asia Universal and Variable Universal Life The Asia segment’s universal and variable universal life PABs in Japan primarily include interest sensitive whole life products. Information regarding this liability was as follows:
|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 49,739 |  | $ | 46,417
Deposits |  | 1,682 |  | 1,070
Policy charges |  | (282) |  | (242)
Surrenders and withdrawals |  | (826) |  | (517)
Benefit payments |  | (124) |  | (149)
Interest credited |  | 382 |  | 344
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net |  | (1,087) |  | (153)
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 49,484 |  | $ | 46,770
Weighted-average annual crediting rate |  | 3.1 % |  | 3.0 %
At period end: |  |  |  |
Cash surrender value |  | $ | 42,842 |  | $ | 40,028
Net amount at risk, excluding offsets from reinsurance: |  |  |  |
In the event of death |  | $ | 90,786 |  | $ | 94,001
The Asia segment’s universal and variable universal life account values by range of GMCR and the related range of differences between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums were as follows at:
Range of GMCR |  | At GMCR |  | Greater than 0% but less than 0.50% above GMCR |  | Equal to or greater than 0.50% but less than 1.50% above GMCR |  | Equal to or greater than 1.50% above GMCR |  | Total Account Value
|  | (In millions)
March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2% |  | $ | 9,960 |  | $ | 21 |  | $ | 230 |  | $ | 1,149 |  | $ | 11,360
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4% |  | 7,732 |  | 15,644 |  | 5,550 |  | 8,387 |  | 37,313
Equal to or greater than 4% |  | 246 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 246
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 565
Total |  | $ | 17,938 |  | $ | 15,665 |  | $ | 5,780 |  | $ | 9,536 |  | $ | 49,484
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2% |  | $ | 10,978 |  | $ | 67 |  | $ | 136 |  | $ | 85 |  | $ | 11,266
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4% |  | 21,256 |  | 2,857 |  | 5,730 |  | 4,913 |  | 34,756
Equal to or greater than 4% |  | 265 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 265
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 483
Total |  | $ | 32,499 |  | $ | 2,924 |  | $ | 5,866 |  | $ | 4,998 |  | $ | 46,770
Fixed Annuities Information regarding the Asia segment’s fixed annuity PAB liability in Japan was as follows:
|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 36,863 |  | $ | 32,454
Deposits |  | 1,665 |  | 2,733
Policy charges |  | — |  | (1)
Surrenders and withdrawals |  | (740) |  | (445)
Benefit payments |  | (649) |  | (545)
Interest credited |  | 248 |  | 191
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net |  | (418) |  | (115)
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 36,969 |  | $ | 34,272
Weighted-average annual crediting rate |  | 2.7 % |  | 2.3 %
At period end: |  |  |  |
Cash surrender value |  | $ | 32,072 |  | $ | 29,162
Net amount at risk, excluding offsets from reinsurance: |  |  |  |
In the event of death |  | $ | 3 |  | $ | —
The Asia segment’s fixed annuity account values by range of GMCR and the related range of differences between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums were as follows at:
Range of GMCR |  | At GMCR |  | Greater than 0% but less than 0.50% above GMCR |  | Equal to or greater than 0.50% but less than 1.50% above GMCR |  | Equal to or greater than 1.50% above GMCR |  | Total Account Value
|  | (In millions)
March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2% |  | $ | 331 |  | $ | 521 |  | $ | 5,821 |  | $ | 29,031 |  | $ | 35,704
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4% |  | — |  | 5 |  | — |  | — |  | 5
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 1,260
Total |  | $ | 331 |  | $ | 526 |  | $ | 5,821 |  | $ | 29,031 |  | $ | 36,969
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2% |  | $ | 377 |  | $ | 636 |  | $ | 6,980 |  | $ | 24,865 |  | $ | 32,858
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4% |  | — |  | 6 |  | — |  | — |  | 6
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 1,408
Total |  | $ | 377 |  | $ | 642 |  | $ | 6,980 |  | $ | 24,865 |  | $ | 34,272
EMEA Variable Annuities Information regarding the EMEA segment’s variable annuity PABs in the United Kingdom was as follows:
|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 2,720 |  | $ | 2,802
Deposits |  | 1 |  | 1
Policy charges |  | (15) |  | (16)
Surrenders and withdrawals |  | (73) |  | (65)
Benefit payments |  | (31) |  | (31)
Interest credited (1) |  | 54 |  | 77
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net |  | (25) |  | 77
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 2,631 |  | $ | 2,845
Weighted-average annual crediting rate |  | 8.4 % |  | 11.6 %
At period end: |  |  |  |
Cash surrender value |  | $ | 2,631 |  | $ | 2,845
Net amount at risk, excluding offsets from reinsurance: |  |  |  |
In the event of death |  | $ | 422 |  | $ | 565
At annuitization or exercise of other living benefits |  | $ | 541 |  | $ | 713
__________________ (1)Interest credited on EMEA’s variable annuity products represents gains or losses which are passed through to the policyholder based on the underlying unit-linked investment fund returns, which may be positive or negative depending on market conditions. There are no GMCR on these products. MetLife Holdings Annuities The MetLife Holdings segment’s annuity PABs primarily include fixed deferred annuities, the fixed account portion of variable annuities, certain income annuities, and embedded derivatives related to equity-indexed annuities. Information regarding this liability was as follows:
|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 11,537 |  | $ | 13,286
Deposits |  | 38 |  | 41
Policy charges |  | (3) |  | (4)
Surrenders and withdrawals |  | (457) |  | (531)
Benefit payments |  | (108) |  | (119)
Net transfers from (to) separate accounts |  | 27 |  | 35
Interest credited |  | 91 |  | 100
Other |  | 4 |  | 10
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 11,129 |  | $ | 12,818
Weighted-average annual crediting rate |  | 3.3 % |  | 3.1 %
At period end: |  |  |  |
Cash surrender value |  | $ | 10,507 |  | $ | 11,981
Net amount at risk, excluding offsets from ceded reinsurance (1): |  |  |  |
In the event of death |  | $ | 2,486 |  | $ | 3,600
At annuitization or exercise of other living benefits |  | $ | 614 |  | $ | 831
__________________ (1)Includes amounts for certain variable annuities recorded as PABs with the related guarantees recorded as MRBs which are disclosed in “MetLife Holdings – Annuities” in Note 6. The MetLife Holdings segment’s annuity account values by range of GMCR and the related range of differences between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums were as follows at:
Range of GMCR |  | At GMCR |  | Greater than 0% but less than 0.50% above GMCR |  | Equal to or greater than 0.50% but less than 1.50% above GMCR |  | Equal to or greater than 1.50% above GMCR |  | Total Account Value
|  | (In millions)
March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2% |  | $ | 6 |  | $ | 237 |  | $ | 442 |  | $ | 60 |  | $ | 745
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4% |  | 866 |  | 7,157 |  | 540 |  | 201 |  | 8,764
Equal to or greater than 4% |  | 773 |  | 403 |  | 30 |  | — |  | 1,206
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 414
Total |  | $ | 1,645 |  | $ | 7,797 |  | $ | 1,012 |  | $ | 261 |  | $ | 11,129
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2% |  | $ | 658 |  | $ | 90 |  | $ | 136 |  | $ | 24 |  | $ | 908
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4% |  | 6,517 |  | 3,203 |  | 376 |  | 36 |  | 10,132
Equal to or greater than 4% |  | 964 |  | 321 |  | 11 |  | — |  | 1,296
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 482
Total |  | $ | 8,139 |  | $ | 3,614 |  | $ | 523 |  | $ | 60 |  | $ | 12,818
Life and Other The MetLife Holdings segment’s life and other PABs include retained asset accounts, universal life products, the fixed account of variable life insurance products and funding agreements. Information regarding this liability was as follows:
|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 11,641 |  | $ | 12,402
Deposits |  | 206 |  | 226
Policy charges |  | (174) |  | (179)
Surrenders and withdrawals |  | (265) |  | (287)
Benefit payments |  | (39) |  | (47)
Net transfers from (to) separate accounts |  | 11 |  | 6
Interest credited |  | 106 |  | 113
Other |  | — |  | —
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 11,486 |  | $ | 12,234
Weighted-average annual crediting rate |  | 3.7 % |  | 3.7 %
At period end: |  |  |  |
Cash surrender value |  | $ | 11,038 |  | $ | 11,731
Net amount at risk, excluding offsets from ceded reinsurance: |  |  |  |
In the event of death (1) |  | $ | 66,684 |  | $ | 70,483
__________________ (1)Including offsets from ceded reinsurance, the net amount at risk at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, would be reduced by 99%. The MetLife Holdings segment’s life and other products account values by range of GMCR and the related range of differences between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums were as follows at:
Range of GMCR |  | At GMCR |  | Greater than 0% but less than 0.50% above GMCR |  | Equal to or greater than 0.50% but less than 1.50% above GMCR |  | Equal to or greater than 1.50% above GMCR |  | Total Account Value
|  | (In millions)
March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2% |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 17 |  | $ | 54 |  | $ | 71
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4% |  | 4,351 |  | 171 |  | 275 |  | 546 |  | 5,343
Equal to or greater than 4% |  | 5,022 |  | 124 |  | 410 |  | 15 |  | 5,571
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 501
Total |  | $ | 9,373 |  | $ | 295 |  | $ | 702 |  | $ | 615 |  | $ | 11,486
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2% |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 20 |  | $ | 55 |  | $ | 75
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4% |  | 4,872 |  | 172 |  | 296 |  | 560 |  | 5,900
Equal to or greater than 4% |  | 5,209 |  | 127 |  | 417 |  | 5 |  | 5,758
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 501
Total |  | $ | 10,081 |  | $ | 299 |  | $ | 733 |  | $ | 620 |  | $ | 12,234
6. Market Risk Benefits The Company establishes liabilities for certain retirement assurance and variable annuity contract features which include a minimum benefit guarantee that provides to the contractholder a minimum return based on their initial deposit less withdrawals. In some cases, the benefit base may be increased by additional deposits, bonus amounts, accruals or optional market value resets. The Company’s MRB assets and MRB liabilities on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets were as follows at:
|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | Asset |  | Liability |  | Net |  | Asset |  | Liability |  | Net
|  | (In millions)
Asia - Retirement Assurance |  | $ | — |  | $ | 189 |  | $ | 189 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 203 |  | $ | 203
MetLife Holdings - Annuities |  | 206 |  |  | 2,437 |  |  | 2,231 |  | 156 |  |  | 2,878 |  |  | 2,722
Other |  | 145 |  |  | 70 |  |  | (75) |  | 130 |  |  | 98 |  |  | (32)
Total |  | $ | 351 |  | $ | 2,696 |  | $ | 2,345 |  | $ | 286 |  | $ | 3,179 |  | $ | 2,893
Rollforwards The following information about the direct and assumed liability for MRBs includes disaggregated rollforwards. The products grouped within these rollforwards were selected based upon common characteristics and valuations using similar inputs, judgments, assumptions and methodologies within a particular segment of the business. Asia - Retirement Assurance The Asia segment’s retirement assurance product in Japan offers a contract feature whereby the Company guarantees the greater of the account value or a return of premium accumulated at a guaranteed rate upon maturity. Information regarding this liability was as follows:
|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (In millions)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 203 |  |  | $ | 226 |
Balance, beginning of period, before effect of cumulative changes in the instrument-specific credit risk |  | $ | 205 |  |  | $ | 233 |
Attributed fees collected |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Benefit payments |  | (2) |  |  | — |
Effect of changes in interest rates |  | 2 |  |  | 7 |
Actual policyholder behavior different from expected behavior |  | (1) |  |  | (7) |
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net |  | (15) |  |  | (8) |
Balance, end of period, before the cumulative effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk |  | 190 |  |  | 226 |
Cumulative effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk |  | (1) |  |  | (5) |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 189 |  |  | $ | 221 |
At period end: |  |  |  |
Net amount at risk, excluding offsets from hedging: |  |  |  |
At annuitization or exercise of other living benefits |  | $ | 113 |  |  | $ | 121 |
Weighted-average attained age of contractholders: |  |  |  |
At annuitization or exercise of other living benefits |  | 58 years |  | 58 years
Significant Methodologies and Assumptions The Company issues certain retirement assurance products with guarantees that meet the definition of MRBs, which are measured, in aggregate, as one compound MRB, at estimated fair value, with changes in estimated fair value reported in net income, except for changes in nonperformance risk of the Company which are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”). The Company calculates the fair value of these MRBs, which is estimated as the present value of projected future benefits minus the present value of projected attributed fees, using actuarial and capital market assumptions including expectations concerning policyholder behavior. The calculation is based on in-force business, projecting future cash flows from the MRB over multiple risk neutral stochastic scenarios using observable risk-free rates. Capital market assumptions, such as risk-free rates and implied volatilities, are based on market prices for publicly traded instruments to the extent that prices for such instruments are observable. Implied volatilities beyond the observable period are extrapolated based on observable implied volatilities and historical volatilities. Actuarial assumptions, including mortality, lapse, withdrawal and utilization, are unobservable and are reviewed at least annually based on actuarial studies of historical experience. See Note 12 for additional information on significant unobservable inputs. The valuation of these MRBs includes a nonperformance risk adjustment and adjustments for a risk margin related to non-capital market inputs. The nonperformance adjustment is determined by taking into consideration publicly available information relating to spreads in the secondary market for MetLife, Inc.’s debt, including related credit default swaps. These observable spreads are then adjusted, as necessary, to reflect the priority of these liabilities and the claims paying ability of the issuing insurance subsidiaries as compared to MetLife, Inc. Risk margins are established to capture the non-capital market risks of the instrument which represent the additional compensation a market participant would require to assume the risks related to the uncertainties of such actuarial assumptions at annuitization, premium persistency, partial withdrawal and surrenders. The establishment of risk margins requires the use of significant management judgment, including assumptions of the amount and cost of capital needed to cover the guarantees. These guarantees may be more costly than expected in volatile or declining equity markets. Market conditions including, changes in interest rates, equity indices, market volatility and foreign currency exchange rates; and variations in actuarial assumptions regarding policyholder behavior, mortality and risk margins related to non-capital market inputs, impact the estimated fair value of the guarantees and affect net income, and changes in nonperformance risk of the Company affect OCI. MetLife Holdings - Annuities The MetLife Holdings segment’s variable annuity products offer contract features where the Company guarantees to the contractholder a minimum benefit, which includes guaranteed minimum death benefits (“GMDBs”) and living benefit guarantees. The GMDB contract features include return of premium, which provides a return of the purchase payment upon death, annual step-up and roll-up and step-up combinations. The living benefit guarantees contract features primarily include guaranteed minimum income benefits (“GMIBs”), which provide a minimum accumulation of purchase payments that can be annuitized to receive a monthly income stream, and guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (“GMWBs”), which provide a series of withdrawals, provided that withdrawals in a contract year do not exceed a contractual limit. This segment also includes an in-force block of assumed variable annuity guarantees from a third party. Information regarding MetLife Holdings annuity products (including assumed reinsurance) was as follows:
|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (In millions)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 2,722 |  | $ | 3,225
Balance, beginning of period, before effect of cumulative changes in the instrument-specific credit risk |  | $ | 2,772 |  | $ | 3,360
Attributed fees collected |  | 90 |  | 98
Benefit payments |  | (22) |  | (11)
Effect of changes in interest rates |  | (373) |  | 368
Effect of changes in capital markets |  | (306) |  | (358)
Effect of changes in equity index volatility |  | 34 |  | (132)
Actual policyholder behavior different from expected behavior |  | 69 |  | 29
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net (1) |  | (26) |  | 232
Effect of changes in risk margin |  | (46) |  | 3
Balance, end of period, before the cumulative effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk |  | 2,192 |  | 3,589
Cumulative effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk |  | 39 |  | (229)
Effect of foreign currency translation on the cumulative instrument-specific credit risk |  | — |  | 1
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 2,231 |  | $ | 3,361
At period end: |  |  |  |
Net amount at risk, excluding offsets from hedging (2): |  |  |  |
In the event of death |  | $ | 2,489 |  |  | $ | 3,619 |
At annuitization or exercise of other living benefits |  | $ | 579 |  |  | $ | 897 |
Weighted-average attained age of contractholders: |  |  |  |
In the event of death |  | 72 years |  | 70 years
At annuitization or exercise of other living benefits |  | 70 years |  | 71 years
__________________ (1) Included is the covariance impact from aggregating the market observable inputs, mostly driven by interest rate and capital market volatility. (2) Includes amounts for certain variable annuity guarantees recorded as MRBs on contracts also recorded as PABs which are disclosed in “MetLife Holdings – Annuities” in Note 5. Significant Methodologies and Assumptions The Company issues GMDBs, GMWBs, guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (“GMABs”) and GMIBs that typically meet the definition of MRBs, which are measured, in aggregate, as one compound MRB, at estimated fair value separately from the variable annuity contract, with changes in estimated fair value reported in net income, except for changes in nonperformance risk of the Company which are recorded in OCI. The Company calculates the fair value of these MRBs, which is estimated as the present value of projected future benefits minus the present value of projected attributed fees, using actuarial and capital market assumptions including expectations concerning policyholder behavior. The calculation is based on in-force business, projecting future cash flows from the MRB over multiple risk neutral stochastic scenarios using observable risk-free rates. Capital market assumptions, such as risk-free rates and implied volatilities, are based on market prices for publicly traded instruments to the extent that prices for such instruments are observable. Implied volatilities beyond the observable period are extrapolated based on observable implied volatilities and historical volatilities. Actuarial assumptions, including mortality, lapse, withdrawal and utilization, are unobservable and are reviewed at least annually based on actuarial studies of historical experience. See Note 12 for additional information on significant unobservable inputs. The valuation of these MRBs includes a nonperformance risk adjustment and adjustments for a risk margin related to non-capital market inputs. The nonperformance adjustment is determined by taking into consideration publicly available information relating to spreads in the secondary market for MetLife, Inc.’s debt, including related credit default swaps. These observable spreads are then adjusted, as necessary, to reflect the priority of these liabilities and the claims paying ability of the issuing insurance subsidiaries as compared to MetLife, Inc. Risk margins are established to capture the non-capital market risks of the instrument which represent the additional compensation a market participant would require to assume the risks related to the uncertainties of such actuarial assumptions at annuitization, premium persistency, partial withdrawal and surrenders. The establishment of risk margins requires the use of significant management judgment, including assumptions of the amount and cost of capital needed to cover the guarantees. These guarantees may be more costly than expected in volatile or declining equity markets. Market conditions, including changes in interest rates, equity indices, market volatility and foreign currency exchange rates; and variations in actuarial assumptions regarding policyholder behavior, mortality and risk margins related to non-capital market inputs, impact the estimated fair value of the guarantees and affect net income, and changes in nonperformance risk of the Company affect OCI. Other In addition to the disaggregated MRB product rollforwards above, the Company offers other products with guaranteed minimum benefit features across various segments. These MRBs are measured at estimated fair value, with changes in estimated fair value reported in net income, except for changes in nonperformance risk of the Company which are recorded in OCI. See Note 12 for additional information on significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of MRBs. Information regarding these product liabilities was as follows:
|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (In millions)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | (32) |  |  | $ | 32 |
Balance, beginning of period, before effect of cumulative changes in the instrument-specific credit risk |  | $ | (50) |  |  | $ | 24 |
Attributed fees collected |  | 13 |  |  | 8 |
Benefit payments |  | (2) |  |  | (15) |
Effect of changes in interest rates |  | (42) |  |  | 61 |
Effect of changes in capital markets |  | (13) |  |  | (24) |
Effect of changes in equity index volatility |  | (1) |  |  | (4) |
Actual policyholder behavior different from expected behavior |  | 2 |  |  | (21) |
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net |  | (4) |  |  | 34 |
Effect of changes in risk margin |  | (1) |  |  | — |
Balance, end of period, before the cumulative effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk |  | (98) |  |  | 63 |
Cumulative effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk |  | 23 |  |  | (3) |
Balance, end of period |  | (75) |  |  | 60 |
Less: Reinsurance recoverable |  | 13 |  |  | 25 |
Balance, end of period, net of reinsurance |  | $ | (88) |  |  | $ | 35 |

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