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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-Q
(Mark One)

☑ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED MARCH 31, 2024
or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO
Commission file number: 001-15787
_____________________________________
MetLife, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 13-4075851
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
200 Park Avenue, | New York, | NY |  | 10166-0188
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(212) 578-9500
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 | MET | New York Stock Exchange
Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series A, par value $0.01 | MET PRA | New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share of 5.625% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series E | MET PRE | New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share of 4.75% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series F | MET PRF | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☑ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑
At April 30, 2024, 711,123,411 shares of the registrant’s common stock were outstanding.

Table of Contents

|  | Page
Part I — Financial Information |
Item 1. | Financial Statements (Unaudited) (at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023) |
| Interim Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets | 4
| Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) | 5
| Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity | 6
| Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 7
| Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements: |
| Note 1 — Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 8
| Note 2 — Segment Information | 11
| Note 3 — Disposition | 16
| Note 4 — Future Policy Benefits | 16
| Note 5 — Policyholder Account Balances | 26
| Note 6 — Market Risk Benefits | 35
| Note 7 — Separate Accounts | 39
| Note 8 — Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs, Value of Business Acquired and Unearned Revenue | 43
| Note 9 — Closed Block | 44
| Note 10 — Investments | 46
| Note 11 — Derivatives | 61
| Note 12 — Fair Value | 71
| Note 13 — Long-term Debt | 85
| Note 14 — Equity | 85
| Note 15 — Other Revenues and Other Expenses | 89
| Note 16 — Employee Benefit Plans | 90
| Note 17 — Income Tax | 90
| Note 18 — Earnings Per Common Share | 91
| Note 19 — Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees | 91
| Note 20 — Subsequent Events | 94
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 95
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 139
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 140
Part II — Other Information |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 141
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 141
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 141
Item 5. | Other Information | 142
Item 6. | Exhibits | 143
Signatures | 144

Table of Contents
As used in this Form 10‑Q, “MetLife,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” refer to MetLife, Inc., a Delaware corporation incorporated in 1999, its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q, including Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, may contain or incorporate by reference information that includes or is based upon forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements give expectations or forecasts of future events and do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. They use words and terms such as “anticipate,” “are confident,” “assume,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “if,” “intend,” “likely,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would” and other words and terms of similar meaning or that are otherwise tied to future periods or future performance, in each case in all derivative forms. They include statements relating to future actions, prospective services or products, future performance or results of current and anticipated services or products, future sales efforts, future expenses, the outcome of contingencies such as legal proceedings, and future trends in operations and financial results.
Many factors determine Company results, and they involve unpredictable risks and uncertainties. Our forward-looking statements depend on our assumptions, our expectations, and our understanding of the economic environment, but they may be inaccurate and may change. We do not guarantee any future performance. Our results could differ materially from those we express or imply in forward-looking statements. The risks, uncertainties and other factors identified in MetLife, Inc.’s filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, and others, may cause such differences. These factors include:
(1) economic condition difficulties, including risks relating to interest rates, credit spreads, declining equity or debt markets, real estate, obligors and counterparties, government default, currency exchange rates, derivatives, climate change, public health and terrorism and security;
(2) global capital and credit market adversity;
(3) credit facility inaccessibility;
(4) financial strength or credit ratings downgrades;
(5) unavailability, unaffordability, or inadequate reinsurance, including reinsurance risks that arise from reinsurers’ credit risk, and the potential shortfall or failure of risk mitigants to protect against such risks;
(6) statutory life insurance reserve financing costs or limited market capacity;
(7) legal, regulatory, and supervisory and enforcement policy changes;
(8) changes in tax rates, tax laws or interpretations;
(9) litigation and regulatory investigations;
(10) unsuccessful efforts to meet all environmental, social, and governance standards or to enhance our sustainability;
(11) MetLife, Inc.’s inability to pay dividends and repurchase common stock;
(12) MetLife, Inc.’s subsidiaries’ inability to pay dividends to MetLife, Inc.;
(13) investment defaults, downgrades, or volatility;
(14) investment sales or lending difficulties;
(15) collateral or derivative-related payments;
(16) investment valuations, allowances, or impairments changes;
(17) claims or other results that differ from our estimates, assumptions, or models;
(18) global political, legal, or operational risks;
(19) business competition;
(20) technological changes;
(21) catastrophes;
(22) climate changes or responses to it;
(23) deficiencies in our closed block;
(24) goodwill or other asset impairment, or deferred income tax asset allowance;
(25) impairment of value of business acquired, value of distribution agreements acquired or value of customer relationships acquired;
(26) product guarantee volatility, costs, and counterparty risks;
(27) risk management failures;
(28) insufficient protection from operational risks;
(29) failure to protect confidentiality and integrity of data or other cybersecurity or disaster recovery failures;
(30) accounting standards changes;
(31) excessive risk-taking;
(32) marketing and distribution difficulties;
(33) pension and other postretirement benefit assumption changes;
(34) inability to protect our intellectual property or avoid infringement claims;
(35) acquisition, integration, growth, disposition, or reorganization difficulties;
(36) Brighthouse Financial, Inc. separation risks;
(37) MetLife, Inc.’s Board of Directors influence over the outcome of stockholder votes through the voting provisions of the MetLife Policyholder Trust; and
(38) legal- and corporate governance-related effects on business combinations.
MetLife, Inc. does not undertake any obligation to publicly correct or update any forward-looking statement if MetLife, Inc. later becomes aware that such statement is not likely to be achieved. Please consult any further disclosures MetLife, Inc. makes on related subjects in subsequent reports to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
2

Table of Contents
Corporate Information
We encourage investors and others to frequently visit our website (www.metlife.com), including our Investor Relations web pages (https://investor.metlife.com). We announce significant financial and other information to our investors and the public on the Investor Relations web pages, as well as in U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission filings, in news releases, public conference calls and webcasts, fact sheets and other documents and media. The information found on our website, including MetLife’s Sustainability Report, is not incorporated by reference into this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or in any other report or document we submit to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, and any references to our website are intended to be inactive textual references only.
Note Regarding Reliance on Statements in Our Contracts
See “Exhibits — Note Regarding Reliance on Statements in Our Contracts” for information regarding agreements included as exhibits to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
3

Table of Contents
Part I — Financial Information
Item 1. Financial Statements
MetLife, Inc.
Interim Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (Unaudited)
(In millions, except share and per share data)

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Assets |  |  |  |
Investments: |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale, at estimated fair value (net of allowance for credit loss of $113 and $184, respectively); and amortized cost: $300,623 and $300,555, respectively |  | $ | 278,409 |  |  | $ | 281,412 |
Equity securities, at estimated fair value |  | 750 |  |  | 757 |
Contractholder-directed equity securities and fair value option securities, at estimated fair value |  | 10,313 |  |  | 10,331 |
Mortgage loans (net of allowance for credit loss of $814 and $721, respectively) |  | 91,458 |  |  | 92,506 |
Policy loans |  | 8,800 |  |  | 8,788 |
Real estate and real estate joint ventures (includes $328 and $317, respectively, under the fair value option) |  | 12,992 |  |  | 13,332 |
Other limited partnership interests |  | 14,301 |  |  | 14,764 |
Short-term investments, principally at estimated fair value |  | 4,884 |  |  | 6,045 |
Other invested assets (includes $1,843 and $1,993, respectively, of leveraged and direct financing leases; $432 and $333, respectively, relating to variable interest entities) |  | 18,097 |  |  | 18,202 |
Total investments |  | 440,004 |  |  | 446,137 |
Cash and cash equivalents, principally at estimated fair value |  | 19,840 |  |  | 20,639 |
Accrued investment income |  | 3,636 |  |  | 3,589 |
Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables |  | 29,986 |  |  | 28,971 |
Market risk benefits, at estimated fair value |  | 351 |  |  | 286 |
Deferred policy acquisition costs and value of business acquired |  | 19,842 |  |  | 20,151 |
Current income tax recoverable |  | — |  |  | 190 |
Deferred income tax asset |  | 2,751 |  |  | 2,612 |
Goodwill |  | 9,037 |  |  | 9,236 |
Other assets |  | 11,126 |  |  | 11,139 |
Separate account assets |  | 141,003 |  |  | 144,634 |
Total assets |  | $ | 677,576 |  |  | $ | 687,584 |
Liabilities and Equity |  |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |
Future policy benefits |  | $ | 191,013 |  |  | $ | 196,406 |
Policyholder account balances |  | 219,168 |  |  | 219,269 |
Market risk benefits, at estimated fair value |  | 2,696 |  |  | 3,179 |
Other policy-related balances |  | 20,219 |  |  | 19,736 |
Policyholder dividends payable |  | 357 |  |  | 386 |
Payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions |  | 17,470 |  |  | 17,524 |
Short-term debt |  | 127 |  |  | 119 |
Long-term debt (includes $26 and $0, respectively, relating to variable interest entities) |  | 15,972 |  |  | 15,548 |
Collateral financing arrangement |  | 590 |  |  | 637 |
Junior subordinated debt securities |  | 3,162 |  |  | 3,161 |
Current income tax payable |  | 10 |  |  | — |
Deferred income tax liability |  | 835 |  |  | 927 |
Other liabilities |  | 36,158 |  |  | 35,805 |
Separate account liabilities |  | 141,003 |  |  | 144,634 |
Total liabilities |  | 648,780 |  |  | 657,331 |
Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (Note 19) |  |  |  |
Equity |  |  |  |
MetLife, Inc.’s stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share; $3,905 aggregate liquidation preference |  | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share; 3,000,000,000 shares authorized; 1,193,562,132 and 1,191,823,651 shares issued, respectively; 715,661,353 and 730,821,111 shares outstanding, respectively |  | 12 |  |  | 12 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 33,718 |  |  | 33,690 |
Retained earnings |  | 40,350 |  |  | 40,146 |
Treasury stock, at cost; 477,900,779 and 461,002,540 shares, respectively |  | (25,774) |  |  | (24,591) |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | (19,771) |  |  | (19,242) |
Total MetLife, Inc.’s stockholders’ equity |  | 28,535 |  |  | 30,015 |
Noncontrolling interests |  | 261 |  |  | 238 |
Total equity |  | 28,796 |  |  | 30,253 |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 677,576 |  |  | $ | 687,584 |

See accompanying notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.
4

Table of Contents
MetLife, Inc.
Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (Unaudited)
(In millions, except per share data)

|  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 10,053 |  |  | $ | 9,589 |
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees |  |  |  |  |  | 1,248 |  |  | 1,289 |
Net investment income |  |  |  |  |  | 5,436 |  |  | 4,645 |
Other revenues |  |  |  |  |  | 674 |  |  | 639 |
Net investment gains (losses) |  |  |  |  |  | (375) |  |  | (684) |
Net derivative gains (losses) |  |  |  |  |  | (979) |  |  | (90) |
Total revenues |  |  |  |  |  | 16,057 |  |  | 15,388 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policyholder benefits and claims |  |  |  |  |  | 10,074 |  |  | 9,872 |
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gains) losses |  |  |  |  |  | (22) |  |  | (9) |
Market risk benefit remeasurement (gains) losses |  |  |  |  |  | (694) |  |  | 188 |
Interest credited to policyholder account balances |  |  |  |  |  | 2,290 |  |  | 1,864 |
Policyholder dividends |  |  |  |  |  | 147 |  |  | 159 |
Other expenses |  |  |  |  |  | 3,217 |  |  | 3,057 |
Total expenses |  |  |  |  |  | 15,012 |  |  | 15,131 |
Income (loss) before provision for income tax |  |  |  |  |  | 1,045 |  |  | 257 |
Provision for income tax expense (benefit) |  |  |  |  |  | 170 |  |  | 172 |
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  | 875 |  |  | 85 |
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  |  | 5 |
Net income (loss) attributable to MetLife, Inc. |  |  |  |  |  | 867 |  |  | 80 |
Less: Preferred stock dividends |  |  |  |  |  | 67 |  |  | 66 |
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 800 |  |  | $ | 14 |
Comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 347 |  |  | $ | 3,541 |
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of income tax |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |  |  | (13) |
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to MetLife, Inc. |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 338 |  |  | $ | 3,554 |

Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.11 |  |  | $ | 0.02 |
Diluted |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.10 |  |  | $ | 0.02 |

See accompanying notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.
5

Table of Contents
MetLife, Inc.
Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (Unaudited)
(In millions)

|  | Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Treasury Stock at Cost |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Total MetLife, Inc.’s Stockholders’ Equity |  | Noncontrolling Interests |  | Total Equity
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 33,690 |  |  | $ | 40,146 |  |  | $ | (24,591) |  |  | $ | (19,242) |  |  | $ | 30,015 |  |  | $ | 238 |  |  | $ | 30,253 |
Cumulative effects of changes in accounting principles, net of income tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (219) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (219) |  |  |  |  | (219) |
Treasury stock acquired in connection with share repurchases (includes $11 million of excise tax) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,183) |  |  |  |  | (1,183) |  |  |  |  | (1,183) |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  |  | 28 |
Dividends on preferred stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (67) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (67) |  |  |  |  | (67) |
Dividends on common stock (declared per share of $0.520) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (377) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (377) |  |  |  |  | (377) |
Change in equity of noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | 14 |
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 867 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 867 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 875 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (529) |  |  | (529) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (528) |
Balance at March 31, 2024 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 33,718 |  |  | $ | 40,350 |  |  | $ | (25,774) |  |  | $ | (19,771) |  |  | $ | 28,535 |  |  | $ | 261 |  |  | $ | 28,796 |

|  | Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Treasury Stock at Cost |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Total MetLife, Inc.’s Stockholders’ Equity |  | Noncontrolling Interests |  | Total Equity
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 33,616 |  |  | $ | 40,332 |  |  | $ | (21,458) |  |  | $ | (22,621) |  |  | $ | 29,881 |  |  | $ | 244 |  |  | $ | 30,125 |
Treasury stock acquired in connection with share repurchases (includes $7 million of excise tax) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (787) |  |  |  |  | (787) |  |  |  |  | (787) |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 1 |
Dividends on preferred stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (66) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (66) |  |  |  |  | (66) |
Dividends on common stock (declared per share of $0.500) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (389) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (389) |  |  |  |  | (389) |
Change in equity of noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | (2) |
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 80 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 80 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 85 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,474 |  |  | 3,474 |  |  | (18) |  |  | 3,456 |
Balance at March 31, 2023 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 33,617 |  |  | $ | 39,957 |  |  | $ | (22,245) |  |  | $ | (19,147) |  |  | $ | 32,194 |  |  | $ | 229 |  |  | $ | 32,423 |

See accompanying notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.
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MetLife, Inc.
Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (Unaudited)
(In millions)

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | 2,328 |  |  | $ | 2,026 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |
Sales, maturities and repayments of: |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale | 11,469 |  |  | 18,737 |
Equity securities | 37 |  |  | 61 |
Mortgage loans | 2,217 |  |  | 1,345 |
Real estate and real estate joint ventures | 143 |  |  | 26 |
Other limited partnership interests | 402 |  |  | 294 |
Short-term investments | 3,753 |  |  | 3,448 |
Purchases and originations of: |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale | (14,692) |  |  | (18,220) |
Equity securities | (7) |  |  | (3) |
Mortgage loans | (1,914) |  |  | (3,092) |
Real estate and real estate joint ventures | (175) |  |  | (259) |
Other limited partnership interests | (295) |  |  | (435) |
Short-term investments | (2,642) |  |  | (2,716) |
Cash received in connection with freestanding derivatives | 503 |  |  | 1,200 |
Cash paid in connection with freestanding derivatives | (1,052) |  |  | (1,546) |
Net change in policy loans | (80) |  |  | (4) |
Net change in other invested assets | (280) |  |  | (243) |
Other, net | (14) |  |  | (97) |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | (2,627) |  |  | (1,504) |
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |
Policyholder account balances - deposits | 24,444 |  |  | 26,963 |
Policyholder account balances - withdrawals | (23,373) |  |  | (26,885) |
Net change in payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions | 50 |  |  | (1,066) |
Long-term debt issued | 758 |  |  | 1,000 |
Long-term debt repaid | (264) |  |  | (1,012) |
Collateral financing arrangement repaid | (47) |  |  | (12) |
Derivatives with certain financing elements and other derivative-related transactions, net | (55) |  |  | 60 |
Proceeds from mortgage loan secured financing | 42 |  |  | — |
Repayments of mortgage loan secured financing | (161) |  |  | — |
Treasury stock acquired in connection with share repurchases | (1,172) |  |  | (780) |
Dividends on preferred stock | (67) |  |  | (66) |
Dividends on common stock | (377) |  |  | (389) |
Other, net | (39) |  |  | (108) |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (261) |  |  | (2,295) |
Effect of change in foreign currency exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents balances | (239) |  |  | 34 |
Change in cash and cash equivalents | (799) |  |  | (1,739) |
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period | $ | 20,639 |  |  | $ | 20,195 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period | $ | 19,840 |  |  | $ | 18,456 |

Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information |  |  |
Net cash paid (received) for: |  |  |
Interest | $ | 231 |  |  | $ | 183 |
Income tax | $ | 130 |  |  | $ | 171 |
Non-cash transactions: |  |  |
Other invested assets received in connection with the sale of other limited partnership interests | $ | 349 |  |  | $ | — |
Policyholder account balances received associated with funding agreement backed notes issued but not settled | $ | — |  |  | $ | 795 |

See accompanying notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
1. Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Business
“MetLife” and the “Company” refer to MetLife, Inc., a Delaware corporation incorporated in 1999, its subsidiaries and affiliates. MetLife is one of the world’s leading financial services companies, providing insurance, annuities, employee benefits and asset management. MetLife is organized into six segments: Group Benefits; Retirement and Income Solutions (“RIS”); Asia; Latin America; Europe, the Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”); and MetLife Holdings.
Basis of Presentation
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to adopt accounting policies and make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported on the interim condensed consolidated financial statements. In applying these policies and estimates, management makes subjective and complex judgments that frequently require assumptions about matters that are inherently uncertain. Many of these policies, estimates and related judgments are common in the insurance and financial services industries; others are specific to the Company’s business and operations. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
The accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited and reflect all adjustments (including normal recurring adjustments) necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods presented in conformity with GAAP. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of full year performance. The December 31, 2023 consolidated balance sheet data was derived from audited consolidated financial statements included in MetLife, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (the “2023 Annual Report”), which include all disclosures required by GAAP. Therefore, these interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements of the Company included in the 2023 Annual Report.
Consolidation
The accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of MetLife, Inc. and its subsidiaries, as well as partnerships and joint ventures in which the Company has a controlling financial interest, and variable interest entities (“VIEs”) for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
The Company uses the equity method of accounting, unless the fair value option (“FVO”) is applied, for real estate joint ventures and other limited partnership interests (“investee”) when it has more than a minor ownership interest or more than a minor influence over the investee’s operations. The Company generally recognizes its share of the investee’s earnings in net investment income on a three-month lag in instances where the investee’s financial information is not sufficiently timely or when the investee’s reporting period differs from the Company’s reporting period.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Changes to GAAP are established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) in the form of Accounting Standards Updates (each, an “ASU”) to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. The Company considers the applicability and impact of all ASUs. The following tables provide a description of ASUs recently issued by the FASB and the impact of their adoption on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
1. Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
The table below describes the impacts of ASUs adopted by the Company.

Standard | Description | Effective Date and Method of Adoption | Impact on Financial Statements
ASU 2023-02, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method | The amendments in this update permit reporting entities to elect to account for their tax equity investments, regardless of the tax credit program from which the income tax credits are received, using the proportional amortization method if certain conditions are met. In addition, disclosures describing the nature of the investments and related income tax credits and benefits will be required. | January 1, 2024. The Company adopted this update, applying a modified retrospective basis. | The Company has elected to use the proportional amortization method to account for its tax equity investments that meet the required criteria. The adoption of this update resulted in a decrease to retained earnings of $219 million, net of income tax, primarily related to the Company’s tax equity investments reported within other invested assets, as of January 1, 2024.

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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
1. Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Future Adoption of Accounting Pronouncements
ASUs not listed below were assessed and either determined to be not applicable or are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements or disclosures. ASUs issued but not yet adopted as of March 31, 2024 that are currently being assessed and may or may not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements or disclosures are summarized in the table below.

Standard | Description | Effective Date and Method of Adoption | Impact on Financial Statements
ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures | Among other things, the amendments in this update require that public business entities, on an annual basis: (i) disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation; and (ii) provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. In addition, the amendments in this update require that all entities disclose on an annual basis the following information about income taxes paid: (i) the amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by federal (national), state, and foreign taxes; and (ii) the amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by individual jurisdictions in which income taxes paid (net of refunds received) is equal to or greater than five percent of total income taxes paid (net of refunds received). | Effective for annual periods beginning January 1, 2025, to be applied prospectively with an option for retrospective application (with early adoption permitted). | The Company is evaluating the impact of the guidance on its consolidated financial statements.
ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures | The amendments in this update are intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The key amendments include: (i) disclosures on significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss on an annual and interim basis; (ii) disclosures on an amount for other segment items by reportable segment and a description of its composition on an annual and interim basis. The other segment items category is the difference between segment revenue less the significant expenses disclosed and each reported measure of segment profit or loss; (iii) providing all annual disclosures on a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets currently required by FASB ASC Topic 280, Segment Reporting in interim periods; and (iv) specifying the title and position of the CODM. | Effective for annual periods beginning January 1, 2024 and interim periods beginning January 1, 2025, to be applied on a retrospective basis unless it is impracticable (with early adoption permitted). | The Company is evaluating the impact of the guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
2. Segment Information
In the fourth quarter of 2023, MetLife reorganized from five segments into the following six segments to reflect changes in management’s responsibilities: Group Benefits, RIS, Asia, Latin America, EMEA and MetLife Holdings. The Group Benefits and RIS businesses were previously reported as the U.S. segment. These changes were applied retrospectively and did not have an impact on prior period total consolidated net income (loss) or adjusted earnings. In addition, the Company continues to report certain of its results of operations in Corporate & Other.
Group Benefits
The Group Benefits segment, based in the U.S., offers a broad range of products to corporations and their respective employees, other institutions and their respective members, as well as individuals. These products include term, variable and universal life insurance, dental, group and individual disability, vision and accident & health insurance.
RIS
The RIS segment, based in the U.S., offers a broad range of life and annuity-based insurance and investment products to corporations and their respective employees, other institutions and their respective members, as well as individuals. These products include stable value and pension risk transfer products, institutional income annuities, structured settlements, longevity reinsurance solutions, benefit funding solutions and capital markets investment products.
Asia
The Asia segment offers a broad range of products and services to both individuals and corporations, as well as to other institutions, and their respective employees, which include life insurance, accident & health insurance and retirement and savings.
Latin America
The Latin America segment offers a broad range of products to both individuals and corporations, as well as to other institutions, and their respective employees, which include life insurance, retirement and savings, accident & health insurance and credit insurance.
EMEA
The EMEA segment offers products to individuals, corporations, other institutions, and their respective employees, which include life insurance, retirement and savings, accident & health insurance and credit insurance.
MetLife Holdings
The MetLife Holdings segment consists of operations relating to products and businesses that the Company no longer actively markets in the U.S. These include variable, universal, term and whole life insurance, variable, fixed and index-linked annuities and long-term care insurance. It also includes an in-force block of assumed variable annuity guarantees from a third party.
Corporate & Other
Corporate & Other contains various start-up, developing and run-off businesses. Also included in Corporate & Other are: the excess capital, as well as certain charges and activities, not allocated to the segments (including external integration and disposition costs, internal resource costs for associates committed to acquisitions and dispositions and enterprise-wide strategic initiatives), interest expense related to the majority of the Company’s outstanding debt, expenses associated with certain legal proceedings and income tax audit issues, the elimination of intersegment amounts (which generally relate to investment expenses and intersegment loans bearing interest rates commensurate with related borrowings), and the Company’s investment management business (through which the Company provides public fixed income, private capital and real estate investment solutions to institutional investors worldwide).
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
2. Segment Information (continued)
Financial Measures and Segment Accounting Policies
Adjusted earnings is used by management to evaluate performance and allocate resources. Consistent with GAAP guidance for segment reporting, adjusted earnings is also the Company’s GAAP measure of segment performance and is reported below. Adjusted earnings should not be viewed as a substitute for net income (loss). The Company believes the presentation of adjusted earnings, as the Company measures it for management purposes, enhances the understanding of its performance by highlighting the results of operations and the underlying profitability drivers of the business.
Adjusted earnings is defined as adjusted revenues less adjusted expenses, net of income tax.
These financial measures focus on the Company’s primary businesses principally by excluding the impact of (i) market volatility which could distort trends, (ii) asymmetrical and non-economic accounting, and (iii) revenues and costs related to divested businesses, non-core products and certain entities required to be consolidated under GAAP. Also, these measures exclude results of discontinued operations under GAAP.
Market volatility can have a significant impact on the Company’s financial results. Adjusted earnings excludes net investment gains (losses), net derivative gains (losses), market risk benefits (“MRBs”) remeasurement gains (losses) and goodwill impairments. Further, policyholder benefits and claims exclude (i) changes in the discount rate on certain annuitization guarantees accounted for as additional liabilities, and (ii) market value adjustments.
Asymmetrical and non-economic accounting adjustments are made to the line items indicated in calculating adjusted earnings:
•Net investment income includes earned income on derivatives and amortization of premium on derivatives that are hedges of investments or that are used to replicate certain investments, but do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment.
•Other revenues include settlements of foreign currency earnings hedges and exclude asymmetrical accounting associated with in-force reinsurance.
•Policyholder benefits and claims excludes (i) amortization of basis adjustments associated with de-designated fair value hedges of future policy benefits (“FPBs”), (ii) inflation-indexed benefit adjustments associated with contracts backed by inflation-indexed investments, (iii) asymmetrical accounting associated with in-force reinsurance, and (iv) non-economic losses incurred at contract inception for certain single premium annuity business. These losses are amortized into adjusted earnings within policyholder benefits and claims over the estimated lives of the contracts.
•Interest credited to policyholder account balances (“PABs”) excludes amounts associated with periodic crediting rate adjustments based on the total return of a contractually referenced pool of assets and other pass-through adjustments and asymmetrical accounting associated with in-force reinsurance.
Divested businesses are those that have been or will be sold or exited by MetLife but do not meet the discontinued operations criteria under GAAP. Divested businesses also include the net impact of transactions with exited businesses that have been eliminated in consolidation under GAAP and costs relating to businesses that have been or will be sold or exited by MetLife that do not meet the criteria to be included in results of discontinued operations under GAAP.
Other adjustments are made to the line items indicated in calculating adjusted earnings:
•Net investment income and interest credited to PABs excludes certain amounts related to contractholder-directed equity securities.
•Other revenues include fee revenue on synthetic guaranteed interest contracts (“GICs”) accounted for as freestanding derivatives.
•Other revenues exclude and other expenses include fees received in connection with services provided under transition service agreements.
•Other expenses exclude (i) implementation of new insurance regulatory requirements and other costs, and (ii) acquisition, integration and other related costs. Other expenses include (i) deductions for net income attributable to noncontrolling interests, and (ii) benefits accrued on synthetic GICs accounted for as freestanding derivatives.
Adjusted earnings also excludes the recognition of certain contingent assets and liabilities that could not be recognized at acquisition or adjusted for during the measurement period under GAAP business combination accounting guidance.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
2. Segment Information (continued)
The tax impact of the adjustments mentioned above are calculated net of the U.S. or foreign statutory tax rate, which could differ from the Company’s effective tax rate. Additionally, the provision for income tax (expense) benefit also includes the impact related to the timing of certain tax credits, as well as certain tax reforms.
Set forth in the tables below is certain financial information with respect to the Company’s segments, as well as Corporate & Other, for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. The segment accounting policies are the same as those used to prepare the Company’s interim condensed consolidated financial statements, except for adjusted earnings adjustments as defined above. In addition, segment accounting policies include the method of capital allocation described below.
Economic capital is an internally developed risk capital model, the purpose of which is to measure the risk in the business and to provide a basis upon which capital is deployed. The economic capital model accounts for the unique and specific nature of the risks inherent in the Company’s business.
The Company’s economic capital model, coupled with considerations of local capital requirements, aligns segment allocated equity with emerging standards and consistent risk principles. The model applies statistics-based risk evaluation principles to the material risks to which the Company is exposed. These consistent risk principles include calibrating required economic capital shock factors to a specific confidence level and time horizon while applying an industry standard method for the inclusion of diversification benefits among risk types. The Company’s management is responsible for the ongoing production and enhancement of the economic capital model and reviews its approach periodically to ensure that it remains consistent with emerging industry practice standards.
Segment net investment income is credited or charged based on the level of allocated equity; however, changes in allocated equity do not impact the Company’s consolidated net investment income, net income (loss) or adjusted earnings.
Net investment income is based upon the actual results of each segment’s specifically identifiable investment portfolios adjusted for allocated equity. Other costs are allocated to each of the segments based upon: (i) a review of the nature of such costs; (ii) time studies analyzing the amount of employee compensation costs incurred by each segment; and (iii) cost estimates included in the Company’s product pricing.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
2. Segment Information (continued)

Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |  | Group Benefits |  | RIS |  | Asia |  | Latin America |  | EMEA |  | MetLife Holdings |  | Corporate & Other |  | Total |  | Adjustments |  | Total Consolidated
|  | (In millions)
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums |  | $ | 5,711 |  |  | $ | 675 |  |  | $ | 1,297 |  |  | $ | 1,115 |  |  | $ | 536 |  |  | $ | 713 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 10,053 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,053 |
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees |  | 222 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 426 |  |  | 370 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 78 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,248 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,248 |
Net investment income |  | 315 |  |  | 2,089 |  |  | 1,108 |  |  | 386 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 1,010 |  |  | 106 |  |  | 5,068 |  |  | 368 |  |  | 5,436 |
Other revenues |  | 397 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 647 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 674 |
Net investment gains (losses) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (375) |  |  | (375) |
Net derivative gains (losses) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (979) |  |  | (979) |
Total revenues |  | 6,645 |  |  | 2,902 |  |  | 2,852 |  |  | 1,882 |  |  | 674 |  |  | 1,851 |  |  | 210 |  |  | 17,016 |  |  | (959) |  |  | 16,057 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends |  | 5,236 |  |  | 1,471 |  |  | 1,067 |  |  | 983 |  |  | 258 |  |  | 1,251 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 10,274 |  |  | (53) |  |  | 10,221 |
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gains) losses |  | (3) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (32) |  |  | (8) |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | (22) |  |  | — |  |  | (22) |
Market risk benefit remeasurement (gains) losses |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (694) |  |  | (694) |
Interest credited to policyholder account balances |  | 48 |  |  | 796 |  |  | 647 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 103 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,727 |  |  | 563 |  |  | 2,290 |
Capitalization of deferred policy acquisition costs |  | (4) |  |  | (61) |  |  | (361) |  |  | (178) |  |  | (128) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (740) |  |  | — |  |  | (740) |
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs and value of business acquired |  | 6 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 210 |  |  | 125 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 508 |  |  | — |  |  | 508 |
Amortization of negative value of business acquired |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6) |  |  | — |  |  | (6) |
Interest expense on debt |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 253 |  |  | 264 |  |  | — |  |  | 264 |
Other expenses |  | 1,003 |  |  | 172 |  |  | 744 |  |  | 512 |  |  | 332 |  |  | 223 |  |  | 194 |  |  | 3,180 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 3,191 |
Total expenses |  | 6,286 |  |  | 2,398 |  |  | 2,270 |  |  | 1,551 |  |  | 571 |  |  | 1,655 |  |  | 454 |  |  | 15,185 |  |  | (173) |  |  | 15,012 |
Provision for income tax expense (benefit) |  | 75 |  |  | 105 |  |  | 159 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 37 |  |  | (70) |  |  | 430 |  |  | (260) |  |  | 170 |
Adjusted earnings |  | $ | 284 |  |  | $ | 399 |  |  | $ | 423 |  |  | $ | 233 |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 159 |  |  | $ | (174) |  |  | 1,401 |  |  |  |  |
Adjustments to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (959) |  |  |  |  |
Total expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 173 |  |  |  |  |
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 260 |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 875 |  |  |  |  | $ | 875 |

14

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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
2. Segment Information (continued)

Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 |  | Group Benefits |  | RIS |  | Asia |  | Latin America |  | EMEA |  | MetLife Holdings |  | Corporate & Other |  | Total |  | Adjustments |  | Total Consolidated
|  | (In millions)
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums |  | $ | 5,451 |  |  | $ | 501 |  |  | $ | 1,377 |  |  | $ | 1,025 |  |  | $ | 496 |  |  | $ | 723 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 9,589 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,589 |
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees |  | 218 |  |  | 79 |  |  | 397 |  |  | 335 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 183 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,289 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,289 |
Net investment income |  | 310 |  |  | 1,814 |  |  | 881 |  |  | 379 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 1,127 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 4,606 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 4,645 |
Other revenues |  | 380 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 101 |  |  | 642 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 639 |
Net investment gains (losses) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (684) |  |  | (684) |
Net derivative gains (losses) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (90) |  |  | (90) |
Total revenues |  | 6,359 |  |  | 2,462 |  |  | 2,675 |  |  | 1,751 |  |  | 626 |  |  | 2,086 |  |  | 167 |  |  | 16,126 |  |  | (738) |  |  | 15,388 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends |  | 4,994 |  |  | 1,225 |  |  | 1,130 |  |  | 966 |  |  | 261 |  |  | 1,369 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 9,961 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 10,031 |
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gains) losses |  | (4) |  |  | (29) |  |  | 11 |  |  | (4) |  |  | (3) |  |  | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | (9) |  |  | — |  |  | (9) |
Market risk benefit remeasurement (gains) losses |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 188 |  |  | 188 |
Interest credited to policyholder account balances |  | 46 |  |  | 646 |  |  | 536 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 199 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,542 |  |  | 322 |  |  | 1,864 |
Capitalization of deferred policy acquisition costs |  | (6) |  |  | (45) |  |  | (401) |  |  | (151) |  |  | (108) |  |  | (6) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (718) |  |  | — |  |  | (718) |
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs and value of business acquired |  | 6 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 193 |  |  | 106 |  |  | 85 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 470 |  |  | — |  |  | 470 |
Amortization of negative value of business acquired |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6) |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |
Interest expense on debt |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 247 |  |  | 255 |  |  | — |  |  | 255 |
Other expenses |  | 932 |  |  | 146 |  |  | 807 |  |  | 430 |  |  | 300 |  |  | 238 |  |  | 177 |  |  | 3,030 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 3,057 |
Total expenses |  | 5,968 |  |  | 1,957 |  |  | 2,270 |  |  | 1,448 |  |  | 550 |  |  | 1,891 |  |  | 440 |  |  | 14,524 |  |  | 607 |  |  | 15,131 |
Provision for income tax expense (benefit) |  | 84 |  |  | 105 |  |  | 125 |  |  | 88 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 37 |  |  | (103) |  |  | 352 |  |  | (180) |  |  | 172 |
Adjusted earnings |  | $ | 307 |  |  | $ | 400 |  |  | $ | 280 |  |  | $ | 215 |  |  | $ | 60 |  |  | $ | 158 |  |  | $ | (170) |  |  | 1,250 |  |  |  |  |
Adjustments to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (738) |  |  |  |  |
Total expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (607) |  |  |  |  |
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 180 |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 85 |  |  |  |  | $ | 85 |

15

Table of Contents
MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
2. Segment Information (continued)
The following table presents total assets with respect to the Company’s segments, as well as Corporate & Other, at:

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | (In millions)
Group Benefits |  | $ | 37,076 |  |  | $ | 36,715 |
RIS |  | 217,290 |  |  | 218,587 |
Asia |  | 154,296 |  |  | 157,206 |
Latin America |  | 66,142 |  |  | 69,177 |
EMEA |  | 18,742 |  |  | 18,596 |
MetLife Holdings |  | 146,621 |  |  | 148,524 |
Corporate & Other |  | 37,409 |  |  | 38,779 |
Total |  | $ | 677,576 |  |  | $ | 687,584 |

3. Disposition
Pending Disposition of MetLife Malaysia
In October 2023, the Company entered into an agreement to sell its ownership interests in AmMetLife Insurance Berhad (Malaysia) and AmMetLife Takaful Berhad (Malaysia) (collectively, “MetLife Malaysia”). The transaction is expected to close in 2024 and is subject to regulatory approvals and satisfaction of other closing conditions. See Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2023 Annual Report for further information.
4. Future Policy Benefits
The Company establishes liabilities for amounts payable under insurance policies. These liabilities are comprised of traditional and limited-payment contracts and associated deferred profit liability (“DPL”), additional insurance liabilities, participating life and short-duration contracts.
16

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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
4. Future Policy Benefits (continued)
The Company’s FPBs on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets was as follows at:

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | (In millions)
Traditional and Limited-Payment Contracts: |  |  |  |
RIS - Annuities |  | $ | 62,362 |  |  | $ | 64,324 |
Asia: |  |  |  |
Whole and term life & endowments |  | 11,861 |  |  | 12,874 |
Accident & health |  | 9,859 |  |  | 10,712 |
Latin America - Fixed annuities |  | 8,771 |  |  | 9,637 |
MetLife Holdings - Long-term care |  | 14,845 |  |  | 15,240 |
Deferred Profit Liabilities: |  |  |  |
RIS - Annuities |  | 3,694 |  |  | 3,697 |
Asia: |  |  |  |
Whole and term life & endowments |  | 667 |  |  | 654 |
Accident & health |  | 808 |  |  | 830 |
Latin America - Fixed annuities |  | 504 |  |  | 562 |
Additional Insurance Liabilities: |  |  |  |
Asia: |  |  |  |
Variable life |  | 1,153 |  |  | 1,258 |
Universal and variable universal life |  | 385 |  |  | 424 |
MetLife Holdings - Universal and variable universal life |  | 2,396 |  |  | 2,362 |
MetLife Holdings - Participating life |  | 49,227 |  |  | 49,543 |
Other long-duration (1) |  | 10,824 |  |  | 11,099 |
Short-duration and other |  | 13,657 |  |  | 13,190 |
Total |  | $ | 191,013 |  |  | $ | 196,406 |

__________________
(1) This balance represents liabilities for various smaller product lines across multiple segments, as well as Corporate & Other.
Rollforwards - Traditional and Limited-Payment Contracts
The following information about the direct and assumed liability for FPBs includes disaggregated rollforwards of expected future net premiums and expected future benefits. The products grouped within these rollforwards were selected based upon common characteristics and valuations using similar inputs, judgments, assumptions and methodologies within a particular segment of the business. The adjusted balance in each disaggregated rollforward reflects the remeasurement (gains) losses. All amounts presented in the rollforwards and accompanying financial information do not include a reduction for amounts ceded to reinsurers, except with respect to ending net liability for FPB balances where applicable.
17

Table of Contents
MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
4. Future Policy Benefits (continued)
RIS - Annuities
The RIS segment’s annuity products include pension risk transfers, certain structured settlements and certain institutional income annuities, which are mainly single premium spread-based products. Information regarding these products was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |
|  | (Dollars in millions) |
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period, at current discount rate at balance sheet date |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |
Balance, beginning of period, at original discount rate |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |
Effect of actual variances from expected experience (1) |  | (26) |  |  | (16) |  |
Adjusted balance |  | (26) |  |  | (16) |  |
Issuances |  | 342 |  |  | 236 |  |
Net premiums collected |  | (316) |  |  | (220) |  |
Ending balance at original discount rate |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Balance, end of period, at current discount rate at balance sheet date |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |
Present Value of Expected FPBs |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period, at current discount rate at balance sheet date |  | $ | 64,515 |  |  | $ | 58,695 |  |
Balance, beginning of period, at original discount rate |  | $ | 64,737 |  |  | $ | 61,426 |  |
Effect of actual variances from expected experience (1) |  | (36) |  |  | (116) |  |
Adjusted balance |  | 64,701 |  |  | 61,310 |  |
Issuances |  | 341 |  |  | 234 |  |
Interest accrual |  | 759 |  |  | 703 |  |
Benefit payments |  | (1,492) |  |  | (1,372) |  |
Ending balance at original discount rate |  | 64,309 |  |  | 60,875 |  |
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions |  | (1,649) |  |  | (1,202) |  |
Balance, end of period, at current discount rate at balance sheet date |  | 62,660 |  |  | 59,673 |  |
Cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustments |  | (298) |  |  | (78) |  |
Net liability for FPBs |  | 62,362 |  |  | 59,595 |  |
Less: Reinsurance recoverables |  | 256 |  |  | — |  |
Net liability for FPBs, net of reinsurance |  | $ | 62,106 |  |  | $ | 59,595 |  |
Undiscounted - Expected future benefit payments |  | $ | 118,190 |  |  | $ | 113,912 |  |
Discounted - Expected future benefit payments (at current discount rate at balance sheet date) |  | $ | 62,660 |  |  | $ | 59,673 |  |
Weighted-average duration of the liability |  | 9 years |  | 9 years |
Weighted-average interest accretion (original locked-in) rate |  | 4.8 | % |  | 4.7 | % |
Weighted-average current discount rate at balance sheet date |  | 5.4 | % |  | 5.1 | % |

_________________
(1) For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the net effect of actual variances from expected experience was substantially offset by the corresponding impact in DPL associated with the RIS segment’s annuity products of $10 million. For three months ended March 31, 2023, the net effect of actual variances from expected experience was largely offset by the corresponding impact in DPL associated with the RIS segment’s annuity products of $71 million. Excluding the corresponding impact in DPL, for the three months ended March 31, 2023, the net effect of actual variances from expected experience was primarily driven by favorable mortality and model refinements.
18

Table of Contents
MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
4. Future Policy Benefits (continued)
Asia
Whole and Term Life & Endowments
The Asia segment’s whole and term life & endowment products in Japan and Korea offer various life insurance coverages to customers. Information regarding these products was as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period, at current discount rate at balance sheet date |  | $ | 4,561 |  |  | $ | 4,682 |
Balance, beginning of period, at original discount rate |  | $ | 4,793 |  |  | $ | 4,943 |
Effect of actual variances from expected experience (1) |  | (15) |  |  | (22) |
Adjusted balance |  | 4,778 |  |  | 4,921 |
Issuances |  | 153 |  |  | 141 |
Interest accrual |  | 17 |  |  | 13 |
Net premiums collected |  | (157) |  |  | (153) |
Effect of foreign currency translation |  | (290) |  |  | (44) |
Ending balance at original discount rate |  | 4,501 |  |  | 4,878 |
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions |  | (260) |  |  | (201) |
Effect of foreign currency translation on the effect of changes in discount rate assumptions |  | 16 |  |  | 3 |
Balance, end of period, at current discount rate at balance sheet date |  | $ | 4,257 |  |  | $ | 4,680 |
Present Value of Expected FPBs |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period, at current discount rate at balance sheet date |  | $ | 17,435 |  |  | $ | 17,463 |
Balance, beginning of period, at original discount rate |  | $ | 17,198 |  |  | $ | 18,209 |
Effect of actual variances from expected experience (1) |  | (7) |  |  | (4) |
Adjusted balance |  | 17,191 |  |  | 18,205 |
Issuances |  | 153 |  |  | 141 |
Interest accrual |  | 93 |  |  | 93 |
Benefit payments |  | (263) |  |  | (340) |
Effect of foreign currency translation |  | (1,042) |  |  | (220) |
Ending balance at original discount rate |  | 16,132 |  |  | 17,879 |
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions |  | (36) |  |  | 329 |
Effect of foreign currency translation on the effect of changes in discount rate assumptions |  | 22 |  |  | (32) |
Balance, end of period, at current discount rate at balance sheet date |  | 16,118 |  |  | 18,176 |
Cumulative impact of flooring the future policyholder benefits reserve |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Net liability for FPBs |  | 11,861 |  |  | 13,498 |
Less: Amount due to reinsurer |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |
Net liability for FPBs, net of reinsurance |  | $ | 11,862 |  |  | $ | 13,499 |
Undiscounted: |  |  |  |
Expected future gross premiums |  | $ | 8,799 |  |  | $ | 9,309 |
Expected future benefit payments |  | $ | 26,638 |  |  | $ | 28,009 |
Discounted (at current discount rate at balance sheet date): |  |  |  |
Expected future gross premiums |  | $ | 7,549 |  |  | $ | 8,146 |
Expected future benefit payments |  | $ | 16,118 |  |  | $ | 18,176 |
Weighted-average duration of the liability |  | 17 years |  | 17 years
Weighted -average interest accretion (original locked-in) rate |  | 2.6 | % |  | 2.5 | %
Weighted-average current discount rate at balance sheet date |  | 2.7 | % |  | 2.4 | %

_________________
19

Table of Contents
MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
4. Future Policy Benefits (continued)
(1) For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the net effect of actual variances from expected experience was not offset by the corresponding impact in DPL associated with the Asia segment’s whole and term life & endowment products due to the diversification of the products and the underlying characteristics.
Accident & Health
The Asia segment’s accident & health products in Japan and Korea offer various hospitalization, cancer, critical illness, disability, income protection and personal accident coverage. Information regarding these products was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period, at current discount rate at balance sheet date |  | $ | 19,835 |  |  | $ | 21,181 |
Balance, beginning of period, at original discount rate |  | $ | 21,232 |  |  | $ | 22,594 |
Effect of actual variances from expected experience |  | (123) |  |  | (55) |
Adjusted balance |  | 21,109 |  |  | 22,539 |
Issuances |  | 252 |  |  | 257 |
Interest accrual |  | 56 |  |  | 61 |
Net premiums collected |  | (483) |  |  | (546) |
Effect of foreign currency translation |  | (1,399) |  |  | (225) |
Ending balance at original discount rate |  | 19,535 |  |  | 22,086 |
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions |  | (1,549) |  |  | (1,051) |
Effect of foreign currency translation on the effect of changes in discount rate assumptions |  | 99 |  |  | 16 |
Balance, end of period, at current discount rate at balance sheet date |  | $ | 18,085 |  |  | $ | 21,051 |
Present Value of Expected FPBs |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period, at current discount rate at balance sheet date |  | $ | 30,480 |  |  | $ | 30,879 |
Balance, beginning of period, at original discount rate |  | $ | 36,010 |  |  | $ | 37,189 |
Effect of actual variances from expected experience |  | (130) |  |  | (60) |
Adjusted balance |  | 35,880 |  |  | 37,129 |
Issuances |  | 252 |  |  | 256 |
Interest accrual |  | 118 |  |  | 125 |
Benefit payments |  | (303) |  |  | (323) |
Effect of foreign currency translation |  | (2,334) |  |  | (400) |
Ending balance at original discount rate |  | 33,613 |  |  | 36,787 |
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions |  | (6,132) |  |  | (4,726) |
Effect of foreign currency translation on the effect of changes in discount rate assumptions |  | 395 |  |  | 54 |
Balance, end of period, at current discount rate at balance sheet date |  | 27,876 |  |  | 32,115 |
Cumulative impact of flooring the future policyholder benefits reserve |  | 68 |  |  | 113 |
Net liability for FPBs |  | 9,859 |  |  | 11,177 |
Less: Reinsurance recoverables |  | 166 |  |  | 155 |
Net liability for FPBs, net of reinsurance |  | $ | 9,693 |  |  | $ | 11,022 |
Undiscounted: |  |  |  |
Expected future gross premiums |  | $ | 38,523 |  |  | $ | 42,544 |
Expected future benefit payments |  | $ | 43,983 |  |  | $ | 47,574 |
Discounted (at current discount rate at balance sheet date): |  |  |  |
Expected future gross premiums |  | $ | 31,377 |  |  | $ | 36,047 |
Expected future benefit payments |  | $ | 27,876 |  |  | $ | 32,115 |
Weighted-average duration of the liability |  | 24 years |  | 26 years
Weighted-average interest accretion (original locked-in) rate |  | 1.7% |  | 1.8%
Weighted-average current discount rate at balance sheet date |  | 2.7% |  | 2.3%

20

Table of Contents
MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
4. Future Policy Benefits (continued)
Latin America - Fixed Annuities
The Latin America segment’s fixed annuity products in Chile and Mexico offer fixed income annuities that provide for asset distribution needs. Information regarding these products was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period, at current discount rate at balance sheet date |  | $ | — |  | $ | —
Balance, at beginning of period, at original discount rate |  | $ | — |  | $ | —
Effect of actual variances from expected experience (1) |  | — |  | —
Adjusted balance |  | — |  | —
Issuances |  | 260 |  | 294
Interest accrual |  | 1 |  | 2
Net premiums collected |  | (261) |  | (296)
Ending balance at original discount rate |  | — |  | —
Balance, end of period, at current discount rate at balance sheet date |  | $ | — |  | $ | —
Present Value of Expected FPBs |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period, at current discount rate at balance sheet date |  | $ | 9,637 |  | $ | 9,265
Balance, beginning of period, at original discount rate |  | $ | 9,249 |  | $ | 8,240
Effect of actual variances from expected experience (1) |  | (5) |  | (8)
Adjusted balance |  | 9,244 |  | 8,232
Issuances |  | 265 |  | 325
Interest accrual |  | 82 |  | 85
Benefit payments |  | (165) |  | (162)
Inflation adjustment |  | 73 |  | 116
Effect of foreign currency translation |  | (976) |  | 649
Ending balance at original discount rate |  | 8,523 |  | 9,245
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions |  | 285 |  | 976
Effect of foreign currency translation on the effect of changes in discount rate assumptions |  | (37) |  | 77
Balance, end of period, at current discount rate at balance sheet date |  | 8,771 |  | 10,298
Net liability for FPBs |  | $ | 8,771 |  | $ | 10,298
Undiscounted - Expected future benefit payments |  | $ | 12,863 |  | $ | 14,095
Discounted - Expected future benefit payments (at current discount rate at balance sheet date) |  | $ | 8,771 |  | $ | 10,298
Weighted-average duration of the liability |  | 10 years |  | 11 years
Weighted-average interest accretion (original locked-in) rate |  | 3.7% |  | 3.9%
Weighted-average current discount rate at balance sheet date |  | 3.4% |  | 2.7%

__________________
(1) For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the net effect of actual variances from expected experience was not offset by the corresponding impact in DPL associated with the Latin America segment’s fixed annuity products primarily due to the variance related to cohorts with no DPL. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the net effect of actual variances from expected experience was partially offset by the corresponding impact in DPL associated with the Latin America segment’s fixed annuity products of $3 million.
21

Table of Contents
MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
4. Future Policy Benefits (continued)
MetLife Holdings - Long-term Care
The MetLife Holdings segment’s long-term care products offer protection against potentially high costs of long-term health care services. Information regarding these products was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period, at current discount rate at balance sheet date |  | $ | 5,687 |  | $ | 5,775
Balance, beginning of period, at original discount rate |  | $ | 5,566 |  | $ | 5,807
Effect of actual variances from expected experience |  | (4) |  | 26
Adjusted balance |  | 5,562 |  | 5,833
Interest accrual |  | 71 |  | 75
Net premiums collected |  | (143) |  | (146)
Ending balance at original discount rate |  | 5,490 |  | 5,762
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions |  | — |  | 104
Balance, end of period, at current discount rate at balance sheet date |  | $ | 5,490 |  | $ | 5,866
Present Value of Expected FPBs |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period, at current discount rate at balance sheet date |  | $ | 20,927 |  | $ | 19,619
Balance, beginning of period, at original discount rate |  | $ | 20,494 |  | $ | 20,165
Effect of actual variances from expected experience |  | (1) |  | 28
Adjusted balance |  | 20,493 |  | 20,193
Interest accrual |  | 269 |  | 266
Benefit payments |  | (212) |  | (191)
Ending balance at original discount rate |  | 20,550 |  | 20,268
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions |  | (215) |  | 215
Balance, end of period, at current discount rate at balance sheet date |  | 20,335 |  | 20,483
Net liability for FPBs |  | $ | 14,845 |  | $ | 14,617
Undiscounted: |  |  |  |
Expected future gross premiums |  | $ | 10,430 |  | $ | 11,053
Expected future benefit payments |  | $ | 44,808 |  | $ | 45,741
Discounted (at current discount rate at balance sheet date): |  |  |  |
Expected future gross premiums |  | $ | 6,895 |  | $ | 7,295
Expected future benefit payments |  | $ | 20,335 |  | $ | 20,483
Weighted-average duration of the liability |  | 14 years |  | 15 years
Weighted-average interest accretion (original locked-in) rate |  | 5.4% |  | 5.4%
Weighted-average current discount rate at balance sheet date |  | 5.5% |  | 5.3%

Rollforwards - Additional Insurance Liabilities
The Company establishes additional insurance liabilities for annuitization, death or other insurance benefits for variable life, universal life, and variable universal life contract features where the Company guarantees to the contractholder either a secondary guarantee or a guaranteed paid-up benefit. The policy can remain in force, even if the base policy account value is zero, as long as contractual secondary guarantee requirements have been met.
The following information about the direct liability for additional insurance liabilities includes disaggregated rollforwards. The products grouped within these rollforwards were selected based upon common characteristics and valuations using similar inputs, judgments, assumptions and methodologies within a particular segment of the business. The adjusted balance in each disaggregated rollforward reflects the remeasurement (gains) losses. All amounts presented in these rollforwards and accompanying financial information do not include a reduction for amounts ceded to reinsurers.
22

Table of Contents
MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
4. Future Policy Benefits (continued)
Asia
The Asia segment’s variable life, universal life, and variable universal life products in Japan offer a contract feature where the Company guarantees to the contractholder a secondary guarantee. Information regarding these additional insurance liabilities was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | Variable Life |  | Universal and Variable Universal Life
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 1,258 |  |  | $ | 1,381 |  |  | $ | 424 |  |  | $ | 455 |
Less: Accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) adjustment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14) |  |  | (33) |
Balance, beginning of period, before AOCI adjustment |  | 1,258 |  |  | 1,381 |  |  | 438 |  |  | 488 |
Effect of actual variances from expected experience |  | (13) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (17) |  |  | (3) |
Adjusted balance |  | 1,245 |  |  | 1,379 |  |  | 421 |  |  | 485 |
Assessments accrual |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |
Interest accrual |  | 4 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |
Excess benefits paid |  | (9) |  |  | (10) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net |  | (86) |  |  | (11) |  |  | (30) |  |  | (5) |
Balance, end of period, before AOCI adjustment |  | 1,153 |  |  | 1,362 |  |  | 392 |  |  | 481 |
Add: AOCI adjustment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  | (23) |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 1,153 |  |  | $ | 1,362 |  |  | $ | 385 |  |  | $ | 458 |
Weighted-average duration of the liability |  | 16 years |  | 17 years |  | 43 years |  | 42 years
Weighted-average interest accretion rate |  | 1.5 | % |  | 1.5 | % |  | 1.4 | % |  | 1.5 | %

23

Table of Contents
MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
4. Future Policy Benefits (continued)
MetLife Holdings
The MetLife Holdings segment’s universal life and variable universal life products offer a contract feature where the Company guarantees to the contractholder a secondary guarantee or a guaranteed paid-up benefit. Information regarding these additional insurance liabilities was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | Universal and Variable Universal Life
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 2,362 |  | $ | 2,156
Less: AOCI adjustment |  | (14) |  | (63)
Balance, beginning of period, before AOCI adjustment |  | 2,376 |  | 2,219
Effect of actual variances from expected experience |  | 14 |  | 11
Adjusted balance |  | 2,390 |  | 2,230
Assessments accrual |  | 26 |  | 28
Interest accrual |  | 32 |  | 30
Excess benefits paid |  | (37) |  | (40)
Balance, end of period, before AOCI adjustment |  | 2,411 |  | 2,248
Add: AOCI adjustment |  | (15) |  | (50)
Balance, end of period |  | 2,396 |  | 2,198
Less: Reinsurance recoverables |  | 2,086 |  |  | 748
Balance, end of period, net of reinsurance |  | $ | 310 |  | $ | 1,450
Weighted-average duration of the liability |  | 15 years |  | 16 years
Weighted-average interest accretion rate |  | 5.5 | % |  | 5.6 | %

24

Table of Contents
MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
4. Future Policy Benefits (continued)
The Company’s gross premiums or assessments and interest expense recognized in the interim condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) for long-duration contracts, excluding MetLife Holdings’ participating life contracts, were as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | Gross Premiums or Assessments (1) |  | Interest Expense (2) |  | Gross Premiums or Assessments (1) |  | Interest Expense (2)
| (In millions)
Traditional and Limited-Payment Contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
RIS - Annuities |  | $ | 344 |  |  | $ | 759 |  |  | $ | 245 |  |  | $ | 703 |
Asia: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Whole and term life & endowments |  | 290 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 282 |  |  | 80 |
Accident & health |  | 811 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 908 |  |  | 64 |
Latin America - Fixed annuities |  | 261 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 296 |  |  | 83 |
MetLife Holdings - Long-term care |  | 181 |  |  | 198 |  |  | 183 |  |  | 191 |
Deferred Profit Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
RIS - Annuities |  | N/A |  | 44 |  |  | N/A |  | 40 |
Asia: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Whole and term life & endowments |  | N/A |  | 9 |  |  | N/A |  | 7 |
Accident & health |  | N/A |  | 5 |  |  | N/A |  | 4 |
Latin America - Fixed annuities |  | N/A |  | 5 |  |  | N/A |  | 6 |
Additional Insurance Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asia: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Variable life |  | 29 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 5 |
Universal and variable universal life |  | (33) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (12) |  |  | 2 |
MetLife Holdings - Universal and variable universal life |  | 167 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 192 |  |  | 30 |
Other long-duration |  | 1,158 |  |  | 121 |  |  | 947 |  |  | 112 |
Total |  | $ | 3,208 |  |  | $ | 1,397 |  |  | $ | 3,046 |  |  | $ | 1,327 |

__________________
(1)Gross premiums are related to traditional and limited-payment contracts and are included in premiums. Assessments are related to additional insurance liabilities and are included in universal life and investment-type product policy fees and net investment income.
(2)Interest expense is included in policyholder benefits and claims.
25

Table of Contents
MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
4. Future Policy Benefits (continued)
Liabilities for Unpaid Claims and Claim Expenses
Rollforward of Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses
Information regarding the liabilities for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (In millions)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 16,468 |  |  | $ | 16,098 |
Less: Reinsurance recoverables |  | 2,592 |  |  | 2,452 |
Net balance, beginning of period |  | 13,876 |  |  | 13,646 |
Incurred related to: |  |  |  |
Current period |  | 6,487 |  |  | 6,798 |
Prior periods (1) |  | 157 |  |  | 206 |
Total incurred |  | 6,644 |  |  | 7,004 |
Paid related to: |  |  |  |
Current period |  | (3,115) |  |  | (3,230) |
Prior periods |  | (3,564) |  |  | (3,565) |
Total paid |  | (6,679) |  |  | (6,795) |
Net balance, end of period |  | 13,841 |  |  | 13,855 |
Add: Reinsurance recoverables |  | 2,913 |  |  | 2,631 |
Balance, end of period (included in FPBs and other policy-related balances) |  | $ | 16,754 |  |  | $ | 16,486 |

__________________
(1)For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, incurred claims and claim adjustment expenses associated with prior periods increased due to events incurred in prior periods but reported in the respective current period.
5. Policyholder Account Balances
The Company establishes liabilities for PABs, which are generally equal to the account value, and which includes accrued interest credited, but excludes the impact of any applicable charge that may be incurred upon surrender.
The Company’s PABs on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets were as follows at:

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | (In millions)
Group Benefits - Group Life |  | $ | 7,747 |  | $ | 7,692
RIS: |  |  |  |
Capital Markets Investment Products and Stable Value GICs |  | 64,269 |  | 64,140
Annuities and Risk Solutions |  | 18,266 |  | 17,711
Asia: |  |  |  |
Universal and Variable Universal Life |  | 49,484 |  | 49,739
Fixed Annuities |  | 36,969 |  | 36,863
EMEA - Variable Annuities |  | 2,631 |  | 2,720
MetLife Holdings: |  |  |  |
Annuities |  | 11,129 |  | 11,537
Life and Other |  | 11,486 |  | 11,641
Other |  | 17,187 |  | 17,226
Total |  | $ | 219,168 |  | $ | 219,269

26

Table of Contents
MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Policyholder Account Balances (continued)
Rollforwards
The following information about the direct and assumed liability for PABs includes year-to-date disaggregated rollforwards. The products grouped within these rollforwards were selected based upon common characteristics and valuations using similar inputs, judgments, assumptions and methodologies within a particular segment of the business. Policy charges presented in each disaggregated rollforward reflect a premium and/or assessment based on the account balance.
Group Benefits
Group Life
The Group Benefits segment’s group life PABs predominantly consist of retained asset accounts, universal life products, and the fixed account of variable life insurance products. Information regarding this liability was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 7,692 |  | $ | 8,028
Deposits |  | 1,083 |  | 851
Policy charges |  | (163) |  | (160)
Surrenders and withdrawals |  | (906) |  | (799)
Benefit payments |  | (4) |  | (1)
Net transfers from (to) separate accounts |  | (3) |  | 1
Interest credited |  | 48 |  | 45
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 7,747 |  | $ | 7,965
Weighted-average annual crediting rate |  | 2.5 % |  | 2.3 %
At period end: |  |  |  |
Cash surrender value |  | $ | 7,687 |  | $ | 7,904
Net amount at risk, excluding offsets from reinsurance: |  |  |  |
In the event of death |  | $ | 260,502 |  | $ | 249,463

27

Table of Contents
MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Policyholder Account Balances (continued)
The Group Benefits segment’s group life product account values by range of guaranteed minimum crediting rates (“GMCR”) and the related range of differences between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums were as follows at:

Range of GMCR |  | At GMCR |  | Greater than 0% but less than 0.50% above GMCR |  | Equal to or greater than 0.50% but less than 1.50% above GMCR |  | Equal to or greater than 1.50% above GMCR |  | Total Account Value
|  | (In millions)
March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2% |  | $ | — |  | $ | 154 |  | $ | 839 |  | $ | 4,628 |  | $ | 5,621
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4% |  | 1,242 |  | 9 |  | 60 |  | 2 |  | 1,313
Equal to or greater than 4% |  | 701 |  | — |  | 40 |  | 33 |  | 774
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 39
Total |  | $ | 1,943 |  | $ | 163 |  | $ | 939 |  | $ | 4,663 |  | $ | 7,747
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2% |  | $ | — |  | $ | 77 |  | $ | 935 |  | $ | 4,640 |  | $ | 5,652
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4% |  | 1,277 |  | 10 |  | 63 |  | 2 |  | 1,352
Equal to or greater than 4% |  | 759 |  | 1 |  | 43 |  | 33 |  | 836
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 125
Total |  | $ | 2,036 |  | $ | 88 |  | $ | 1,041 |  | $ | 4,675 |  | $ | 7,965

RIS
Capital Markets Investment Products and Stable Value GICs
The RIS segment’s capital markets investment products and stable value GICs in PABs are investment-type products, mainly funding agreements. Information regarding this liability was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 64,140 |  | $ | 63,723
Deposits |  | 18,073 |  | 21,234
Surrenders and withdrawals |  | (18,070) |  | (22,590)
Interest credited |  | 573 |  | 460
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net |  | (447) |  | 457
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 64,269 |  | $ | 63,284
Weighted-average annual crediting rate |  | 3.6 % |  | 2.9 %
Cash surrender value at period end |  | $ | 1,992 |  | $ | 2,074

28

Table of Contents
MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Policyholder Account Balances (continued)
The RIS segment’s capital markets investment products and stable value GICs account values by range of GMCR and the related range of differences between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums were as follows at:

Range of GMCR |  | At GMCR |  | Greater than 0% but less than 0.50% above GMCR |  | Equal to or greater than 0.50% but less than 1.50% above GMCR |  | Equal to or greater than 1.50% above GMCR |  | Total Account Value
|  | (In millions)
March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2% |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 1,998 |  | $ | 1,999
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 62,270
Total |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 1,998 |  | $ | 64,269
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2% |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 1,835 |  | $ | 1,836
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 61,448
Total |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 1,835 |  | $ | 63,284

Annuities and Risk Solutions
The RIS segment’s annuity and risk solutions PABs include certain structured settlements and institutional income annuities, and benefit funding solutions that include postretirement benefits and company-, bank- or trust-owned life insurance used to finance nonqualified benefit programs for executives. Information regarding this liability was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 17,711 |  | $ | 15,549
Deposits |  | 700 |  | 629
Policy charges |  | (15) |  | (47)
Surrenders and withdrawals |  | (58) |  | (39)
Benefit payments |  | (242) |  | (191)
Net transfers from (to) separate accounts |  | 19 |  | 55
Interest credited |  | 177 |  | 151
Other |  | (26) |  | 21
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 18,266 |  | $ | 16,128
Weighted-average annual crediting rate |  | 3.9 % |  | 3.8 %
At period end: |  |  |  |
Cash surrender value |  | $ | 8,043 |  | $ | 7,592
Net amount at risk, excluding offsets from ceded reinsurance: |  |  |  |
In the event of death |  | $ | 42,677 |  | $ | 41,924

29

Table of Contents
MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Policyholder Account Balances (continued)
The RIS segment’s annuity and risk solutions account values by range of GMCR and the related range of differences between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums were as follows at:

Range of GMCR |  | At GMCR |  | Greater than 0% but less than 0.50% above GMCR |  | Equal to or greater than 0.50% but less than 1.50% above GMCR |  | Equal to or greater than 1.50% above GMCR |  | Total Account Value
|  | (In millions)
March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2% |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 20 |  | $ | 1,834 |  | $ | 1,854
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4% |  | 244 |  | 34 |  | 106 |  | 416 |  | 800
Equal to or greater than 4% |  | 4,260 |  | — |  | 390 |  | 5 |  | 4,655
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 10,957
Total |  | $ | 4,504 |  | $ | 34 |  | $ | 516 |  | $ | 2,255 |  | $ | 18,266
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2% |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 58 |  | $ | 1,424 |  | $ | 1,482
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4% |  | 230 |  | 39 |  | 125 |  | 441 |  | 835
Equal to or greater than 4% |  | 4,460 |  | 120 |  | 96 |  | 5 |  | 4,681
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 9,130
Total |  | $ | 4,690 |  | $ | 159 |  | $ | 279 |  | $ | 1,870 |  | $ | 16,128

Asia
Universal and Variable Universal Life
The Asia segment’s universal and variable universal life PABs in Japan primarily include interest sensitive whole life products. Information regarding this liability was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 49,739 |  | $ | 46,417
Deposits |  | 1,682 |  | 1,070
Policy charges |  | (282) |  | (242)
Surrenders and withdrawals |  | (826) |  | (517)
Benefit payments |  | (124) |  | (149)
Interest credited |  | 382 |  | 344
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net |  | (1,087) |  | (153)
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 49,484 |  | $ | 46,770
Weighted-average annual crediting rate |  | 3.1 % |  | 3.0 %
At period end: |  |  |  |
Cash surrender value |  | $ | 42,842 |  | $ | 40,028
Net amount at risk, excluding offsets from reinsurance: |  |  |  |
In the event of death |  | $ | 90,786 |  | $ | 94,001

30

Table of Contents
MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Policyholder Account Balances (continued)
The Asia segment’s universal and variable universal life account values by range of GMCR and the related range of differences between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums were as follows at:

Range of GMCR |  | At GMCR |  | Greater than 0% but less than 0.50% above GMCR |  | Equal to or greater than 0.50% but less than 1.50% above GMCR |  | Equal to or greater than 1.50% above GMCR |  | Total Account Value
|  | (In millions)
March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2% |  | $ | 9,960 |  | $ | 21 |  | $ | 230 |  | $ | 1,149 |  | $ | 11,360
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4% |  | 7,732 |  | 15,644 |  | 5,550 |  | 8,387 |  | 37,313
Equal to or greater than 4% |  | 246 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 246
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 565
Total |  | $ | 17,938 |  | $ | 15,665 |  | $ | 5,780 |  | $ | 9,536 |  | $ | 49,484
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2% |  | $ | 10,978 |  | $ | 67 |  | $ | 136 |  | $ | 85 |  | $ | 11,266
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4% |  | 21,256 |  | 2,857 |  | 5,730 |  | 4,913 |  | 34,756
Equal to or greater than 4% |  | 265 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 265
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 483
Total |  | $ | 32,499 |  | $ | 2,924 |  | $ | 5,866 |  | $ | 4,998 |  | $ | 46,770

Fixed Annuities
Information regarding the Asia segment’s fixed annuity PAB liability in Japan was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 36,863 |  | $ | 32,454
Deposits |  | 1,665 |  | 2,733
Policy charges |  | — |  | (1)
Surrenders and withdrawals |  | (740) |  | (445)
Benefit payments |  | (649) |  | (545)
Interest credited |  | 248 |  | 191
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net |  | (418) |  | (115)
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 36,969 |  | $ | 34,272
Weighted-average annual crediting rate |  | 2.7 % |  | 2.3 %
At period end: |  |  |  |
Cash surrender value |  | $ | 32,072 |  | $ | 29,162
Net amount at risk, excluding offsets from reinsurance: |  |  |  |
In the event of death |  | $ | 3 |  | $ | —

31

Table of Contents
MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Policyholder Account Balances (continued)
The Asia segment’s fixed annuity account values by range of GMCR and the related range of differences between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums were as follows at:

Range of GMCR |  | At GMCR |  | Greater than 0% but less than 0.50% above GMCR |  | Equal to or greater than 0.50% but less than 1.50% above GMCR |  | Equal to or greater than 1.50% above GMCR |  | Total Account Value
|  | (In millions)
March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2% |  | $ | 331 |  | $ | 521 |  | $ | 5,821 |  | $ | 29,031 |  | $ | 35,704
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4% |  | — |  | 5 |  | — |  | — |  | 5
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 1,260
Total |  | $ | 331 |  | $ | 526 |  | $ | 5,821 |  | $ | 29,031 |  | $ | 36,969
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2% |  | $ | 377 |  | $ | 636 |  | $ | 6,980 |  | $ | 24,865 |  | $ | 32,858
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4% |  | — |  | 6 |  | — |  | — |  | 6
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 1,408
Total |  | $ | 377 |  | $ | 642 |  | $ | 6,980 |  | $ | 24,865 |  | $ | 34,272

EMEA
Variable Annuities
Information regarding the EMEA segment’s variable annuity PABs in the United Kingdom was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 2,720 |  | $ | 2,802
Deposits |  | 1 |  | 1
Policy charges |  | (15) |  | (16)
Surrenders and withdrawals |  | (73) |  | (65)
Benefit payments |  | (31) |  | (31)
Interest credited (1) |  | 54 |  | 77
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net |  | (25) |  | 77
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 2,631 |  | $ | 2,845
Weighted-average annual crediting rate |  | 8.4 % |  | 11.6 %
At period end: |  |  |  |
Cash surrender value |  | $ | 2,631 |  | $ | 2,845
Net amount at risk, excluding offsets from reinsurance: |  |  |  |
In the event of death |  | $ | 422 |  | $ | 565
At annuitization or exercise of other living benefits |  | $ | 541 |  | $ | 713

__________________
32

Table of Contents
MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Policyholder Account Balances (continued)
(1)Interest credited on EMEA’s variable annuity products represents gains or losses which are passed through to the policyholder based on the underlying unit-linked investment fund returns, which may be positive or negative depending on market conditions. There are no GMCR on these products.
MetLife Holdings
Annuities
The MetLife Holdings segment’s annuity PABs primarily include fixed deferred annuities, the fixed account portion of variable annuities, certain income annuities, and embedded derivatives related to equity-indexed annuities. Information regarding this liability was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 11,537 |  | $ | 13,286
Deposits |  | 38 |  | 41
Policy charges |  | (3) |  | (4)
Surrenders and withdrawals |  | (457) |  | (531)
Benefit payments |  | (108) |  | (119)
Net transfers from (to) separate accounts |  | 27 |  | 35
Interest credited |  | 91 |  | 100
Other |  | 4 |  | 10
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 11,129 |  | $ | 12,818
Weighted-average annual crediting rate |  | 3.3 % |  | 3.1 %
At period end: |  |  |  |
Cash surrender value |  | $ | 10,507 |  | $ | 11,981
Net amount at risk, excluding offsets from ceded reinsurance (1): |  |  |  |
In the event of death |  | $ | 2,486 |  | $ | 3,600
At annuitization or exercise of other living benefits |  | $ | 614 |  | $ | 831

__________________
(1)Includes amounts for certain variable annuities recorded as PABs with the related guarantees recorded as MRBs which are disclosed in “MetLife Holdings – Annuities” in Note 6.
33

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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Policyholder Account Balances (continued)
The MetLife Holdings segment’s annuity account values by range of GMCR and the related range of differences between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums were as follows at:

Range of GMCR |  | At GMCR |  | Greater than 0% but less than 0.50% above GMCR |  | Equal to or greater than 0.50% but less than 1.50% above GMCR |  | Equal to or greater than 1.50% above GMCR |  | Total Account Value
|  | (In millions)
March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2% |  | $ | 6 |  | $ | 237 |  | $ | 442 |  | $ | 60 |  | $ | 745
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4% |  | 866 |  | 7,157 |  | 540 |  | 201 |  | 8,764
Equal to or greater than 4% |  | 773 |  | 403 |  | 30 |  | — |  | 1,206
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 414
Total |  | $ | 1,645 |  | $ | 7,797 |  | $ | 1,012 |  | $ | 261 |  | $ | 11,129
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2% |  | $ | 658 |  | $ | 90 |  | $ | 136 |  | $ | 24 |  | $ | 908
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4% |  | 6,517 |  | 3,203 |  | 376 |  | 36 |  | 10,132
Equal to or greater than 4% |  | 964 |  | 321 |  | 11 |  | — |  | 1,296
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 482
Total |  | $ | 8,139 |  | $ | 3,614 |  | $ | 523 |  | $ | 60 |  | $ | 12,818

Life and Other
The MetLife Holdings segment’s life and other PABs include retained asset accounts, universal life products, the fixed account of variable life insurance products and funding agreements. Information regarding this liability was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 11,641 |  | $ | 12,402
Deposits |  | 206 |  | 226
Policy charges |  | (174) |  | (179)
Surrenders and withdrawals |  | (265) |  | (287)
Benefit payments |  | (39) |  | (47)
Net transfers from (to) separate accounts |  | 11 |  | 6
Interest credited |  | 106 |  | 113
Other |  | — |  | —
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 11,486 |  | $ | 12,234
Weighted-average annual crediting rate |  | 3.7 % |  | 3.7 %
At period end: |  |  |  |
Cash surrender value |  | $ | 11,038 |  | $ | 11,731
Net amount at risk, excluding offsets from ceded reinsurance: |  |  |  |
In the event of death (1) |  | $ | 66,684 |  | $ | 70,483

__________________
34

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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
5. Policyholder Account Balances (continued)
(1)Including offsets from ceded reinsurance, the net amount at risk at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, would be reduced by 99%.
The MetLife Holdings segment’s life and other products account values by range of GMCR and the related range of differences between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums were as follows at:

Range of GMCR |  | At GMCR |  | Greater than 0% but less than 0.50% above GMCR |  | Equal to or greater than 0.50% but less than 1.50% above GMCR |  | Equal to or greater than 1.50% above GMCR |  | Total Account Value
|  | (In millions)
March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2% |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 17 |  | $ | 54 |  | $ | 71
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4% |  | 4,351 |  | 171 |  | 275 |  | 546 |  | 5,343
Equal to or greater than 4% |  | 5,022 |  | 124 |  | 410 |  | 15 |  | 5,571
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 501
Total |  | $ | 9,373 |  | $ | 295 |  | $ | 702 |  | $ | 615 |  | $ | 11,486
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equal to or greater than 0% but less than 2% |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 20 |  | $ | 55 |  | $ | 75
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4% |  | 4,872 |  | 172 |  | 296 |  | 560 |  | 5,900
Equal to or greater than 4% |  | 5,209 |  | 127 |  | 417 |  | 5 |  | 5,758
Products with either a fixed rate or no GMCR |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 501
Total |  | $ | 10,081 |  | $ | 299 |  | $ | 733 |  | $ | 620 |  | $ | 12,234

6. Market Risk Benefits
The Company establishes liabilities for certain retirement assurance and variable annuity contract features which include a minimum benefit guarantee that provides to the contractholder a minimum return based on their initial deposit less withdrawals. In some cases, the benefit base may be increased by additional deposits, bonus amounts, accruals or optional market value resets.
The Company’s MRB assets and MRB liabilities on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets were as follows at:

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | Asset |  | Liability |  | Net |  | Asset |  | Liability |  | Net
|  | (In millions)
Asia - Retirement Assurance |  | $ | — |  | $ | 189 |  | $ | 189 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 203 |  | $ | 203
MetLife Holdings - Annuities |  | 206 |  |  | 2,437 |  |  | 2,231 |  | 156 |  |  | 2,878 |  |  | 2,722
Other |  | 145 |  |  | 70 |  |  | (75) |  | 130 |  |  | 98 |  |  | (32)
Total |  | $ | 351 |  | $ | 2,696 |  | $ | 2,345 |  | $ | 286 |  | $ | 3,179 |  | $ | 2,893

Rollforwards
The following information about the direct and assumed liability for MRBs includes disaggregated rollforwards. The products grouped within these rollforwards were selected based upon common characteristics and valuations using similar inputs, judgments, assumptions and methodologies within a particular segment of the business.
35

Table of Contents
MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Market Risk Benefits (continued)
Asia - Retirement Assurance
The Asia segment’s retirement assurance product in Japan offers a contract feature whereby the Company guarantees the greater of the account value or a return of premium accumulated at a guaranteed rate upon maturity. Information regarding this liability was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (In millions)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 203 |  |  | $ | 226 |
Balance, beginning of period, before effect of cumulative changes in the instrument-specific credit risk |  | $ | 205 |  |  | $ | 233 |
Attributed fees collected |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Benefit payments |  | (2) |  |  | — |
Effect of changes in interest rates |  | 2 |  |  | 7 |
Actual policyholder behavior different from expected behavior |  | (1) |  |  | (7) |
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net |  | (15) |  |  | (8) |
Balance, end of period, before the cumulative effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk |  | 190 |  |  | 226 |
Cumulative effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk |  | (1) |  |  | (5) |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 189 |  |  | $ | 221 |
At period end: |  |  |  |
Net amount at risk, excluding offsets from hedging: |  |  |  |
At annuitization or exercise of other living benefits |  | $ | 113 |  |  | $ | 121 |
Weighted-average attained age of contractholders: |  |  |  |
At annuitization or exercise of other living benefits |  | 58 years |  | 58 years

Significant Methodologies and Assumptions
The Company issues certain retirement assurance products with guarantees that meet the definition of MRBs, which are measured, in aggregate, as one compound MRB, at estimated fair value, with changes in estimated fair value reported in net income, except for changes in nonperformance risk of the Company which are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”).
The Company calculates the fair value of these MRBs, which is estimated as the present value of projected future benefits minus the present value of projected attributed fees, using actuarial and capital market assumptions including expectations concerning policyholder behavior. The calculation is based on in-force business, projecting future cash flows from the MRB over multiple risk neutral stochastic scenarios using observable risk-free rates.
Capital market assumptions, such as risk-free rates and implied volatilities, are based on market prices for publicly traded instruments to the extent that prices for such instruments are observable. Implied volatilities beyond the observable period are extrapolated based on observable implied volatilities and historical volatilities. Actuarial assumptions, including mortality, lapse, withdrawal and utilization, are unobservable and are reviewed at least annually based on actuarial studies of historical experience. See Note 12 for additional information on significant unobservable inputs.
The valuation of these MRBs includes a nonperformance risk adjustment and adjustments for a risk margin related to non-capital market inputs. The nonperformance adjustment is determined by taking into consideration publicly available information relating to spreads in the secondary market for MetLife, Inc.’s debt, including related credit default swaps. These observable spreads are then adjusted, as necessary, to reflect the priority of these liabilities and the claims paying ability of the issuing insurance subsidiaries as compared to MetLife, Inc.
Risk margins are established to capture the non-capital market risks of the instrument which represent the additional compensation a market participant would require to assume the risks related to the uncertainties of such actuarial assumptions at annuitization, premium persistency, partial withdrawal and surrenders. The establishment of risk margins requires the use of significant management judgment, including assumptions of the amount and cost of capital needed to cover the guarantees.
36

Table of Contents
MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Market Risk Benefits (continued)
These guarantees may be more costly than expected in volatile or declining equity markets. Market conditions including, changes in interest rates, equity indices, market volatility and foreign currency exchange rates; and variations in actuarial assumptions regarding policyholder behavior, mortality and risk margins related to non-capital market inputs, impact the estimated fair value of the guarantees and affect net income, and changes in nonperformance risk of the Company affect OCI.
MetLife Holdings - Annuities
The MetLife Holdings segment’s variable annuity products offer contract features where the Company guarantees to the contractholder a minimum benefit, which includes guaranteed minimum death benefits (“GMDBs”) and living benefit guarantees. The GMDB contract features include return of premium, which provides a return of the purchase payment upon death, annual step-up and roll-up and step-up combinations. The living benefit guarantees contract features primarily include guaranteed minimum income benefits (“GMIBs”), which provide a minimum accumulation of purchase payments that can be annuitized to receive a monthly income stream, and guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (“GMWBs”), which provide a series of withdrawals, provided that withdrawals in a contract year do not exceed a contractual limit. This segment also includes an in-force block of assumed variable annuity guarantees from a third party. Information regarding MetLife Holdings annuity products (including assumed reinsurance) was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (In millions)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 2,722 |  | $ | 3,225
Balance, beginning of period, before effect of cumulative changes in the instrument-specific credit risk |  | $ | 2,772 |  | $ | 3,360
Attributed fees collected |  | 90 |  | 98
Benefit payments |  | (22) |  | (11)
Effect of changes in interest rates |  | (373) |  | 368
Effect of changes in capital markets |  | (306) |  | (358)
Effect of changes in equity index volatility |  | 34 |  | (132)
Actual policyholder behavior different from expected behavior |  | 69 |  | 29
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net (1) |  | (26) |  | 232
Effect of changes in risk margin |  | (46) |  | 3
Balance, end of period, before the cumulative effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk |  | 2,192 |  | 3,589
Cumulative effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk |  | 39 |  | (229)
Effect of foreign currency translation on the cumulative instrument-specific credit risk |  | — |  | 1
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 2,231 |  | $ | 3,361
At period end: |  |  |  |
Net amount at risk, excluding offsets from hedging (2): |  |  |  |
In the event of death |  | $ | 2,489 |  |  | $ | 3,619 |
At annuitization or exercise of other living benefits |  | $ | 579 |  |  | $ | 897 |
Weighted-average attained age of contractholders: |  |  |  |
In the event of death |  | 72 years |  | 70 years
At annuitization or exercise of other living benefits |  | 70 years |  | 71 years

__________________
(1) Included is the covariance impact from aggregating the market observable inputs, mostly driven by interest rate and capital market volatility.
(2) Includes amounts for certain variable annuity guarantees recorded as MRBs on contracts also recorded as PABs which are disclosed in “MetLife Holdings – Annuities” in Note 5.
37

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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Market Risk Benefits (continued)
Significant Methodologies and Assumptions
The Company issues GMDBs, GMWBs, guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (“GMABs”) and GMIBs that typically meet the definition of MRBs, which are measured, in aggregate, as one compound MRB, at estimated fair value separately from the variable annuity contract, with changes in estimated fair value reported in net income, except for changes in nonperformance risk of the Company which are recorded in OCI.
The Company calculates the fair value of these MRBs, which is estimated as the present value of projected future benefits minus the present value of projected attributed fees, using actuarial and capital market assumptions including expectations concerning policyholder behavior. The calculation is based on in-force business, projecting future cash flows from the MRB over multiple risk neutral stochastic scenarios using observable risk-free rates.
Capital market assumptions, such as risk-free rates and implied volatilities, are based on market prices for publicly traded instruments to the extent that prices for such instruments are observable. Implied volatilities beyond the observable period are extrapolated based on observable implied volatilities and historical volatilities. Actuarial assumptions, including mortality, lapse, withdrawal and utilization, are unobservable and are reviewed at least annually based on actuarial studies of historical experience. See Note 12 for additional information on significant unobservable inputs.
The valuation of these MRBs includes a nonperformance risk adjustment and adjustments for a risk margin related to non-capital market inputs. The nonperformance adjustment is determined by taking into consideration publicly available information relating to spreads in the secondary market for MetLife, Inc.’s debt, including related credit default swaps. These observable spreads are then adjusted, as necessary, to reflect the priority of these liabilities and the claims paying ability of the issuing insurance subsidiaries as compared to MetLife, Inc.
Risk margins are established to capture the non-capital market risks of the instrument which represent the additional compensation a market participant would require to assume the risks related to the uncertainties of such actuarial assumptions at annuitization, premium persistency, partial withdrawal and surrenders. The establishment of risk margins requires the use of significant management judgment, including assumptions of the amount and cost of capital needed to cover the guarantees.
These guarantees may be more costly than expected in volatile or declining equity markets. Market conditions, including changes in interest rates, equity indices, market volatility and foreign currency exchange rates; and variations in actuarial assumptions regarding policyholder behavior, mortality and risk margins related to non-capital market inputs, impact the estimated fair value of the guarantees and affect net income, and changes in nonperformance risk of the Company affect OCI.
38

Table of Contents
MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
6. Market Risk Benefits (continued)
Other
In addition to the disaggregated MRB product rollforwards above, the Company offers other products with guaranteed minimum benefit features across various segments. These MRBs are measured at estimated fair value, with changes in estimated fair value reported in net income, except for changes in nonperformance risk of the Company which are recorded in OCI. See Note 12 for additional information on significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of MRBs. Information regarding these product liabilities was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (In millions)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | (32) |  |  | $ | 32 |
Balance, beginning of period, before effect of cumulative changes in the instrument-specific credit risk |  | $ | (50) |  |  | $ | 24 |
Attributed fees collected |  | 13 |  |  | 8 |
Benefit payments |  | (2) |  |  | (15) |
Effect of changes in interest rates |  | (42) |  |  | 61 |
Effect of changes in capital markets |  | (13) |  |  | (24) |
Effect of changes in equity index volatility |  | (1) |  |  | (4) |
Actual policyholder behavior different from expected behavior |  | 2 |  |  | (21) |
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net |  | (4) |  |  | 34 |
Effect of changes in risk margin |  | (1) |  |  | — |
Balance, end of period, before the cumulative effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk |  | (98) |  |  | 63 |
Cumulative effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk |  | 23 |  |  | (3) |
Balance, end of period |  | (75) |  |  | 60 |
Less: Reinsurance recoverable |  | 13 |  |  | 25 |
Balance, end of period, net of reinsurance |  | $ | (88) |  |  | $ | 35 |

7. Separate Accounts
Separate account assets consist of investment accounts established and maintained by the Company. The investment objectives of these assets are directed by the contractholder. An equivalent amount is reported as separate account liabilities. These accounts are reported separately from the general account assets and liabilities.
Separate Account Liabilities
The Company’s separate account liabilities on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets were as follows at:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| (In millions)
RIS: |  |  |
Stable Value and Risk Solutions | $ | 39,451 |  |  | $ | 41,343 |
Annuities | 11,465 |  |  | 11,659 |
Latin America - Pensions | 38,512 |  |  | 41,320 |
MetLife Holdings - Annuities | 29,866 |  |  | 29,224 |
Other | 21,709 |  |  | 21,088 |
Total | $ | 141,003 |  |  | $ | 144,634 |

39

Table of Contents
MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. Separate Accounts (continued)
Rollforwards
The following information about the separate account liabilities includes disaggregated rollforwards. The products grouped within these rollforwards were selected based upon common characteristics and valuations using similar inputs, judgments, assumptions and methodologies within a particular segment of the business.
The separate account liabilities are primarily comprised of the following: RIS stable value and risk solutions contracts, RIS annuities participating and non-participating group contracts, Latin America savings-oriented pension product in Chile under a mandatory privatized social security system, and MetLife Holdings variable annuities.
The balances of and changes in separate account liabilities were as follows:

|  | RIS Stable Value and Risk Solutions |  | RIS Annuities |  | Latin America Pensions |  | MetLife Holdings Annuities
|  | (In millions)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 41,343 |  |  | $ | 11,659 |  |  | $ | 41,320 |  |  | $ | 29,224 |
Premiums and deposits |  | 818 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 1,702 |  |  | 63 |
Policy charges |  | (64) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (67) |  |  | (144) |
Surrenders and withdrawals |  | (1,828) |  |  | (172) |  |  | (1,276) |  |  | (885) |
Benefit payments |  | (27) |  |  | — |  |  | (404) |  |  | (129) |
Investment performance |  | 310 |  |  | (54) |  |  | 1,797 |  |  | 1,767 |
Net transfers from (to) general account |  | (19) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (27) |
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net (1) |  | (1,082) |  |  | 22 |  |  | (4,560) |  |  | (3) |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 39,451 |  |  | $ | 11,465 |  |  | $ | 38,512 |  |  | $ | 29,866 |
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 48,265 |  |  | $ | 11,694 |  |  | $ | 39,428 |  |  | $ | 28,499 |
Premiums and deposits |  | 652 |  |  | 78 |  |  | 1,963 |  |  | 67 |
Policy charges |  | (70) |  |  | (6) |  |  | (75) |  |  | (149) |
Surrenders and withdrawals |  | (3,425) |  |  | (135) |  |  | (1,345) |  |  | (662) |
Benefit payments |  | (21) |  |  | — |  |  | (429) |  |  | (120) |
Investment performance |  | 1,139 |  |  | 505 |  |  | (393) |  |  | 1,720 |
Net transfers from (to) general account |  | (57) |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | (35) |
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net |  | (796) |  |  | 81 |  |  | 3,062 |  |  | — |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 45,687 |  |  | $ | 12,219 |  |  | $ | 42,211 |  |  | $ | 29,320 |
Cash surrender value at March 31, 2024 (2) |  | $ | 35,132 |  |  | N/A |  | $ | 38,512 |  |  | $ | 29,719 |
Cash surrender value at March 31, 2023 (2) |  | $ | 40,947 |  |  | N/A |  | $ | 42,211 |  |  | $ | 29,173 |

__________________
(1) The effect of foreign currency translation and other, net for RIS stable value and risk solutions primarily includes changes related to unsettled trades of mortgage-backed securities.
(2) Cash surrender value represents the amount of the contractholders’ account balances distributable at the balance sheet date less policy loans and certain surrender charges.
40

Table of Contents
MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. Separate Accounts (continued)
Separate Account Assets
The Company’s aggregate fair value of assets, by major investment asset category, supporting separate account liabilities was as follows at:

|  | March 31, 2024
|  | Group Benefits |  | RIS |  | Asia |  | Latin America |  | EMEA |  | MetLife Holdings |  | Total
|  | (In millions)
Fixed maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bonds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign government |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 557 |  |  | $ | 1,141 |  |  | $ | 1,121 |  |  | $ | 2,777 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,596 |
U.S. government and agency |  | — |  |  | 9,237 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,822 |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | 18,079 |
Public utilities |  | — |  |  | 1,089 |  |  | 243 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1,337 |
Municipals |  | — |  |  | 331 |  |  | 23 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | 367 |
Corporate bonds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Materials |  | — |  |  | 135 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 136 |
Communications |  | — |  |  | 838 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 848 |
Consumer |  | — |  |  | 1,837 |  |  | 44 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | 1,891 |
Energy |  | — |  |  | 883 |  |  | 106 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 991 |
Financial |  | — |  |  | 2,682 |  |  | 538 |  |  | 5,283 |  |  | 353 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 8,874 |
Industrial and other |  | — |  |  | 702 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 3,285 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4,045 |
Technology |  | — |  |  | 477 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 479 |
Foreign |  | — |  |  | 1,873 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,070 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 4,974 |
Total corporate bonds |  | — |  |  | 9,427 |  |  | 749 |  |  | 11,638 |  |  | 373 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 22,238 |
Total bonds |  | — |  |  | 20,641 |  |  | 2,156 |  |  | 21,581 |  |  | 3,150 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 47,617 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  | — |  |  | 9,477 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38 |  |  | 9,515 |
Asset-backed securities and collateralized loan obligations |  | — |  |  | 2,384 |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | 2,415 |
Redeemable preferred stock |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |
Total fixed maturity securities |  | — |  |  | 32,511 |  |  | 2,174 |  |  | 21,581 |  |  | 3,150 |  |  | 140 |  |  | 59,556 |
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Industrial, miscellaneous and all other |  | — |  |  | 2,452 |  |  | 2,597 |  |  | 2,206 |  |  | 721 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,976 |
Banks, trust and insurance companies |  | — |  |  | 748 |  |  | 302 |  |  | 365 |  |  | 331 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,746 |
Public utilities |  | — |  |  | 65 |  |  | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | 70 |  |  | — |  |  | 155 |
Non-redeemable preferred stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 122 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 122 |
Mutual funds |  | 1,261 |  |  | 9,091 |  |  | 2,964 |  |  | 10,509 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 36,479 |  |  | 60,477 |
Total equity securities |  | 1,261 |  |  | 12,356 |  |  | 6,005 |  |  | 13,080 |  |  | 1,295 |  |  | 36,479 |  |  | 70,476 |
Other invested assets |  | — |  |  | 1,536 |  |  | 387 |  |  | 3,481 |  |  | 26 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,430 |
Total investments |  | 1,261 |  |  | 46,403 |  |  | 8,566 |  |  | 38,142 |  |  | 4,471 |  |  | 36,619 |  |  | 135,462 |
Other assets |  | — |  |  | 4,609 |  |  | 510 |  |  | 370 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 5,541 |
Total |  | $ | 1,261 |  |  | $ | 51,012 |  |  | $ | 9,076 |  |  | $ | 38,512 |  |  | $ | 4,519 |  |  | $ | 36,623 |  |  | $ | 141,003 |

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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
7. Separate Accounts (continued)

|  | December 31, 2023
|  | Group Benefits |  | RIS |  | Asia |  | Latin America |  | EMEA |  | MetLife Holdings |  | Total
|  | (In millions)
Fixed maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bonds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign government |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 509 |  |  | $ | 1,190 |  |  | $ | 1,051 |  |  | $ | 2,638 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,388 |
U.S. government and agency |  | — |  |  | 9,673 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,920 |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | 19,611 |
Public utilities |  | — |  |  | 1,077 |  |  | 308 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 1,389 |
Municipals |  | — |  |  | 380 |  |  | 31 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | 424 |
Corporate bonds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Materials |  | — |  |  | 144 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 144 |
Communications |  | — |  |  | 893 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 904 |
Consumer |  | — |  |  | 1,882 |  |  | 39 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | 1,929 |
Energy |  | — |  |  | 911 |  |  | 105 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1,018 |
Financial |  | — |  |  | 2,717 |  |  | 551 |  |  | 6,006 |  |  | 398 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 9,687 |
Industrial and other |  | — |  |  | 764 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 3,598 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 4,403 |
Technology |  | — |  |  | 547 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 550 |
Foreign |  | — |  |  | 1,920 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,095 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 5,055 |
Total corporate bonds |  | — |  |  | 9,778 |  |  | 741 |  |  | 12,699 |  |  | 425 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 23,690 |
Total bonds |  | — |  |  | 21,417 |  |  | 2,270 |  |  | 23,670 |  |  | 3,063 |  |  | 82 |  |  | 50,502 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  | — |  |  | 9,671 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 35 |  |  | 9,706 |
Asset-backed securities and collateralized loan obligations |  | — |  |  | 2,557 |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | 2,586 |
Redeemable preferred stock |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |
Total fixed maturity securities |  | — |  |  | 33,654 |  |  | 2,288 |  |  | 23,670 |  |  | 3,063 |  |  | 128 |  |  | 62,803 |
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Industrial, miscellaneous and all other |  | — |  |  | 2,411 |  |  | 2,661 |  |  | 2,453 |  |  | 677 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,202 |
Banks, trust and insurance companies |  | — |  |  | 731 |  |  | 269 |  |  | 392 |  |  | 341 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,733 |
Public utilities |  | — |  |  | 67 |  |  | 19 |  |  | — |  |  | 72 |  |  | — |  |  | 158 |
Non-redeemable preferred stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 115 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 115 |
Mutual funds |  | 1,159 |  |  | 8,517 |  |  | 2,929 |  |  | 10,099 |  |  | 109 |  |  | 35,418 |  |  | 58,231 |
Total equity securities |  | 1,159 |  |  | 11,726 |  |  | 5,993 |  |  | 12,944 |  |  | 1,199 |  |  | 35,418 |  |  | 68,439 |
Other invested assets |  | — |  |  | 1,620 |  |  | 403 |  |  | 4,212 |  |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,265 |
Total investments |  | 1,159 |  |  | 47,000 |  |  | 8,684 |  |  | 40,826 |  |  | 4,292 |  |  | 35,546 |  |  | 137,507 |
Other assets |  | — |  |  | 6,093 |  |  | 503 |  |  | 494 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 7,127 |
Total |  | $ | 1,159 |  |  | $ | 53,093 |  |  | $ | 9,187 |  |  | $ | 41,320 |  |  | $ | 4,327 |  |  | $ | 35,548 |  |  | $ | 144,634 |

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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
8. Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs, Value of Business Acquired and Unearned Revenue
DAC and VOBA
Information regarding total deferred policy acquisition costs (“DAC”) and value of business acquired (“VOBA”) by segment, as well as Corporate & Other, was as follows at:

| Group Benefits |  | RIS |  | Asia (1) |  | Latin America (2) |  | EMEA (2) |  | MetLife Holdings (3) |  | Corporate & Other |  | Total |
| (In millions) |
DAC: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2024 | $ | 258 |  |  | $ | 397 |  |  | $ | 10,864 |  |  | $ | 1,950 |  |  | $ | 1,618 |  |  | $ | 3,271 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 18,388 |  |
Capitalizations | 4 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 361 |  |  | 178 |  |  | 128 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 740 |  |
Amortization | (6) |  |  | (14) |  |  | (190) |  |  | (114) |  |  | (87) |  |  | (58) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (471) |  |
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | (361) |  |  | (14) |  |  | (41) |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | (419) |  |
Balance at March 31, 2024 | $ | 256 |  |  | $ | 444 |  |  | $ | 10,674 |  |  | $ | 2,000 |  |  | $ | 1,618 |  |  | $ | 3,218 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 18,238 |  |
Balance at January 1, 2023 | $ | 265 |  |  | $ | 267 |  |  | $ | 10,270 |  |  | $ | 1,542 |  |  | $ | 1,480 |  |  | $ | 3,791 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 17,644 |  |
Capitalizations | 6 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 401 |  |  | 151 |  | 108 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 718 |  |
Amortization | (6) |  |  | (10) |  |  | (168) |  |  | (93) |  |  | (81) |  |  | (67) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (426) |  |
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | (89) |  |  | 108 |  |  | 22 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 42 |  |
Balance at March 31, 2023 | $ | 265 |  |  | $ | 302 |  |  | $ | 10,414 |  |  | $ | 1,708 |  |  | $ | 1,529 |  |  | $ | 3,730 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 17,978 |  |
VOBA: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2024 | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 1,119 |  |  | $ | 497 |  |  | $ | 113 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,763 |  |
Amortization | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | (20) |  |  | (11) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (37) |  |
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | (76) |  |  | (44) |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (122) |  |
Balance at March 31, 2024 | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 1,023 |  |  | $ | 442 |  |  | $ | 107 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,604 |  |
Balance at January 1, 2023 | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 1,290 |  |  | $ | 545 |  |  | $ | 127 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,009 |  |
Amortization | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | (25) |  |  | (13) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (44) |  |
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11) |  |  | 42 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33 |  |
Balance at March 31, 2023 | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 1,254 |  |  | $ | 574 |  |  | $ | 125 |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,998 |  |
Total DAC and VOBA: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 19,842 |  |
Balance at March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 19,976 |  |
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 20,151 |  |

__________________
(1)Includes DAC balances primarily related to accident & health, universal and variable universal life, variable life and fixed annuity products and VOBA balances primarily related to accident & health products.
(2)Includes DAC balances primarily related to universal life and variable universal life products.
(3)Includes DAC balances primarily related to universal life, variable universal life, whole life, term life and variable annuity products.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
8. Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs, Value of Business Acquired and Unearned Revenue (continued)
Unearned Revenue
Information regarding the Company’s unearned revenue primarily related to universal life and variable universal life products by segment included in other policy-related balances was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
|  | RIS |  | Asia |  | Latin America |  | EMEA |  | MetLife Holdings |  | Total
|  | (In millions)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 2,850 |  |  | $ | 989 |  |  | $ | 608 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 4,537 |
Deferrals |  | 1 |  |  | 152 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 218 |
Amortization |  | (2) |  |  | (52) |  |  | (30) |  |  | (17) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (102) |
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net |  | — |  |  | (31) |  |  | 4 |  |  | (14) |  |  | — |  |  | (41) |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 2,919 |  |  | $ | 1,000 |  |  | $ | 602 |  |  | $ | 61 |  |  | $ | 4,612 |
|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
|  | RIS |  | Asia |  | Latin America |  | EMEA |  | MetLife Holdings |  | Total
|  | (In millions)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | 2,382 |  |  | $ | 848 |  |  | $ | 559 |  |  | $ | 281 |  |  | $ | 4,106 |
Deferrals |  | 1 |  |  | 105 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 176 |
Amortization |  | (2) |  |  | (40) |  |  | (28) |  |  | (15) |  |  | (6) |  |  | (91) |
Effect of foreign currency translation and other, net |  | — |  |  | (16) |  |  | 67 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 59 |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 2,431 |  |  | $ | 920 |  |  | $ | 575 |  |  | $ | 289 |  |  | $ | 4,250 |

9. Closed Block
On April 7, 2000 (the “Demutualization Date”), Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (“MLIC”) converted from a mutual life insurance company to a stock life insurance company and became a wholly-owned subsidiary of MetLife, Inc. The conversion was pursuant to an order by the New York Superintendent of Insurance approving MLIC’s plan of reorganization, as amended (the “Plan of Reorganization”). On the Demutualization Date, MLIC established a closed block for the benefit of holders of certain individual life insurance policies of MLIC. See Note 10 to the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2023 Annual Report for further information on the closed block.
Experience within the closed block, in particular mortality and investment yields, as well as realized and unrealized gains and losses, directly impact the policyholder dividend obligation. Amortization of the closed block DAC, which resides outside of the closed block, is based upon policy count within the closed block.
Closed block assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses are combined on a line-by-line basis with the assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses outside the closed block based on the nature of the particular item.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
9. Closed Block (continued)
Information regarding the liabilities and assets designated to the closed block was as follows at:

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | (In millions)
Closed Block Liabilities |  |  |  |
Future policy benefits |  | $ | 35,806 |  |  | $ | 36,142 |
Other policy-related balances |  | 301 |  |  | 319 |
Policyholder dividends payable |  | 170 |  |  | 174 |
Policyholder dividend obligation |  | — |  |  | — |
Current income tax payable |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Other liabilities |  | 746 |  |  | 668 |
Total closed block liabilities |  | 37,024 |  |  | 37,303 |
Assets Designated to the Closed Block |  |  |  |
Investments: |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale, at estimated fair value |  | 19,637 |  |  | 19,939 |
Equity securities, at estimated fair value |  | 11 |  |  | 10 |
Mortgage loans |  | 6,005 |  |  | 6,151 |
Policy loans |  | 3,919 |  |  | 3,960 |
Real estate and real estate joint ventures |  | 676 |  |  | 668 |
Other invested assets |  | 485 |  |  | 496 |
Total investments |  | 30,733 |  |  | 31,224 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 717 |  |  | 717 |
Accrued investment income |  | 385 |  |  | 383 |
Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables |  | 52 |  |  | 54 |
Current income tax recoverable |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Deferred income tax asset |  | 359 |  |  | 312 |
Total assets designated to the closed block |  | 32,246 |  |  | 32,693 |
Excess of closed block liabilities over assets designated to the closed block |  | 4,778 |  |  | 4,610 |
AOCI: |  |  |  |
Unrealized investment gains (losses), net of income tax |  | (1,044) |  |  | (820) |
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives, net of income tax |  | 151 |  |  | 130 |
Total amounts included in AOCI |  | (893) |  |  | (690) |
Maximum future earnings to be recognized from closed block assets and liabilities |  | $ | 3,885 |  |  | $ | 3,920 |

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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
9. Closed Block (continued)
Information regarding the closed block revenues and expenses was as follows:

|  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  |  |  |  | (In millions)
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 218 |  |  | $ | 235 |
Net investment income |  |  |  |  |  | 343 |  |  | 338 |
Net investment gains (losses) |  |  |  |  |  | (7) |  |  | 4 |
Net derivative gains (losses) |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  |  | (2) |
Total revenues |  |  |  |  |  | 559 |  |  | 575 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policyholder benefits and claims |  |  |  |  |  | 404 |  |  | 413 |
Policyholder dividends |  |  |  |  |  | 90 |  |  | 97 |
Other expenses |  |  |  |  |  | 20 |  |  | 22 |
Total expenses |  |  |  |  |  | 514 |  |  | 532 |
Revenues, net of expenses before provision for income tax expense (benefit) |  |  |  |  |  | 45 |  |  | 43 |
Provision for income tax expense (benefit) |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |  |  | 9 |
Revenues, net of expenses and provision for income tax expense (benefit) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 34 |

MLIC charges the closed block with federal income taxes, state and local premium taxes and other state or local taxes, as well as investment management expenses relating to the closed block as provided in the Plan of Reorganization. MLIC also charges the closed block for expenses of maintaining the policies included in the closed block.
10. Investments
Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale
Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale by Sector
The following table presents fixed maturity securities available-for-sale (“AFS”) by sector. U.S. corporate and foreign corporate sectors include redeemable preferred stock. Residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”) includes agency, prime, prime investor, non-qualified residential mortgage, alternative, reperforming and sub-prime mortgage-backed securities. Asset-backed securities and collateralized loan obligations (collectively, “ABS & CLO”) includes securities collateralized by consumer loans, corporate loans and broadly syndicated bank loans. Municipals includes taxable and tax-exempt revenue bonds and, to a much lesser extent, general obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions. Commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) primarily includes securities collateralized by multiple commercial mortgage loans. RMBS, ABS & CLO and CMBS are, collectively, “Structured Products.”
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
10. Investments (continued)

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | Amortized Cost |  |  |  | Gross Unrealized | Estimated Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  |  |  | Gross Unrealized | Estimated Fair Value
Sector |  | Allowance for Credit Loss |  | Gains |  | Losses |  | Allowance for Credit Loss |  | Gains |  | Losses |
|  | (In millions)
U.S. corporate |  | $ | 86,317 |  |  | $ | (15) |  |  | $ | 1,706 |  |  | $ | 7,455 |  |  | $ | 80,553 |  |  | $ | 85,563 |  |  | $ | (68) |  |  | $ | 1,894 |  |  | $ | 6,672 |  |  | $ | 80,717 |
Foreign corporate |  | 58,146 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 1,704 |  |  | 5,819 |  |  | 54,029 |  |  | 59,123 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 1,750 |  |  | 5,427 |  |  | 55,444 |
Foreign government |  | 46,155 |  |  | (66) |  |  | 1,478 |  |  | 4,774 |  |  | 42,793 |  |  | 48,260 |  |  | (88) |  |  | 1,754 |  |  | 4,437 |  |  | 45,489 |
U.S. government and agency |  | 36,021 |  |  | — |  |  | 317 |  |  | 4,490 |  |  | 31,848 |  |  | 35,374 |  |  | — |  |  | 590 |  |  | 3,712 |  |  | 32,252 |
RMBS |  | 33,798 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 317 |  |  | 2,972 |  |  | 31,142 |  |  | 31,479 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 353 |  |  | 2,735 |  |  | 29,096 |
ABS & CLO |  | 17,973 |  |  | (9) |  |  | 73 |  |  | 569 |  |  | 17,468 |  |  | 17,910 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 54 |  |  | 663 |  |  | 17,294 |
Municipals |  | 11,898 |  |  | — |  |  | 324 |  |  | 1,284 |  |  | 10,938 |  |  | 11,991 |  |  | — |  |  | 408 |  |  | 1,228 |  |  | 11,171 |
CMBS |  | 10,315 |  |  | (20) |  |  | 102 |  |  | 759 |  |  | 9,638 |  |  | 10,855 |  |  | (18) |  |  | 73 |  |  | 961 |  |  | 9,949 |
Total fixed maturity securities AFS |  | $ | 300,623 |  |  | $ | (113) |  |  | $ | 6,021 |  |  | $ | 28,122 |  |  | $ | 278,409 |  |  | $ | 300,555 |  |  | $ | (184) |  |  | $ | 6,876 |  |  | $ | 25,835 |  |  | $ | 281,412 |

Maturities of Fixed Maturity Securities AFS
The amortized cost, net of allowance for credit loss (“ACL”), and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities AFS, by contractual maturity date, were as follows at March 31, 2024:

|  | Due in One Year or Less |  | Due After One Year Through Five Years |  | Due After Five Years Through Ten Years |  | Due After Ten Years |  | Structured Products |  | Total Fixed Maturity Securities AFS
|  | (In millions)
Amortized cost, net of ACL |  | $ | 10,447 |  |  | $ | 48,816 |  |  | $ | 52,088 |  |  | $ | 127,103 |  |  | $ | 62,056 |  |  | $ | 300,510 |
Estimated fair value |  | $ | 10,498 |  |  | $ | 48,055 |  |  | $ | 50,283 |  |  | $ | 111,325 |  |  | $ | 58,248 |  |  | $ | 278,409 |

Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities due to the exercise of call or prepayment options. Fixed maturity securities AFS not due at a single maturity date have been presented in the year of final contractual maturity. Structured Products are shown separately, as they are not due at a single maturity.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
10. Investments (continued)
Continuous Gross Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturity Securities AFS by Sector
The following table presents the estimated fair value and gross unrealized losses of fixed maturity securities AFS in an unrealized loss position without an ACL by sector and aggregated by length of time that the securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | Less than 12 Months |  | Equal to or Greater than 12 Months |  | Less than 12 Months |  | Equal to or Greater than 12 Months
Sector & Credit Quality |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
|  | (Dollars in millions)
U.S. corporate |  | $ | 7,027 |  |  | $ | 610 |  |  | $ | 44,051 |  |  | $ | 6,807 |  |  | $ | 4,722 |  |  | $ | 420 |  |  | $ | 45,373 |  |  | $ | 6,208 |
Foreign corporate |  | 3,456 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 30,912 |  |  | 5,666 |  |  | 3,210 |  |  | 187 |  |  | 32,355 |  |  | 5,240 |
Foreign government |  | 4,967 |  |  | 419 |  |  | 18,275 |  |  | 4,352 |  |  | 3,913 |  |  | 246 |  |  | 19,715 |  |  | 4,187 |
U.S. government and agency |  | 8,965 |  |  | 499 |  |  | 14,810 |  |  | 3,991 |  |  | 7,856 |  |  | 368 |  |  | 13,960 |  |  | 3,344 |
RMBS |  | 4,303 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 17,123 |  |  | 2,872 |  |  | 3,465 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 17,128 |  |  | 2,675 |
ABS & CLO |  | 1,807 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 8,645 |  |  | 538 |  |  | 1,662 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 11,438 |  |  | 629 |
Municipals |  | 709 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 5,338 |  |  | 1,208 |  |  | 483 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 5,449 |  |  | 1,194 |
CMBS |  | 452 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 6,204 |  |  | 741 |  |  | 1,034 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 6,671 |  |  | 917 |
Total fixed maturity securities AFS |  | $ | 31,686 |  |  | $ | 1,899 |  |  | $ | 145,358 |  |  | $ | 26,175 |  |  | $ | 26,345 |  |  | $ | 1,382 |  |  | $ | 152,089 |  |  | $ | 24,394 |
Investment grade |  | $ | 30,014 |  |  | $ | 1,805 |  |  | $ | 139,769 |  |  | $ | 25,406 |  |  | $ | 24,834 |  |  | $ | 1,287 |  |  | $ | 146,138 |  |  | $ | 23,675 |
Below investment grade |  | 1,672 |  |  | 94 |  |  | 5,589 |  |  | 769 |  |  | 1,511 |  |  | 95 |  |  | 5,951 |  |  | 719 |
Total fixed maturity securities AFS |  | $ | 31,686 |  |  | $ | 1,899 |  |  | $ | 145,358 |  |  | $ | 26,175 |  |  | $ | 26,345 |  |  | $ | 1,382 |  |  | $ | 152,089 |  |  | $ | 24,394 |
Total number of securities in an unrealized loss position |  | 3,607 |  |  |  |  | 12,802 |  |  |  |  | 2,922 |  |  |  |  | 13,049 |  |  |

Evaluation of Fixed Maturity Securities AFS for Credit Loss
Evaluation and Measurement Methodologies
See Note 11 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2023 Annual Report for a description of the Company’s Evaluation and Measurement Methodologies of Fixed Maturity Securities AFS for Credit Loss.
Evaluation of Fixed Maturity Securities AFS in an Unrealized Loss Position
Gross unrealized losses on securities without an ACL increased $2.3 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2024 to $28.1 billion primarily due to an increase in interest rates and the impact of weakening foreign currencies on certain non-functional currency denominated fixed maturity securities, partially offset by narrowing credit spreads.
As shown in the table above, most of the gross unrealized losses on securities without an ACL that have been in a continuous gross unrealized loss position for 12 months or greater at March 31, 2024, relate to investment grade securities. These unrealized losses are principally due to widening credit spreads since purchase and, with respect to fixed-rate securities, rising interest rates since purchase.
As of March 31, 2024, $769 million of gross unrealized losses on securities without an ACL that have been in a continuous gross unrealized loss position for 12 months or greater on below investment grade securities were concentrated in the consumer, transportation, and communications sectors within corporate securities and in foreign government securities. These unrealized losses are the result of significantly wider credit spreads resulting from higher risk premiums since purchase, largely due to economic and market uncertainty and, with respect to fixed-rate securities, rising interest rates since purchase.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
10. Investments (continued)
At March 31, 2024, the Company did not intend to sell its securities in an unrealized loss position without an ACL, and it was not more likely than not that the Company would be required to sell these securities before the anticipated recovery of the remaining amortized cost. Therefore, the Company concluded that these securities had not incurred a credit loss and should not have an ACL at March 31, 2024.
Future provisions for credit loss will depend primarily on economic fundamentals, issuer performance (including changes in the present value of future cash flows expected to be collected), changes in credit ratings and collateral valuation.
Rollforward of Allowance for Credit Loss for Fixed Maturity Securities AFS By Sector
The rollforward of ACL for fixed maturity securities AFS by sector is as follows:

| U.S. Corporate |  | Foreign Corporate |  | Foreign Government |  |  |  | RMBS |  | ABS & CLO |  | CMBS |  | Total
| (In millions)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, at beginning of period | $ | 68 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 88 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 184 |
ACL not previously recorded | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Changes for securities with previously recorded ACL | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |
Securities sold or exchanged | (53) |  |  | — |  |  | (18) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (71) |
Balance, at end of period | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 66 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 113 |
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, at beginning of period | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 130 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 183 |
ACL not previously recorded | 36 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 36 |
Changes for securities with previously recorded ACL | — |  |  | — |  |  | (13) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | (10) |
Securities sold or exchanged | (2) |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11) |  |  | (16) |
Balance, at end of period | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 117 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 193 |

Equity Securities
The following table presents equity securities by security type.

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | Cost |  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) (1) |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Cost |  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) (1) |  | Estimated Fair Value
Security Type |  |  |  |  |
|  | (In millions)
Common stock (2) |  | $ | 411 |  |  | $ | 266 |  |  | $ | 677 |  |  | $ | 424 |  |  | $ | 239 |  |  | $ | 663 |
Non-redeemable preferred stock |  | 73 |  |  | — |  |  | 73 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 94 |
Total |  | $ | 484 |  |  | $ | 266 |  |  | $ | 750 |  |  | $ | 514 |  |  | $ | 243 |  |  | $ | 757 |

________________
(1) Represents cumulative changes in estimated fair value, recognized in earnings, and not in OCI.
(2) Includes common stock, exchange traded funds, certain mutual funds and certain real estate investment trusts.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
10. Investments (continued)
Contractholder-Directed Equity Securities and FVO Securities
The following table presents these investments by asset type. Unit-linked investments are primarily equity securities (including mutual funds). FVO securities includes fixed maturity and equity securities to support asset and liability management strategies for certain insurance products and investments in certain separate accounts.

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | Cost or Amortized Cost |  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) (1) |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Cost or Amortized Cost |  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) (1) |  | Estimated Fair Value
Asset Type |  |  |  |  |
|  | (In millions)
Unit-linked investments |  | $ | 7,398 |  |  | $ | 1,469 |  |  | $ | 8,867 |  |  | $ | 7,770 |  |  | $ | 1,112 |  |  | $ | 8,882 |
FVO securities |  | 897 |  |  | 549 |  |  | 1,446 |  |  | 972 |  |  | 477 |  |  | 1,449 |
Total |  | $ | 8,295 |  |  | $ | 2,018 |  |  | $ | 10,313 |  |  | $ | 8,742 |  |  | $ | 1,589 |  |  | $ | 10,331 |

________________
(1)Represents cumulative changes in estimated fair value, recognized in earnings, and not in OCI.
Mortgage Loans
Mortgage Loans by Portfolio Segment
Mortgage loans are summarized as follows at:

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Portfolio Segment |  | Carrying Value (1) |  | % of Total |  | Carrying Value (1) |  | % of Total
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Commercial |  | $ | 59,359 |  |  | 64.9 | % |  | $ | 60,326 |  |  | 65.2 | %
Agricultural |  | 19,712 |  |  | 21.6 |  |  | 19,805 |  |  | 21.4 |
Residential |  | 13,201 |  |  | 14.4 |  |  | 13,096 |  |  | 14.2 |
Total amortized cost |  | 92,272 |  |  | 100.9 |  |  | 93,227 |  |  | 100.8 |
Allowance for credit loss |  | (814) |  |  | (0.9) |  |  | (721) |  |  | (0.8) |
Total mortgage loans |  | $ | 91,458 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 92,506 |  |  | 100.0 | %

__________________
(1)Includes certain mortgage loans originated for third parties of $8.1 billion at amortized cost ($7.8 billion commercial and $251 million agricultural) and the related ACL of $77 million, with the corresponding mortgage loan secured financing liability of $8.1 billion included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet at March 31, 2024. The consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2023 includes certain mortgage loans originated for third parties of $8.5 billion at amortized cost ($8.2 billion commercial and $246 million agricultural) and the related ACL of $73 million, with the corresponding mortgage loan secured financing liability of $8.5 billion included in other liabilities. The investment income on the mortgage loans originated for third parties and the interest expense on the related mortgage loan secured financing liability was $94 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, and were recorded in investment income and investment expenses, both within net investment income.
The amount of net (discounts) premiums and deferred (fees) expenses, included within total amortized cost, primarily attributable to residential mortgage loans was ($828) million and ($736) million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The accrued interest income excluded from total amortized cost for commercial, agricultural and residential mortgage loans at March 31, 2024 was $279 million, $167 million and $99 million, respectively. The accrued interest income excluded from total amortized cost for commercial, agricultural and residential mortgage loans at December 31, 2023 was $277 million, $204 million and $95 million, respectively.
Purchases of mortgage loans, consisting primarily of residential mortgage loans, were $484 million and $823 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
10. Investments (continued)
Rollforward of Allowance for Credit Loss for Mortgage Loans by Portfolio Segment
The rollforward of ACL for mortgage loans, by portfolio segment, is as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
| Commercial |  | Agricultural |  | Residential |  | Total |  | Commercial |  | Agricultural |  | Residential |  | Total
| (In millions)
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 367 |  |  | $ | 172 |  |  | $ | 182 |  |  | $ | 721 |  |  | $ | 218 |  |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 190 |  |  | $ | 527 |
Provision (release) | 94 |  |  | 16 |  |  | (17) |  |  | 93 |  |  | 101 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 172 |
Charge-offs, net of recoveries | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |
Balance, end of period | $ | 461 |  |  | $ | 188 |  |  | $ | 165 |  |  | $ | 814 |  |  | $ | 319 |  |  | $ | 161 |  |  | $ | 212 |  |  | $ | 692 |

Allowance for Credit Loss Methodology
The Company records an allowance for expected lifetime credit loss in earnings within net investment gains (losses) in an amount that represents the portion of the amortized cost basis of mortgage loans that the Company does not expect to collect, resulting in mortgage loans being presented at the net amount expected to be collected. In determining the Company’s ACL, management applies significant judgment to estimate expected lifetime credit loss, including: (i) pooling mortgage loans that share similar risk characteristics, (ii) considering expected lifetime credit loss over the contractual term of its mortgage loans adjusted for expected prepayments and any extensions, and (iii) considering past events and current and forecasted economic conditions. Each of the Company’s commercial, agricultural and residential mortgage loan portfolio segments are evaluated separately. The ACL is calculated for each mortgage loan portfolio segment based on inputs unique to each loan portfolio segment. On a quarterly basis, mortgage loans within a portfolio segment that share similar risk characteristics, such as internal risk ratings or consumer credit scores, are pooled for calculation of ACL. On an ongoing basis, mortgage loans with dissimilar risk characteristics (i.e., loans with significant declines in credit quality), such as collateral dependent mortgage loans (i.e., when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, including when foreclosure is reasonably possible or probable), are evaluated individually for credit loss. The ACL for loans evaluated individually are established using the same methodologies for all three portfolio segments. For example, the ACL for a collateral dependent loan is established as the excess of amortized cost over the estimated fair value of the loan’s underlying collateral, less selling cost when foreclosure is probable. Accordingly, the change in the estimated fair value of collateral dependent loans, which are evaluated individually for credit loss, is recorded as a change in the ACL which is recorded on a quarterly basis as a charge or credit to earnings in net investment gains (losses).
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
10. Investments (continued)
Commercial and Agricultural Mortgage Loan Portfolio Segments
Within each loan portfolio segment, commercial and agricultural loans are pooled by internal risk rating. Estimated lifetime loss rates, which vary by internal risk rating, are applied to the amortized cost of each loan, excluding accrued investment income, on a quarterly basis to develop the ACL. Internal risk ratings are based on an assessment of the loan’s credit quality, which can change over time. The estimated lifetime loss rates are based on several loan portfolio segment-specific factors, including (i) the Company’s experience with defaults and loss severity, (ii) expected default and loss severity over the forecast period, (iii) current and forecasted economic conditions including growth, inflation, interest rates and unemployment levels, (iv) loan specific characteristics including loan-to-value (“LTV”) ratios, and (v) internal risk ratings. These evaluations are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available. The Company uses its several decades of historical default and loss severity experience which capture multiple economic cycles. The Company uses a forecast of economic assumptions for a two-year period for most of its commercial and agricultural mortgage loans, while a one-year period is used for loans originated in certain markets. After the applicable forecast period, the Company reverts to its historical loss experience using a straight-line basis over two years. For evaluations of commercial mortgage loans, in addition to historical experience, management considers factors that include the impact of a rapid change to the economy, which may not be reflected in the loan portfolio, recent loss and recovery trend experience as compared to historical loss and recovery experience, and loan specific characteristics including debt service coverage ratios (“DSCR”). In estimating expected lifetime credit loss over the term of its commercial mortgage loans, the Company adjusts for expected prepayment and extension experience during the forecast period using historical prepayment and extension experience considering the expected position in the economic cycle and the loan profile (i.e., floating rate, shorter-term fixed rate and longer-term fixed rate) and after the forecast period using long-term historical prepayment experience. For evaluations of agricultural mortgage loans, in addition to historical experience, management considers factors that include increased stress in certain sectors, which may be evidenced by higher delinquency rates, or a change in the number of higher risk loans. In estimating expected lifetime credit loss over the term of its agricultural mortgage loans, the Company’s experience is much less sensitive to the position in the economic cycle and by loan profile; accordingly, historical prepayment experience is used, while extension terms are not prevalent with the Company’s agricultural mortgage loans.
Commercial mortgage loans are reviewed on an ongoing basis, which review includes, but is not limited to, an analysis of the property financial statements and rent roll, lease rollover analysis, property inspections, market analysis, estimated valuations of the underlying collateral, LTV ratios, DSCR and tenant creditworthiness. The monitoring process focuses on higher risk loans, which include those that are classified as restructured, delinquent or in foreclosure, as well as loans with higher LTV ratios and lower DSCR. Agricultural mortgage loans are reviewed on an ongoing basis, which review includes, but is not limited to, property inspections, market analysis, estimated valuations of the underlying collateral, LTV ratios and borrower creditworthiness, as well as reviews on a geographic and property-type basis. The monitoring process for agricultural mortgage loans also focuses on higher risk loans.
For commercial mortgage loans, the primary credit quality indicator is the DSCR, which compares a property’s net operating income to amounts needed to service the principal and interest due under the loan. Generally, the lower the DSCR, the higher the risk of experiencing a credit loss. The Company also reviews the LTV ratio of its commercial mortgage loan portfolio. LTV ratios compare the unpaid principal balance of the loan to the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral. Generally, the higher the LTV ratio, the higher the risk of experiencing a credit loss. The DSCR and the values utilized in calculating the ratio are updated routinely. In addition, the LTV ratio is routinely updated for all but the lowest risk loans as part of the Company’s ongoing review of its commercial mortgage loan portfolio.
For agricultural mortgage loans, the Company’s primary credit quality indicator is the LTV ratio. The values utilized in calculating this ratio are developed in connection with the ongoing review of the agricultural mortgage loan portfolio and are routinely updated.
After commercial and agricultural mortgage loans are approved, the Company makes commitments to lend and, typically, borrowers draw down on some or all of the commitments. The timing of mortgage loan funding is based on the commitment expiration dates. A liability for credit loss for unfunded commercial and agricultural mortgage loan commitments that is not unconditionally cancellable is recognized in earnings and is reported within net investment gains (losses). The liability is based on estimated lifetime loss rates as described above and the amount of the outstanding commitments, which for lines of credit, considers estimated utilization rates. When the commitment is funded or expires, the liability is adjusted accordingly.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
10. Investments (continued)
Residential Mortgage Loan Portfolio Segment
The Company’s residential mortgage loan portfolio is comprised primarily of purchased closed end, amortizing residential mortgage loans, including both performing loans purchased within 12 months of origination and reperforming loans purchased after they have been performing for at least 12 months post-modification. Residential mortgage loans are pooled by loan type (i.e., new origination and reperforming) and pooled by similar risk profiles (including consumer credit score and LTV ratios). Estimated lifetime loss rates, which vary by loan type and risk profile, are applied to the amortized cost of each loan excluding accrued investment income on a quarterly basis to develop the ACL. The estimated lifetime loss rates are based on several factors, including (i) industry historical experience and expected results over the forecast period for defaults, (ii) loss severity, (iii) prepayment rates, (iv) current and forecasted economic conditions including growth, inflation, interest rates and unemployment levels, and (v) loan pool specific characteristics including consumer credit scores, LTV ratios, payment history and home prices. These evaluations are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available. The Company uses industry historical experience which captures multiple economic cycles as the Company has purchased most of its residential mortgage loans in the last five years. The Company uses a forecast of economic assumptions for a two-year period for most of its residential mortgage loans. After the applicable forecast period, the Company reverts to industry historical loss experience using a straight-line basis over one year.
For residential mortgage loans, the Company’s primary credit quality indicator is whether the loan is performing or nonperforming. The Company generally defines nonperforming residential mortgage loans as those that are 60 or more days past due and/or in nonaccrual status which is assessed monthly. Generally, nonperforming residential mortgage loans have a higher risk of experiencing a credit loss.
Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
The Company may modify mortgage loans to borrowers. Each mortgage loan modification is evaluated to determine whether the borrower was experiencing financial difficulties. Disclosed below are those modifications, in materially impacted segments, where the borrower was determined to be experiencing financial difficulties and the mortgage loans were modified by any of the following means: principal forgiveness, interest rate reduction, other-than-insignificant payment delay or term extension. The amount, timing and extent of modifications granted and subsequent performance are considered in determining any ACL recorded.
These mortgage loan modifications are summarized as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
| Maturity Extension |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Weighted Average Life Increase |  |  |  | % of BV |  | Maturity Extension |  | Weighted Average Life Increase |  | % of BV
| Amortized Cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Affected Loans (in Years) |  |  |  |  |  | Amortized Cost |  | Affected Loans (in Years) |  |
| (Dollars in millions)
Commercial | $ | 80 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Less than one year |  |  |  |  |  | < 1% |  | $ | 64 |  |  | Less than one year |  | < 1%

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, commercial mortgage loans with an amortized cost of $182 million which were extended over the past 12 months became delinquent. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, all commercial mortgage loans which were modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties, were current.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
10. Investments (continued)
Credit Quality of Mortgage Loans by Portfolio Segment
The amortized cost of commercial mortgage loans by credit quality indicator and vintage year was as follows at March 31, 2024:

Credit Quality Indicator |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Prior |  | Revolving Loans |  | Total |  | % of Total
|  | (Dollars in millions)
LTV ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 65% |  | $ | 936 |  |  | $ | 2,519 |  |  | $ | 2,674 |  |  | $ | 3,227 |  |  | $ | 1,734 |  |  | $ | 16,181 |  |  | $ | 2,461 |  |  | $ | 29,732 |  |  | 50.1 | %
65% to 75% |  | 22 |  |  | 362 |  |  | 4,500 |  |  | 2,781 |  |  | 1,655 |  |  | 7,358 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,678 |  |  | 28.1 |
76% to 80% |  | — |  |  | 15 |  |  | 664 |  |  | 289 |  |  | 376 |  |  | 2,917 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,261 |  |  | 7.2 |
Greater than 80% |  | 1 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 797 |  |  | 978 |  |  | 897 |  |  | 5,949 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,688 |  |  | 14.6 |
Total |  | $ | 959 |  |  | $ | 2,962 |  |  | $ | 8,635 |  |  | $ | 7,275 |  |  | $ | 4,662 |  |  | $ | 32,405 |  |  | $ | 2,461 |  |  | $ | 59,359 |  |  | 100.0 | %
DSCR: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
> 1.20x |  | $ | 904 |  |  | $ | 2,149 |  |  | $ | 7,587 |  |  | $ | 6,682 |  |  | $ | 4,320 |  |  | $ | 27,206 |  |  | $ | 2,461 |  |  | $ | 51,309 |  |  | 86.4 | %
1.00x - 1.20x |  | 55 |  |  | 544 |  |  | 431 |  |  | 593 |  |  | 105 |  |  | 3,260 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,988 |  |  | 8.4 |
<1.00x |  | — |  |  | 269 |  |  | 617 |  |  | — |  |  | 237 |  |  | 1,939 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,062 |  |  | 5.2 |
Total |  | $ | 959 |  |  | $ | 2,962 |  |  | $ | 8,635 |  |  | $ | 7,275 |  |  | $ | 4,662 |  |  | $ | 32,405 |  |  | $ | 2,461 |  |  | $ | 59,359 |  |  | 100.0 | %

The amortized cost of agricultural mortgage loans by credit quality indicator and vintage year was as follows at March 31, 2024:

Credit Quality Indicator |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Prior |  | Revolving Loans |  | Total |  | % of Total
|  | (Dollars in millions)
LTV ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 65% |  | $ | 152 |  |  | $ | 1,163 |  |  | $ | 2,793 |  |  | $ | 2,641 |  |  | $ | 2,696 |  |  | $ | 7,506 |  |  | $ | 1,351 |  |  | $ | 18,302 |  |  | 92.8 | %
65% to 75% |  | 6 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 293 |  |  | 147 |  |  | 556 |  |  | 130 |  |  | 1,253 |  |  | 6.4 |
76% to 80% |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Greater than 80% |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 142 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 157 |  |  | 0.8 |
Total |  | $ | 158 |  |  | $ | 1,198 |  |  | $ | 2,884 |  |  | $ | 2,934 |  |  | $ | 2,847 |  |  | $ | 8,204 |  |  | $ | 1,487 |  |  | $ | 19,712 |  |  | 100.0 | %

The amortized cost of residential mortgage loans by credit quality indicator and vintage year was as follows at March 31, 2024:

Credit Quality Indicator |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Prior |  | Revolving Loans |  | Total |  | % of Total
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Performance indicators: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 958 |  |  | $ | 2,507 |  |  | $ | 1,575 |  |  | $ | 323 |  |  | $ | 7,343 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,761 |  |  | 96.7 | %
Nonperforming (1) |  | — |  |  | 16 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 320 |  |  | — |  |  | 440 |  |  | 3.3 |
Total |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 974 |  |  | $ | 2,575 |  |  | $ | 1,597 |  |  | $ | 337 |  |  | $ | 7,663 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13,201 |  |  | 100.0 | %

__________________
(1)Includes residential mortgage loans in process of foreclosure of $143 million and $140 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
10. Investments (continued)
Past Due and Nonaccrual Mortgage Loans
The Company has a high quality, well performing mortgage loan portfolio, with 99% of all mortgage loans classified as performing at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The Company defines delinquency consistent with industry practice, when mortgage loans are past due more than two or more months, as applicable, by portfolio segment. The past due and nonaccrual mortgage loans at amortized cost, prior to ACL by portfolio segment, were as follows:

|  | Past Due |  | Past Due and Still Accruing Interest |  | Nonaccrual
Portfolio Segment |  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | (In millions)
Commercial |  | $ | 424 |  |  | $ | 75 |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 665 |  |  | $ | 427 |
Agricultural |  | 246 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 29 |  |  | — |  |  | 258 |  |  | 206 |
Residential |  | 440 |  |  | 418 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 428 |  |  | 402 |
Total |  | $ | 1,110 |  |  | $ | 533 |  |  | $ | 80 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 1,351 |  |  | $ | 1,035 |

Real Estate and Real Estate Joint Ventures
The Company’s real estate investment portfolio is diversified by property type, geography and income stream, including income from operating leases, operating income and equity in earnings from equity method real estate joint ventures. Real estate investments, by income type, as well as income earned, were as follows at and for the periods indicated:

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Income Type |  | Carrying Value |  | Income
|  | (In millions)
Wholly-owned real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Leased real estate |  | $ | 4,206 |  |  | $ | 4,446 |  |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | 92 |  |  |  |  |
Other real estate |  | 511 |  |  | 507 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 50 |  |  |  |  |
Real estate joint ventures |  | 8,275 |  |  | 8,379 |  |  | (121) |  |  | (116) |  |  |  |  |
Total real estate and real estate joint ventures |  | $ | 12,992 |  |  | $ | 13,332 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  |  |  |

The carrying value of wholly-owned real estate acquired through foreclosure was $192 million and $190 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Depreciation expense on real estate investments was $29 million and $28 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Real estate investments, net of accumulated depreciation, were $958 million and $952 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Leased Real Estate Investments - Operating Leases
The Company, as lessor, leases investment real estate, principally commercial real estate for office and retail use, through a variety of operating lease arrangements, which typically include tenant reimbursement for property operating costs and options to renew or extend the lease. In some circumstances, leases may include an option for the lessee to purchase the property. In addition, certain leases of retail space may stipulate that a portion of the income earned is contingent upon the level of the tenants’ revenues. The Company has elected a practical expedient of not separating non-lease components related to reimbursement of property operating costs from associated lease components. These property operating costs have the same timing and pattern of transfer as the related lease component, because they are incurred over the same period of time as the operating lease. Therefore, the combined component is accounted for as a single operating lease. Risk is managed through lessee credit analysis, property type diversification and geographic diversification.
See Note 11 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2023 Annual Report for a summary of leased real estate investments and income earned, by property type.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
10. Investments (continued)
Other Invested Assets
Tax Equity Investments
The Company invests in certain tax equity investments, including low income housing tax credit partnerships and renewable energy partnerships. The carrying value of tax equity investments, reported in other invested assets on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheet, was $781 million and $1.0 billion at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Beginning January 1, 2024, tax equity investments that meet certain criteria are accounted for using the proportional amortization method, where the initial cost of the investment is amortized in proportion to the tax credits received and recognized as a component of income tax expense (benefit) in the interim condensed consolidated statements of operations. Investments which do not meet the qualification criteria for the proportional amortization method are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, income tax credits and other income tax benefits of $37 million and amortized expense of $33 million were recognized net as a component of income tax expense in the Company’s interim condensed consolidated statement of operations.
Cash Equivalents
Cash equivalents, which includes securities and other investments with an original or remaining maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase, was $11.2 billion and $10.8 billion, principally at estimated fair value, at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Concentrations of Credit Risk
Investments in any counterparty that were greater than 10% of the Company’s equity, other than the U.S. government and its agencies, at estimated fair value, were in fixed income securities of the following foreign governments and their agencies:

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | (In millions)
Japan |  | $ | 20,960 |  |  | $ | 22,606 |
South Korea |  | $ | 6,007 |  |  | $ | 6,411 |
Mexico |  | $ | 3,765 |  |  | $ | 3,778 |

Securities Lending Transactions and Repurchase Agreements
Securities, Collateral and Reinvestment Portfolio
A summary of these transactions and agreements accounted for as secured borrowings were as follows:

|  |  | March 31, 2024 |  |  |  | December 31, 2023
|  |  | Securities (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Securities (1) |  |  |  |
Agreement Type |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Cash Collateral Received from Counterparties (2) |  | Reinvestment Portfolio at Estimated Fair Value |  |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Cash Collateral Received from Counterparties (2) |  | Reinvestment Portfolio at Estimated Fair Value
|  | (In millions)
Securities lending |  |  | $ | 10,851 |  |  | $ | 11,089 |  |  | $ | 10,861 |  |  |  |  | $ | 10,510 |  |  | $ | 10,788 |  |  | $ | 10,553 |
Repurchase agreements |  |  | $ | 3,032 |  |  | $ | 2,975 |  |  | $ | 2,912 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,029 |  |  | $ | 2,975 |  |  | $ | 2,913 |

__________________
(1)These securities were included within fixed maturity securities AFS, short-term investments, and cash equivalents at March 31, 2024 and within fixed maturity securities AFS and short-term investments at December 31, 2023.
(2)The liability for cash collateral is included within payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
10. Investments (continued)
Contractual Maturities
Contractual maturities of these transactions and agreements accounted for as secured borrowings were as follows:

|  | March 31, 2024 |  |  |  | December 31, 2023 |  |
|  | Remaining Maturities |  |  |  |  |  | Remaining Maturities |  |  |  |
Security Type |  | Open (1) |  | 1 Month or Less |  | Over 1 Month to 6 Months |  | Over 6 Months to 1 Year |  | Total |  |  |  | Open (1) |  | 1 Month or Less |  | Over 1 Month to 6 Months |  | Over 6 Months to 1 Year |  | Total |  |
|  | (In millions)
Cash collateral liability by security type: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities lending: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency |  | $ | 1,772 |  |  | $ | 4,687 |  |  | $ | 3,448 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,907 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,393 |  |  | $ | 4,106 |  |  | $ | 3,919 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,418 |  |  |
Foreign government |  | — |  |  | 856 |  |  | 153 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,009 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 483 |  |  | 624 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,107 |  |  |
Agency RMBS |  | — |  |  | 97 |  |  | 76 |  |  | — |  |  | 173 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 88 |  |  | 175 |  |  | — |  |  | 263 |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 1,772 |  |  | $ | 5,640 |  |  | $ | 3,677 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,089 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,393 |  |  | $ | 4,677 |  |  | $ | 4,718 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,788 |  |  |
Repurchase agreements: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,975 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,975 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,975 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,975 |  |  |

__________________
(1)The related security could be returned to the Company on the next business day, which would require the Company to immediately return the cash collateral.
If the Company is required to return significant amounts of cash collateral on short notice and is forced to sell investments to meet the return obligation, it may have difficulty selling such collateral that is invested in a timely manner, be forced to sell investments in a volatile or illiquid market for less than what otherwise would have been realized under normal market conditions, or both.
The securities lending and repurchase agreements reinvestment portfolios consist principally of high quality, liquid, publicly traded fixed maturity securities AFS, short-term investments, cash equivalents or cash. If the securities in the reinvestment portfolio become less liquid, liquidity resources within the general account are available to meet any potential cash demands when securities are put back by the counterparty.
Invested Assets on Deposit, Held in Trust and Pledged as Collateral
Invested assets on deposit, held in trust and pledged as collateral are presented below at estimated fair value for all asset classes, except mortgage loans, which are presented at carrying value, and were as follows at:

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | (In millions)
Invested assets on deposit (regulatory deposits) |  | $ | 1,499 |  |  | $ | 1,596 |
Invested assets held in trust (external reinsurance agreements) (1) |  | 930 |  |  | 941 |
Invested assets pledged as collateral (2) |  | 27,659 |  |  | 26,017 |
Total invested assets on deposit, held in trust and pledged as collateral |  | $ | 30,088 |  |  | $ | 28,554 |

__________________
(1) Represents assets held in trust related to third-party reinsurance agreements. Excludes assets held in trust related to reinsurance agreements between wholly-owned subsidiaries of $2.0 billion at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
(2) The Company has pledged invested assets in connection with various agreements and transactions, including funding agreements, repurchase agreements and a collateral financing arrangement (see Notes 5, 16 and 17 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2023 Annual Report). For information regarding invested assets pledged in connection with derivative transactions, see Note 11.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
10. Investments (continued)
See “— Securities Lending Transactions and Repurchase Agreements” for information regarding securities supporting securities lending transactions and repurchase agreements, and Note 9 for information regarding investments designated to the closed block. In addition, the Company’s investment in Federal Home Loan Bank of New York common stock, included within other invested assets, which is considered restricted until redeemed by the issuer, was $714 million, at redemption value, at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
Variable Interest Entities
The Company has invested in legal entities that are VIEs. In certain instances, the Company holds both the power to direct the most significant activities of the entity, as well as an economic interest in the entity and, as such, is deemed to be the primary beneficiary or consolidator of the entity. The determination of the VIE’s primary beneficiary requires an evaluation of the contractual and implied rights and obligations associated with each party’s relationship with or involvement in the entity.
Consolidated VIEs
Creditors or beneficial interest holders of VIEs where the Company is the primary beneficiary have no recourse to the general credit of the Company, as the Company’s obligation to the VIEs is limited to the amount of its committed investment.
The following table presents the total assets and total liabilities relating to investment-related VIEs for which the Company has concluded that it is the primary beneficiary and which are consolidated at:

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Asset Type |  | Total Assets |  | Total Liabilities |  | Total Assets |  | Total Liabilities
|  | (In millions)
Investment funds (primarily other invested assets) |  | $ | 377 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 282 |  |  | $ | 1 |
Renewable energy partnership (primarily other invested assets) |  | 66 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 64 |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 443 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 346 |  |  | $ | 1 |

Unconsolidated VIEs
The carrying amount and maximum exposure to loss relating to VIEs in which the Company holds a significant variable interest but is not the primary beneficiary and which have not been consolidated were as follows at:

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Asset Type |  | Carrying Amount |  | Maximum Exposure to Loss (1) |  | Carrying Amount |  | Maximum Exposure to Loss (1)
|  | (In millions)
Fixed maturity securities AFS (2) |  | $ | 55,920 |  |  | $ | 55,920 |  |  | $ | 54,182 |  |  | $ | 54,182 |
Other limited partnership interests |  | 13,417 |  |  | 18,289 |  |  | 14,034 |  |  | 19,591 |
Other investments (Real estate joint ventures and FVO securities) |  | 1,114 |  |  | 1,130 |  |  | 1,039 |  |  | 1,055 |
Other invested assets |  | 1,108 |  |  | 1,203 |  |  | 1,206 |  |  | 1,275 |
Total |  | $ | 71,559 |  |  | $ | 76,542 |  |  | $ | 70,461 |  |  | $ | 76,103 |

__________________
(1)The maximum exposure to loss relating to fixed maturity securities AFS and FVO securities is equal to their carrying amounts or the carrying amounts of retained interests. The maximum exposure to loss relating to other limited partnership interests (“OLPI”) and real estate joint ventures (“REJV”) is equal to the carrying amounts plus any unrecognized unfunded commitments. For certain of its investments in other invested assets, the Company’s return is in the form of income tax credits which are guaranteed by creditworthy third parties. For such investments, the maximum exposure to loss is equal to the carrying amounts plus any unfunded commitments, reduced by income tax credits guaranteed by third parties. Such a maximum loss would be expected to occur only upon bankruptcy of the issuer or investee.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
10. Investments (continued)
(2)For variable interests in Structured Products included within fixed maturity securities AFS, the Company’s involvement is limited to that of a passive investor in mortgage-backed or asset-backed securities issued by trusts that do not have substantial equity.
As described in Note 19, the Company makes commitments to fund partnership investments in the normal course of business. Excluding these commitments, the Company did not provide financial or other support to investees designated as VIEs for either the three months ended March 31, 2024 or 2023.
Net Investment Income
The composition of net investment income by asset type was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
Asset Type |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
|  | (In millions)
Fixed maturity securities AFS |  | $ | 3,288 |  |  | $ | 3,139 |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities |  | 7 |  |  | 12 |  |  |  |  |
FVO securities |  | 85 |  |  | 48 |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans |  | 1,194 |  |  | 1,041 |  |  |  |  |
Policy loans |  | 113 |  |  | 119 |  |  |  |  |
Real estate and REJV |  | 10 |  |  | 26 |  |  |  |  |
OLPI |  | 301 |  |  | 25 |  |  |  |  |
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments |  | 291 |  |  | 217 |  |  |  |  |
Operating joint ventures |  | 22 |  |  | 19 |  |  |  |  |
Other |  | 151 |  |  | 156 |  |  |  |  |
Subtotal investment income |  | 5,462 |  |  | 4,802 |  |  |  |  |
Less: Investment expenses |  | 568 |  |  | 461 |  |  |  |  |
Subtotal, net |  | 4,894 |  |  | 4,341 |  |  |  |  |
Unit-linked investments |  | 542 |  |  | 304 |  |  |  |  |
Net investment income |  | $ | 5,436 |  |  | $ | 4,645 |  |  |  |  |
Net Investment Income (“NII”) Information |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) recognized in NII: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net realized gains (losses) from sales and disposals (primarily FVO securities and Unit-linked investments) |  | $ | 68 |  |  | $ | 38 |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gains (losses) from changes in estimated fair value (primarily FVO securities and Unit-linked investments) |  | 580 |  |  | 322 |  |  |  |  |
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) recognized in NII |  | $ | 648 |  |  | $ | 360 |  |  |  |  |
Changes in estimated fair value subsequent to purchase of FVO securities and Unit-linked investments still held at the end of the respective periods and recognized in NII |  | $ | 537 |  |  | $ | 313 |  |  |  |  |
Equity method investments NII (primarily REJV, OLPI, tax credit and renewable energy partnerships and operating joint ventures) |  | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | (93) |  |  |  |  |

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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
10. Investments (continued)
Net Investment Gains (Losses)
Net Investment Gains (Losses) by Asset Type and Transaction Type
The composition of net investment gains (losses) by asset type and transaction type was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |
Asset Type |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | (In millions) |  |
Fixed maturity securities AFS |  | $ | (85) |  |  | $ | (580) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities |  | 28 |  |  | 48 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans |  | (86) |  |  | (164) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate and REJV (excluding changes in estimated fair value) |  | 35 |  |  | 18 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
OLPI (excluding changes in estimated fair value) (1) |  | (50) |  |  | 9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other gains (losses) |  | 6 |  |  | (23) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subtotal |  | (152) |  |  | (692) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in estimated fair value of OLPI and REJV |  | 3 |  |  | (5) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-investment portfolio gains (losses) |  | (226) |  |  | 13 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subtotal |  | (223) |  |  | 8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment gains (losses) |  | $ | (375) |  |  | $ | (684) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transaction Type |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized gains (losses) on investments sold or disposed (1) |  | $ | (135) |  |  | $ | (546) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impairment (losses) |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Recognized gains (losses): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in allowance for credit loss recognized in earnings |  | (46) |  |  | (182) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized net gains (losses) recognized in earnings |  | 32 |  |  | 38 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total recognized gains (losses) |  | (14) |  |  | (144) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-investment portfolio gains (losses) |  | (226) |  |  | 13 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment gains (losses) |  | $ | (375) |  |  | $ | (684) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Investment Gains (Losses) (“NIGL”) Information |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Changes in estimated fair value subsequent to purchase of equity securities still held at the end of the respective periods and recognized in NIGL |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 40 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency gains (losses) |  | $ | (45) |  |  | $ | 41 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Realized Investment Gains (Losses) From Sales and Disposals of Investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Recognized in NIGL |  | $ | (135) |  |  | $ | (546) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Recognized in NII |  | 68 |  |  | 38 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net realized investment gains (losses) from sales and disposals of investments |  | $ | (67) |  |  | $ | (508) |  |  |  |  |  |  |

__________________
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
10. Investments (continued)
(1) Includes a net loss of $43 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024 for private equity investments sold. The Company sold a $741 million portfolio of investments to a fund for proceeds of $698 million in cash and receivables secured by the value of the fund. The Company’s investment management business has entered into an agreement to serve as the investment manager of the fund for which it will receive a management fee.
Fixed Maturity Securities AFS and Equity Securities – Composition of Net Investment Gains (Losses)
The composition of net investment gains (losses) for these securities is as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
Fixed Maturity Securities AFS |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
|  | (In millions)
Proceeds |  | $ | 6,352 |  |  | $ | 15,044 |  |  |  |  |
Gross investment gains |  | $ | 156 |  |  | $ | 293 |  |  |  |  |
Gross investment (losses) |  | (312) |  |  | (856) |  |  |  |  |
Realized gains (losses) on sales and disposals |  | (156) |  |  | (563) |  |  |  |  |
Net credit loss (provision) release (change in ACL recognized in earnings) |  | 71 |  |  | (10) |  |  |  |  |
Impairment (losses) |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  |  |  |
Net credit loss (provision) release and impairment (losses) |  | 71 |  |  | (17) |  |  |  |  |
Net investment gains (losses) |  | $ | (85) |  |  | $ | (580) |  |  |  |  |
Equity Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized gains (losses) on sales and disposals |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized net gains (losses) recognized in earnings |  | 30 |  |  | 41 |  |  |  |  |
Net investment gains (losses) |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  |  |  |

11. Derivatives
Accounting for Derivatives
See Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2023 Annual Report for a description of the Company’s accounting policies for derivatives and Note 12 for information about the fair value hierarchy for derivatives.
Derivative Strategies
Types of Derivative Instruments and Derivative Strategies
The Company is exposed to various risks relating to its ongoing business operations, including interest rate, foreign currency exchange rate, credit and equity market. The Company uses a variety of strategies to manage these risks, including the use of derivatives. Commonly used derivative instruments include, but are not limited to:
•Interest rate derivatives: swaps, total return swaps, caps, floors, futures, swaptions, forwards and synthetic GICs;
•Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives: swaps, forwards, options and exchange-traded futures;
•Credit derivatives: purchased or written single name or index credit default swaps, and forwards; and
•Equity derivatives: index options, variance swaps, exchange-traded futures and total return swaps.
For detailed information on these contracts and the related strategies, see Note 12 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2023 Annual Report.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
11. Derivatives (continued)
Primary Risks Managed by Derivatives
The following table presents the primary underlying risk exposure, gross notional amount and estimated fair value of the Company’s derivatives, excluding embedded derivatives, held at:

|  |  |  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | Primary Underlying Risk Exposure |  | Gross Notional Amount |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Notional Amount |  | Estimated Fair Value
|  | Assets |  | Liabilities |  | Assets |  | Liabilities
|  |  |  | (In millions)
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  | Interest rate |  | $ | 4,878 |  |  | $ | 1,112 |  |  | $ | 610 |  |  | $ | 4,550 |  |  | $ | 1,257 |  |  | $ | 535 |
Foreign currency swaps |  | Foreign currency exchange rate |  | 1,400 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 1,475 |  |  | 55 |  |  | — |
Foreign currency forwards |  | Foreign currency exchange rate |  | 450 |  |  | — |  |  | 87 |  |  | 450 |  |  | — |  |  | 65 |
Subtotal |  |  |  | 6,728 |  |  | 1,152 |  |  | 703 |  |  | 6,475 |  |  | 1,312 |  |  | 600 |
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  | Interest rate |  | 4,655 |  |  | — |  |  | 304 |  |  | 4,156 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 265 |
Interest rate forwards |  | Interest rate |  | 5,815 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 897 |  |  | 6,115 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 938 |
Foreign currency swaps |  | Foreign currency exchange rate |  | 46,297 |  |  | 2,489 |  |  | 1,686 |  |  | 43,906 |  |  | 2,457 |  |  | 1,509 |
Subtotal |  |  |  | 56,767 |  |  | 2,516 |  |  | 2,887 |  |  | 54,177 |  |  | 2,509 |  |  | 2,712 |
Net investment in a foreign operation hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forwards |  | Foreign currency exchange rate |  | 414 |  |  | 24 |  |  | — |  |  | 503 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |
Currency options |  | Foreign currency exchange rate |  | 3,000 |  |  | 513 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,000 |  |  | 394 |  |  | — |
Subtotal |  |  |  | 3,414 |  |  | 537 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,503 |  |  | 394 |  |  | 8 |
Total qualifying hedges |  | 66,909 |  |  | 4,205 |  |  | 3,590 |  |  | 64,155 |  |  | 4,215 |  |  | 3,320 |
Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  | Interest rate |  | 30,308 |  |  | 1,525 |  |  | 1,127 |  |  | 29,801 |  |  | 1,497 |  |  | 1,102 |
Interest rate floors |  | Interest rate |  | 13,171 |  |  | 34 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,321 |  |  | 41 |  |  | — |
Interest rate caps |  | Interest rate |  | 30,322 |  |  | 313 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,016 |  |  | 373 |  |  | — |
Interest rate futures |  | Interest rate |  | 1,696 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1,243 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5 |
Interest rate options |  | Interest rate |  | 42,262 |  |  | 225 |  |  | 150 |  |  | 43,926 |  |  | 385 |  |  | 103 |
Interest rate forwards |  | Interest rate |  | 2,671 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 2,383 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 36 |
Synthetic GICs |  | Interest rate |  | 48,100 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 49,066 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign currency swaps |  | Foreign currency exchange rate |  | 12,072 |  |  | 1,321 |  |  | 393 |  |  | 11,891 |  |  | 1,200 |  |  | 356 |
Foreign currency forwards |  | Foreign currency exchange rate |  | 14,526 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 1,163 |  |  | 14,128 |  |  | 310 |  |  | 806 |
Currency futures |  | Foreign currency exchange rate |  | 309 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 314 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |
Currency options |  | Foreign currency exchange rate |  | 95 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 50 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Credit default swaps — purchased |  | Credit |  | 2,837 |  |  | — |  |  | 83 |  |  | 2,877 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 79 |
Credit default swaps — written |  | Credit |  | 13,901 |  |  | 271 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 12,468 |  |  | 233 |  |  | 5 |
Equity futures |  | Equity market |  | 1,988 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 2,163 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 11 |
Equity index options |  | Equity market |  | 13,738 |  |  | 326 |  |  | 249 |  |  | 19,421 |  |  | 399 |  |  | 255 |
Equity variance swaps |  | Equity market |  | 116 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 99 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Equity total return swaps |  | Equity market |  | 2,020 |  |  | — |  |  | 138 |  |  | 1,912 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 218 |
Total non-designated or nonqualifying derivatives |  | 230,132 |  |  | 4,086 |  |  | 3,395 |  |  | 237,079 |  |  | 4,522 |  |  | 2,978 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 297,041 |  |  | $ | 8,291 |  |  | $ | 6,985 |  |  | $ | 301,234 |  |  | $ | 8,737 |  |  | $ | 6,298 |

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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
11. Derivatives (continued)
Included in the table above, the Company uses various over-the-counter (“OTC”) and exchange traded derivatives to hedge variable annuity guarantees. The table below presents the gross notional amount, estimated fair value and primary underlying risk exposure of the derivatives hedging variable annuity guarantees accounted for as MRBs:

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Primary Underlying Risk Exposure |  | Gross Notional Amount |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Notional Amount |  | Estimated Fair Value
Assets |  | Liabilities |  | Assets |  | Liabilities
|  | (In millions)
Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate |  | $ | 9,106 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 724 |  |  | $ | 9,096 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 663 |
Foreign currency exchange rate |  | 747 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 716 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 2 |
Equity market |  | 4,987 |  |  | 139 |  |  | 255 |  |  | 5,189 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 373 |
|  | $ | 14,840 |  |  | $ | 148 |  |  | $ | 994 |  |  | $ | 15,001 |  |  | $ | 112 |  |  | $ | 1,038 |

The change in estimated fair values and earned income of derivatives hedging variable annuity guarantees, recorded in net derivative gains (losses), were ($295) million and $153 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Based on gross notional amounts, a substantial portion of the Company’s derivatives was not designated or did not qualify as part of a hedging relationship at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The Company’s use of derivatives includes (i) derivatives that serve as macro hedges of the Company’s exposure to various risks and that generally do not qualify for hedge accounting due to the criteria required under the portfolio hedging rules, (ii) derivatives that economically hedge insurance liabilities that contain mortality or morbidity risk and that generally do not qualify for hedge accounting because the lack of these risks in the derivatives cannot support an expectation of a highly effective hedging relationship, (iii) derivatives that economically hedge MRBs that do not qualify for hedge accounting because the changes in estimated fair value of the MRBs are already recorded in net income, and (iv) written credit default swaps and interest rate swaps that are used to synthetically create investments and that do not qualify for hedge accounting because they do not involve a hedging relationship. For these nonqualified derivatives, changes in market factors can lead to the recognition of fair value changes on the statement of operations without an offsetting gain or loss recognized in earnings for the item being hedged.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
11. Derivatives (continued)
The Effects of Derivatives on the Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The following table presents the interim condensed consolidated financial statement location and amount of gain (loss) recognized on fair value, cash flow, net investment in a foreign operation (“NIFO”), nonqualifying hedging relationships and embedded derivatives:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
|  | Net Investment Income |  | Net Investment Gains (Losses) |  | Net Derivative Gains (Losses) |  | Policyholder Benefits and Claims |  | Interest Credited to Policyholder Account Balances |  | Other Expenses |  | Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
|  | (In millions)
Gain (Loss) on Fair Value Hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | N/A |  | $ | (109) |  |  | $ | (43) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | N/A
Hedged items |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | N/A |  | 103 |  |  | 42 |  |  | — |  |  | N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1) |  | 4 |  |  | (31) |  |  | N/A |  | — |  |  | (24) |  |  | — |  |  | N/A
Hedged items |  | (2) |  |  | 23 |  |  | N/A |  | — |  |  | 28 |  |  | — |  |  | N/A
Amount excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | N/A |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | N/A
Subtotal |  | 2 |  |  | (4) |  |  | N/A |  | (6) |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | N/A
Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate derivatives: (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | $ | (218) |
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income |  | 8 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10) |
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives: (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | (123) |
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income |  | 1 |  |  | (368) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 367 |
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items |  | — |  |  | 351 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Credit derivatives: (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | — |
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Subtotal |  | 9 |  |  | (15) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |
Gain (Loss) on NIFO Hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1) |  | N/A |  | — |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 160 |
Non-derivative hedging instruments |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 20 |
Subtotal |  | N/A |  | — |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 180 |
Gain (Loss) on Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate derivatives (1) |  | — |  |  | N/A |  | (353) |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1) |  | — |  |  | N/A |  | (706) |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
Credit derivatives — purchased (1) |  | — |  |  | N/A |  | (7) |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
Credit derivatives — written (1) |  | — |  |  | N/A |  | 34 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
Equity derivatives (1) |  | (25) |  |  | N/A |  | (342) |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items |  | — |  |  | N/A |  | 163 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
Subtotal |  | (25) |  |  | N/A |  | (1,211) |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
Earned income on derivatives |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | 181 |  |  | (4) |  |  | (49) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Synthetic GICs |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 19 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
Embedded derivatives |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 32 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
Total |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | (19) |  |  | $ | (979) |  |  | $ | (10) |  |  | $ | (46) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 196 |

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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
11. Derivatives (continued)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
|  | Net Investment Income |  | Net Investment Gains (Losses) |  | Net Derivative Gains (Losses) |  | Policyholder Benefits and Claims |  | Interest Credited to Policyholder Account Balances |  | Other Expenses |  | Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
|  | (In millions)
Gain (Loss) on Fair Value Hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1) |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | N/A |  | $ | 126 |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | N/A
Hedged items |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | N/A |  | (126) |  |  | (36) |  |  | — |  |  | N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1) |  | (17) |  |  | (3) |  |  | N/A |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | N/A
Hedged items |  | 17 |  |  | 3 |  |  | N/A |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | N/A
Amount excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness |  | — |  |  | (10) |  |  | N/A |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | N/A
Subtotal |  | — |  |  | (10) |  |  | N/A |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | N/A
Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate derivatives: (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | $ | 547 |
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income |  | 14 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (19) |
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives: (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | (160) |
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income |  | 1 |  |  | 111 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (113) |
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items |  | — |  |  | (114) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Credit derivatives: (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | — |
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Subtotal |  | 15 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 255 |
Gain (Loss) on NIFO Hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1) |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 46 |
Non-derivative hedging instruments |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 2 |
Subtotal |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 48 |
Gain (Loss) on Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate derivatives (1) |  | — |  |  | N/A |  | 158 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1) |  | — |  |  | N/A |  | (162) |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
Credit derivatives — purchased (1) |  | — |  |  | N/A |  | (13) |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
Credit derivatives — written (1) |  | — |  |  | N/A |  | 3 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
Equity derivatives (1) |  | (6) |  |  | N/A |  | (512) |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items |  | — |  |  | N/A |  | 123 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
Subtotal |  | (6) |  |  | N/A |  | (403) |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
Earned income on derivatives |  | 43 |  |  | — |  |  | 312 |  |  | 5 |  |  | (33) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Synthetic GICs |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 18 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
Embedded derivatives |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | (17) |  |  | — |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
Total |  | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | (8) |  |  | $ | (90) |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | (33) |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 303 |

__________________
(1)Excludes earned income on derivatives.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
11. Derivatives (continued)
Fair Value Hedges
The Company designates and accounts for the following as fair value hedges when they have met the requirements of fair value hedging: (i) interest rate swaps to convert fixed rate assets and liabilities to floating rate assets and liabilities, (ii) foreign currency swaps to hedge the foreign currency fair value exposure of foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities, and (iii) foreign currency forwards to hedge the foreign currency fair value exposure of foreign currency denominated investments.
The following table presents the balance sheet classification, carrying amount and cumulative fair value hedging adjustments for items designated and qualifying as hedged items in fair value hedges:

Balance Sheet Line Item |  | Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities) |  |  |  | Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustments Included in the Carrying Amount of Hedged Assets/(Liabilities) (1) |  |
|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  |  |  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  |
|  | (In millions) |  |
Fixed maturity securities AFS |  | $ | 445 |  |  | $ | 454 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  |
Mortgage loans |  | $ | 285 |  |  | $ | 359 |  |  |  |  | $ | (8) |  |  | $ | (11) |  |  |
FPBs |  | $ | (2,656) |  |  | $ | (2,863) |  |  |  |  | $ | 298 |  |  | $ | 191 |  |  |
PABs |  | $ | (1,720) |  |  | $ | (1,911) |  |  |  |  | $ | 148 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  |

__________________
(1)Includes ($105) million and ($111) million of hedging adjustments on discontinued hedging relationships at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
For the Company’s foreign currency forwards, the change in the estimated fair value of the derivative related to the changes in the difference between the spot price and the forward price is excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness. The Company has elected to record changes in estimated fair value of excluded components in earnings. For all other derivatives, all components of each derivative’s gain or loss were included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness.
Cash Flow Hedges
The Company designates and accounts for the following as cash flow hedges when they have met the requirements of cash flow hedging: (i) interest rate swaps to convert floating rate assets and liabilities to fixed rate assets and liabilities, (ii) foreign currency swaps to hedge the foreign currency cash flow exposure of foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities, (iii) interest rate forwards and credit forwards to lock in the price to be paid for forward purchases of investments, and (iv) interest rate swaps and interest rate forwards to hedge the forecasted purchases of fixed-rate investments.
In certain instances, the Company discontinued cash flow hedge accounting because the forecasted transactions were no longer probable of occurring. Because certain of the forecasted transactions also were not probable of occurring within two months of the anticipated date, the Company reclassified amounts from AOCI into income. These amounts were ($10) million and $1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
At both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the maximum length of time over which the Company was hedging its exposure to variability in future cash flows for forecasted transactions did not exceed five years.
At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the balance in AOCI associated with cash flow hedges was $182 million and $166 million, respectively.
All components of each derivative’s gain or loss were included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness.
At March 31, 2024, the Company expected to reclassify ($56) million of deferred net gains (losses) on derivatives in AOCI to earnings within the next 12 months.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
11. Derivatives (continued)
NIFO Hedges
The Company uses foreign currency exchange rate derivatives, which may include foreign currency forwards and currency options, to hedge portions of its net investments in foreign operations against adverse movements in exchange rates. The Company also designates a portion of its foreign-denominated debt as a non-derivative hedging instrument of its net investments in foreign operations. The Company assesses hedge effectiveness of its derivatives based upon the change in forward rates and assesses its non-derivative hedging instruments based upon the change in spot rates. All components of each derivative’s gain or loss were included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness.
When net investments in foreign operations are sold or substantially liquidated, the amounts in AOCI are reclassified to the statement of operations.
At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the cumulative foreign currency translation gain (loss) recorded in AOCI related to NIFO hedges was $861 million and $681 million, respectively. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the carrying amount of debt designated as a non-derivative hedging instrument was $278 million and $298 million, respectively.
Credit Derivatives
In connection with synthetically created credit investment transactions, the Company writes credit default swaps for which it receives a premium to insure credit risk. Such credit derivatives are included within the effects of derivatives on the interim condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) table. If a credit event occurs, as defined by the contract, the contract may be cash settled or it may be settled gross by the Company paying the counterparty the specified swap notional amount in exchange for the delivery of par quantities of the referenced credit obligation. The Company can terminate these contracts at any time through cash settlement with the counterparty at an amount equal to the then current estimated fair value of the credit default swaps.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
11. Derivatives (continued)
The following table presents the estimated fair value, maximum amount of future payments and weighted average years to maturity of written credit default swaps at:

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Rating Agency Designation of Referenced Credit Obligations (1) |  | Estimated Fair Value of Credit Default Swaps |  | Maximum Amount of Future Payments under Credit Default Swaps |  | Weighted Average Years to Maturity (2) |  | Estimated Fair Value of Credit Default Swaps |  | Maximum Amount of Future Payments under Credit Default Swaps |  | Weighted Average Years to Maturity (2)
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Aaa/Aa/A |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single name credit default swaps (3) |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 140 |  |  | 1.4 |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 150 |  |  | 1.6
Credit default swaps referencing indices |  | 91 |  |  | 4,286 |  |  | 2.7 |  | 80 |  |  | 3,830 |  |  | 2.7
Subtotal |  | 92 |  |  | 4,426 |  |  | 2.6 |  | 82 |  |  | 3,980 |  |  | 2.6
Baa |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single name credit default swaps (3) |  | 1 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 1.8 |  | 1 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 2.1
Credit default swaps referencing indices |  | 169 |  |  | 9,175 |  |  | 4.7 |  | 145 |  |  | 8,188 |  |  | 5.4
Subtotal |  | 170 |  |  | 9,274 |  |  | 4.7 |  | 146 |  |  | 8,287 |  |  | 5.3
Ba |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single name credit default swaps (3) |  | — |  |  | 17 |  |  | 1.9 |  | — |  |  | 17 |  |  | 2.1
Credit default swaps referencing indices |  | 2 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 2.7 |  | 2 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 3.0
Subtotal |  | 2 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 2.4 |  | 2 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 2.6
B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit default swaps referencing indices |  | 2 |  |  | 129 |  |  | 4.7 |  | 2 |  |  | 129 |  |  | 5.0
Subtotal |  | 2 |  |  | 129 |  |  | 4.7 |  | 2 |  |  | 129 |  |  | 5.0
Caa |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit default swaps referencing indices |  | (2) |  |  | 30 |  |  | 2.2 |  | (4) |  |  | 30 |  |  | 2.5
Subtotal |  | (2) |  |  | 30 |  |  | 2.2 |  | (4) |  |  | 30 |  |  | 2.5
Total |  | $ | 264 |  |  | $ | 13,901 |  |  | 4.0 |  | $ | 228 |  |  | $ | 12,468 |  |  | 4.5

_________________
(1)The rating agency designations are based on availability and the midpoint of the applicable ratings among Moody’s Investors Service (“Moody’s”), S&P Global Ratings (“S&P”) and Fitch Ratings. If no rating is available from a rating agency, then an internally developed rating is used.
(2)The weighted average years to maturity of the credit default swaps is calculated based on weighted average gross notional amounts.
(3)Single name credit default swaps may be referenced to the credit of corporations, foreign governments, or municipals.
Credit Risk on Freestanding Derivatives
The Company may be exposed to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by its counterparties to derivatives. Generally, the current credit exposure of the Company’s derivatives is limited to the net positive estimated fair value of derivatives at the reporting date after taking into consideration the existence of master netting or similar agreements and any collateral received pursuant to such agreements.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
11. Derivatives (continued)
The Company manages its credit risk related to derivatives by entering into transactions with creditworthy counterparties in jurisdictions in which it understands that close-out netting should be enforceable and establishing and monitoring exposure limits. The Company’s bilateral contracts between two counterparties (“OTC-bilateral”) derivative transactions are governed by International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (“ISDA”) Master Agreements which provide for legally enforceable set-off and close-out netting of exposures to specific counterparties in the event of early termination of a transaction, which includes, but is not limited to, events of default and bankruptcy. In the event of an early termination, close-out netting permits the Company (subject to financial regulations such as the Orderly Liquidation Authority under Title II of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act) to set off receivables from the counterparty against payables to the same counterparty arising out of all included transactions and to apply collateral to the obligations, without application of the automatic stay, upon the counterparty’s bankruptcy. All of the Company’s ISDA Master Agreements also include Credit Support Annex provisions which require both the pledging and accepting of collateral in connection with its OTC-bilateral derivatives as required by applicable law. Additionally, the Company is required to pledge initial margin for certain new OTC-bilateral derivative transactions to third-party custodians.
The Company’s over-the-counter cleared (“OTC-cleared”) derivatives are effected through central clearing counterparties and its exchange-traded derivatives are effected through regulated exchanges. Such positions are marked to market and margined on a daily basis (both initial margin and variation margin), and the Company has minimal exposure to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by brokers and central clearinghouses to such derivatives.
See Note 12 for a description of the impact of credit risk on the valuation of derivatives.
The estimated fair values of the Company’s net derivative assets and net derivative liabilities after the application of master netting agreements and collateral were as follows at:

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Derivatives Subject to a Master Netting Arrangement or a Similar Arrangement |  | Assets |  | Liabilities |  | Assets |  | Liabilities
|  | (In millions)
Gross estimated fair value of derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
OTC-bilateral (1) |  | $ | 8,347 |  |  | $ | 6,834 |  |  | $ | 8,749 |  |  | $ | 6,014 |
OTC-cleared (1) |  | 181 |  |  | 230 |  |  | 158 |  |  | 277 |
Exchange-traded |  | 6 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 16 |
Total gross estimated fair value of derivatives presented on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets (1) |  | 8,534 |  |  | 7,071 |  |  | 8,918 |  |  | 6,307 |
Gross amounts not offset on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross estimated fair value of derivatives: (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
OTC-bilateral |  | (3,661) |  |  | (3,661) |  |  | (3,568) |  |  | (3,568) |
OTC-cleared |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (5) |
Exchange-traded |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |
Cash collateral: (3), (4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
OTC-bilateral |  | (3,195) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,448) |  |  | — |
OTC-cleared |  | (176) |  |  | (213) |  |  | (150) |  |  | (239) |
Exchange-traded |  | — |  |  | (6) |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |
Securities collateral: (5) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
OTC-bilateral |  | (1,416) |  |  | (3,160) |  |  | (1,563) |  |  | (2,427) |
OTC-cleared |  | — |  |  | (15) |  |  | — |  |  | (33) |
Exchange-traded |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10) |
Net amount after application of master netting agreements and collateral |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 183 |  |  | $ | 19 |

__________________
(1)At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, derivative assets included income (expense) accruals reported in accrued investment income or in other liabilities of $243 million and $181 million, respectively, and derivative liabilities included (income) expense accruals reported in accrued investment income or in other liabilities of $86 million and $9 million, respectively.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
11. Derivatives (continued)
(2)Estimated fair value of derivatives is limited to the amount that is subject to set-off and includes income or expense accruals.
(3)Cash collateral received by the Company for OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives, where the central clearinghouse treats variation margin as collateral, is included in cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments or in fixed maturity securities AFS, and the obligation to return it is included in payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions on the balance sheet. For certain collateral agreements, cash collateral is pledged to the Company as initial margin on its OTC-bilateral derivatives.
(4)The receivable for the return of cash collateral provided by the Company is inclusive of initial margin on exchange-traded and OTC-cleared derivatives and is included in premiums, reinsurance and other receivables on the balance sheet. The amount of cash collateral offset in the table above is limited to the net estimated fair value of derivatives after application of netting agreements. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, th e Company received excess cash collateral of $35 million and $163 million, respectively, and provided excess cash collateral of $99 million and $98 million, respectively, which is not included in the table above due to the foregoing limitation.
(5)Securities collateral received by the Company is held in separate custodial accounts and is not recorded on the balance sheet. Subject to certain constraints, the Company is permitted by contract to sell or re-pledge this collateral, but at March 31, 2024, none of the collateral had been sold or re-pledged. Securities collateral pledged by the Company is reported in fixed maturity securities AFS on the balance sheet. Subject to certain constraints, the counterparties are permitted by contract to sell or re-pledge this collateral. The amount of securities collateral offset in the table above is limited to the net estimated fair value of derivatives after application of netting agreements and cash collateral. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company received excess securities collateral with an estimated fair value of $324 million and $298 million, respectively, for its OTC-bilateral derivatives, which are not included in the table above due to the foregoing limitation. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company provided excess securities collateral with an estimated fair value of $1.4 billion and $1.5 billion, respectively, for its OTC-bilateral derivatives, $901 million and $945 million, respectively, for its OTC-cleared derivatives, and $154 million and $137 million, respectively, for its exchange-traded derivatives, which are not included in the table above due to the foregoing limitation.
The Company’s collateral arrangements for its OTC-bilateral derivatives generally require the counterparty in a net liability position, after considering the effect of netting agreements, to pledge collateral when the collateral amount owed by that counterparty reaches a minimum transfer amount. Substantially all of the Company’s netting agreements for derivatives contain provisions that require both the Company and the counterparty to maintain a specific investment grade credit rating from each of Moody’s and S&P. If a party’s credit or financial strength rating, as applicable, were to fall below that specific investment grade credit rating, that party would be in violation of these provisions, and the other party to the derivatives could terminate the transactions and demand immediate settlement payment based on such party’s reasonable valuation of the derivatives. A small number of these arrangements also include credit-contingent provisions that include a threshold above which collateral must be posted. Such agreements provide for a reduction of these thresholds (on a sliding scale that converges toward zero) in the event of downgrades in the credit ratings of MetLife, Inc. and/or the counterparty. At March 31, 2024, the amount of collateral not provided by the Company due to the existence of these thresholds was $15 million.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
11. Derivatives (continued)
The following table presents the estimated fair value of the Company’s OTC-bilateral derivatives that were in a net liability position after considering the effect of netting agreements, together with the estimated fair value and balance sheet location of the collateral pledged.

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | Derivatives Subject to Credit- Contingent Provisions |  | Derivatives Not Subject to Credit- Contingent Provisions |  | Total |  | Derivatives Subject to Credit- Contingent Provisions |  | Derivatives Not Subject to Credit- Contingent Provisions |  | Total
|  | (In millions)
Estimated fair value of derivatives in a net liability position (1) |  | $ | 3,079 |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | 3,172 |  |  | $ | 2,443 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 2,447 |
Estimated fair value of collateral provided: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities AFS |  | $ | 3,774 |  |  | $ | 96 |  |  | $ | 3,870 |  |  | $ | 3,011 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 3,017 |

__________________
(1)After taking into consideration the existence of netting agreements.
Embedded Derivatives
The Company issues certain products or purchases certain investments that contain embedded derivatives that are required to be separated from their host contracts and accounted for as freestanding derivatives.
The following table presents the estimated fair value and balance sheet location of the Company’s embedded derivatives that have been separated from their host contracts at:

|  | Balance Sheet Location |  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  |  |  | (In millions)
Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |
Funds withheld and guarantees on reinsurance |  | Other liabilities |  | $ | (105) |  |  | $ | (70) |
Fixed annuities with equity indexed returns |  | Policyholder account balances |  | 167 |  |  | 163 |
Total |  | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 93 |

12. Fair Value
Considerable judgment is often required in interpreting the market data used to develop estimates of fair value, and the use of different assumptions or valuation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
12. Fair Value (continued)
Recurring Fair Value Measurements
The assets and liabilities measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis and their corresponding placement in the fair value hierarchy, including those items for which the Company has elected the FVO, are presented below at:

|  | March 31, 2024
|  | Fair Value Hierarchy |  |
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total Estimated Fair Value
|  | (In millions)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities AFS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. corporate |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 66,545 |  |  | $ | 14,008 |  |  | $ | 80,553 |
Foreign corporate |  | — |  |  | 39,534 |  |  | 14,495 |  |  | 54,029 |
Foreign government |  | — |  |  | 42,748 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 42,793 |
U.S. government and agency |  | 15,402 |  |  | 16,446 |  |  | — |  |  | 31,848 |
RMBS |  | 4 |  |  | 29,030 |  |  | 2,108 |  |  | 31,142 |
ABS & CLO |  | — |  |  | 15,273 |  |  | 2,195 |  |  | 17,468 |
Municipals |  | — |  |  | 10,938 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,938 |
CMBS |  | — |  |  | 8,664 |  |  | 974 |  |  | 9,638 |
Total fixed maturity securities AFS |  | 15,406 |  |  | 229,178 |  |  | 33,825 |  |  | 278,409 |
Equity securities |  | 435 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 253 |  |  | 750 |
Unit-linked and FVO securities (1) |  | 7,512 |  |  | 1,708 |  |  | 1,093 |  |  | 10,313 |
Short-term investments (2) |  | 3,433 |  |  | 1,189 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 4,636 |
Other investments |  | 47 |  |  | 430 |  |  | 1,171 |  |  | 1,648 |
Derivative assets: (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate |  | 1 |  |  | 3,261 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,262 |
Foreign currency exchange rate |  | — |  |  | 4,419 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 4,427 |
Credit |  | — |  |  | 263 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 271 |
Equity market |  | 5 |  |  | 319 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 331 |
Total derivative assets |  | 6 |  |  | 8,262 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 8,291 |
Market risk benefits |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 351 |  |  | 351 |
Reinsured market risk benefits (4) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | 13 |
Separate account assets (5) |  | 62,866 |  |  | 76,995 |  |  | 1,142 |  |  | 141,003 |
Total assets (6) |  | $ | 89,705 |  |  | $ | 317,824 |  |  | $ | 37,885 |  |  | $ | 445,414 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative liabilities: (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 3,030 |  |  | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | 3,164 |
Foreign currency exchange rate |  | — |  |  | 3,309 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 3,335 |
Credit |  | — |  |  | 87 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 90 |
Equity market |  | 6 |  |  | 390 |  |  | — |  |  | 396 |
Total derivative liabilities |  | 7 |  |  | 6,816 |  |  | 162 |  |  | 6,985 |
Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts (7) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 62 |  |  | 62 |
Market risk benefits |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,696 |  |  | 2,696 |
Separate account liabilities (5) |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 6,819 |  |  | $ | 2,920 |  |  | $ | 9,747 |

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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
12. Fair Value (continued)

|  | December 31, 2023
|  | Fair Value Hierarchy |  |
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total Estimated Fair Value
|  | (In millions)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities AFS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. corporate |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 67,003 |  |  | $ | 13,714 |  |  | $ | 80,717 |
Foreign corporate |  | — |  |  | 40,813 |  |  | 14,631 |  |  | 55,444 |
Foreign government |  | — |  |  | 45,438 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 45,489 |
U.S. government and agency |  | 15,327 |  |  | 16,925 |  |  | — |  |  | 32,252 |
RMBS |  | 3 |  |  | 27,495 |  |  | 1,598 |  |  | 29,096 |
ABS & CLO |  | — |  |  | 15,191 |  |  | 2,103 |  |  | 17,294 |
Municipals |  | — |  |  | 11,171 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,171 |
CMBS |  | — |  |  | 9,099 |  |  | 850 |  |  | 9,949 |
Total fixed maturity securities AFS |  | 15,330 |  |  | 233,135 |  |  | 32,947 |  |  | 281,412 |
Equity securities |  | 429 |  |  | 79 |  |  | 249 |  |  | 757 |
Unit-linked and FVO securities (1) |  | 7,520 |  |  | 1,708 |  |  | 1,103 |  |  | 10,331 |
Short-term investments (2) |  | 5,103 |  |  | 667 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 5,797 |
Other investments |  | 48 |  |  | 363 |  |  | 975 |  |  | 1,386 |
Derivative assets: (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate |  | 1 |  |  | 3,674 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,675 |
Foreign currency exchange rate |  | 2 |  |  | 4,393 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 4,418 |
Credit |  | — |  |  | 228 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 236 |
Equity market |  | 8 |  |  | 393 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 408 |
Total derivative assets |  | 11 |  |  | 8,688 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 8,737 |
Market risk benefits |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 286 |  |  | 286 |
Reinsured market risk benefits (4) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | 18 |
Separate account assets (5) |  | 66,229 |  |  | 77,258 |  |  | 1,147 |  |  | 144,634 |
Total assets (6) |  | $ | 94,670 |  |  | $ | 321,898 |  |  | $ | 36,790 |  |  | $ | 453,358 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative liabilities: (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 2,805 |  |  | $ | 174 |  |  | $ | 2,984 |
Foreign currency exchange rate |  | — |  |  | 2,737 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 2,744 |
Credit |  | — |  |  | 84 |  |  | — |  |  | 84 |
Equity market |  | 11 |  |  | 475 |  |  | — |  |  | 486 |
Total derivative liabilities |  | 16 |  |  | 6,101 |  |  | 181 |  |  | 6,298 |
Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts (7) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 93 |  |  | 93 |
Market risk benefits |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,179 |  |  | 3,179 |
Separate account liabilities (5) |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 6,105 |  |  | $ | 3,453 |  |  | $ | 9,578 |

__________________
(1)Unit-linked and FVO securities were primarily comprised of Unit-linked investments at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
12. Fair Value (continued)
(2)Short-term investments as presented in the tables above differ from the amounts presented on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets because certain short-term investments are not measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis.
(3)Derivative assets are presented within other invested assets on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets and derivative liabilities are presented within other liabilities on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets. The amounts are presented gross in the tables above to reflect the presentation on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets, but are presented net for purposes of the rollforward in the Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) tables.
(4)Reinsured MRBs are presented within premiums, reinsurance and other receivables on the consolidated balance sheets.
(5)Investment performance related to separate account assets is fully offset by corresponding amounts credited to contractholders whose liability is reflected within separate account liabilities. Separate account liabilities are set equal to the estimated fair value of separate account assets. Separate account liabilities presented in the tables above represent derivative liabilities.
(6)Total assets included in the fair value hierarchy exclude OLPI that are measured at estimated fair value using the net asset value (“NAV”) per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the estimated fair value of such investments was $56 million and $52 million, respectively.
(7)Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts are presented within PABs and other liabilities on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.
The following describes the valuation methodologies used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value.
Investments
Securities, Short-term Investments and Other Investments
When available, the estimated fair value of these financial instruments is based on quoted prices in active markets that are readily and regularly obtainable. Generally, these are the most liquid of the Company’s securities holdings and valuation of these securities does not involve management’s judgment.
When quoted prices in active markets are not available, the determination of estimated fair value of securities is based on market standard valuation methodologies, giving priority to observable inputs. The significant inputs to the market standard valuation methodologies for certain types of securities with reasonable levels of price transparency are inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. When observable inputs are not available, the market standard valuation methodologies rely on inputs that are significant to the estimated fair value that are not observable in the market or cannot be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. These unobservable inputs can be based, in large part, on management’s judgment or estimation and cannot be supported by reference to market activity. Unobservable inputs are based on management’s assumptions about the inputs market participants would use in pricing such investments.
The estimated fair value of short-term investments and other investments is determined on a basis consistent with the methodologies described herein.
The valuation approaches and key inputs for each category of assets or liabilities that are classified within Level 2 and Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy are presented below. The primary valuation approaches are the market approach, which considers recent prices from market transactions involving identical or similar assets or liabilities, and the income approach, which converts expected future amounts (e.g., cash flows) to a single current, discounted amount. The valuation of most instruments listed below is determined using independent pricing sources, matrix pricing, discounted cash flow methodologies or other similar techniques that use either observable market inputs or unobservable inputs.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
12. Fair Value (continued)

Instrument | Level 2 Observable Inputs | Level 3 Unobservable Inputs
Fixed maturity securities AFS
U.S. corporate and Foreign corporate securities
| Valuation Approaches: Principally the market and income approaches. | Valuation Approaches: Principally the market approach.
| Key Inputs: | Key Inputs:
| • | quoted prices in markets that are not active | • | illiquidity premium
| • | benchmark yields; spreads off benchmark yields; new issuances; issuer ratings | • | delta spread adjustments to reflect specific credit-related issues
| • | trades of identical or comparable securities; duration | • | credit spreads
| • | privately-placed securities are valued using the additional key inputs: | • | quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar securities that are less liquid and based on lower levels of trading activity than securities classified in Level 2
|  | • | market yield curve; call provisions |
|  | • | observable prices and spreads for similar public or private securities that incorporate the credit quality and industry sector of the issuer | • | independent non-binding broker quotations
|  | • | delta spread adjustments to reflect specific credit-related issues |  |
Foreign government securities, U.S. government and agency securities and Municipals
| Valuation Approaches: Principally the market approach. | Valuation Approaches: Principally the market approach.
| Key Inputs: | Key Inputs:
| • | quoted prices in markets that are not active | • | independent non-binding broker quotations
| • | benchmark U.S. Treasury yield or other yields | • | quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar securities that are less liquid and based on lower levels of trading activity than securities classified in Level 2
| • | the spread off the U.S. Treasury yield curve for the identical security |
| • | issuer ratings and issuer spreads; broker-dealer quotations | • | credit spreads
| • | comparable securities that are actively traded |  |
Structured Products
| Valuation Approaches: Principally the market and income approaches. | Valuation Approaches: Principally the market and income approaches.
| Key Inputs: | Key Inputs:
| • | quoted prices in markets that are not active | • | credit spreads
| • | spreads for actively traded securities; spreads off benchmark yields | • | quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar securities that are less liquid and based on lower levels of trading activity than securities classified in Level 2
| • | expected prepayment speeds and volumes |
| • | current and forecasted loss severity; ratings; geographic region | • | independent non-binding broker quotations
| • | weighted average coupon and weighted average maturity | • | credit ratings
| • | average delinquency rates; DSCR |  |
| • | credit ratings |  |
| • | issuance-specific information, including, but not limited to: |  |
|  | • | collateral type; structure of the security; vintage of the loans |  |
|  | • | payment terms of the underlying assets |  |
|  | • | payment priority within the tranche; deal performance |  |

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Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
12. Fair Value (continued)

Instrument | Level 2 Observable Inputs | Level 3 Unobservable Inputs |
Equity securities |
| Valuation Approaches: Principally the market approach. | Valuation Approaches: Principally the market and income approaches. |
| Key Input: | Key Inputs: |
| • | quoted prices in markets that are not considered active | • | credit ratings; issuance structures |
|  |  | • | quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar securities that are less liquid and based on lower levels of trading activity than securities classified in Level 2 |
|  |  | • | independent non-binding broker quotations |
Unit-linked and FVO securities, Short-term investments and Other investments |
| Valuation Approaches: Principally the market and income approaches. | Valuation Approaches: Principally the market and income approaches. |
| Key Inputs: | Key Inputs: |
| • | Unit-linked and FVO securities include mutual fund interests without readily determinable fair values given prices are not published publicly. Valuation of these mutual funds is based upon quoted prices or reported NAV provided by the fund managers, which were based on observable inputs. | • | Unit-linked and FVO securities, short-term investments and other investments are of a similar nature and class to the fixed maturity securities AFS and equity securities described above; accordingly, the valuation approaches and unobservable inputs used in their valuation are also similar to those described above. Other investments also include certain REJV and use the valuation approach and key inputs as described for OLPI below. |
| • | Short-term investments and other investments are of a similar nature and class to the fixed maturity securities AFS and equity securities described above; accordingly, the valuation approaches and observable inputs used in their valuation are also similar to those described above. |  |  |
Separate account assets and Separate account liabilities (1) |
Mutual funds and hedge funds without readily determinable fair values as prices are not published publicly |
| Key Input: | • | N/A |
| • | quoted prices or reported NAV provided by the fund managers |  |  |
OLPI |
| • | N/A | Valued giving consideration to the underlying holdings of the partnerships and adjusting, if appropriate. |
|  |  | Key Inputs: |
|  |  | • | liquidity; bid/ask spreads; performance record of the fund manager |
|  |  | • | other relevant variables that may impact the exit value of the particular partnership interest |

__________________
(1)Estimated fair value equals carrying value, based on the value of the underlying assets, including mutual fund interests, fixed maturity securities, equity securities, derivatives, hedge funds, OLPI, short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents. The estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities, equity securities, derivatives, short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents is determined on a basis consistent with the assets described under “— Securities, Short-term Investments and Other Investments” and “— Derivatives — Freestanding Derivatives.”
Derivatives
The estimated fair value of derivatives is determined through the use of quoted market prices for exchange-traded derivatives, or through the use of pricing models for OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives. The determination of estimated fair value, when quoted market values are not available, is based on market standard valuation methodologies and inputs that management believes are consistent with what other market participants would use when pricing such instruments. Derivative valuations can be affected by changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, financial indices, credit spreads, default risk, nonperformance risk, volatility, liquidity and changes in estimates and assumptions used in the pricing models.
The significant inputs to the pricing models for most OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives are inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. With respect to certain OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives, management may rely on inputs that are significant to the estimated fair value that are not observable in the market or cannot be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. These unobservable inputs may involve significant management judgment or estimation. Unobservable inputs are based on management’s assumptions about the inputs market participants would use in pricing such derivatives.
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Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
12. Fair Value (continued)
Most inputs for OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives are mid-market inputs but, in certain cases, liquidity adjustments are made when they are deemed more representative of exit value. Market liquidity, as well as the use of different methodologies, assumptions and inputs, may have a material effect on the estimated fair values of the Company’s derivatives and could materially affect net income.
The credit risk of both the counterparty and the Company is considered in determining the estimated fair value for all OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives, and any potential credit adjustment is based on the net exposure by counterparty after taking into account the effects of netting agreements and collateral arrangements. The Company values its OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives using standard swap curves which may include a spread to the risk-free rate, depending upon specific collateral arrangements. This credit spread is appropriate for those parties that execute trades at pricing levels consistent with similar collateral arrangements. As the Company and its significant derivative counterparties generally execute trades at such pricing levels and hold sufficient collateral, additional credit risk adjustments are not currently required in the valuation process. The Company’s ability to consistently execute at such pricing levels is, in part, due to the netting agreements and collateral arrangements that are in place with all of its significant derivative counterparties. An evaluation of the requirement to make additional credit risk adjustments is performed by the Company each reporting period.
Freestanding Derivatives
Level 2 Valuation Approaches and Key Inputs:
This level includes all types of derivatives utilized by the Company with the exception of exchange-traded derivatives included within Level 1 and those derivatives with unobservable inputs as described in Level 3.
Level 3 Valuation Approaches and Key Inputs:
These valuation methodologies generally use the same inputs as described in the corresponding sections for Level 2 measurements of derivatives. However, these derivatives result in Level 3 classification because one or more of the significant inputs are not observable in the market or cannot be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data.
Freestanding derivatives are principally valued using the income approach. Valuations of non-option-based derivatives utilize present value techniques, whereas valuations of option-based derivatives utilize option pricing models. Key inputs are as follows:

Instrument |  | Interest Rate |  | Foreign Currency Exchange Rate |  | Credit |  | Equity Market
Inputs common to Level 2 and Level 3 by instrument type | • | swap yield curves | • | swap yield curves | • | swap yield curves | • | swap yield curves
• | basis curves | • | basis curves | • | credit curves | • | spot equity index levels
• | interest rate volatility (1) | • | currency spot rates | • | recovery rates | • | dividend yield curves
|  |  | • | cross currency basis curves |  |  | • | equity volatility (1)
|  |  | • | currency volatility (1) |  |  |  |
Level 3 | • | swap yield curves (2) | • | swap yield curves (2) | • | swap yield curves (2) | • | dividend yield curves (2)
| • | basis curves (2) | • | basis curves (2) | • | credit curves (2) | • | equity volatility (1), (2)
| • | repurchase rates | • | cross currency basis curves (2) | • | credit spreads | • | correlation between model inputs (1)
| • | interest rate volatility (1), (2) | • | currency correlation | • | repurchase rates |  |
|  |  | • | currency volatility (1) | • | independent non-binding broker quotations |  |

__________________
(1)Option-based only.
(2)Extrapolation beyond the observable limits of the curve(s).
Embedded Derivatives
Embedded derivatives principally include equity-indexed annuity contracts and investment risk within funds withheld related to certain reinsurance agreements. Embedded derivatives are recorded at estimated fair value with changes in estimated fair value reported in net income.
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Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
12. Fair Value (continued)
The estimated fair value of the embedded derivatives within funds withheld related to certain ceded reinsurance is determined based on the change in estimated fair value of the underlying assets held by the Company in a reference portfolio backing the funds withheld liability. The estimated fair value of the underlying assets is determined as described in “— Investments — Securities, Short-term Investments and Other Investments.” The estimated fair value of these embedded derivatives is included, along with their funds withheld hosts, in other liabilities on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets with changes in estimated fair value recorded in net derivative gains (losses). Changes in the credit spreads on the underlying assets, interest rates and market volatility may result in significant fluctuations in the estimated fair value of these embedded derivatives that could materially affect net income.
The estimated fair value of the embedded equity indexed derivatives, based on the present value of future equity returns to the policyholder using actuarial and present value assumptions including expectations concerning policyholder behavior, is calculated by the Company’s actuarial department. The calculation is based on in-force business and uses standard capital market techniques, such as Black-Scholes, to calculate the value of the portion of the embedded derivative for which the terms are set. The portion of the embedded derivative covering the period beyond where terms are set is calculated as the present value of amounts expected to be spent to provide equity indexed returns in those periods. The valuation of these embedded derivatives also includes the establishment of a risk margin, as well as changes in nonperformance risk.
Market Risk Benefits
See Note 6 for information on the Company’s valuation approaches and key inputs for MRBs.
Transfers between Levels
Overall, transfers between levels occur when there are changes in the observability of inputs and market activity.
Transfers into or out of Level 3:
Assets and liabilities are transferred into Level 3 when a significant input cannot be corroborated with market observable data. This occurs when market activity decreases significantly and underlying inputs cannot be observed, current prices are not available, and/or when there are significant variances in quoted prices, thereby affecting transparency. Assets and liabilities are transferred out of Level 3 when circumstances change such that a significant input can be corroborated with market observable data. This may be due to a significant increase in market activity, a specific event, or one or more significant input(s) becoming observable.
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Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
12. Fair Value (continued)
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
The following table presents certain quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement, and the sensitivity of the estimated fair value to changes in those inputs, for the more significant asset and liability classes measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) at:

|  |  |  |  |  |  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | Impact of Increase in Input on Estimated Fair Value (2)
| Valuation Techniques |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs |  | Range |  | Weighted Average (1) |  | Range |  | Weighted Average (1) |
Fixed maturity securities AFS (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. corporate and foreign corporate | • | Matrix pricing |  | • | Offered quotes (4) |  | 50 | - | 128 |  | 92 |  | 4 | - | 131 |  | 93 |  | Increase
| • | Market pricing |  | • | Quoted prices (4) |  | 2 | - | 112 |  | 93 |  | — | - | 110 |  | 92 |  | Increase
| • | Consensus pricing |  | • | Offered quotes (4) |  | 90 | - | 100 |  | 97 |  | 86 | - | 102 |  | 96 |  | Increase
RMBS | • | Market pricing |  | • | Quoted prices (4) |  | — | - | 114 |  | 95 |  | — | - | 112 |  | 93 |  | Increase (5)
ABS & CLO | • | Market pricing |  | • | Quoted prices (4) |  | 3 | - | 100 |  | 94 |  | 3 | - | 101 |  | 93 |  | Increase (5)
Derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate | • | Present value techniques |  | • | Swap yield (6) |  | 400 | - | 432 |  | 417 |  | 367 | - | 399 |  | 385 |  | Increase (7)
Foreign currency exchange rate | • | Present value techniques |  | • | Swap yield (6) |  | 208 | - | 217 |  | 214 |  | 185 | - | 399 |  | 193 |  | Increase (7)
Credit | • | Consensus pricing |  | • | Offered quotes (8) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Market Risk Benefits and Reinsured Market Risk Benefits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct, assumed and ceded guaranteed minimum benefits | • | Option pricing techniques |  | • | Mortality rates: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | Ages 0 - 40 |  | 0% | - | 0.15% |  | 0.05% |  | 0% | - | 0.15% |  | 0.05% |  | (9)
|  |  |  |  | Ages 41 - 60 |  | 0.04% | - | 0.75% |  | 0.22% |  | 0.04% | - | 0.75% |  | 0.22% |  | (9)
|  |  |  |  | Ages 61 - 115 |  | 0% | - | 100% |  | 1.23% |  | 0% | - | 100% |  | 1.23% |  | (9)
|  |  |  | • | Lapse rates: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | Durations 1 - 10 |  | 0.39% | - | 20.10% |  | 8.72% |  | 0.39% | - | 20.10% |  | 8.72% |  | Decrease (10)
|  |  |  |  | Durations 11 - 20 |  | 0.39% | - | 15% |  | 4.34% |  | 0.39% | - | 15% |  | 4.34% |  | Decrease (10)
|  |  |  |  | Durations 21 - 116 |  | 0.10% | - | 15% |  | 4.59% |  | 0.10% | - | 15% |  | 4.59% |  | Decrease (10)
|  |  |  | • | Utilization rates |  | 0.20% | - | 22% |  | 0.44% |  | 0.20% | - | 22% |  | 0.44% |  | Increase (11)
|  |  |  | • | Withdrawal rates |  | 0% | - | 20% |  | 4.47% |  | 0% | - | 20% |  | 4.47% |  | (12)
|  |  |  | • | Long-term equity volatilities |  | 7.48% | - | 21.85% |  | 18.55% |  | 8.05% | - | 21.85% |  | 18.55% |  | Increase (13)
|  |  |  | • | Nonperformance risk spread |  | 0.34% | - | 1.48% |  | 0.73% |  | 0.38% | - | 1.59% |  | 0.73% |  | Decrease (14)

__________________
(1)The weighted average for fixed maturity securities AFS and derivatives is determined based on the estimated fair value of the securities and derivatives. The weighted average for MRBs is determined based on a combination of account values and experience data.
(2)The impact of a decrease in input would have resulted in the opposite impact on estimated fair value. For MRBs, changes to direct and assumed guaranteed minimum benefits are based on liability positions; changes to ceded guaranteed minimum benefits are based on asset positions.
(3)Significant increases (decreases) in expected default rates in isolation would have resulted in substantially lower (higher) valuations.
(4)Range and weighted average are presented in accordance with the market convention for fixed maturity securities AFS of dollars per hundred dollars of par.
(5)Changes in the assumptions used for the probability of default would have been accompanied by a directionally similar change in the assumption used for the loss severity and a directionally opposite change in the assumptions used for prepayment rates.
(6)Ranges represent the rates across different yield curves and are presented in basis points. The swap yield curves are utilized among different types of derivatives to project cash flows, as well as to discount future cash flows to present value. Since this valuation methodology uses a range of inputs across a yield curve to value the derivative, presenting a range is more representative of the unobservable input used in the valuation.
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Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
12. Fair Value (continued)
(7)Changes in estimated fair value are based on long U.S. dollar net asset positions and will be inversely impacted for short U.S. dollar net asset positions.
(8)At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, independent non-binding broker quotations were used in the determination of 1% and less than 1%, respectively, of the total net derivative estimated fair value.
(9)Mortality rates vary by age and by demographic characteristics such as gender. Mortality rate assumptions are based on company experience. A mortality improvement assumption is also applied. For any given contract, mortality rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the MRBs. For contracts that contain only a GMDB, any increase (decrease) in mortality rates result in an increase (decrease) in the estimated fair value of MRBs. Generally, for contracts that contain both a GMDB and a living benefit (e.g., GMIB, GMWB, GMAB), any increase (decrease) in mortality rates result in a decrease (increase) in the estimated fair value of MRBs.
(10)Base lapse rates are adjusted at the contract level based on a comparison of the actuarially calculated guaranteed values and the current policyholder account value, as well as other factors, such as the applicability of any surrender charges. A dynamic lapse function reduces the base lapse rate when the guaranteed amount is greater than the account value as in the money contracts are less likely to lapse. Lapse rates are also generally assumed to be lower in periods when a surrender charge applies. For any given contract, lapse rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the MRBs.
(11)The utilization rate assumption estimates the percentage of contractholders with GMIBs or a lifetime withdrawal benefit who will elect to utilize the benefit upon becoming eligible. The rates may vary by the type of guarantee, the amount by which the guaranteed amount is greater than the account value, the contract’s withdrawal history and by the age of the policyholder. For any given contract, utilization rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the MRBs.
(12)The withdrawal rate represents the percentage of account balance that any given policyholder will elect to withdraw from the contract each year. The withdrawal rate assumption varies by age and duration of the contract, and also by other factors such as benefit type. For any given contract, withdrawal rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the MRBs. For GMWBs, any increase (decrease) in withdrawal rates results in an increase (decrease) in the estimated fair value of the guarantees. For GMABs and GMIBs, any increase (decrease) in withdrawal rates results in a decrease (increase) in the estimated fair value.
(13)Long-term equity volatilities represent equity volatility beyond the period for which observable equity volatilities are available. For any given contract, long-term equity volatility rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the MRBs.
(14)Nonperformance risk spread varies by duration and by currency. For any given contract, multiple nonperformance risk spreads will apply, depending on the duration of the cash flow being discounted for purposes of valuing the MRBs.
All other classes of securities classified within Level 3, including those within Unit-linked and FVO securities, Other investments, Separate account assets, and Embedded derivatives within funds withheld related to certain ceded reinsurance, use the same valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs as previously described for Level 3 securities. Generally, all other classes of assets and liabilities classified within Level 3 that are not included above use the same valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs as previously described for Level 3. The sensitivity of the estimated fair value to changes in the significant unobservable inputs for these other assets and liabilities is similar in nature to that described in the preceding table. The valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement for the more significant assets measured at estimated fair value on a nonrecurring basis and determined using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) are summarized in “— Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements.”
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Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
12. Fair Value (continued)
The following tables summarize the change of assets (liabilities) measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3), excluding MRBs (see Note 6):

|  | Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
|  | Fixed Maturity Securities AFS |  |  |
|  | Corporate (6) |  | Foreign Government |  | Structured Products |  | Equity Securities |  | Unit-linked and FVO Securities
|  | (In millions)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 28,345 |  |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | 4,551 |  |  | $ | 249 |  |  | $ | 1,103 |
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2) |  | (11) |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 31 |
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI |  | (372) |  |  | — |  |  | 45 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchases (3) |  | 1,232 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 906 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 129 |
Sales (3) |  | (536) |  |  | — |  |  | (170) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (153) |
Issuances (3) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Settlements (3) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers into Level 3 (4) |  | 87 |  |  | — |  |  | 79 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
Transfers out of Level 3 (4) |  | (242) |  |  | (9) |  |  | (137) |  |  | — |  |  | (24) |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 28,503 |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 5,277 |  |  | $ | 253 |  |  | $ | 1,093 |
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 24,401 |  |  | $ | 103 |  |  | $ | 4,269 |  |  | $ | 259 |  |  | $ | 787 |
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2) |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  | 7 |  |  | 45 |
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI |  | 703 |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchases (3) |  | 1,547 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 341 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 193 |
Sales (3) |  | (649) |  |  | (9) |  |  | (139) |  |  | (10) |  |  | (13) |
Issuances (3) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Settlements (3) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers into Level 3 (4) |  | 191 |  |  | — |  |  | 139 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Transfers out of Level 3 (4) |  | (518) |  |  | (56) |  |  | (70) |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 25,676 |  |  | $ | 46 |  |  | $ | 4,553 |  |  | $ | 258 |  |  | $ | 1,011 |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at March 31, 2024 (5) |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 31 |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at March 31, 2023 (5) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | 45 |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI for the instruments still held at March 31, 2024 (5) |  | $ | (379) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI for the instruments still held at March 31, 2023 (5) |  | $ | 694 |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

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Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
12. Fair Value (continued)

|  | Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
|  | Short-term Investments |  | Other Investments |  | Net Derivatives (7) |  | Net Embedded Derivatives (8) |  | Separate Accounts (9)
|  | (In millions)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | 975 |  |  | $ | (143) |  |  | $ | (93) |  |  | $ | 1,147 |
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2) |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | (35) |  |  | 32 |  |  | (28) |
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (28) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchases (3) |  | 4 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 39 |
Sales (3) |  | (12) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12) |
Issuances (3) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Settlements (3) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 71 |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |
Transfers into Level 3 (4) |  | — |  |  | 179 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Transfers out of Level 3 (4) |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 1,171 |  |  | $ | (139) |  |  | $ | (62) |  |  | $ | 1,142 |
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | 926 |  |  | $ | (170) |  |  | $ | (17) |  |  | $ | 1,210 |
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2) |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 168 |  |  | (17) |  |  | (22) |
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 83 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchases (3) |  | 52 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 101 |
Sales (3) |  | (42) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (93) |
Issuances (3) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Settlements (3) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33 |  |  | (10) |  |  | 1 |
Transfers into Level 3 (4) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (61) |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |
Transfers out of Level 3 (4) |  | (10) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 928 |  |  | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | (44) |  |  | $ | 1,202 |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at March 31, 2024 (5) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | (34) |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | — |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at March 31, 2023 (5) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 158 |  |  | $ | (17) |  |  | $ | — |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI for the instruments still held at March 31, 2024 (5) |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (20) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI for the instruments still held at March 31, 2023 (5) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 64 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

__________________
(1)Amortization of premium/accretion of discount is included within net investment income. Impairments and changes in ACL charged to net income (loss) on certain securities are included in net investment gains (losses), while changes in estimated fair value of Unit-linked and FVO securities are included in net investment income. Lapses associated with net embedded derivatives are included in net derivative gains (losses). Substantially all realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for net derivatives and net embedded derivatives are reported in net derivative gains (losses).
(2)Interest and dividend accruals, as well as cash interest coupons and dividends received, are excluded from the rollforward.
(3)Items purchased/issued and then sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. Fees attributed to embedded derivatives are included in settlements.
(4)Items transferred into and then out of Level 3 in the same period are excluded from the rollforward.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
12. Fair Value (continued)
(5)Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) and included in AOCI relate to assets and liabilities still held at the end of the respective periods. Substantially all changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for net derivatives and net embedded derivatives are reported in net derivative gains (losses).
(6)Comprised of U.S. and foreign corporate securities.
(7)Freestanding derivative assets and liabilities are presented net for purposes of the rollforward.
(8)Embedded derivative assets and liabilities are presented net for purposes of the rollforward.
(9)Investment performance related to separate account assets is fully offset by corresponding amounts credited to contractholders within separate account liabilities. Therefore, such changes in estimated fair value are not recorded in net income (loss). For the purpose of this disclosure, these changes are presented within net income (loss). Separate account assets and liabilities are presented net for the purposes of the rollforward.
Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements
The following table presents information for assets measured at estimated fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the periods and still held at the reporting dates (for example, when there is evidence of impairment), using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3).

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| (In millions)
Carrying value after measurement
Mortgage loans (1) | $ | 899 |  |  | $ | 474 |
Other invested assets (2) | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | 63 |

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
| (In millions)
Realized gains (losses) net:
Mortgage loans (1) | $ | (48) |  |  | $ | (79) |

__________________
(1)Estimated fair values of impaired mortgage loans are based on the underlying collateral or discounted cash flows. See Note 10.
(2)The Company recognized an impairment loss in connection with the pending disposition of MetLife Malaysia. See Note 3.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Other Than Fair Value
The following tables provide fair value information for financial instruments that are carried on the balance sheet at amounts other than fair value. These tables exclude the following financial instruments: cash and cash equivalents, accrued investment income, payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions, short-term debt and those short-term investments that are not securities, such as time deposits, and therefore are not included in the three-level hierarchy table disclosed in the “— Recurring Fair Value Measurements” section. The Company believes that due to the short-term nature of these excluded assets, which are primarily classified in Level 2, the estimated fair value approximates carrying value. All remaining balance sheet amounts excluded from the tables below are not considered financial instruments subject to this disclosure.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
12. Fair Value (continued)
The carrying values and estimated fair values for such financial instruments, and their corresponding placement in the fair value hierarchy, are summarized as follows at:

|  | March 31, 2024
|  |  |  | Fair Value Hierarchy |  |
|  | Carrying Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total Estimated Fair Value
|  | (In millions)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans (1) |  | $ | 91,458 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 86,188 |  |  | $ | 86,188 |
Policy loans |  | $ | 8,800 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,443 |  |  | $ | 9,443 |
Other invested assets |  | $ | 1,237 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 714 |  |  | $ | 523 |  |  | $ | 1,237 |
Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables |  | $ | 5,192 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 863 |  |  | $ | 4,315 |  |  | $ | 5,178 |
Other assets |  | $ | 252 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | 170 |  |  | $ | 254 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PABs |  | $ | 138,419 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 133,040 |  |  | $ | 133,040 |
Long-term debt |  | $ | 15,946 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,658 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,658 |
Collateral financing arrangement |  | $ | 590 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 510 |  |  | $ | 510 |
Junior subordinated debt securities |  | $ | 3,162 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,589 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,589 |
Other liabilities |  | $ | 10,646 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,113 |  |  | $ | 9,158 |  |  | $ | 10,271 |
Separate account liabilities |  | $ | 71,713 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 71,713 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 71,713 |

|  | December 31, 2023
|  |  |  | Fair Value Hierarchy |  |
|  | Carrying Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total Estimated Fair Value
|  | (In millions)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans (1) |  | $ | 92,506 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 87,753 |  |  | $ | 87,753 |
Policy loans |  | $ | 8,788 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,516 |  |  | $ | 9,516 |
Other invested assets |  | $ | 919 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 714 |  |  | $ | 205 |  |  | $ | 919 |
Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables |  | $ | 5,182 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 791 |  |  | $ | 4,400 |  |  | $ | 5,191 |
Other assets |  | $ | 268 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | 184 |  |  | $ | 266 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PABs |  | $ | 138,233 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 134,025 |  |  | $ | 134,025 |
Long-term debt |  | $ | 15,516 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,621 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,621 |
Collateral financing arrangement |  | $ | 637 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 551 |  |  | $ | 551 |
Junior subordinated debt securities |  | $ | 3,161 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,552 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,552 |
Other liabilities |  | $ | 10,556 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 609 |  |  | $ | 9,651 |  |  | $ | 10,260 |
Separate account liabilities |  | $ | 75,705 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 75,705 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 75,705 |

_________________
(1)Includes mortgage loans measured at estimated fair value on a nonrecurring basis.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
13. Long-term Debt
Senior Notes
In March 2024, MetLife, Inc. issued the following fixed rate senior notes totaling $752 million. Interest is payable semiannually beginning in September 2024:
•¥7.1 billion due March 2029 which bear interest annually at 1.009%;
•¥23.1 billion due March 2031 which bear interest annually at 1.415%;
•¥16.7 billion due March 2034 which bear interest annually at 1.670%;
•¥11.2 billion due March 2039 which bear interest annually at 1.953%;
•¥15.5 billion due March 2044 which bear interest annually at 2.195%;
•¥23.5 billion due March 2054 which bear interest annually at 2.390%; and
•¥15.2 billion due March 2059 which bear interest annually at 2.448%.
In connection with the issuances, MetLife, Inc. incurred $6 million of related costs which are amortized over the applicable term of each series of the senior notes.
See Note 20 for information on MetLife, Inc.’s senior notes redemption subsequent to March 31, 2024.
14. Equity
Preferred Stock
Preferred stock authorized, issued and outstanding was as follows at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

Series |  | Shares Authorized |  | Shares Issued and Outstanding
Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series A |  | 27,600,000 |  |  | 24,000,000 |
5.875% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series D |  | 500,000 |  |  | 500,000 |
5.625% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series E |  | 32,200 |  |  | 32,200 |
4.75% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series F |  | 40,000 |  |  | 40,000 |
3.85% Fixed Rate Reset Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series G |  | 1,000,000 |  |  | 1,000,000 |
Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock |  | 10,000,000 |  |  | — |
Not designated |  | 160,827,800 |  |  | — |
Total |  | 200,000,000 |  |  | 25,572,200 |

The per share and aggregate dividends declared for MetLife, Inc.’s preferred stock were as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
Series |  | Per Share |  | Aggregate |  | Per Share |  | Aggregate
| (In millions, except per share data)
A |  | $ | 0.420 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 0.361 |  |  | $ | 9 |
D |  | $ | 29.375 |  |  | 15 |  |  | $ | 29.375 |  |  | 15 |
E |  | $ | 351.563 |  |  | 11 |  |  | $ | 351.563 |  |  | 11 |
F |  | $ | 296.875 |  |  | 12 |  |  | $ | 296.875 |  |  | 12 |
G |  | $ | 19.250 |  |  | 19 |  |  | $ | 19.250 |  |  | 19 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 67 |  |  |  |  | $ | 66 |

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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
14. Equity (continued)
Common Stock
MetLife, Inc. announced that its Board of Directors authorized common stock repurchases as follows:

|  |  |  | Authorization Remaining at
Announcement Date |  | Authorization Amount |  | March 31, 2024
|  | (In millions)
May 25, 2023 (1) |  | $ | 1,000 |  |  | $ | 930 |
May 3, 2023 (1) |  | $ | 3,000 |  |  | $ | — |
May 4, 2022 |  | $ | 3,000 |  |  | $ | — |

__________________
(1)The Inflation Reduction Act, signed into law on August 16, 2022, imposes a one percent excise tax, net of any allowable offsets, on certain corporate stock buybacks made after December 31, 2022. The authorization remaining at March 31, 2024 does not reflect the applicable excise tax payable.
Under these authorizations, MetLife, Inc. may purchase its common stock from the MetLife Policyholder Trust, in the open market (including pursuant to the terms of a pre-set trading plan meeting the requirements of Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934), and in privately negotiated transactions. Common stock repurchases are subject to the discretion of MetLife, Inc.’s Board of Directors and will depend upon the Company’s capital position, liquidity, financial strength and credit ratings, general market conditions, the market price of MetLife, Inc.’s common stock compared to management’s assessment of the stock’s underlying value, applicable regulatory approvals, and other legal and accounting factors.
For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, MetLife, Inc. repurchased 16,898,239 shares and 11,612,945 shares of its common stock, respectively, through open market purchases for $1.2 billion and $780 million, respectively, excluding applicable excise tax. The excise tax is reflected in treasury stock as part of the cost basis of the common stock repurchased.
See Note 20 for information on a subsequent common stock repurchase authorization.
Stock-Based Compensation Plans
Performance Shares and Performance Units
Final Performance Shares are paid in shares of MetLife, Inc. common stock. Final Performance Units are payable in cash equal to the closing price of MetLife, Inc. common stock on a date following the last day of the three-year performance period. The performance factor for the January 1, 2021 – December 31, 2023 performance period was 147.5%, which was determined within a possible range from 0% to 175%. This factor has been applied to the 1,048,303 Performance Shares and 118,848 Performance Units associated with that performance period that vested on December 31, 2023. As a result, in the first quarter of 2024, MetLife, Inc. issued 1,546,247 shares of its common stock (less withholding for taxes and other items, as applicable), excluding shares that payees choose to defer, and MetLife, Inc. or its affiliates paid the cash value of 175,301 Performance Units (less withholding for taxes and other items, as applicable).
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
14. Equity (continued)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Information regarding changes in the balances of each component of AOCI attributable to MetLife, Inc. was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
|  | Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses), Net of Related Offsets (1) |  | Deferred Gains (Losses) on Derivatives |  | Future Policy Benefits Discount Rate Remeasurement Gains (Losses) |  | Market Risk Benefits Instrument-Specific Credit Risk Remeasurement Gains (Losses) |  | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments |  | Defined Benefit Plans Adjustment |  | Total
|  | (In millions)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | (14,506) |  |  | $ | 183 |  |  | $ | 2,658 |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | (6,158) |  |  | $ | (1,446) |  |  | $ | (19,242) |
OCI before reclassifications |  | (3,119) |  |  | (341) |  |  | 2,711 |  |  | (94) |  |  | (217) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (1,062) |
Deferred income tax benefit (expense) |  | 699 |  |  | 76 |  |  | (596) |  |  | 20 |  |  | (90) |  |  | — |  |  | 109 |
AOCI before reclassifications, net of income tax |  | (16,926) |  |  | (82) |  |  | 4,773 |  |  | (47) |  |  | (6,465) |  |  | (1,448) |  |  | (20,195) |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI |  | 145 |  |  | 357 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32 |  |  | 534 |
Deferred income tax benefit (expense) |  | (32) |  |  | (73) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |  |  | (110) |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax |  | 113 |  |  | 284 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 27 |  |  | 424 |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | (16,813) |  |  | $ | 202 |  |  | $ | 4,773 |  |  | $ | (47) |  |  | $ | (6,465) |  |  | $ | (1,421) |  |  | $ | (19,771) |
|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
|  | Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses), Net of Related Offsets (1) |  | Deferred Gains (Losses) on Derivatives |  | Future Policy Benefits Discount Rate Remeasurement Gains (Losses) |  | Market Risk Benefits Instrument-Specific Credit Risk Remeasurement Gains (Losses) |  | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments |  | Defined Benefit Plans Adjustment |  | Total
|  | (In millions)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | (22,646) |  |  | $ | 1,557 |  |  | $ | 6,115 |  |  | $ | 107 |  |  | $ | (6,377) |  |  | $ | (1,377) |  |  | $ | (22,621) |
OCI before reclassifications |  | 7,583 |  |  | 387 |  |  | (4,369) |  |  | 100 |  |  | 282 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 3,979 |
Deferred income tax benefit (expense) |  | (1,728) |  |  | (97) |  |  | 1,002 |  |  | (21) |  |  | (24) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (867) |
AOCI before reclassifications, net of income tax |  | (16,791) |  |  | 1,847 |  |  | 2,748 |  |  | 186 |  |  | (6,119) |  |  | (1,380) |  |  | (19,509) |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI |  | 566 |  |  | (132) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30 |  |  | 464 |
Deferred income tax benefit (expense) |  | (129) |  |  | 33 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6) |  |  | (102) |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax |  | 437 |  |  | (99) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24 |  |  | 362 |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | (16,354) |  |  | $ | 1,748 |  |  | $ | 2,748 |  |  | $ | 186 |  |  | $ | (6,119) |  |  | $ | (1,356) |  |  | $ | (19,147) |

__________________
(1)Primarily unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
14. Equity (continued)
Information regarding amounts reclassified out of each component of AOCI was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
AOCI Components |  | Amounts Reclassified from AOCI |  | Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) Locations
|  | (In millions) |  |
Net unrealized investment gains (losses): |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) |  | $ | (159) |  |  | $ | (611) |  |  | Net investment gains (losses)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) |  | (1) |  |  | 2 |  |  | Net investment income
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) |  | 15 |  |  | 43 |  |  | Net derivative gains (losses)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses), before income tax |  | (145) |  |  | (566) |  |  |
Income tax (expense) benefit |  | 32 |  |  | 129 |  |  |
Net unrealized investment gains (losses), net of income tax |  | (113) |  |  | (437) |  |  |
Deferred gains (losses) on derivatives - cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate derivatives |  | 8 |  |  | 14 |  |  | Net investment income
Interest rate derivatives |  | 2 |  |  | 5 |  |  | Net investment gains (losses)
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | Net investment income
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives |  | (368) |  |  | 111 |  |  | Net investment gains (losses)
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | Other expenses
Gains (losses) on cash flow hedges, before income tax |  | (357) |  |  | 132 |  |  |
Income tax (expense) benefit |  | 73 |  |  | (33) |  |  |
Gains (losses) on cash flow hedges, net of income tax |  | (284) |  |  | 99 |  |  |
Defined benefit plans adjustment: (1) |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of net actuarial gains (losses) |  | (35) |  |  | (33) |  |  |
Amortization of prior service (costs) credit |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  |
Amortization of defined benefit plan items, before income tax |  | (32) |  |  | (30) |  |  |
Income tax (expense) benefit |  | 5 |  |  | 6 |  |  |
Amortization of defined benefit plan items, net of income tax |  | (27) |  |  | (24) |  |  |
Total reclassifications, net of income tax |  | $ | (424) |  |  | $ | (362) |  |  |

__________________
(1)These AOCI components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit costs. See Note 16.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
15. Other Revenues and Other Expenses
Other Revenues
Information on other revenues, which primarily includes fees related to service contracts from customers, was as follows:

|  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  |  |  |  | (In millions)
Vision fee for service arrangements |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 146 |  |  | $ | 159 |
Prepaid legal plans |  |  |  |  |  | 148 |  |  | 131 |
Fee-based investment management |  |  |  |  |  | 98 |  |  | 100 |
Administrative services-only contracts |  |  |  |  |  | 67 |  |  | 64 |
Recordkeeping and administrative services (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 38 |  |  | 37 |
Other revenue from service contracts from customers |  |  |  |  |  | 80 |  |  | 71 |
Total revenues from service contracts from customers |  |  |  |  |  | 577 |  |  | 562 |
Other |  |  |  |  |  | 97 |  |  | 77 |
Total other revenues |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 674 |  |  | $ | 639 |

__________________
(1)Related to products and businesses no longer actively marketed by the Company.
Receivables related to revenues from service contracts from customers were $251 million and $243 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Other Expenses
Information on other expenses was as follows:

|  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  |  |  |  | (In millions)
Employee-related costs (1) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 950 |  |  | $ | 933 |
Third-party staffing costs |  |  |  |  |  | 349 |  |  | 344 |
General and administrative expenses |  |  |  |  |  | 148 |  |  | 143 |
Pension, postretirement and postemployment benefit costs |  |  |  |  |  | 65 |  |  | 59 |
Premium taxes, other taxes, and licenses & fees |  |  |  |  |  | 176 |  |  | 161 |
Commissions and other variable expenses |  |  |  |  |  | 1,503 |  |  | 1,417 |
Capitalization of DAC |  |  |  |  |  | (740) |  |  | (718) |
Amortization of DAC and VOBA |  |  |  |  |  | 508 |  |  | 470 |
Amortization of negative VOBA |  |  |  |  |  | (6) |  |  | (7) |
Interest expense on debt |  |  |  |  |  | 264 |  |  | 255 |
Total other expenses |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,217 |  |  | $ | 3,057 |

__________________
(1)Includes ($50) million and ($38) million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, for the net change in cash surrender value of investments in certain life insurance policies, net of premiums paid.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
16. Employee Benefit Plans
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
Certain subsidiaries of MetLife, Inc. sponsor a U.S. qualified and various U.S. and non-U.S. nonqualified defined benefit pension plans covering employees who meet specified eligibility requirements. These subsidiaries also provide certain postemployment benefits and certain postretirement medical and life insurance benefits for U.S. and non-U.S. retired employees.
The components of net periodic benefit costs, reported in other expenses, were as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits |  | Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
|  | (In millions)
Service costs |  | $ | 40 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | 1 |
Interest costs |  | 114 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 118 |  |  | 11 |
Expected return on plan assets |  | (115) |  |  | (14) |  |  | (120) |  |  | (13) |
Amortization of net actuarial (gains) losses |  | 42 |  |  | (8) |  |  | 39 |  |  | (8) |
Amortization of prior service costs (credit) |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |
Net periodic benefit costs (credit) |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | (11) |  |  | $ | 72 |  |  | $ | (9) |

17. Income Tax
For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the effective tax rate on income (loss) before provision for income tax was 16%. The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2024 differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax benefits from (i) the reversal of previously non-deductible losses, (ii) non-taxable investment income, (iii) low income housing and other tax credits, partially offset by the impact of tax equity investments now accounted for under the proportional amortization method, and (iv) the corporate tax deduction for stock compensation.
For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the effective tax rate on income (loss) before provision for income tax was 67%. The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2023 differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at higher statutory rates than the U.S. statutory rate and foreign losses taxed at lower statutory rates, partially offset by tax benefits from (i) low income housing and other tax credits, (ii) the corporate tax deduction for stock compensation, and (iii) non-taxable investment income.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
18. Earnings Per Common Share
The following table presents the weighted average shares, basic earnings per common share and diluted earnings per common share:

|  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  |  |  |  |  | (In millions, except per share data)
Weighted Average Shares: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common stock outstanding - basic |  |  |  |  |  | 723.2 |  |  | 775.4 |
Incremental common shares from assumed exercise or issuance of stock-based awards |  |  |  |  |  | 5.2 |  |  | 5.8 |
Weighted average common stock outstanding - diluted |  |  |  |  |  | 728.4 |  |  | 781.2 |
Net Income (Loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 875 |  |  | $ | 85 |
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  |  | 5 |
Less: Preferred stock dividends |  |  |  |  |  | 67 |  |  | 66 |
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 800 |  |  | $ | 14 |
Basic |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.11 |  |  | $ | 0.02 |
Diluted |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.10 |  |  | $ | 0.02 |

19. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees
Contingencies
Litigation
The Company is a defendant in a large number of litigation matters. Putative or certified class action litigation and other litigation and claims and assessments against the Company, in addition to those discussed below and those otherwise provided for in the Company’s interim condensed consolidated financial statements, have arisen in the course of the Company’s business, including, but not limited to, in connection with its activities as an insurer, mortgage lending bank, employer, investor, investment advisor, broker-dealer, and taxpayer.
The Company also receives and responds to subpoenas or other inquiries seeking a broad range of information from state regulators, including state insurance commissioners; state attorneys general or other state governmental authorities; federal regulators, including the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission; federal governmental authorities, including congressional committees; and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, as well as from local and national regulators and government authorities in jurisdictions outside the United States where the Company conducts business. The issues involved in information requests and regulatory matters vary widely, but can include inquiries or investigations concerning the Company’s compliance with applicable insurance and other laws and regulations. The Company cooperates in these inquiries.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
19. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)
It is not possible to predict the ultimate outcome of all pending investigations and legal proceedings. The Company establishes liabilities for litigation and regulatory loss contingencies when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. In certain circumstances where liabilities have been established, there may be coverage under one or more corporate insurance policies, pursuant to which there may be an insurance recovery. Insurance recoveries are recognized as gains when any contingencies relating to the insurance claim have been resolved, which is the earlier of when the gains are realized or realizable. It is possible that some of the matters could require the Company to pay damages or make other expenditures or establish accruals in amounts that could not be reasonably estimated at March 31, 2024. While the potential future charges could be material in the particular quarterly or annual periods in which they are recorded, based on information currently known to management, management does not believe any such charges are likely to have a material effect on the Company’s financial position. Given the large and/or indeterminate amounts sought in certain of these matters and the inherent unpredictability of litigation, it is possible that an adverse outcome in certain matters could, from time to time, have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated net income or cash flows in particular quarterly or annual periods.
Matters as to Which an Estimate Can Be Made
For some matters, the Company is able to estimate a reasonably possible range of loss. For matters where a loss is believed to be reasonably possible, but not probable, the Company has not made an accrual. As of March 31, 2024, the Company estimates the aggregate range of reasonably possible losses in excess of amounts accrued for these matters to be $0 to $125 million.
Matters as to Which an Estimate Cannot Be Made
For other matters, the Company is not currently able to estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss. The Company is often unable to estimate the possible loss or range of loss until developments in such matters have provided sufficient information to support an assessment of the range of possible loss, such as quantification of a damage demand from plaintiffs, discovery from other parties and investigation of factual allegations, rulings by the court on motions or appeals, analysis by experts, and the progress of settlement negotiations. On a quarterly and annual basis, the Company reviews relevant information with respect to litigation contingencies and updates its accruals, disclosures and estimates of reasonably possible losses or ranges of loss based on such reviews.
Asbestos-Related Claims
MLIC is and has been a defendant in a large number of asbestos-related suits filed primarily in state courts. These suits principally allege that the plaintiff or plaintiffs suffered personal injury resulting from exposure to asbestos and seek both actual and punitive damages. MLIC has never engaged in the business of manufacturing or selling asbestos-containing products, nor has MLIC issued liability or workers’ compensation insurance to companies in the business of manufacturing or selling asbestos-containing products. The lawsuits principally have focused on allegations with respect to certain research, publication and other activities of one or more of MLIC’s employees during the period from the 1920s through approximately the 1950s and allege that MLIC learned or should have learned of certain health risks posed by asbestos and, among other things, improperly publicized or failed to disclose those health risks. MLIC believes that it should not have legal liability in these cases. The outcome of most asbestos litigation matters, however, is uncertain and can be impacted by numerous variables, including differences in legal rulings in various jurisdictions, the nature of the alleged injury and factors unrelated to the ultimate legal merit of the claims asserted against MLIC.
MLIC’s defenses include that: (i) MLIC owed no duty to the plaintiffs; (ii) plaintiffs did not rely on any actions of MLIC; (iii) MLIC’s conduct was not the cause of the plaintiffs’ injuries; and (iv) plaintiffs’ exposure occurred after the dangers of asbestos were known. During the course of the litigation, certain trial courts have granted motions dismissing claims against MLIC, while other trial courts have denied MLIC’s motions. There can be no assurance that MLIC will receive favorable decisions on motions in the future. While most cases brought to date have settled, MLIC intends to continue to defend aggressively against claims based on asbestos exposure, including defending claims at trials.
As reported in the 2023 Annual Report, MLIC received approximately 2,565 asbestos-related claims in 2023. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, MLIC received approximately 783 and 587 new asbestos-related claims, respectively. See Note 24 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2023 Annual Report for historical information concerning asbestos claims and MLIC’s update in its recorded liability at December 31, 2023. The number of asbestos cases that may be brought, the aggregate amount of any liability that MLIC may incur, and the total amount paid in settlements in any given year are uncertain and may vary significantly from year to year.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
19. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)
The ability of MLIC to estimate its ultimate asbestos exposure is subject to considerable uncertainty, and the conditions impacting its liability can be dynamic and subject to change. The availability of reliable data is limited and it is difficult to predict the numerous variables that can affect liability estimates, including the number of future claims, the cost to resolve claims, the disease mix and severity of disease in pending and future claims, the willingness of courts to allow plaintiffs to pursue claims against MLIC when exposure to asbestos took place after the dangers of asbestos exposure were well known, and the impact of any possible future adverse verdicts and their amounts.
The ability to make estimates regarding ultimate asbestos exposure declines significantly as the estimates relate to years further in the future. In the Company’s judgment, there is a future point after which losses cease to be probable and reasonably estimable. It is reasonably possible that the Company’s total exposure to asbestos claims may be materially greater than the asbestos liability currently accrued and that future charges to income may be necessary, but management does not believe any such charges are likely to have a material effect on the Company’s financial position.
The Company believes adequate provision has been made in its interim condensed consolidated financial statements for all probable and reasonably estimable losses for asbestos-related claims. MLIC’s recorded asbestos liability covers pending claims, claims not yet asserted, and legal defense costs and is based on estimates and includes significant assumptions underlying its analysis.
MLIC reevaluates on a quarterly and annual basis its exposure from asbestos litigation, including studying its claims experience, reviewing external literature regarding asbestos claims experience in the United States, assessing relevant trends impacting asbestos liability and considering numerous variables that can affect its asbestos liability exposure on an overall or per claim basis. Based upon its regular reevaluation of its exposure from asbestos litigation, MLIC has updated its liability analysis for asbestos-related claims through March 31, 2024.
Total Asset Recovery Services, LLC. v. MetLife, Inc., et al. (Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York, filed December 27, 2017)
Total Asset Recovery Services (the “Relator”) brought an action under the qui tam provision of the New York False Claims Act (the “Act”) on behalf of itself and the State of New York. The Relator originally filed this action under seal in 2010, and the complaint was unsealed on December 19, 2017. The Relator alleges that MetLife, Inc., MLIC, and several other insurance companies violated the Act by filing false unclaimed property reports with the State of New York from 1986 to 2017, to avoid having to escheat the proceeds of more than 25,000 life insurance policies, including policies for which the defendants escheated funds as part of their demutualizations in the late 1990s. The Relator seeks treble damages and other relief. The Appellate Division of the New York State Supreme Court, First Department, reversed the court’s order granting MetLife, Inc. and MLIC’s motion to dismiss and remanded the case to the trial court where the Relator has filed an amended complaint. The Company intends to defend the action vigorously.
Matters Related to Group Annuity Benefits
In 2018, the Company announced that it identified a material weakness in its internal control over financial reporting related to the practices and procedures for estimating reserves for certain group annuity benefits. Several regulators have made inquiries into the issue and it is possible that other jurisdictions may pursue similar investigations or inquiries. The Company could be exposed to lawsuits and additional legal actions relating to the issue. These may result in payments, including damages, fines, penalties, interest and other amounts assessed or awarded by courts or regulatory authorities under applicable escheat, tax, securities, Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, or other laws or regulations. The Company could incur significant costs in connection with these actions.
Commitments
Mortgage Loan Commitments
The Company commits to lend funds under mortgage loan commitments. The amounts of these mortgage loan commitments were $2.7 billion and $4.0 billion at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Commitments to Fund Partnership Investments, Bank Credit Facilities and Private Corporate Bond Investments
The Company commits to fund partnership investments and to lend funds under bank credit facilities and private corporate bond investments. The amounts of these unfunded commitments were $8.6 billion and $9.2 billion at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
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MetLife, Inc.
Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)
19. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)
Guarantees
In the normal course of its business, the Company has provided certain indemnities and guarantees to third parties such that it may be required to make payments now or in the future. In the context of acquisition, disposition, investment and other transactions, the Company has provided indemnities and guarantees, including those related to tax, environmental and other specific liabilities and other indemnities and guarantees that are triggered by, among other things, breaches of representations, warranties or covenants provided by the Company. In addition, in the normal course of business, the Company provides indemnifications to counterparties in contracts with triggers similar to the foregoing, as well as for certain other liabilities, such as third-party lawsuits. These obligations are often subject to time limitations that vary in duration, including contractual limitations and those that arise by operation of law, such as applicable statutes of limitation. In some cases, the maximum potential obligation under the indemnities and guarantees is subject to a contractual limitation ranging from less than $1 million to $329 million, with a cumulative maximum of $636 million, while in other cases such limitations are not specified or applicable. Since certain of these obligations are not subject to limitations, the Company does not believe that it is possible to determine the maximum potential amount that could become due under these guarantees in the future. Management believes that it is unlikely the Company will have to make any material payments under these indemnities or guarantees.
In addition, the Company indemnifies its directors and officers as provided in its charters and by-laws. Also, the Company indemnifies its agents for liabilities incurred as a result of their representation of the Company’s interests. Since these indemnities are generally not subject to limitation with respect to duration or amount, the Company does not believe that it is possible to determine the maximum potential amount that could become due under these indemnities in the future.
The Company also has minimum fund yield requirements on certain pension funds. Since these guarantees are not subject to limitation with respect to duration or amount, the Company does not believe that it is possible to determine the maximum potential amount that could become due under these guarantees in the future.
The Company’s recorded liabilities were $19 million at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, for indemnities and guarantees.
20. Subsequent Events
Common Stock Repurchase Authorization
On May 1, 2024, MetLife, Inc. announced that its Board of Directors authorized an additional $3.0 billion of common stock repurchases.
Senior Notes
In April 2024, MetLife, Inc. redeemed for $438 million in cash all of its £350 million aggregate principal amount outstanding 5.375% senior notes due December 2024.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Index to Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

| Page
Forward-Looking Statements and Other Financial Information | 96
Industry Trends | 96
Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates | 98
Acquisitions and Dispositions | 98
Results of Operations | 99
Investments | 114
Derivatives | 128
Liquidity and Capital Resources | 129
Adopted Accounting Pronouncements | 136
Future Adoption of Accounting Pronouncements | 136
Non-GAAP and Other Financial Disclosures | 136
Risk Management | 138
Subsequent Events | 138

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Forward-Looking Statements and Other Financial Information
For purposes of this discussion, “MetLife,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” refer to MetLife, Inc., a Delaware corporation incorporated in 1999, its subsidiaries and affiliates. This discussion should be read in conjunction with MetLife, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (the “2023 Annual Report”), the cautionary language regarding forward-looking statements included below, the “Risk Factors” set forth in Part II, Item 1A, and the additional risk factors referred to therein, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” and the Company’s interim condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere herein.
This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations may contain or incorporate by reference information that includes or is based upon forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. See “Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” for cautionary language regarding forward-looking statements.
This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations includes references to our performance measures, adjusted earnings and adjusted earnings available to common shareholders, that are not based on accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). See “— Non-GAAP and Other Financial Disclosures” for definitions and a discussion of these and other financial measures, and “— Results of Operations” and “— Investments” for reconciliations of historical non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures.
Industry Trends
We continue to be impacted by the changing global financial and economic environment that has been affecting the industry.
Financial and Economic Environment
Our business and results of operations are materially affected by conditions in the global financial markets and the economy generally due to our market presence in numerous countries, our large investment portfolio and the sensitivity of our insurance liabilities and derivatives to changing market factors.
We are closely monitoring political and economic conditions that might contribute to global market volatility and impact our business operations, investment portfolio and derivatives, such as global inflation, supply chain disruptions, acts of war, and banking sector volatility. We are also monitoring the imposition of tariffs, sanctions or other barriers to international trade, changes to international trade agreements, and their potential impacts on our business, results of operations and financial condition. See “— Investments — Current Environment,” as well as “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Industry Trends — Impact of Market Interest Rates — Effects of Inflation” in the 2023 Annual Report.
Governments and central banks around the world use fiscal and monetary policies to address uncertain economic conditions. In the United States (“U.S.”), the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“Federal Reserve Board”) and the Federal Open Market Committee took various actions in 2023 to promote economic stability and combat inflation, including raising interest rates. Rates have remained steady in 2024, reflecting lower inflation. The European Central Bank and Bank of England have been taking similar actions. The Bank of Japan (“BoJ”) has, until recently, mostly kept its policy settings on hold, reflecting a more cautious view on growth and inflation. The Japanese yen has weakened against the U.S. dollar reflecting policy divergence between the BoJ and the Federal Reserve Board.
Impact of Market Interest Rates
Market interest rates are a key driver of our results. Increases and decreases in such rates, as well as extended periods of stagnation, may impact our business and investments in various ways. For a discussion of the potential impact of low and rising interest rates, and inflation, as well as management actions taken in response to the changing U.S. interest rate environment, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Industry Trends — Impact of Market Interest Rates” and “Risk Factors — Economic Environment and Capital Markets Risks” included in the 2023 Annual Report.
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Competitive Pressures
See “Business — Competition” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Industry Trends — Competitive Pressures” in the 2023 Annual Report for information on our competitive position.
Regulatory Developments
The following discussion on regulatory developments should be read in conjunction with “Business — Regulation” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Industry Trends — Regulatory Developments” included in the 2023 Annual Report, as amended or supplemented here.
State Insurance Regulation
Surplus and Capital
Investments
The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) is focused on enhancing regulatory oversight of insurers’ investments in complex assets, such as structured securities. In connection with evaluating the risks of investing in leveraged loans and collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”), the NAIC adopted an amendment to the Purposes and Procedures Manual in 2023. Under the amendment, the NAIC Structured Securities Group (“SSG”) will assign risk weights to CLOs based on its own modeling, as opposed to credit ratings. The SSG will model CLO investments and evaluate tranche level losses across all debt tranches under a series of calibrated and weighted collateral stress scenarios to assign NAIC designations that minimize risk-based capital (“RBC”) arbitrage. The NAIC’s goal is to ensure that the aggregate RBC factor for owning all tranches of a CLO is similar to that required for owning all of the underlying loan collateral. Insurers are required to begin reporting the financially modeled NAIC designations for CLOs with their year-end 2024 financial statement filings, although the NAIC announced in March 2024 that implementation is expected to be delayed by a year to allow more time to develop the modeling methodology. The delay requires an amendment to the Purposes and Procedures Manual, which the NAIC is likely to adopt in August 2024.
Standards of Conduct, ERISA, Fiduciary Considerations, and Other Pension and Retirement Regulation
In 2023, the U.S. Department of Labor (the “DOL”) proposed a regulation to change the definition of “fiduciary” for purposes of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”) and parallel provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), when a financial professional, including an insurance producer, provides investment advice, and to amend various existing prohibited transaction exemptions (“PTEs”) that financial professionals rely on when making recommendations. On April 23, 2024, the DOL finalized and published this new definition of “fiduciary” for purposes of ERISA and parallel provisions of the Code and finalized and published amendments to these PTEs. We are evaluating the potential impact of these developments on our business, particularly as it pertains to the sale of insurance, annuity and welfare benefit products to retirement investors.
Management of Climate Risk
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) is also continuing its focus on climate, and environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) risks and opportunities and has published its rulemaking list which contains certain ESG-related rulemakings that the SEC is considering. In March 2024, the SEC adopted final rules requiring registrants to provide additional climate-related information in their registration statements and annual reports, including in their financial statements. The final rules set forth requirements for disclosure of material climate-related risks, mitigation activities, targets and goals, and governance. The rules also require disclosure of certain greenhouse gas emissions metrics and attestation of emissions disclosures. In addition, the final rules require disclosure of information relating to the financial statement effects of severe weather events and other natural conditions. The rules include a phased-in compliance period beginning with the 2025 fiscal year for large accelerated reporting companies, including MetLife, Inc. Multiple parties initiated litigation challenging the final rules, and in April 2024, the SEC voluntarily stayed the final rules pending completion of judicial review. In 2022, the SEC also proposed rules requiring registered investment companies, business development companies, and registered and certain unregistered investment advisers to disclose in their fund prospectuses, annual reports and Form ADV information about how funds and advisers incorporate ESG factors into their investment strategies.
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Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to adopt accounting policies and make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported on the interim condensed consolidated financial statements. The most critical estimates include those used in determining:
(i)future policy benefit liabilities (“FPBs”), market risk benefits (“MRBs”) and the accounting for reinsurance;
(ii)estimated fair values of investments in the absence of quoted market values;
(iii)investment allowance for credit loss (“ACL”) and impairments;
(iv)estimated fair values of freestanding derivatives;
(v)measurement of goodwill and related impairment;
(vi)measurement of employee benefit plan liabilities;
(vii)measurement of income taxes and the valuation of deferred tax assets; and
(viii)liabilities for litigation and regulatory matters.
In addition, the application of acquisition accounting requires the use of estimation techniques in determining the estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed — the most significant of which relate to the aforementioned critical accounting estimates. In applying these policies and estimates, management makes subjective and complex judgments that frequently require assumptions about matters that are inherently uncertain. Many of these policies, estimates and related judgments are common in the insurance and financial services industries; others are specific to our business and operations. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
The Company’s critical accounting estimates are described in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates” and Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2023 Annual Report.
Acquisitions and Dispositions
Pending Disposition of MetLife Malaysia
For information regarding the Company’s pending disposition of its ownership interests in AmMetLife Insurance Berhad (Malaysia) and AmMetLife Takaful Berhad (Malaysia) (collectively, “MetLife Malaysia”), each an operating joint venture accounted for under the equity method, see Note 3 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Results of Operations
Overview
MetLife is one of the world’s leading financial services companies, providing insurance, annuities, employee benefits and asset management. In the fourth quarter of 2023, MetLife reorganized from five segments into the following six segments to reflect changes in management’s responsibilities: Group Benefits; Retirement and Income Solutions (“RIS”); Asia; Latin America; Europe, the Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”); and MetLife Holdings. The Group Benefits and RIS businesses were previously reported as the U.S. segment. These changes were applied retrospectively and did not have an impact on prior period total consolidated net income (loss) or adjusted earnings. In addition, the Company continues to report certain of its results of operations in Corporate & Other. See Note 2 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on the Company’s segments and Corporate & Other.
Key Financial Highlights
•Net income available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders of $800 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $14 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023.
•Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders of $1.3 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $1.2 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2023.
Consolidated Results

|  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  |  |  |  |  | (In millions)
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 10,053 |  |  | $ | 9,589 |
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees |  |  |  |  |  | 1,248 |  |  | 1,289 |
Net investment income |  |  |  |  |  | 5,436 |  |  | 4,645 |
Other revenues |  |  |  |  |  | 674 |  |  | 639 |
Net investment gains (losses) |  |  |  |  |  | (375) |  |  | (684) |
Net derivative gains (losses) |  |  |  |  |  | (979) |  |  | (90) |
Total revenues |  |  |  |  |  | 16,057 |  |  | 15,388 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends |  |  |  |  |  | 10,221 |  |  | 10,031 |
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gains) losses |  |  |  |  |  | (22) |  |  | (9) |
Market risk benefit remeasurement (gains) losses |  |  |  |  |  | (694) |  |  | 188 |
Interest credited to policyholder account balances |  |  |  |  |  | 2,290 |  |  | 1,864 |
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs and value of business acquired |  |  |  |  |  | 508 |  |  | 470 |
Amortization of negative value of business acquired |  |  |  |  |  | (6) |  |  | (7) |
Interest expense on debt |  |  |  |  |  | 264 |  |  | 255 |
Other expenses, net of capitalization of deferred policy acquisition costs |  |  |  |  |  | 2,451 |  |  | 2,339 |
Total expenses |  |  |  |  |  | 15,012 |  |  | 15,131 |
Income (loss) before provision for income tax |  |  |  |  |  | 1,045 |  |  | 257 |
Provision for income tax expense (benefit) |  |  |  |  |  | 170 |  |  | 172 |
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  | 875 |  |  | 85 |
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  |  | 5 |
Net income (loss) attributable to MetLife, Inc. |  |  |  |  |  | 867 |  |  | 80 |
Less: Preferred stock dividends |  |  |  |  |  | 67 |  |  | 66 |
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 800 |  |  | $ | 14 |

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Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 Compared with the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders - Increased $786 million primarily due to the following:
Net Investment Gains (Losses)(1) - Favorable change of $309 million ($244 million, net of income tax):
•Lower losses on sales of fixed maturity securities
•Lower impairment losses on mortgage loans
Partially offset by:
•Losses on foreign currency transactions in the current period
•Losses on other limited partnerships in the current period
Net Derivative Gains (Losses)(2) - Unfavorable change of $889 million ($702 million, net of income tax)(3):
•Long-term interest rates increased in the current period versus decreased in the prior period - unfavorable impact to the estimated fair value of receiver swaps and swaptions
•The U.S. dollar strengthened more significantly against the Japanese yen in the current period compared to the prior period - unfavorable impact to the estimated fair value of sell-U.S. dollar currency forwards
Market Risk Benefit Remeasurement (Gains) Losses(4) - Favorable change of $882 million ($697 million, net of income tax):
•Long-term interest rates increased in the current period versus decreased in the prior period
Adjusted Earnings(5) - Favorable change of $150 million. See “— Consolidated Results — Adjusted Earnings.”
Taxes - Favorable change in effective tax rate - 16% in the current period versus 67% in the prior period
•Current period effective tax rate on income before provision for income tax was 16% versus the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax benefits from:
•The reversal of previously non-deductible losses
•Non-taxable investment income
•Low income housing and other tax credits, partially offset by the impact of tax equity investments now accounted for under the proportional amortization method
•Corporate tax deduction for stock compensation
•Prior period effective tax rate on income before provision for income tax was 67% versus the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax charges from:
•Foreign earnings taxed at higher statutory rates than the U.S. statutory rate and foreign losses taxed at lower statutory rates
Partially offset by tax benefits from:
•Low income housing and other tax credits
•Corporate tax deduction for stock compensation
•Non-taxable investment income
__________________
(1) See “— Investments — Overview” and “— Investments — Investment Portfolio Results — Net Investment Gains (Losses)” for information regarding management of our investment portfolio.
(2) See “— Derivatives — Net Derivative Gains (Losses)” for information regarding the use of derivatives to hedge market risk.
(3) Includes amounts relating to investment hedge adjustments, which are also included in adjusted earnings available to common shareholders. See “— Investments — Investment Portfolio Results” for additional information.
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(4) See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on the Company’s MRBs.
(5) As used in “— Consolidated Results — Adjusted Earnings” and as more fully described in “— Non-GAAP and Other Financial Disclosures,” we refer to adjusted earnings, which does not equate to net income (loss), as determined in accordance with GAAP, to analyze our performance, evaluate segment performance, and allocate resources. We believe that the presentation of adjusted earnings and other financial measures based on adjusted earnings, as we measure it for management purposes, enhances the understanding of our performance by highlighting the results of operations and the underlying profitability drivers of the business. Adjusted earnings and other financial measures based on adjusted earnings allow analysis of our performance relative to our business plan and facilitate comparisons to industry results. Adjusted earnings should not be viewed as a substitute for net income (loss). Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders and adjusted earnings available to common shareholders on a constant currency basis should not be viewed as substitutes for net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders.
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Reconciliation of net income (loss) to adjusted earnings available to common shareholders and premiums, fees and other revenues to adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024

|  | Group Benefits |  | RIS |  | Asia |  | Latin America |  | EMEA |  | MetLife Holdings |  | Corporate & Other |  | Total
|  | (In millions)
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.'s common shareholders | $ | 291 |  |  | $ | 290 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 188 |  |  | $ | (87) |  |  | $ | 800 |
Add: Preferred stock dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 67 |  |  | 67 |
Add: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 8 |
Net income (loss) | 291 |  |  | 290 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 188 |  |  | (14) |  |  | 875 |
Less: adjustments from net income (loss) to adjusted earnings available to common shareholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues:
| Net investment gains (losses) | (24) |  |  | (121) |  |  | (131) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (37) |  |  | (286) |  |  | 227 |  |  | (375) |
| Net derivative gains (losses) | 53 |  |  | 68 |  |  | (572) |  |  | (202) |  |  | (14) |  |  | (299) |  |  | (13) |  |  | (979) |
| Premiums | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Universal life and investment-type product policy fees | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Net investment income | (20) |  |  | (78) |  |  | 232 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 263 |  |  | (50) |  |  | 5 |  |  | 368 |
| Other revenues | — |  |  | (20) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 39 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 27 |
Expenses:
| Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | 67 |  |  | (33) |  |  | — |  |  | 19 |  |  | — |  |  | 53 |
| Policyholder liability remeasurement (gains) losses | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Market risk benefit remeasurement (gains) losses | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | 29 |  |  | 640 |  |  | — |  |  | 694 |
| Interest credited to policyholder account balances | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (236) |  |  | (40) |  |  | (262) |  |  | (26) |  |  | — |  |  | (563) |
| Capitalization of deferred policy acquisition costs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs and value of business acquired | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Amortization of negative value of business acquired | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Interest expense on debt | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Other expenses | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (12) |  |  | (11) |
| Goodwill impairment | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Provision for income tax (expense) benefit | (2) |  |  | 29 |  |  | 230 |  |  | 71 |  |  | (5) |  |  | (8) |  |  | (55) |  |  | 260 |
Adjusted earnings | $ | 284 |  |  | $ | 399 |  |  | $ | 423 |  |  | $ | 233 |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 159 |  |  | (174) |  |  | 1,401 |
Less: Preferred stock dividends |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 67 |  |  | 67 |
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (241) |  |  | $ | 1,334 |
Premiums, fees and other revenues | $ | 6,330 |  |  | $ | 793 |  |  | $ | 1,744 |  |  | $ | 1,496 |  |  | $ | 620 |  |  | $ | 880 |  |  | $ | 112 |  |  | $ | 11,975 |
Less: adjustments to premiums, fees and other revenues | — |  |  | (20) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 39 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 27 |
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues | $ | 6,330 |  |  | $ | 813 |  |  | $ | 1,744 |  |  | $ | 1,496 |  |  | $ | 620 |  |  | $ | 841 |  |  | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | 11,948 |

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Three Months Ended March 31, 2023

|  | Group Benefits |  | RIS |  | Asia |  | Latin America |  | EMEA |  | MetLife Holdings |  | Corporate & Other |  | Total
|  | (In millions)
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.'s common shareholders | $ | 267 |  |  | $ | 130 |  |  | $ | (277) |  |  | $ | 272 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | (439) |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 14 |
Add: Preferred stock dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 66 |  |  | 66 |
Add: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 5 |
Net income (loss) | 267 |  |  | 130 |  |  | (277) |  |  | 273 |  |  | 59 |  |  | (439) |  |  | 72 |  |  | 85 |
Less: adjustments from net income (loss) to adjusted earnings available to common shareholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues:
| Net investment gains (losses) | 6 |  |  | (184) |  |  | (617) |  |  | (2) |  |  | 9 |  |  | (145) |  |  | 249 |  |  | (684) |
| Net derivative gains (losses) | (24) |  |  | 19 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 221 |  |  | (23) |  |  | (380) |  |  | 61 |  |  | (90) |
| Premiums | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Universal life and investment-type product policy fees | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Net investment income | (33) |  |  | (120) |  |  | 112 |  |  | (28) |  |  | 176 |  |  | (71) |  |  | 3 |  |  | 39 |
| Other revenues | — |  |  | (18) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | (3) |
Expenses:
| Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | 14 |  |  | (82) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (70) |
| Policyholder liability remeasurement (gains) losses | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Market risk benefit remeasurement (gains) losses | — |  |  | (36) |  |  | (4) |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | (160) |  |  | — |  |  | (188) |
| Interest credited to policyholder account balances | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | (124) |  |  | (28) |  |  | (169) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (322) |
| Capitalization of deferred policy acquisition costs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs and value of business acquired | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Amortization of negative value of business acquired | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Interest expense on debt | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Other expenses | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (28) |  |  | (27) |
| Goodwill impairment | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Provision for income tax (expense) benefit | 11 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 26 |  |  | (25) |  |  | (6) |  |  | 159 |  |  | (57) |  |  | 180 |
Adjusted earnings | $ | 307 |  |  | $ | 400 |  |  | $ | 280 |  |  | $ | 215 |  |  | $ | 60 |  |  | $ | 158 |  |  | (170) |  |  | 1,250 |
Less: Preferred stock dividends |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 66 |  |  | 66 |
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (236) |  |  | $ | 1,184 |
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders on a constant currency basis (1) | $ | 307 |  |  | $ | 400 |  |  | $ | 269 |  |  | $ | 221 |  |  | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | 158 |  |  | $ | (236) |  |  | $ | 1,176 |
Premiums, fees and other revenues | $ | 6,049 |  |  | $ | 630 |  |  | $ | 1,794 |  |  | $ | 1,372 |  |  | $ | 582 |  |  | $ | 959 |  |  | $ | 131 |  |  | $ | 11,517 |
Less: adjustments to premiums, fees and other revenues | — |  |  | (18) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | (3) |
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues | $ | 6,049 |  |  | $ | 648 |  |  | $ | 1,794 |  |  | $ | 1,372 |  |  | $ | 581 |  |  | $ | 959 |  |  | $ | 117 |  |  | $ | 11,520 |
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues on a constant currency basis (1) | $ | 6,049 |  |  | $ | 648 |  |  | $ | 1,659 |  |  | $ | 1,380 |  |  | $ | 568 |  |  | $ | 959 |  |  | $ | 117 |  |  | $ | 11,380 |

__________________
(1)Amounts for Group Benefits, RIS, MetLife Holdings and Corporate & Other are shown on a reported basis, as constant currency impact is not significant.
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Consolidated Results — Adjusted Earnings
Business Overview. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased $428 million, or 4%, compared to the prior period. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues, net of foreign currency fluctuations, increased $568 million, or 5%, compared to the prior period due to growth across most of our segments, partially offset by the expected decline in our MetLife Holdings segment from business run-off.

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  |  |  | (In millions)
Group Benefits |  |  |  |  | $ | 284 |  |  | $ | 307 |
RIS |  |  |  |  | 399 |  |  | 400 |
Asia |  |  |  |  | 423 |  |  | 280 |
Latin America |  |  |  |  | 233 |  |  | 215
EMEA |  |  |  |  | 77 |  |  | 60
MetLife Holdings |  |  |  |  | 159 |  |  | 158
Corporate & Other |  |  |  |  | (241) |  |  | (236) |
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,334 |  |  | $ | 1,184 |
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders on a constant currency basis |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,334 |  |  | $ | 1,176 |
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,948 |  |  | $ | 11,520 |
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues on a constant currency basis |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,948 |  |  | $ | 11,380 |

Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 Compared with the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax and foreign currency fluctuations. Foreign currency fluctuations can result in significant variances in the financial statement line items.
Adjusted Earnings Available to Common Shareholders - Increased $150 million on a reported basis, primarily due to the following business drivers:
Reinsurance Transaction - Decreased adjusted earnings by approximately $50 million as a result of the reinsurance transaction that closed in November 2023
Foreign Currency - Decreased adjusted earnings by $8 million, primarily in our Asia segment
Market Factors - Increased adjusted earnings by $220 million:
•Variable investment income increased - higher returns on private equity funds
•Recurring investment income increased - higher yields on fixed income securities and mortgage loans, partially offset by lower derivative income, as well as lower average invested assets in our MetLife Holdings segment due to business run-off
Partially offset by:
•Higher average interest crediting rates on investment-type and certain insurance products, primarily in our RIS and Asia segments
Volume Growth - Increased adjusted earnings by $21 million:
•Higher average invested assets primarily in our Latin America and RIS segments
•Higher sales and business growth in our foreign segments
Largely offset by:
•Increase in interest credited expenses on long duration products primarily in our Latin America and RIS segments
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Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments - Increased adjusted earnings by $25 million:
•Favorable underwriting experience primarily in our Asia and EMEA segments
•Lower dividend expense due to business run-off in our MetLife Holdings segment
Partially offset by:
•Unfavorable mortality primarily in our RIS segment
Expenses - Decreased adjusted earnings by $37 million:
•Higher direct expenses, including employee-related and technology costs, in most of our segments
Partially offset by:
•Lower corporate-related expenses, primarily in Corporate & Other
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Segment Results and Corporate & Other
Group Benefits
Business Overview. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased $281 million, or 5%, compared to the prior period, primarily driven by growth in both core and voluntary products.

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  |  |  |  | (In millions)
Total adjusted revenues |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,645 |  |  | $ | 6,359 |
Total adjusted expenses |  |  |  |  | 6,286 |  |  | 5,968 |
Provision for income tax expense (benefit) |  |  |  |  | 75 |  |  | 84 |
Adjusted earnings |  |  |  |  | $ | 284 |  |  | $ | 307 |
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,330 |  |  | $ | 6,049 |

Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 Compared with the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.
Adjusted Earnings - Decreased $23 million primarily due to the following business drivers:
Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments - Decreased adjusted earnings by $17 million:
•Unfavorable change from refinements to certain insurance and other liabilities in both periods
•Unfavorable morbidity - higher incidence in disability businesses and an unfavorable change in dental prior year development
Expenses - Decreased adjusted earnings by $9 million:
•Higher technology, employee-related and various other operating expenses exceeded the corresponding increase in adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues
Retirement & Income Solutions
Business Overview. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased $165 million, or 25%, compared to the prior period. The increase was primarily due to growth in our structured settlements and the United Kingdom (“U.K.”) longevity reinsurance businesses. Changes in RIS premiums are generally offset by a corresponding change in policyholder benefits.

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  |  |  |  | (In millions)
Total adjusted revenues |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,902 |  |  | $ | 2,462 |
Total adjusted expenses |  |  |  |  | 2,398 |  |  | 1,957 |
Provision for income tax expense (benefit) |  |  |  |  | 105 |  |  | 105 |
Adjusted earnings |  |  |  |  | $ | 399 |  |  | $ | 400 |
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues |  |  |  |  | $ | 813 |  |  | $ | 648 |

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Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 Compared with the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.
Adjusted Earnings - Decreased $1 million primarily due to the following business drivers:
Market Factors - Increased adjusted earnings by $28 million:
•Recurring investment income increased - higher yields on fixed income securities and mortgage loans, partially offset by lower derivative income
•Variable investment income increased - higher returns on private equity funds
Largely offset by:
•Higher average interest crediting rates on investment-type products
Volume Growth - Increased adjusted earnings by $6 million:
• Positive flows from pension risk transfer transactions and funding agreement issuances resulted in higher average invested assets
Partially offset by:
•Increase in interest credited expenses on long duration products
Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments - Decreased adjusted earnings by $29 million:
•Less favorable mortality - annuity businesses
Expenses - Decreased adjusted earnings by $8 million:
•Higher expenses, including technology and certain employee-related costs
Asia
Business Overview. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2024 decreased $50 million, or 3%, compared to the prior period. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues, net of foreign currency fluctuations, increased $85 million, or 5%, compared to the prior period, as increases in premiums in Korea and Australia, as well as fee income from Japan’s foreign currency life and annuity products, were partially offset by a decrease in premiums from Japan’s yen-denominated life products.

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  |  |  |  | (In millions)
Total adjusted revenues |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,852 |  |  | $ | 2,675 |
Total adjusted expenses |  |  |  |  | 2,270 |  |  | 2,270 |
Provision for income tax expense (benefit) |  |  |  |  | 159 |  |  | 125 |
Adjusted earnings |  |  |  |  | $ | 423 |  |  | $ | 280 |
Adjusted earnings on a constant currency basis |  |  |  |  | $ | 423 |  |  | $ | 269 |
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,744 |  |  | $ | 1,794 |
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues on a constant currency basis |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,744 |  | $ | 1,659

Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 Compared with the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax and foreign currency fluctuations. Foreign currency fluctuations can result in significant variances in the financial statement line items.
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Adjusted Earnings - Increased $143 million on a reported basis, primarily due to the following business drivers:
Foreign Currency - Decreased adjusted earnings by $11 million:
•Japanese yen and Korean won weakened against the U.S. dollar
Market Factors - Increased adjusted earnings by $96 million:
•Variable investment income increased - higher returns on private equity funds
•Recurring investment income increased - higher yields on fixed income securities
Partially offset by:
•Higher average interest crediting rates on investment-type and certain insurance products
Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments - Increased adjusted earnings by $32 million:
•Higher surrender charges in Japan
Taxes - Increased adjusted earnings by $19 million:
•Favorable change in Korea - tax benefits due to a tax audit settlement in the current period and lower dividend withholding tax as a result of a rate decrease
•Favorable change in Japan - tax benefits from higher foreign earnings taxed at lower rates in the current period
Latin America
Business Overview. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased $124 million, or 9%, compared to the prior period. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues, net of foreign currency fluctuations, increased $116 million, or 8%, compared to the prior period, mainly driven by strong sales and solid persistency across the region.

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  |  |  |  | (In millions)
Total adjusted revenues |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,882 |  |  | $ | 1,751 |
Total adjusted expenses |  |  |  |  | 1,551 |  |  | 1,448 |
Provision for income tax expense (benefit) |  |  |  |  | 98 |  |  | 88 |
Adjusted earnings |  |  |  |  | $ | 233 |  |  | $ | 215 |
Adjusted earnings on a constant currency basis |  |  |  |  | $ | 233 |  |  | $ | 221 |
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,496 |  |  | $ | 1,372 |
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues on a constant currency basis |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,496 |  |  | $ | 1,380 |

Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 Compared with the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax and foreign currency fluctuations. Foreign currency fluctuations can result in significant variances in the financial statement line items.
Adjusted Earnings - Increased $18 million on a reported basis primarily due to the following business drivers:
Foreign Currency - Increased adjusted earnings by $6 million:
•Mexican peso strengthened against the U.S. dollar
Largely offset by:
•Chilean peso weakened against the U.S. dollar
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Market Factors - Increased adjusted earnings by $5 million:
•Recurring investment income increased - increase in bond index returns on our Chilean encaje within fair value option (“FVO”) securities and higher yields on fixed income securities, primarily in Mexico and Chile, partially offset by lower earnings from a joint venture investment in Chile
Largely offset by:
•Unfavorable impact of lower inflation, primarily in Chile
Volume Growth - Increased adjusted earnings by $15 million:
•Higher sales, primarily in Mexico and Chile
•Higher average invested assets, primarily in Chile
Partially offset by:
•Increase in interest credited expenses on long duration products
Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments - Increased adjusted earnings by $12 million:
•Favorable refinements to certain insurance liabilities primarily in Chile and Mexico
Partially offset by:
•Unfavorable underwriting - prior period reduction to the incurred but not reported reserve in Mexico
Expenses - Decreased adjusted earnings by $11 million:
•Higher corporate-related and various other operating expenses, primarily in Mexico and Chile
Other - Decreased adjusted earnings by $7 million - includes amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs (“DAC”)
EMEA
Business Overview. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased $39 million, or 7%, compared to the prior period. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues, net of foreign currency fluctuations, increased $52 million, or 9%, compared to the prior period primarily due to increases in our (i) corporate solutions business in the Gulf, the U.K. and Egypt, (ii) credit life business in Turkey and Romania, and (iii) accident & health business across the region.

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  |  |  |  | (In millions)
Total adjusted revenues |  |  |  |  | $ | 674 |  |  | $ | 626 |
Total adjusted expenses |  |  |  |  | 571 |  |  | 550 |
Provision for income tax expense (benefit) |  |  |  |  | 26 |  |  | 16 |
Adjusted earnings |  |  |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 60 |
Adjusted earnings on a constant currency basis |  |  |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 57 |
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues |  |  |  |  | $ | 620 |  |  | $ | 581 |
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues on a constant currency basis |  |  |  |  | $ | 620 |  |  | $ | 568 |

Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 Compared with the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax and foreign currency fluctuations. Foreign currency fluctuations can result in significant variances in the financial statement line items.
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Adjusted Earnings - Increased $17 million on a reported basis, primarily due to the following business drivers:
Foreign Currency - Decreased adjusted earnings by $3 million:
•Turkish lira weakened against the U.S. dollar
Market Factors - Increased adjusted earnings by $7 million:
•Recurring investment income increased - higher yields on fixed income securities
Volume Growth - Increased adjusted earnings by $7 million:
•Increase in sales and business growth:
•Corporate solutions business in the Gulf, the U.K. and Egypt
•Accident & health business across the region
•Credit life business in Turkey
Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments - Increased adjusted earnings by $19 million:
•Favorable underwriting experience across the region
•Favorable change from refinements to certain insurance liabilities in the current period
Expenses - Decreased adjusted earnings by $8 million:
•Higher direct expenses, including employee-related costs and various other operating expenses across the region
Other - Decreased adjusted earnings by $4 million - includes amortization of DAC
MetLife Holdings
Business Overview. Our MetLife Holdings segment consists of operations relating to products and businesses, previously included in our former retail business, that we no longer actively market in the U.S. As anticipated, adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues continue to decline from expected business run-off.

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  |  |  |  | (In millions)
Total adjusted revenues |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,851 |  |  | $ | 2,086 |
Total adjusted expenses |  |  |  |  | 1,655 |  |  | 1,891 |
Provision for income tax expense (benefit) |  |  |  |  | 37 |  |  | 37 |
Adjusted earnings |  |  |  |  | $ | 159 |  |  | $ | 158 |
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues |  |  |  |  | $ | 841 |  |  | $ | 959 |

Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 Compared with the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.
Adjusted Earnings - Increased $1 million primarily due to the following business drivers:
Reinsurance Transaction - Decreased adjusted earnings by approximately $50 million as a result of the reinsurance transaction that closed in November 2023
Market Factors - Increased adjusted earnings by $44 million:
•Variable investment income increased - higher returns on private equity funds
Partially offset by:
•Recurring investment income decreased - lower average invested assets due to business run-off, largely offset by higher yields on fixed income securities
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Volume Growth - Decreased adjusted earnings by $8 million, consistent with business run-off
Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments - Increased adjusted earnings by $8 million:
•Lower dividend expense due to business run-off
Expenses & Other - Increased adjusted earnings by $6 million:
•Lower expenses primarily driven by business run-off
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Corporate & Other

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  |  |  |  | (In millions)
Total adjusted revenues |  |  |  |  | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | 167 |
Total adjusted expenses |  |  |  |  | 454 |  |  | 440 |
Provision for income tax expense (benefit) |  |  |  |  | (70) |  |  | (103) |
Adjusted earnings |  |  |  |  | (174) |  |  | (170) |
Less: Preferred stock dividends |  |  |  |  | 67 |  |  | 66 |
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders |  |  |  |  | $ | (241) |  |  | $ | (236) |
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues |  |  |  |  | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | 117 |

The table below presents adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by source:

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |
|  |  |  |  | (In millions) |
Business activities |  |  |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |
Net investment income |  |  |  |  | 102 |  |  | 51 |  |
Interest expense on debt |  |  |  |  | (265) |  |  | (258) |  |
Corporate initiatives and projects |  |  |  |  | (6) |  |  | (14) |  |
Other |  |  |  |  | (81) |  |  | (71) |  |
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit and other tax-related items |  |  |  |  | 70 |  |  | 103 |  |
Preferred stock dividends |  |  |  |  | (67) |  |  | (66) |  |
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders |  |  |  |  | $ | (241) |  |  | $ | (236) |  |

Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 Compared with the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Adjusted Earnings - Decreased $5 million primarily due to the following:
Business Activities – Decreased adjusted earnings by $10 million:
•Higher expenses in certain of our businesses
Net Investment Income - Increased adjusted earnings by $40 million:
•Recurring investment income increased - the impact of tax equity investments now accounted for under the proportional amortization method, increased yields on fixed maturity securities and higher average invested assets
•Variable investment income increased – higher returns on private equity funds
Interest Expense on Debt – Decreased adjusted earnings by $6 million:
•Senior note issuances in July 2023 and March 2024
Partially offset by:
•Early senior note redemption in February 2023
•Surplus note repayment at maturity in January and February 2024
Corporate Initiatives and Projects & Other – Decreased adjusted earnings by $2 million:
•Higher employee-related expenses
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•Higher litigation reserves
Substantially offset by:
•Lower corporate-related expenses, including from initiatives and projects
Taxes - Unfavorable change in Corporate & Other’s taxes:
•Lower utilization of tax preferenced items, primarily due to low-income housing tax credits, partially offset by the impact of tax equity investments now accounted for under the proportional amortization method
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Investments
Overview
We maintain a diversified global general account investment portfolio to support our mix of liabilities in our global businesses. We position our portfolio based on relative value and our view of the economy and financial markets. We maintain our focus on appropriate level of diversification and asset quality.
We manage our investment portfolio using disciplined asset/liability management (“ALM”) principles, focusing on cash flow and duration to support our current and future liabilities. Our intent is to match the timing and amount of liability cash outflows with invested assets that have cash inflows of comparable timing and amount, while optimizing risk-adjusted investment income and risk-adjusted total return. Our investment portfolio is heavily weighted toward fixed income investments, with the vast majority of our portfolio invested in fixed maturity securities available-for-sale (“AFS”) and mortgage loans. These securities and loans have varying maturities and other characteristics which cause them to be generally well suited for matching the cash flow and duration of insurance liabilities.
Current Environment
As a global insurance company, we continue to be impacted by the changing global financial and economic environment, the fiscal and monetary policy of governments and central banks around the world and other governmental measures. Global inflation, supply chain disruptions, acts of war and banking sector volatility continue to impact the global economy and financial markets and have caused volatility in the global equity, credit and real estate markets. See “— Industry Trends — Financial and Economic Environment” for further information regarding conditions in the global financial markets and the economy generally which may affect us. These factors may persist for some time and may continue to impact pricing levels of risk-bearing investments, as well as our business operations, investment portfolio and derivatives. Rising market interest rates have impacted our investment portfolio and derivatives. See “— Results of Operations — Consolidated Results” and “— Results of Operations — Consolidated Results — Adjusted Earnings” for impacts on our derivatives and analysis of the period over period changes in investment portfolio results and “Investments — Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale — Evaluation of Fixed Maturity Securities AFS for Credit Loss — Evaluation of Fixed Maturity Securities AFS in an Unrealized Loss Position” in Note 10 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for impacts on the net unrealized gain (loss) on our fixed maturity securities AFS.
Selected Country Investments
We have a market presence in numerous countries and, therefore, our investment portfolio, which supports our insurance operations and related policyholder liabilities, as well as our global portfolio diversification objectives, is exposed to risks posed by local political and economic conditions. The countries included in the following table have been the most affected by these risks. The table below presents a summary of selected country fixed maturity securities AFS, at estimated fair value, on a “country of risk basis” (i.e., where the issuer primarily conducts business).

| Selected Country Fixed Maturity Securities AFS at March 31, 2024
Country | Sovereign (1) |  | Financial Services |  | Non-Financial Services |  |  |  | Total (2)
| (Dollars in millions)
Israel | 153 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 92 |  |  |  |  | 262 |
Peru | 84 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 174 |  |  |  |  | 262 |
Ukraine | 45 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  |  |  | 48 |
Turkey | 21 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 6 |  |  |  |  | 30 |
Russian Federation | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 21 |
Total | $ | 324 |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 275 |  |  |  |  | $ | 623 |
Investment grade % | 71.5 | % |  | 74.6 | % |  | 75.8 | % |  |  |  | 73.5 | %

__________________
(1)Sovereign includes government and agency.
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(2)The par value, amortized cost, net of ACL, and estimated fair value, net of purchased and written credit default swaps, of these securities wer e $711 million, $655 million and $435 million, respectively, at March 31, 2024. The notional value and estimated fair value of the net purchased credit default swaps were $192 million and $4 million, respectively, at March 31, 2024.
We manage direct and indirect investment exposure in the selected countries through fundamental analysis and we continually monitor and adjust our level of investment exposure. We do not expect that our general account investments in these countries will have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.
Investment Portfolio Results
See “— Overview” for a discussion of our investment portfolio and a summary of how we manage our investment portfolio. The following tables present a reconciliation of net investment income under GAAP to adjusted net investment income and our yield table. The yield table presentation is consistent with how we measure our investment performance for management purposes, and we believe it enhances understanding of our investment portfolio results.
Reconciliation of Net Investment Income under GAAP to Adjusted Net Investment Income

| For the Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
| (In millions)
Net investment income — GAAP | $ | 5,436 |  |  | $ | 4,645 |  |  |  |  |
Investment hedge adjustments | 176 |  |  | 264 |  |  |  |  |
Unit-linked investment income | (542) |  |  | (303) |  |  |  |  |
Other | (2) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted net investment income (1) | $ | 5,068 |  |  | $ | 4,606 |  |  |  |  |

__________________
(1)See “Financial Measures and Segment Accounting Policies” in Note 2 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of the adjustments made to net investment income under GAAP in calculating adjusted net investment income.
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Yield Table

| For the Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Asset Class | Yield % (1) |  | Amount |  | Yield % (1) |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| (Dollars in millions)
Fixed maturity securities (2), (3) | 4.38 |  | % | $ | 3,200 |  |  | 4.07 |  | % | $ | 3,028 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net mortgage loans (3) | 5.25 |  |  | 1,100 |  |  | 4.92 |  |  | 1,041 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate and real estate joint ventures | (2.74) |  |  | (90) |  |  | (2.10) |  |  | (69) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policy loans | 5.56 |  |  | 113 |  |  | 5.35 |  |  | 119 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities | 5.48 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 3.17 |  |  | 12 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other limited partnership interests | 8.27 |  |  | 301 |  |  | 0.73 |  |  | 26 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and short-term investments | 5.32 |  |  | 246 |  |  | 5.01 |  |  | 167 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other invested assets | — |  |  | 348 |  |  | — |  |  | 439 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment income | 4.75 |  | % | 5,225 |  |  | 4.31 |  | % | 4,763 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment fees and expenses | (0.14) |  |  | (157) |  |  | (0.14) |  |  | (157) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment income including divested businesses (4) | 4.61 |  | % | 5,068 |  |  | 4.17 |  | % | 4,606 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: net investment income from divested businesses (4) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted net investment income |  |  | $ | 5,068 |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,606 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

__________________
(1)We calculate annualized yields using adjusted net investment income as a percent of average quarterly asset carrying values. Adjusted net investment income excludes realized gains (losses) from sales and disposals, and includes the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Asset carrying values utilized in the calculation of yields exclude unrecognized unrealized gains (losses), mortgage loans originated for third parties, collateral received in connection with our securities lending program, annuities funding structured settlement claims, freestanding derivative assets, collateral received from derivative counterparties and contractholder-directed equity securities. Invested assets reclassified to held-for-sale and ceded policy loans are included in the calculation of yields, but are otherwise excluded from asset carrying values. A yield is not presented for other invested assets, as it is not considered a meaningful measure of performance for this asset class.
(2)Fixed maturity securities in the yield table includes FVO securities; accordingly, investment income (loss) from fixed maturity securities includes amounts from FVO securities of $85 million and $48 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and FVO securities asset carrying values are included in the calculation of average quarterly fixed maturity securities asset carrying values in the yield calculation.
(3)Investment income from fixed maturity securities and net mortgage loans includes prepayment fees and excludes investment income from mortgage loans originated for third parties, respectively. See “— Net Mortgage Loans.”
(4)See “Financial Measures and Segment Accounting Policies” in Note 2 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of divested businesses.
See “— Results of Operations — Consolidated Results — Adjusted Earnings” for an analysis of the period over period changes in investment portfolio results.
Net Investment Gains (Losses)
We purchase investments to support our insurance liabilities and not to generate net investment gains and losses. However, net investment gains and losses are incurred and can change significantly from period to period due to changes in external influences, including changes in market factors such as interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, credit spreads and equity markets; counterparty specific factors such as financial performance, credit rating and collateral valuation; and internal factors such as portfolio rebalancing. Changes in these factors from period to period can significantly impact the levels of provision for credit loss and impairments on our investment portfolio, as well as realized gains and losses on investments sold.
See “— Results of Operations — Consolidated Results” for an analysis of the period over period changes in realized gains (losses) on investments sold, provision (release) for credit loss and impairments and non-investment portfolio gains (losses).
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Fixed Maturity Securities AFS and Equity Securities
The following table presents public and private fixed maturity securities AFS and equity securities held at:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |
Securities by Type | Estimated Fair Value |  | % of Total |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | % of Total |
| (Dollars in millions) |
Fixed maturity securities AFS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Publicly traded | $ | 206,211 |  |  | 74.1 |  | % | $ | 209,616 |  |  | 74.5 |  | %
Privately-placed | 72,198 |  |  | 25.9 |  |  | 71,796 |  |  | 25.5 |  |
Total fixed maturity securities AFS | $ | 278,409 |  |  | 100.0 |  | % | $ | 281,412 |  |  | 100.0 |  | %
Percentage of cash and invested assets | 60.5 | % |  |  |  | 60.3 | % |  |  |
Equity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Publicly traded | $ | 494 |  |  | 65.9 |  | % | $ | 506 |  |  | 66.8 |  | %
Privately-held | 256 |  |  | 34.1 |  |  | 251 |  |  | 33.2 |  |
Total equity securities | $ | 750 |  |  | 100.0 |  | % | $ | 757 |  |  | 100.0 |  | %
Percentage of cash and invested assets | 0.2 | % |  |  |  | 0.2 | % |  |  |

See Note 10 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information about fixed maturity securities AFS by sector, contractual maturities, continuous gross unrealized losses and equity securities by security type and the related cost, net unrealized gains (losses) and estimated fair value of these securities; as well as realized gains (losses) on sales and disposals and unrealized net gains (losses) recognized in earnings.
Included within fixed maturity securities AFS are structured securities, including residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”), asset-backed securities and collateralized loan obligations (collectively, “ABS & CLO”) and commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) (collectively, “Structured Products”). See “— Structured Products” for further information.
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Investments — Fixed Maturity Securities AFS and Equity Securities — Valuation of Securities” included in the 2023 Annual Report for further information on the processes used to value securities and the related controls.
Fair Value of Fixed Maturity Securities AFS and Equity Securities
Fixed maturity securities AFS and equity securities measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis and their corresponding fair value pricing sources were as follows:

|  | March 31, 2024
Level |  | Fixed Maturity Securities AFS |  |  | Equity Securities
|  | (Dollars in millions) |
Level 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets |  | $ | 15,406 |  |  | 5.5 |  | % |  | $ | 435 |  |  | 58.0 |  | %
Level 2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Independent pricing sources |  | 229,178 |  |  | 82.3 |  |  |  | 59 |  |  | 7.9 |  |
Internal matrix pricing or discounted cash flow techniques |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | 0.4 |  |
Significant other observable inputs |  | 229,178 |  |  | 82.3 |  |  |  | 62 |  |  | 8.3 |  |
Level 3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Independent pricing sources |  | 24,702 |  |  | 8.9 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  | 2.9 |  |
Internal matrix pricing or discounted cash flow techniques |  | 8,409 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  |  | 216 |  |  | 28.8 |  |
Independent broker quotations |  | 714 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  | 2.0 |  |
Significant unobservable inputs |  | 33,825 |  |  | 12.2 |  |  |  | 253 |  |  | 33.7 |  |
Total at estimated fair value |  | $ | 278,409 |  |  | 100.0 |  | % |  | $ | 750 |  |  | 100.0 |  | %

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See Note 12 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for the fixed maturity securities AFS and equity securities fair value hierarchy; a rollforward of the fair value measurements for securities measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs; transfers into and/or out of Level 3; and further information about the valuation approaches and inputs by level by major classes of invested assets that affect the amounts reported above.
The majority of the Level 3 fixed maturity securities AFS and equity securities were concentrated in three sectors at March 31, 2024: foreign corporate securities, U.S. corporate securities and ABS & CLO. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, Level 3 fixed maturity securities AFS increased by $878 million, or 2.7%. The increase was driven by purchases in excess of sales, offset by a decrease in estimated fair value recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) and transfers out of Level 3 in excess of transfers into Level 3.
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Investments — Fixed Maturity Securities AFS and Equity Securities — Valuation of Securities” included in the 2023 Annual Report for further information on the estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported above.
Fixed Maturity Securities AFS
See Notes 1 and 10 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information about fixed maturity securities AFS by sector, contractual maturities and continuous gross unrealized losses.
Fixed Maturity Securities AFS Credit Quality — Ratings
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Investments — Fixed Maturity Securities AFS and Equity Securities — Fixed Maturity Securities AFS Credit Quality — Ratings” included in the 2023 Annual Report for a discussion of the credit quality ratings assigned by Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations (“NRSRO”), credit quality designations and designation categories assigned by the Securities Valuation Office of the NAIC for fixed maturity securities AFS and modeling methodologies adopted by the NAIC for non-agency RMBS and CMBS that estimate security level expected losses under a variety of economic scenarios.
NRSRO ratings and NAIC designations are as of the dates shown below. Over time, credit ratings and designations can migrate, up or down, through the NRSRO’s and NAIC’s continuous monitoring process. NRSRO ratings are based on availability of applicable ratings. If no NRSRO rating is available, then an internally developed rating is used. If no NAIC designation is available, then, as permitted by the NAIC, an internally developed designation is used. NAIC designations are generally similar to the credit quality ratings of the NRSRO, except for (i) non-agency RMBS and CMBS and (ii) securities rated Ca or C by NRSROs, included within Caa and lower, that are designated NAIC 6; accordingly, NAIC designations may not correspond to NRSRO ratings.
The following table presents total fixed maturity securities AFS by NRSRO rating, except for non-agency RMBS and CMBS, which are presented using NAIC designations for modeled securities. In addition, in the following table, the applicable NAIC designation from the NAIC published comparison of NRSRO ratings to NAIC designations is provided.

|  |  |  | March 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
NRSRO Rating |  | NAIC Designation |  | Amortized Cost net of ACL |  | Unrealized Gains (Losses) |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | % of Total |  |  | Amortized Cost net of ACL |  | Unrealized Gains (Losses) |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | % of Total |
|  |  |  | (Dollars in millions) |
Aaa/Aa/A |  | 1 |  | $ | 209,218 |  |  | $ | (17,091) |  |  | $ | 192,127 |  |  | 69.0 |  | % |  | $ | 209,232 |  |  | $ | (14,510) |  |  | $ | 194,722 |  |  | 69.2 |  | %
Baa |  | 2 |  | 77,741 |  |  | (4,374) |  |  | 73,367 |  |  | 26.4 |  |  |  | 77,534 |  |  | (3,854) |  |  | 73,680 |  |  | 26.2 |  |
Subtotal investment grade |  |  |  | 286,959 |  |  | (21,465) |  |  | 265,494 |  |  | 95.4 |  |  |  | 286,766 |  |  | (18,364) |  |  | 268,402 |  |  | 95.4 |  |
Ba |  | 3 |  | 10,742 |  |  | (419) |  |  | 10,323 |  |  | 3.7 |  |  |  | 10,694 |  |  | (395) |  |  | 10,299 |  |  | 3.7 |  |
B |  | 4 |  | 2,353 |  |  | (94) |  |  | 2,259 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  |  | 2,491 |  |  | (120) |  |  | 2,371 |  |  | 0.8 |  |
Caa and lower |  | 5 |  | 336 |  |  | (69) |  |  | 267 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 280 |  |  | (22) |  |  | 258 |  |  | 0.1 |  |
In or near default |  | 6 |  | 120 |  |  | (54) |  |  | 66 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 140 |  |  | (58) |  |  | 82 |  |  | — |  |
Subtotal below investment grade |  |  |  | 13,551 |  |  | (636) |  |  | 12,915 |  |  | 4.6 |  |  |  | 13,605 |  |  | (595) |  |  | 13,010 |  |  | 4.6 |  |
Total fixed maturity securities AFS |  |  |  | $ | 300,510 |  |  | $ | (22,101) |  |  | $ | 278,409 |  |  | 100.0 |  | % |  | $ | 300,371 |  |  | $ | (18,959) |  |  | $ | 281,412 |  |  | 100.0 |  | %

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The following tables present total fixed maturity securities AFS, at estimated fair value, by sector and by NRSRO rating, except for non-agency RMBS and CMBS, which are presented using NAIC designations for modeled securities. In addition, in the following table, the applicable NAIC designation from the NAIC published comparison of the NRSRO ratings to NAIC designations is provided.

| Fixed Maturity Securities AFS — by Sector & Credit Quality Rating
NRSRO Rating | Aaa/Aa/A |  | Baa |  | Ba |  | B |  | Caa and Lower |  | In or Near Default |  | Total Estimated Fair Value
NAIC Designation | 1 |  | 2 |  | 3 |  | 4 |  | 5 |  | 6 |
| (Dollars in millions)
March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. corporate | $ | 42,344 |  |  | $ | 32,230 |  |  | $ | 4,224 |  |  | $ | 1,576 |  |  | $ | 155 |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 80,553 |
Foreign corporate | 19,072 |  |  | 31,258 |  |  | 3,241 |  |  | 427 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 54,029 |
Foreign government | 34,470 |  |  | 5,691 |  |  | 2,371 |  |  | 181 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 42,793 |
U.S. government and agency | 31,465 |  |  | 383 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 31,848 |
RMBS | 30,250 |  |  | 775 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 31,142 |
ABS & CLO | 14,392 |  |  | 2,675 |  |  | 335 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 17,468 |
Municipals | 10,713 |  |  | 200 |  |  | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,938 |
CMBS | 9,421 |  |  | 155 |  |  | 52 |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 9,638 |
Total fixed maturity securities AFS | $ | 192,127 |  |  | $ | 73,367 |  |  | $ | 10,323 |  |  | $ | 2,259 |  |  | $ | 267 |  |  | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | 278,409 |
Percentage of total | 69.0 | % |  | 26.4 | % |  | 3.7 | % |  | 0.8 | % |  | 0.1 | % |  | — | % |  | 100.0 | %
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. corporate | $ | 42,892 |  |  | $ | 31,942 |  |  | $ | 4,093 |  |  | $ | 1,602 |  |  | $ | 158 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 80,717 |
Foreign corporate | 19,519 |  |  | 32,144 |  |  | 3,300 |  |  | 458 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 55,444 |
Foreign government | 37,024 |  |  | 5,727 |  |  | 2,410 |  |  | 245 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 45,489 |
U.S. government and agency | 31,876 |  |  | 376 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32,252 |
RMBS | 28,381 |  |  | 602 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 29,096 |
ABS & CLO | 14,345 |  |  | 2,548 |  |  | 345 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 17,294 |
Municipals | 10,974 |  |  | 168 |  |  | 29 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,171 |
CMBS | 9,711 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 54 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 9,949 |
Total fixed maturity securities AFS | $ | 194,722 |  |  | $ | 73,680 |  |  | $ | 10,299 |  |  | $ | 2,371 |  |  | $ | 258 |  |  | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | 281,412 |
Percentage of total | 69.2 | % |  | 26.2 | % |  | 3.7 | % |  | 0.8 | % |  | 0.1 | % |  | — | % |  | 100.0 | %

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U.S. and Foreign Corporate Fixed Maturity Securities AFS
We maintain a broadly diversified portfolio of corporate fixed maturity securities AFS across many industries and issuers. This portfolio did not have any exposure to any single issuer in excess of 1% of total investments at either March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023. The top 10 holdings comprised 1% of total investments at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The table below presents our U.S. and foreign corporate securities portfolios by industry at:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Industry | Estimated Fair Value |  | % of Total |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | % of Total
| (Dollars in millions)
Finance | $ | 31,823 |  |  | 23.6 | % |  | $ | 32,142 |  |  | 23.5 | %
Consumer (cyclical and non-cyclical) | 27,917 |  |  | 20.7 |  |  | 28,391 |  |  | 20.9 |
Utility | 24,165 |  |  | 18.0 |  |  | 24,058 |  |  | 17.7 |
Industrial (basic, capital goods and other) | 14,134 |  |  | 10.5 |  |  | 14,240 |  |  | 10.5 |
Transportation | 11,816 |  |  | 8.8 |  |  | 12,132 |  |  | 8.9 |
Communications | 9,931 |  |  | 7.4 |  |  | 10,048 |  |  | 7.4 |
Energy | 7,619 |  |  | 5.7 |  |  | 7,917 |  |  | 5.8 |
Technology | 4,210 |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | 4,262 |  |  | 3.1 |
Other | 2,967 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | 2,971 |  |  | 2.2 |
Total | $ | 134,582 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 136,161 |  |  | 100.0 | %

Structured Products
Our investments in Structured Products are collateralized by residential mortgages, commercial mortgages, bank loans and other assets. Our investment selection criteria and monitoring include review of credit ratings, characteristics of the assets underlying the securities, borrower characteristics and the level of credit enhancement. We held $58.2 billion and $56.3 billion of Structured Products, at estimated fair value, at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, as presented in the RMBS, ABS & CLO and CMBS sections below.
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RMBS
Our RMBS portfolio is broadly diversified by security type and risk profile. The following table presents our RMBS portfolio by security type, risk profile and ratings profile at:

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | Estimated Fair Value |  | % of Total |  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | % of Total |  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses)
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Security type |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  | $ | 18,607 |  |  | 59.7 | % |  | $ | (1,364) |  |  | $ | 16,704 |  |  | 57.4 | % |  | $ | (1,268) |
Pass-through mortgage-backed securities |  | 12,535 |  |  | 40.3 |  |  | (1,291) |  |  | 12,392 |  |  | 42.6 |  |  | (1,114) |
Total RMBS |  | $ | 31,142 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | (2,655) |  |  | $ | 29,096 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | (2,382) |
Risk profile |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency |  | $ | 19,507 |  |  | 62.5 | % |  | $ | (1,954) |  |  | $ | 18,472 |  |  | 63.5 | % |  | $ | (1,650) |
Non-Agency |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prime and prime investor |  | 5,162 |  |  | 16.6 |  |  | (424) |  |  | 4,827 |  |  | 16.6 |  |  | (435) |
NQM and Alt-A |  | 1,698 |  |  | 5.5 |  |  | (63) |  |  | 1,760 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | (75) |
Reperforming and sub-prime |  | 3,046 |  |  | 9.8 |  |  | (176) |  |  | 2,622 |  |  | 9.0 |  |  | (167) |
Other (1) |  | 1,729 |  |  | 5.6 |  |  | (38) |  |  | 1,415 |  |  | 4.9 |  |  | (55) |
Subtotal Non-Agency |  | 11,635 |  |  | 37.5 | % |  | (701) |  |  | 10,624 |  |  | 36.5 | % |  | (732) |
Total RMBS |  | $ | 31,142 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | (2,655) |  |  | $ | 29,096 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | (2,382) |
Ratings profile |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rated Aaa and Aa |  | $ | 27,000 |  |  | 86.7 | % |  |  |  | $ | 25,307 |  |  | 87.0 | % |  |
Designated NAIC 1 |  | $ | 30,248 |  |  | 97.1 | % |  |  |  | $ | 28,384 |  |  | 97.6 | % |  |

__________________
(1)Other Non-Agency RMBS are broadly diversified across several subsectors and issuers, including securities collateralized by the following mortgage loan types: single family rental, early buyout securitization and small business commercial.
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Investments — Fixed Maturity Securities AFS and Equity Securities — Structured Products — RMBS” included in the 2023 Annual Report for further information about collateralized mortgage obligations and pass-through mortgage-backed securities, as well as agency, prime, prime investor, non-qualified residential mortgage (“NQM”), alternative (“Alt-A”), reperforming and sub-prime mortgage-backed securities.
We manage our exposure to reperforming and sub-prime RMBS holdings by focusing primarily on senior tranche securities, stress testing the portfolio with severe loss assumptions and closely monitoring the performance of the portfolio. Our reperforming RMBS are generally newer vintage securities and higher quality at purchase and the vast majority are investment grade under NAIC designations (e.g., NAIC 1 and NAIC 2). Our sub-prime RMBS portfolio consists predominantly of securities that were purchased at significant discounts to par value and discounts to the expected principal recovery value of these securities, and the vast majority are investment grade under NAIC designations.
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ABS & CLO
Our non-mortgage loan-backed structured securities are comprised of two broad categories of securitizations: ABS & CLO. These portfolios are broadly diversified by collateral type and issuer. The following table presents our ABS & CLO portfolios by collateral type and ratings profile at:

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | Estimated Fair Value |  | % of Total |  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | % of Total |  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses)
|  | (Dollars in millions)
ABS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateral type |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Vehicle and equipment loans |  | $ | 1,693 |  |  | 9.8 | % |  | $ | (14) |  |  | $ | 1,605 |  |  | 9.2 | % |  | $ | (23) |
Digital infrastructure |  | 1,452 |  |  | 8.3 |  |  | (64) |  |  | 1,376 |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | (77) |
Consumer loans |  | 894 |  |  | 5.1 |  |  | (67) |  |  | 944 |  |  | 5.5 |  |  | (78) |
Credit card |  | 899 |  |  | 5.1 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 904 |  |  | 5.2 |  |  | (4) |
Franchise |  | 883 |  |  | 5.1 |  |  | (55) |  |  | 852 |  |  | 4.9 |  |  | (65) |
Student loans |  | 689 |  |  | 3.9 |  |  | (52) |  |  | 702 |  |  | 4.1 |  |  | (58) |
Other (1) |  | 2,995 |  |  | 17.1 |  |  | (223) |  |  | 3,038 |  |  | 17.6 |  |  | (241) |
Total ABS |  | $ | 9,505 |  |  | 54.4 | % |  | $ | (481) |  |  | $ | 9,421 |  |  | 54.5 | % |  | $ | (546) |
CLO (2) |  | $ | 7,963 |  |  | 45.6 | % |  | $ | (15) |  |  | $ | 7,873 |  |  | 45.5 | % |  | $ | (63) |
Total ABS & CLO |  | $ | 17,468 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | (496) |  |  | $ | 17,294 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | (609) |
ABS ratings profile |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rated Aaa and Aa |  | $ | 3,851 |  |  | 40.5 | % |  |  |  | $ | 3,970 |  |  | 42.1 | % |  |
Designated NAIC 1 |  | $ | 7,174 |  |  | 75.5 | % |  |  |  | $ | 7,227 |  |  | 76.7 | % |  |
CLO ratings profile |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rated Aaa and Aa |  | $ | 5,997 |  |  | 75.3 | % |  |  |  | $ | 5,913 |  |  | 75.1 | % |  |
Designated NAIC 1 |  | $ | 7,209 |  |  | 90.5 | % |  |  |  | $ | 7,118 |  |  | 90.4 | % |  |
ABS & CLO ratings profile |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rated Aaa and Aa |  | $ | 9,848 |  |  | 56.4 | % |  |  |  | $ | 9,883 |  |  | 57.1 | % |  |
Designated NAIC 1 |  | $ | 14,383 |  |  | 82.3 | % |  |  |  | $ | 14,345 |  |  | 82.9 | % |  |

_________________
(1)Other ABS are broadly diversified across several subsectors and issuers, including securities with the following collateral types: foreign residential loans, transportation equipment and renewable energy.
(2)Includes primarily securities collateralized by broadly syndicated bank loans.
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CMBS
Our CMBS portfolio is comprised primarily of conduit, single asset and single borrower securities. Conduit securities are collateralized by many commercial mortgage loans and are broadly diversified by property type, borrower and geography. The following tables present our CMBS portfolio by collateral type and ratings profile at:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| Estimated Fair Value |  | % of Total |  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | % of Total |  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses)
| (Dollars in millions)
Collateral type |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Conduit | $ | 5,719 |  |  | 59.4 | % |  | $ | (452) |  |  | $ | 6,102 |  |  | 61.3 | % |  | $ | (643) |
Single asset and single borrower | 1,995 |  |  | 20.7 |  |  | (106) |  |  | 1,997 |  |  | 20.1 |  |  | (136) |
Agency | 716 |  |  | 7.4 |  |  | (106) |  |  | 735 |  |  | 7.4 |  |  | (93) |
Commercial real estate collateralized loan obligations | 413 |  |  | 4.3 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 437 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | (9) |
Other | 795 |  |  | 8.2 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 678 |  |  | 6.8 |  |  | (7) |
Total CMBS | $ | 9,638 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | (657) |  |  | $ | 9,949 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | (888) |
Ratings profile |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rated Aaa and Aa | $ | 7,859 |  |  | 81.5 | % |  |  |  | $ | 8,262 |  |  | 83.0 | % |  |
Designated NAIC 1 | $ | 9,418 |  |  | 97.7 | % |  |  |  | $ | 9,710 |  |  | 97.6 | % |  |

Evaluation of Fixed Maturity Securities AFS for Credit Loss, Rollforward of Allowance for Credit Loss and Credit Loss on Fixed Maturity Securities AFS Recognized in Earnings
See Note 10 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information about the evaluation of fixed maturity securities AFS for credit loss, rollforward of the ACL, net credit loss provision (release) and impairment (losses), as well as realized gains (losses) on sales and disposals of fixed maturity securities AFS at and for the three months ended March 31, 2024.
Securities Lending Transactions, Repurchase Agreements and Third-Party Custodian Administered Programs
We participate in securities lending transactions, repurchase agreements and third-party custodian administered programs with unaffiliated financial institutions in the normal course of business for the purpose of enhancing the total return on our investment portfolio.
Securities lending transactions and repurchase agreements: We account for these arrangements as secured borrowings and record a liability in the amount of the cash received. We obtain collateral, usually cash, from the borrower, which must be returned to the borrower when the securities are returned to us. Through these arrangements, we were liable for cash collateral under our control of $14.0 billion and $13.8 billion at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, including a portion that may require the immediate return of cash collateral we hold. See Note 10 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, as well as “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Investments — Securities Lending Transactions and Repurchase Agreements” in Note 1 and Note 11 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2023 Annual Report for further information about the secured borrowings accounting and the classification of revenues and expenses.
Third-party custodian administered programs: The estimated fair value of securities we own which are loaned in connection with these programs was $642 million and $362 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The estimated fair value of the related non-cash collateral on deposit with third-party custodians on our behalf, which is not reflected in our interim condensed consolidated financial statements and cannot be sold or re-pledged, was $666 million and $371 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Net Mortgage Loans
Our mortgage loan investments are principally collateralized by commercial, agricultural and residential properties. The Company originates and acquires mortgage loans and, in certain cases, transfers proportional rights to cash flows of certain mortgage loans to third parties under participation agreements, which are recorded as secured borrowings. The net mortgage loan information presented herein does not include mortgage loans originated for third parties and the related ACL. See Notes 1 and 10 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.
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Net mortgage loans carried at amortized cost and the related ACL are summarized as follows at:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Portfolio Segment |  | Amortized Cost (1) |  | % of Total |  | ACL (1) |  | ACL as % of Amortized Cost |  | Amortized Cost (1) |  | % of Total |  | ACL (1) |  | ACL as % of Amortized Cost
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Commercial |  | $ | 51,527 |  |  | 61.2 | % |  | $ | 385 |  |  | 0.7 | % |  | $ | 52,111 |  |  | 61.5 | % |  | $ | 295 |  |  | 0.6 | %
Agricultural |  | 19,461 |  |  | 23.1 |  |  | 187 |  |  | 1.0 | % |  | 19,559 |  |  | 23.1 |  |  | 171 |  |  | 0.9 | %
Residential |  | 13,201 |  |  | 15.7 |  |  | 165 |  |  | 1.2 | % |  | 13,096 |  |  | 15.4 |  |  | 182 |  |  | 1.4 | %
Total |  | $ | 84,189 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 737 |  |  | 0.9 | % |  | $ | 84,766 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 648 |  |  | 0.8 | %

_________________
(1)Does not include mortgage loans originated for third parties of $8.1 billion at amortized cost ($7.8 billion commercial and $251 million agricultural) and the related ACL of $77 million at March 31, 2024, and $8.5 billion at amortized cost ($8.2 billion commercial and $246 million agricultural) and the related ACL of $73 million at December 31, 2023.
We diversify our mortgage loan investments by both geographic region and property type to reduce the risk of concentration. Of our net commercial and agricultural mortgage loans carried at amortized cost, 86% are collateralized by properties located in the U.S., with the remaining 14% collateralized by properties located primarily in Mexico, the U.K. and Australia at March 31, 2024. The carrying values of our net commercial and agricultural mortgage loans collateralized by properties located in California, New York and Texas were 15%, 9% and 6%, respectively, of total net commercial and agricultural mortgage loans at March 31, 2024. Additionally, we manage risk when originating commercial and agricultural mortgage loan investments by generally lending up to 75% of the estimated fair value of the underlying real estate collateral.
We manage our residential mortgage loans carried at amortized cost in a similar manner to reduce risk of concentration, with 91% collateralized by properties located in the U.S., and the remaining 9% collateralized by properties located in Chile, at March 31, 2024. The carrying values of our residential mortgage loans located in California, Florida, and New York were 33%, 11%, and 8%, respectively, of total residential mortgage loans at March 31, 2024.
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Net Commercial Mortgage Loans by Geographic Region and Property Type. Net commercial mortgage loans are the largest mortgage loan portfolio segment. The tables below present, at amortized cost, the diversification of these investments across geographic regions and property types:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| Amount |  | % of Total |  | Amount |  | % of Total
| (Dollars in millions)
Region |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pacific | $ | 9,036 |  |  | 17.5 | % |  | $ | 9,016 |  |  | 17.3 | %
Non-U.S. | 8,453 |  |  | 16.4 |  |  | 8,933 |  |  | 17.1 |
Middle Atlantic | 7,430 |  |  | 14.4 |  |  | 7,477 |  |  | 14.3 |
South Atlantic | 6,802 |  |  | 13.2 |  |  | 6,637 |  |  | 12.7 |
West South Central | 3,502 |  |  | 6.8 |  |  | 3,472 |  |  | 6.7 |
New England | 2,821 |  |  | 5.5 |  |  | 2,859 |  |  | 5.5 |
Mountain | 2,192 |  |  | 4.3 |  |  | 2,193 |  |  | 4.2 |
East North Central | 1,701 |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | 1,822 |  |  | 3.5 |
East South Central | 653 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 654 |  |  | 1.3 |
West North Central | 644 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 613 |  |  | 1.2 |
Multi-Region and Other | 8,293 |  |  | 16.1 |  |  | 8,435 |  |  | 16.2 |
Total amortized cost | $ | 51,527 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 52,111 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Less: ACL | 385 |  |  |  |  | 295 |  |  |
Carrying value, net of ACL | $ | 51,142 |  |  |  |  | $ | 51,816 |  |  |
Property Type |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Office | $ | 19,369 |  |  | 37.6 | % |  | $ | 19,651 |  |  | 37.7 | %
Apartment | 11,353 |  |  | 22.0 |  |  | 11,974 |  |  | 23.0 |
Retail | 7,371 |  |  | 14.3 |  |  | 7,218 |  |  | 13.9 |
Industrial | 5,315 |  |  | 10.3 |  |  | 5,275 |  |  | 10.1 |
Single Family Rental | 4,823 | 9.4 |  |  | 4,728 |  |  | 9.1 |
Hotel | 3,199 |  |  | 6.2 |  |  | 3,140 |  |  | 6.0 |
Other | 97 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 125 |  |  | 0.2 |
Total amortized cost | $ | 51,527 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 52,111 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Less: ACL | 385 |  |  |  |  | 295 |  |  |
Carrying value, net of ACL | $ | 51,142 |  |  |  |  | $ | 51,816 |  |  |

Our commercial mortgage loan investments are well positioned with exposures concentrated in high quality underlying properties located in primary markets typically with institutional investors who are better positioned to manage their assets during periods of market volatility. Our portfolio is comprised primarily of lower risk loans with higher debt service coverage ratios (“DSCR”) and lower loan-to-value (“LTV”) ratios, as shown below.
Credit Quality — Monitoring Process. We monitor our mortgage loan investments on an ongoing basis, including a review by credit quality indicator and by the performance indicators of current, past due, restructured and under foreclosure. See below for further information on net mortgage loans by credit quality indicator. See Note 10 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information by performance indicator.
We review our commercial mortgage loan investments on an ongoing basis. These reviews may include an analysis of the property financial statements and rent roll, lease rollover analysis, property inspections, market analysis, estimated valuations of the underlying collateral, LTV ratios, DSCR and tenant creditworthiness. The monitoring process focuses on higher risk loans, which include those that are classified as restructured, delinquent or in foreclosure, as well as loans with higher LTV ratios and lower DSCR. The monitoring process for agricultural mortgage loan investments is generally similar, with a focus on higher risk loans, such as loans with higher LTV ratios. Agricultural mortgage loan investments are reviewed on an ongoing basis which include property inspections, market analysis, estimated valuations of the underlying collateral, LTV ratios and borrower creditworthiness, including reviews on a geographic and property-type basis. We review our residential mortgage loan investments on an ongoing basis, with a focus on higher risk loans, such as nonperforming loans. See Notes 1 and 10 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on our evaluation of residential mortgage loan investments and related ACL methodology.
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LTV ratios and DSCR are common measures in the assessment of the quality of commercial mortgage loan investments. LTV ratios are a common measure in the assessment of the quality of agricultural mortgage loan investments. LTV ratios compare the amount of the loan to the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral. An LTV ratio greater than 100% indicates that the loan amount is greater than the collateral value. An LTV ratio of less than 100% indicates an excess of collateral value over the loan amount. Generally, the higher the LTV ratio, the higher the risk of experiencing a credit loss. The DSCR compares a property’s net operating income to amounts needed to service the principal and interest due under the loan. Generally, the lower the DSCR, the higher the risk of experiencing a credit loss. For our net commercial mortgage loans, our average LTV ratio was 65% and 64% at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and our average DSCR was 2.2x and 2.3x at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The DSCR and the values utilized in calculating the ratio are updated routinely. In addition, the LTV ratio is routinely updated for all but the lowest risk loans as part of our ongoing review of our commercial mortgage loan investments. For our net agricultural mortgage loans, our average LTV ratio was 46% and 47% at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The values utilized in calculating our agricultural mortgage loan investments LTV ratio are developed in connection with the ongoing review of our portfolio and are routinely updated.
The distribution of our net commercial mortgage loan portfolios totaling $51.5 billion at amortized cost at March 31, 2024 by key credit quality indicators of LTV and DSCR was as follows:

|  | March 31, 2024
|  | DSCR
LTV |  | > 1.2x |  | 1.0-1.2x |  | < 1.0x |  | Total
<65% |  | 47.7 | % |  | 2.5 | % |  | 1.2 | % |  | 51.4 | %
65% - 75% |  | 24.4 | % |  | 1.8 | % |  | 1.0 | % |  | 27.2 | %
76% - 80% |  | 5.2 | % |  | 0.9 | % |  | 0.6 | % |  | 6.7 | %
>80% |  | 8.9 | % |  | 3.3 | % |  | 2.5 | % |  | 14.7 | %
Total |  | 86.2 | % |  | 8.5 | % |  | 5.3 | % |  | 100.0 | %

The distribution of our net agricultural mortgage loan portfolios totaling $19.5 billion at amortized cost at March 31, 2024 by the key credit quality indicator of LTV was as follows:

|  | March 31, 2024
LTV |  | Total
<65% |  | 92.8 | %
65% - 75% |  | 6.4 | %
76% - 80% |  | — | %
>80% |  | 0.8 | %
Total |  | 100.0 | %

Mortgage Loan Allowance for Credit Loss. Our ACL is established for both pools of loans with similar risk characteristics and for mortgage loan investments with dissimilar risk characteristics, such as collateral dependent loans, individually and on a loan specific basis. We record an allowance for expected lifetime credit loss in earnings within net investment gains (losses) in an amount that represents the portion of the amortized cost basis of mortgage loan investments that the Company does not expect to collect, resulting in mortgage loan investments being presented at the net amount expected to be collected.
In determining our ACL, management (i) pools mortgage loans that share similar risk characteristics, (ii) considers expected lifetime credit loss over contractual terms of mortgage loans, as adjusted for expected prepayments and any extensions, and (iii) considers past events and current and forecasted economic conditions. Actual credit loss realized could be different from the amount of the ACL recorded. These evaluations and assessments are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available, which can cause the ACL to increase or decrease over time as such evaluations are revised. Negative credit migration, including an actual or expected increase in the level of problem loans, will result in an increase in the ACL. Positive credit migration, including an actual or expected decrease in the level of problem loans, will result in a decrease in the ACL. See Notes 1 and 10 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on how the ACL is established and monitored, and activity in and balances of the ACL.
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Real Estate and Real Estate Joint Ventures
Our real estate investments are comprised of wholly-owned properties, and interests in both real estate joint ventures and real estate funds which invest in a wide variety of properties and property types, including single and multi-property projects, and are broadly diversified across multiple property types and geographies.
The carrying value of our real estate investments was $13.0 billion and $13.3 billion at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, or 2.8% and 2.9% of cash and invested assets, at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Our real estate investments are typically stabilized properties that we intend to hold for the longer-term for portfolio diversification and long-term appreciation. Our real estate investment portfolio had appreciated to a $4.5 billion unrealized gain position at March 31, 2024.
We continuously monitor and assess our real estate investments for impairment when facts and circumstances indicate that the real estate may be impaired. There were no impairments (losses) recognized on our real estate investments for either the three months ended March 31, 2024 or 2023.
We diversify our real estate investments by property type, form of equity interest (wholly-owned, joint venture and funds) and geographic region to reduce risk of concentration. See Note 10 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a summary of our real estate investments, by income type, as well as income earned.
Other Limited Partnership Interests
Other limited partnership interests are comprised of investments in private funds, including private equity funds and hedge funds. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the carrying value of other limited partnership interests was $14.3 billion and $14.8 billion, which included $25 million and $27 million of hedge funds, respectively. Other limited partnership interests were 3.1% and 3.2% of cash and invested assets at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Cash distributions on these investments are generated from investment gains, operating income from the underlying investments of the funds and liquidation of the underlying investments of the funds.
We use the equity method of accounting for most of our private equity funds. We generally recognize our share of a private equity fund’s earnings in net investment income on a three-month lag, which is when the information is reported to us. Accordingly, changes in equity market levels, which can impact the underlying results of these private equity funds, are recognized in earnings within our net investment income on a three-month lag.
Other Invested Assets
The following table presents the carrying value of our other invested assets by type at:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Asset Type | Carrying Value |  | % of Total |  | Carrying Value |  | % of Total
| (Dollars in millions)
Freestanding derivatives with positive estimated fair values | $ | 8,291 |  |  | 45.8 | % |  | $ | 8,737 |  |  | 48.0 | %
Direct financing leases | 1,178 |  |  | 6.5 |  |  | 1,304 |  |  | 7.2 |
Annuities funding structured settlement claims | 1,256 |  |  | 6.9 |  |  | 1,256 |  |  | 6.9 |
Operating joint ventures (1) | 1,406 |  |  | 7.8 |  |  | 1,142 |  |  | 6.3 |
Company-owned life insurance policies | 1,048 |  |  | 5.8 |  |  | 1,036 |  |  | 5.7 |
Tax credit and renewable energy partnerships | 781 |  |  | 4.3 |  |  | 1,034 |  |  | 5.7 |
FHLBNY common stock | 714 |  |  | 3.9 |  |  | 714 |  |  | 3.9 |
Leveraged leases | 665 |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | 689 |  |  | 3.8 |
Funds withheld | 447 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | 436 |  |  | 2.4 |
Other | 2,311 |  |  | 12.8 |  |  | 1,854 |  |  | 10.1 |
Total | $ | 18,097 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 18,202 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Percentage of cash and invested assets | 3.9 | % |  |  |  | 3.9 | % |  |

__________________
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(1)See Note 3 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding the Company’s pending disposition of MetLife Malaysia.
See Notes 1, 11 and 12 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2023 Annual Report for information regarding freestanding derivatives with positive estimated fair values, tax credit and renewable energy partnerships, annuities funding structured settlement claims, direct financing and leveraged leases, operating joint ventures, Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLBNY”) common stock, and funds withheld.
Investment Commitments
We enter into the following commitments in the normal course of business for the purpose of enhancing the total return on our investment portfolio: mortgage loan commitments and commitments to fund partnerships, bank credit facilities, bridge loans and private corporate bond investments. See Note 19 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for the amount of our unfunded investment commitments at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. See “Net Investment Income” and “Net Investment Gains (Losses)” in Note 10 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on the investment income, investment expense, gains and losses from such investments and the liability for credit loss for unfunded mortgage loan commitments. See also “— Fixed Maturity Securities AFS and Equity Securities,” “— Net Mortgage Loans,” “— Real Estate and Real Estate Joint Ventures” and “— Other Limited Partnership Interests.”
Derivatives
Overview
We are exposed to various risks relating to our ongoing business operations, including interest rate, foreign currency exchange rate, credit and equity market. We use a variety of strategies to manage these risks, including the use of derivatives such as market standard purchased and written credit default swap contracts. See Note 11 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for:
•A comprehensive description of the nature of our derivatives, including the strategies for which derivatives are used in managing various risks.
•Information about the primary underlying risk exposure, gross notional amount, and estimated fair value of our derivatives by type of hedge designation, excluding embedded derivatives held at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
•The statement of operations effects of derivatives in net investments in foreign operations, cash flow, fair value, or nonqualifying hedge relationships for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.
See “— Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates — Derivatives” in the 2023 Annual Report for further information on the estimates and assumptions that affect derivatives. See also “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk — Management of Market Risk Exposures — Hedging Activities” in the 2023 Annual Report for more information about our use of derivatives by major hedge program.
Net Derivative Gains (Losses)
A portion of our derivatives are designated and qualify as accounting hedges, which reduce volatility in earnings. For those derivatives not designated as accounting hedges, changes in market factors lead to the recognition of fair value changes in net derivative gains (losses) generally without an offsetting gain or loss recognized in earnings for the item being hedged, which creates volatility in earnings. We actively evaluate market risk hedging needs and strategies to ensure our free cash flow and capital objectives are met under a range of market conditions.
Certain variable annuity products with guaranteed minimum benefits are accounted for as MRBs and measured at estimated fair value. We use freestanding derivatives to hedge the market risks inherent in these variable annuity guarantees.
We continuously review and refine our hedging strategy in light of changing economic and market conditions, evolving NAIC and the New York Department of Financial Services statutory requirements, and accounting rule changes. As a part of our current hedging strategy, we maintain portfolio level derivatives in our macro hedge program. These macro hedge program derivatives mitigate the potential deterioration in our capital positions from significant adverse economic conditions.
See “— Results of Operations — Consolidated Results” for an analysis of the period over period changes in net derivative gains (losses).
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview
This discussion should be read in conjunction with the following sections included elsewhere herein for additional information regarding the topics noted below:
•Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements:
◦Note 13 (senior notes issuance);
◦Note 14 (preferred stock, including the calculation and timing of dividend payments, and MetLife, Inc.’s common stock repurchase authorizations); and
◦Note 20 (common stock repurchase authorization and senior notes redemption).
Additionally, this discussion should be read in conjunction with the following sections included in the 2023 Annual Report for additional information regarding the topics noted below:
•Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements: (i) Note 3 (dispositions); (ii) Note 5 (funding agreements, reported in policyholder account balances (“PABs”), and the related pledged collateral); (iii) Note 16 (long-term debt, commercial paper and other short-term debt, credit and committed facilities, and debt and facility covenants); (iv) Note 17 (collateral financing arrangement and the related pledged collateral); (v) Note 18 (junior subordinated debt securities and the related replacement capital covenant); and (vi) Note 19 (preferred stock and common stock, including the calculation and timing of dividend payments, restrictions on dividends, “dividend stopper” provisions, and MetLife, Inc.’s common stock repurchase authorizations).
•Notes to the MetLife, Inc. (Parent Company Only) Condensed Financial Information included in Schedule II of the Financial Statement Schedules: (i) Note 4 (affiliated long-term debt); and (ii) Note 5 (support agreements).
•Risk Factors: (i) “— Capital Risks”; (ii) “— Investment Risks — We May Have Difficulty Selling Holdings in Our Investment Portfolio or in Our Securities Lending Program in a Timely Manner to Realize Their Full Value”; (iii) “— Economic Environment and Capital Markets Risks — We May Lose Business Due to a Downgrade or a Potential Downgrade in Our Financial Strength or Credit Ratings”; and (iv) “— Economic Environment and Capital Markets Risks — We May Not Meet Our Liquidity Needs, Access Capital, or May Face Significantly Increased Cost of Capital Due to Adverse Capital and Credit Market Conditions.”
Our business and results of operations are materially affected by conditions in the global financial markets and the economy generally due to our market presence in numerous countries, large investment portfolio and the sensitivity of our insurance liabilities and derivatives to changing market factors. Such conditions may affect our financing costs and market interest for our debt or equity securities. For further information regarding market factors that could affect our ability to meet liquidity and capital needs, see “— Industry Trends” and “— Investments — Current Environment.”
Liquidity Management
Based upon the strength of our franchise, diversification of our businesses, strong financial fundamentals and the substantial funding sources available to us as described herein, we continue to believe we have access to ample liquidity to meet business requirements under current market conditions and reasonably possible stress scenarios. We continuously monitor and adjust our liquidity and capital plans for MetLife, Inc. and its subsidiaries in light of market conditions, as well as changing needs and opportunities. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Liquidity” included in the 2023 Annual Report.
Short-term Liquidity and Liquid Assets
An integral part of our liquidity management includes managing our level of liquid assets. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our short-term liquidity position was $18.1 billion and $19.2 billion, respectively, and liquid assets were $176.1 billion and $182.6 billion, respectively.
Short-term liquidity includes cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments, excluding assets that are pledged or otherwise committed. Assets pledged or otherwise committed include amounts received in connection with securities lending, repurchase agreements, derivatives, and secured borrowings, as well as amounts held in the closed block.
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Liquid assets include short-term liquidity and publicly traded securities, excluding assets that are pledged or otherwise committed. Assets pledged or otherwise committed include amounts received in connection with securities lending, repurchase agreements, derivatives, regulatory deposits, the collateral financing arrangement, funding agreements and secured borrowings, as well as amounts held in the closed block.
Capital Management
We have established several senior management committees as part of our capital management process. These committees, including the Capital Management Committee and the Enterprise Risk Committee (“ERC”), regularly review actual and projected capital levels (under a variety of scenarios including stress scenarios) and our annual capital plan in accordance with our capital policy. The Capital Management Committee is comprised of members of senior management, including MetLife, Inc.’s Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), Treasurer, and Chief Risk Officer (“CRO”). The ERC is also comprised of members of senior management, including MetLife, Inc.’s CFO, CRO and Chief Investment Officer.
MetLife, Inc.’s Board of Directors (“Board of Directors”) and senior management are directly involved in the development and maintenance of our capital policy. The capital policy sets forth, among other things, minimum and target capital levels and the governance of the capital management process. All capital actions, including proposed changes to the annual capital plan, capital targets or capital policy, are reviewed by the Finance and Risk Committee of the Board of Directors prior to obtaining full Board of Directors approval. The Board of Directors approves the capital policy and the annual capital plan and authorizes capital actions, as required.
The Company
Liquidity
Liquidity refers to the ability to generate adequate amounts of cash to meet our needs. In the event of significant cash requirements beyond anticipated liquidity needs, we have various alternatives available depending on market conditions and the amount and timing of the liquidity need. These available alternatives include cash flows from operations, sales of liquid assets, global funding sources including commercial paper and various credit and committed facilities.
Capital
We manage our capital position to maintain our financial strength and credit ratings. Our capital position is supported by our ability to generate strong cash flows within our operating companies and borrow funds at competitive rates, as well as by our demonstrated ability to raise additional capital to meet operating and growth needs despite adverse market and economic conditions.
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Summary of the Company’s Primary Sources and Uses of Liquidity and Capital
Our primary sources and uses of liquidity and capital are summarized as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (In millions)
Sources: |  |  |  |
Operating activities, net |  | $ | 2,328 |  |  | $ | 2,026 |
Net change in policyholder account balances |  | 1,071 |  |  | 78 |
Net change in payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions |  | 50 |  |  | — |
Long-term debt issued |  | 758 |  |  | 1,000 |
Derivatives with certain financing elements and other derivative-related transactions, net |  | — |  |  | 60 |
Effect of change in foreign currency exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents |  | — |  |  | 34 |
Total sources |  | 4,207 |  |  | 3,198 |
Uses: |  |  |  |
Investing activities, net |  | 2,627 |  |  | 1,504 |
Net change in payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions |  | — |  |  | 1,066 |
Long-term debt repaid |  | 264 |  |  | 1,012 |
Collateral financing arrangement repaid |  | 47 |  |  | 12 |
Derivatives with certain financing elements and other derivative-related transactions, net |  | 55 |  |  | — |
Net change in mortgage loan secured financing |  | 119 |  |  | — |
Treasury stock acquired in connection with share repurchases |  | 1,172 |  |  | 780 |
Dividends on preferred stock |  | 67 |  |  | 66 |
Dividends on common stock |  | 377 |  |  | 389 |
Other, net |  | 39 |  |  | 108 |
Effect of change in foreign currency exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents |  | 239 |  |  | — |
Total uses |  | 5,006 |  |  | 4,937 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | (799) |  |  | $ | (1,739) |

Cash Flows from Operations
The principal cash inflows from our insurance activities come from insurance premiums, net investment income, annuity considerations and deposit funds. The principal cash outflows are the result of various life insurance, annuity and pension products, operating expenses and income tax, as well as interest expense.
Cash Flows from Investments
The principal cash inflows from our investment activities come from repayments of principal, proceeds from maturities and sales of investments and settlements of freestanding derivatives. The principal cash outflows relate to purchases of investments, issuances of policy loans and settlements of freestanding derivatives. In addition, cash inflows and outflows relate to sales and purchases of businesses. We typically have a net cash outflow from investing activities because cash inflows from insurance operations are reinvested in accordance with our ALM discipline to fund insurance liabilities. We closely monitor and manage these risks through our comprehensive investment risk management process.
Cash Flows from Financing
The principal cash inflows from our financing activities come from issuances of debt and other securities, deposits of funds associated with PABs and lending of securities. The principal cash outflows come from repayments of debt and the collateral financing arrangement, payments of dividends on and repurchases or redemptions of MetLife, Inc.’s securities, withdrawals associated with PABs and the return of securities on loan.
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Liquidity and Capital Sources
Liquidity and capital are provided by a variety of global funding sources, including: (i) preferred and common stock; (ii) short-term debt, which includes commercial paper; (iii) long-term debt; collateral financing arrangement; and junior subordinated debt securities; (iv) PABs, which includes funding agreements; (v) credit and committed facilities; (vi) shelf registration statement, which permits the issuance of public debt, equity and hybrid securities and provides for automatic effectiveness upon filing and has no stated issuance capacity; and (vii) dispositions. Additional details regarding certain of our primary sources of liquidity and capital are included in the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2023 Annual Report referenced in “— Overview” and are discussed below.
The diversity of our global funding sources enhances our funding flexibility, limits dependence on any one market or source of funds and generally lowers the cost of funds. We have no reason to believe that our lending counterparties will be unable to fulfill their respective contractual obligations under our credit and committed facilities. As commitments under these facilities may expire unused, these amounts do not necessarily reflect our actual future cash funding requirements.
Credit and Committed Facilities
At March 31, 2024, the Company maintained its unsecured revolving credit facility (the “Credit Facility”), as well as certain committed facilities (the “Committed Facilities”). When drawn upon, these facilities bear interest at varying rates in accordance with the respective agreements.
Information on the Credit Facility and Committed Facilities at March 31, 2024 was as follows:

Account Party/Borrower(s) |  | Maximum Capacity |  | Letters of Credit Issued |  | Drawdowns |  | Unused Commitments
|  | (In millions)
Credit Facility: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
MetLife, Inc. and MetLife Funding, Inc. |  | $ | 3,000 |  |  | $ | 297 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,703 |
Committed Facilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
MetLife Reinsurance Company of Vermont and MetLife, Inc. |  | $ | 350 |  |  | $ | 350 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
MetLife Reinsurance Company of Vermont and MetLife, Inc. |  | 2,896 |  |  | 2,497 |  |  | — |  |  | 399 |
Total Committed Facilities |  | $ | 3,246 |  |  | $ | 2,847 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 399 |

The following table summarizes our outstanding debt at:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| (In millions)
Short-term debt (1) | $ | 127 |  |  | $ | 119 |
Long-term debt (2) | $ | 15,972 |  |  | $ | 15,548 |
Collateral financing arrangement | $ | 590 |  |  | $ | 637 |
Junior subordinated debt securities | $ | 3,162 |  |  | $ | 3,161 |

__________________
(1)Includes $127 million and $119 million of short-term debt that is non-recourse to MetLife, Inc. and Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (“MLIC”), subject to customary exceptions, at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Certain subsidiaries have pledged assets to secure this debt.
(2)Includes $469 million and $442 million of long-term debt that is non-recourse to MetLife, Inc. and MLIC, subject to customary exceptions, at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Certain investment subsidiaries have pledged assets to secure this debt.
Certain of our debt instruments and Committed Facilities, as well as our Credit Facility, contain various administrative, reporting, legal and financial covenants. We believe we were in compliance with all applicable financial covenants at March 31, 2024.
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Liquidity and Capital Uses
The primary uses of liquidity and capital include: (i) common stock repurchases; (ii) dividends on common and preferred stock; (iii) preferred stock redemptions; (iv) debt repayments; (v) debt repurchases, redemptions and exchanges; (vi) contractual obligations, including PABs and insurance liabilities; (vii) pledged collateral; (viii) securities lending transactions, repurchase agreements and third-party custodian administered programs; (ix) mortgage loan secured financing; and (x) acquisitions. Additional details regarding certain of our primary uses of liquidity and capital are included in the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2023 Annual Report referenced in “— Overview” and are discussed below.
Common Stock Repurchases and Dividends
Among other factors that could restrict MetLife, Inc.’s ability to repurchase or pay dividends on its common stock are the “dividend stopper” provisions in MetLife, Inc.’s preferred stock and junior subordinated debentures. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Liquidity and Capital Uses — ‘Dividend Stopper’ Provisions in MetLife’s Preferred Stock and Junior Subordinated Debentures” included in the 2023 Annual Report.
For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, MetLife, Inc. paid dividends on its preferred stock of $67 million and $66 million, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, MetLife, Inc. paid dividends on its common stock of $377 million and $389 million, respectively.
Debt Repurchases, Redemptions and Exchanges
We may from time to time seek to retire or purchase our outstanding debt through cash purchases, redemptions and/or exchanges for other securities, in open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. Any such repurchases, redemptions, or exchanges will be dependent upon several factors, including our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions, general market conditions, and applicable regulatory, legal and accounting factors. Whether or not to repurchase or redeem any debt and the size and timing of any such repurchases or redemptions will be determined at our discretion.
Pledged Collateral
We pledge collateral to, and have collateral pledged to us by counterparties in connection with our derivatives, the collateral financing arrangement related to the reinsurance of closed block liabilities, and with funding and advance agreements. See Note 11 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding derivatives.
Securities Lending Transactions, Repurchase Agreements and Third-Party Custodian Administered Programs
See “— Investments — Securities Lending Transactions, Repurchase Agreements and Third-Party Custodian Administered Programs.”
Mortgage Loan Secured Financing
See “— Investments — Net Mortgage Loans.”
Insurance Liabilities
Liabilities arising from our insurance activities primarily relate to benefit payments under various life insurance, annuity and group pension products, as well as payments for policy surrenders, withdrawals and loans. For annuity or deposit type products, surrender or lapse behavior differs somewhat by segment. In the MetLife Holdings segment, which includes individual annuities, lapses and surrenders tend to occur in the normal course of business. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, general account surrenders and withdrawals from annuity products were $458 billion and $531 million, respectively. In the RIS segment, which includes pension risk transfers, bank-owned life insurance and other fixed annuity contracts, as well as funding agreements and other capital market products, most of the products offered have fixed maturities or fairly predictable surrenders or withdrawals. With regard to the RIS business products that provide customers with limited rights to accelerate payments, at March 31, 2024 there were funding agreements totaling $133 million that could be put back to the Company.
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MetLife, Inc.
Liquidity and Capital Management
Liquidity and capital are managed to preserve stable, reliable and cost-effective sources of cash to meet all current and future financial obligations and are provided by a variety of sources, including a portfolio of liquid assets, a diversified mix of short- and long-term funding sources from the wholesale financial markets and the ability to borrow through credit and committed facilities. Liquidity is monitored through the use of internal liquidity risk metrics, including the composition and level of the liquid asset portfolio, timing differences in short-term cash flow obligations, access to the financial markets for capital and debt transactions and exposure to contingent draws on MetLife, Inc.’s liquidity. MetLife, Inc. is an active participant in the global financial markets through which it obtains a significant amount of funding. These markets, which serve as cost-effective sources of funds, are critical components of MetLife, Inc.’s liquidity and capital management. Decisions to access these markets are based upon relative costs, prospective views of balance sheet growth and a targeted liquidity profile and capital structure. A disruption in the financial markets could limit MetLife, Inc.’s access to liquidity.
MetLife, Inc.’s ability to maintain regular access to competitively priced wholesale funds is fostered by its current credit ratings from the major credit rating agencies. We view our capital ratios, credit quality, stable and diverse earnings streams, diversity of liquidity sources and our liquidity monitoring procedures as critical to retaining such credit ratings. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Rating Agencies” included in the 2023 Annual Report.
Liquid Assets
At both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, MetLife holding companies had $5.2 billion in liquid assets. Of these amounts, $4.0 billion and $4.2 billion were held by MetLife, Inc. and $1.2 billion and $1.0 billion were held by other MetLife holding companies at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Liquid assets include cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and publicly traded securities, excluding assets that are pledged or otherwise committed. Assets pledged or otherwise committed include amounts received in connection with derivatives and the collateral financing arrangement.
Liquid assets held in non-U.S. holding companies are generated in part through dividends from non-U.S. insurance operations. Such dividends are subject to local insurance regulatory requirements, as discussed in “— Liquidity and Capital Sources — Dividends from Subsidiaries.”
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Consolidated Company Outlook” included in the 2023 Annual Report for the targeted level of liquid assets at the holding companies. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — MetLife, Inc. — Liquid Assets” included in the 2023 Annual Report for additional information on the sources and uses of liquid assets, as well as sources and uses of liquid assets included in free cash flow for MetLife, Inc. and other MetLife holding companies.
Liquidity and Capital Sources
MetLife, Inc.’s primary sources of liquidity and capital are provided by a variety of global funding sources, including: (i) dividends from subsidiaries; (ii) issuances of long-term debt; (iii) collateral financing arrangement and junior subordinated debentures; (iv) credit and committed facilities; and (v) dispositions. Additional details regarding certain of MetLife, Inc.’s primary sources of liquidity and capital are included in “— The Company — Liquidity and Capital Sources,” the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2023 Annual Report referenced in “— Overview” and are discussed below.
Dividends from Subsidiaries
MetLife, Inc. relies, in part, on dividends from its subsidiaries to meet its cash requirements. MetLife, Inc.’s insurance subsidiaries are subject to regulatory restrictions on the payment of dividends imposed by the regulators of their respective domiciles. The dividend limitation for U.S. insurance subsidiaries is generally based on the surplus to policyholders at the end of the immediately preceding calendar year and statutory net gain from operations for the immediately preceding calendar year. Statutory accounting practices, as prescribed by insurance regulators of various states in which we conduct business, differ in certain respects from accounting principles used in financial statements prepared in conformity with GAAP. The significant differences relate to the treatment of DAC, certain deferred income tax, required investment liabilities, statutory reserve calculation assumptions, goodwill and surplus notes.
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The table below sets forth the dividends permitted to be paid in 2024 by MetLife, Inc.’s primary U.S. insurance subsidiaries without insurance regulatory approval and the actual dividends paid for the three months ended March 31, 2024:

Company |  | Paid (1) |  | Permitted Without Approval (2)
|  | (In millions)
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company |  | $ | 1,200 |  |  | $ | 3,476 |
American Life Insurance Company |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 945 |
Metropolitan Tower Life Insurance Company |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 373 |

__________________
(1)Reflects all amounts paid, including those where regulatory approval was obtained as required.
(2)Reflects dividend amounts that may be paid during 2024 without prior regulatory approval. However, because dividend tests may be based on dividends previously paid over rolling 12-month periods, if paid before a specified date during 2024, some or all of such dividends may require regulatory approval.
In addition to the amounts presented in the table above, for the three months ended March 31, 2024, MetLife, Inc. also received from certain other subsidiaries cash dividends of $19 million, as well as cash returns of capital of $6 million.
The dividend capacity of our non-U.S. operations is subject to similar restrictions established by the local regulators. The non-U.S. regulatory regimes also commonly limit dividend payments to the parent company to a portion of the subsidiary’s prior year statutory income, as determined by the local accounting principles. The regulators of our non-U.S. operations, including Japan’s Financial Services Agency, may also limit or not permit profit repatriations or other transfers of funds to the U.S. if such transfers are deemed to be detrimental to the solvency or financial strength of the non-U.S. operations, or for other reasons. Most of our non-U.S. subsidiaries are second tier subsidiaries which are owned by various non-U.S. holding companies. The capital and rating considerations applicable to our first-tier subsidiaries may also impact the dividend flow into MetLife, Inc.
We proactively manage target and excess capital levels and dividend flows and forecast local capital positions as part of the financial planning cycle. The dividend capacity of certain U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries is also subject to business targets in excess of the minimum capital necessary to maintain the desired rating or level of financial strength in the relevant market.
Long-term Debt Outstanding
The following table summarizes the outstanding long-term debt of MetLife, Inc. at:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| (In millions)
Long-term debt — unaffiliated | $ | 15,177 |  |  | $ | 14,516 |
Long-term debt — affiliated | $ | 1,493 |  |  | $ | 1,585 |
Junior subordinated debt securities | $ | 2,468 |  |  | $ | 2,468 |

Liquidity and Capital Uses
MetLife, Inc.’s primary uses of liquidity and capital include: (i) debt service; (ii) cash dividends on common and preferred stock; (iii) capital contributions to subsidiaries; (iv) common stock, preferred stock and debt repurchases and/or redemptions; (v) payment of general operating expenses; (vi) support agreements; and (vii) acquisitions. Additional details regarding certain of MetLife, Inc.’s primary uses of liquidity and capital are included in “— The Company — Liquidity and Capital Uses,” the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2023 Annual Report referenced in “— Overview” and are discussed below.
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Based on our analysis and comparison of our current and future cash inflows from the dividends we receive from subsidiaries that are permitted to be paid without prior insurance regulatory approval, our investment portfolio and other cash flows and anticipated access to the capital markets, we believe there will be sufficient liquidity and capital to enable MetLife, Inc. to make payments on debt, pay cash dividends on its common and preferred stock, contribute capital to its subsidiaries, repurchase its common stock and certain of its other securities, pay all general operating expenses and meet its cash needs under current market conditions and reasonably possible stress scenarios.
Affiliated Capital and Debt Transactions
For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, MetLife, Inc. invested a net amount of $111 million and $173 million, respectively, in various subsidiaries.
MetLife, Inc. lends funds, as necessary, through credit agreements or otherwise to its subsidiaries and affiliates, some of which are regulated, to meet their capital requirements or to provide liquidity. MetLife, Inc. had loans to subsidiaries outstanding of $555 million and $305 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Future Adoption of Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Non-GAAP and Other Financial Disclosures
In this report, the Company presents certain measures of its performance on a consolidated and segment basis that are not calculated in accordance with GAAP. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures enhance the understanding for the Company and our investors of our performance by highlighting the results of operations and the underlying profitability drivers of our business. Segment-specific financial measures are calculated using only the portion of consolidated results attributable to that specific segment.
The following non-GAAP financial measures should not be viewed as substitutes for the most directly comparable financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP:

Non-GAAP financial measures: | Comparable GAAP financial measures:
(i) | adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues | (i) | premiums, fees and other revenues
(ii) | adjusted earnings | (ii) | net income (loss)
(iii) | adjusted earnings available to common shareholders | (iii) | net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders
(iv) | adjusted net investment income | (iv) | net investment income

Any of these financial measures shown on a constant currency basis reflect the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates and are calculated using the average foreign currency exchange rates for the most recent period and applied to the comparable prior period (“constant currency basis”).
Reconciliations of these non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable historical GAAP financial measures are included in “— Results of Operations” and “— Investments.” Reconciliations of these non-GAAP measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures are not accessible on a forward-looking basis because we believe it is not possible without unreasonable effort to provide other than a range of net investment gains and losses and net derivative gains and losses, which can fluctuate significantly within or outside the range and from period to period and may have a material impact on net income.
Our definitions of non-GAAP and other financial measures discussed in this report may differ from those used by other companies.
Adjusted earnings and related measures:
•adjusted earnings;
•adjusted earnings available to common shareholders; and
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•adjusted earnings available to common shareholders on a constant currency basis.
These measures are used by management to evaluate performance and allocate resources. Consistent with GAAP guidance for segment reporting, adjusted earnings and components of, or other financial measures based on, adjusted earnings are also our GAAP measures of segment performance. Adjusted earnings and other financial measures based on adjusted earnings are also the measures by which senior management’s and many other employees’ performance is evaluated for the purposes of determining their compensation under applicable compensation plans. Adjusted earnings and other financial measures based on adjusted earnings allow analysis of our performance relative to our business plan and facilitate comparisons to industry results.
Adjusted earnings is defined as adjusted revenues less adjusted expenses, net of income tax. Adjusted loss is defined as negative adjusted earnings. Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders is defined as adjusted earnings less preferred stock dividends. For additional information relating to adjusted earnings, see “Financial Measures and Segment Accounting Policies” in Note 2 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
In addition, adjusted earnings available to common shareholders excludes the impact of preferred stock redemption premium, which is reported as a reduction to net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders.
Return on equity, allocated equity and related measures:
•Total MetLife, Inc.’s common stockholders’ equity, excluding accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) other than foreign currency translation adjustments (“FCTA”), is defined as total MetLife, Inc.’s common stockholders’ equity, excluding the net unrealized investment gains (losses), future policy benefits discount rate remeasurement gains (losses), MRBs instrument-specific credit risk remeasurement gains (losses) and defined benefit plans adjustment components of AOCI, net of income tax.
•Return on MetLife, Inc.’s common stockholders’ equity: net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders divided by MetLife, Inc.’s average common stockholders’ equity.
•Adjusted return on MetLife, Inc.’s common stockholders’ equity: adjusted earnings available to common shareholders divided by MetLife, Inc.’s average common stockholders’ equity.
•Adjusted return on MetLife, Inc.’s common stockholders’ equity, excluding AOCI other than FCTA: adjusted earnings available to common shareholders divided by MetLife, Inc.’s average common stockholders’ equity, excluding AOCI other than FCTA.
•Allocated equity is the portion of MetLife, Inc.’s common stockholders’ equity that management allocates to each of its segments based on local capital requirements and economic capital. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Risk Management — Economic Capital” in the 2023 Annual Report. Allocated equity excludes the impact of AOCI other than FCTA.
The above measures represent a level of equity consistent with the view that, in the ordinary course of business, we do not plan to sell most investments for the sole purpose of realizing gains or losses.
Expense ratio and direct expense ratio:
•Expense ratio: other expenses, net of capitalization of DAC, divided by premiums, fees and other revenues.
•Direct expense ratio: adjusted direct expenses divided by adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues. Direct expenses are comprised of employee-related costs, third-party staffing costs, and general and administrative expenses.
•Direct expense ratio, excluding total notable items related to direct expenses and pension risk transfers: adjusted direct expenses excluding total notable items related to direct expenses, divided by adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues, excluding pension risk transfers.
The following additional information is relevant to an understanding of our performance results and outlook:
•We sometimes refer to sales activity for various products. These sales statistics do not correspond to revenues under GAAP, but are used as relevant measures of business activity. Further, sales statistics for our Latin America, Asia and EMEA segments are on a constant currency basis.
•Near-term represents one to three years.
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•Notable items reflect the unexpected impact of events that affect the Company’s results, but that were unknown and that the Company could not anticipate when it devised its business plan. Notable items also include certain items regardless of the extent anticipated in the business plan, to help investors have a better understanding of MetLife’s results and to evaluate and forecast those results. Notable items represent a positive (negative) impact to adjusted earnings available to common shareholders.
•The Company uses a measure of free cash flow to facilitate an understanding of its ability to generate cash for reinvestment into its businesses or use in non-mandatory capital actions. The Company defines free cash flow as the sum of cash available at MetLife’s holding companies from dividends from operating subsidiaries, expenses and other net flows of the holding companies (including capital contributions to subsidiaries), and net contributions from debt to be at or below target leverage ratios. This measure of free cash flow is prior to capital actions, such as common stock dividends and repurchases, debt reduction and mergers and acquisitions. Free cash flow should not be viewed as a substitute for net cash provided by (used in) operating activities calculated in accordance with GAAP. The free cash flow ratio is typically expressed as a percentage of annual adjusted earnings available to common shareholders.
•For further detail relating to total adjusted revenues and total adjusted expenses, as set forth in “— Results of Operations — Segment Results and Corporate & Other,” see total revenues and total expenses, respectively, within the tables in “Financial Measures and Segment Accounting Policies” in Note 2 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Risk Management
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Risk Management” in the 2023 Annual Report for information on our risk management.
Subsequent Events
See Note 20 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
We regularly analyze our exposure to interest rate, equity market price and foreign currency exchange rate risks. As a result of that analysis, we have determined that the estimated fair values of certain assets and liabilities are materially exposed to changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and changes in the equity markets. We have exposure to such market risks through our insurance operations and investment activities. We use a variety of strategies to manage these risks, including the use of derivatives. A description of our market risk exposures may be found under “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” included in the 2023 Annual Report. There have been no material changes to our market risk exposures from those previously disclosed in the 2023 Annual Report.
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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Management, with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and CFO, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”), as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO have concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
There were no material changes to the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) during the quarter ended March 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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Part II — Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
See Note 19 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Certain factors that may affect the Company’s business or operations are described under “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A, of the 2023 Annual Report. There have been no material changes to our risk factors from the risk factors previously disclosed in the 2023 Annual Report.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Purchases of MetLife, Inc. common stock made by or on behalf of MetLife, Inc. or its affiliates during the quarter ended March 31, 2024 are set forth below:

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (2)
January 1 — January 31, 2024 |  | 7,284,363 |  |  | $ | 68.65 |  |  | 7,283,779 |  |  | $ | 1,602,494,156 |
February 1 — February 29, 2024 |  | 4,699,082 |  |  | $ | 68.10 |  |  | 4,699,082 |  |  | $ | 1,282,495,180 |
March 1 — March 31, 2024 |  | 4,916,589 |  |  | $ | 71.61 |  |  | 4,915,378 |  |  | $ | 930,495,942 |
Total |  | 16,900,034 |  |  |  |  | 16,898,239 |  |  |

__________________
(1)During the periods January 1 — January 31, 2024, February 1 — February 29, 2024 and March 1 — March 31, 2024, separate account index funds purchased 584 shares, 0 shares and 1,211 shares, respectively, of MetLife, Inc. common stock on the open market in non-discretionary transactions.
(2)In May 2023, MetLife, Inc. announced that its Board of Directors authorized a total of $4.0 billion of additional common stock repurchases. At March 31, 2024, MetLife, Inc. had $930 million of common stock repurchases remaining under the authorization. Neither the authorization remaining, nor the amount repurchased, reflects the applicable excise tax payable in connection with such repurchases. On May 1, 2024, MetLife, Inc. announced that its Board of Directors authorized an additional $3.0 billion of common stock repurchases. For more information on common stock repurchases, including excise tax payable in connection therewith, see Note 14 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. See also “Risk Factors — Capital Risks — We May Not be Able to Pay Dividends or Repurchase Our Stock Due to Legal and Regulatory Restrictions or Cash Buffer Needs” included in the 2023 Annual Report.
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Item 5. Other Information
Securities trading plans
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, none of our Section 16 officers or directors (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act) adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of our securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) of the Exchange Act or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” (as defined in Section 408(c) of Regulation S-K).
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Item 6. Exhibits
(Note Regarding Reliance on Statements in Our Contracts: In reviewing the agreements included as exhibits to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, please remember that they are included to provide you with information regarding their terms and are not intended to provide any other factual or disclosure information about MetLife, Inc., its subsidiaries or affiliates, or the other parties to the agreements. The agreements contain representations and warranties by each of the parties to the applicable agreement. These representations and warranties have been made solely for the benefit of the other parties to the applicable agreement and (i) should not in all instances be treated as categorical statements of fact, but rather as a way of allocating the risk to one of the parties if those statements prove to be inaccurate; (ii) have been qualified by disclosures that were made to the other party in connection with the negotiation of the applicable agreement, which disclosures are not necessarily reflected in the agreement; (iii) may apply standards of materiality in a way that is different from what may be viewed as material to investors; and (iv) were made only as of the date of the applicable agreement or such other date or dates as may be specified in the agreement and are subject to more recent developments. Accordingly, these representations and warranties may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time. Additional information about MetLife, Inc., its subsidiaries and affiliates may be found elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and MetLife, Inc.’s other public filings, which are available without charge through the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission website at www.sec.gov.)

|  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference |  |
Exhibit No. |  | Description |  | Form |  | File Number |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date |  | Filed or Furnished Herewith
4.1 |  | Certain instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt of MetLife, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries are omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(4)(iii) of Regulation S-K. MetLife, Inc. hereby agrees to furnish to the Securities and Exchange Commission, upon request, copies of such instruments. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
31.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
31.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
32.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
32.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101). |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X

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Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

METLIFE, INC.
By: |  | /s/ Tamara L. Schock
|  | Name: Tamara L. Schock Title: Executive Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer (Authorized Signatory and Principal Accounting Officer)

Date: May 2, 2024
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