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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
Earnings before income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 consisted of the following components:
 202020192018
United States$902.4 $1,902.2 $924.2 
Other306.9 325.2 274.2 
 $1,209.3 $2,227.4 $1,198.4 
Components of income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 were as follows:
 202020192018
Current:   
Federal$180.8 $391.6 $155.4 
State59.0 78.3 56.2 
Foreign77.4 79.8 105.1 
Deferred:   
Federal(54.3)(43.1)(24.2)
State(7.6)2.6 (25.8)
Foreign4.3 (49.7)(12.7)
 $259.6 $459.5 $254.0 

Reconciliations between the statutory federal income tax rate and the effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 were as follows:
 202020192018
Federal statutory rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
Foreign operations, net1.0 0.2 1.6 
R&D tax credits(1.4)(0.6)(0.9)
State taxes, net of federal benefit3.1 1.6 2.4 
Stock-based compensation(3.0)(1.3)(3.1)
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 - measurement period adjustments— — (1.2)
Divestitures— 1.8 — 
Foreign entity restructuring— (1.8)— 
Other, net0.8 (0.3)1.4 
 21.5 %20.6 %21.2 %
 
The deferred income tax balance sheet accounts arise from temporary differences between the amount of assets and liabilities recognized for financial reporting and tax purposes.

Components of the deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31 were as follows:
 20202019
Deferred tax assets:  
Reserves and accrued expenses$187.6 $169.6 
Net operating loss carryforwards154.6 111.2 
R&D credits26.3 4.1 
Interest expense limitation carryforwards63.0 9.9 
Valuation allowance(38.0)(36.3)
Lease liability65.0 64.0 
Total deferred tax assets$458.5 $322.5 
Deferred tax liabilities:  
Reserves and accrued expenses$23.8 $15.5 
Amortizable intangible assets1,803.3 1,229.9 
Plant and equipment8.8 10.8 
Accrued tax on unremitted foreign earnings18.6 17.1 
ROU asset62.5 61.7 
Total deferred tax liabilities$1,917.0 $1,335.0 
As of December 31, 2020, the Company has approximately $51.5 of tax-effected U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards. Some of these net operating loss carryforwards have an indefinite carryforward period, and those that do not will begin to expire in 2022 if not utilized. The majority of the U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards are subject to limitation under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (“IRC”) Section 382; however, the Company expects to utilize such losses in their entirety prior to expiration. The U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards increased from 2019 to 2020 primarily due to the acquisition of Vertafore. The Company has approximately $45.7 of tax-effected state net operating loss carryforwards (without regard to federal benefit of state). Some of these net operating loss carryforwards have an indefinite carryforward period, and those that do not will begin to expire in 2021 if not utilized. The state net operating loss carryforwards are primarily related to Florida, but the Company has smaller net operating losses in various other states. The Company has approximately $66.9 of tax-effected foreign net operating loss carryforwards. Some of these net operating loss carryforwards have an indefinite carryforward period, and those that do not will begin to expire in 2021 if not utilized. The foreign net operating loss carryforwards increased from 2019 to 2020 primarily due to current year losses. The Company has $27.9 of U.S. federal and state research and development tax credit carryforwards (without regard to federal benefit of state). Some of these research and development credit carryforwards have an indefinite carryforward period, and those that do not will begin to expire in 2021 if not utilized. The research and development tax credit carryforwards increased from 2019 to 2020 primarily due to the acquisition of Vertafore. Additionally, as of December 31, 2020, the Company has $63.0 of IRC Section 163(j) interest expense limitation carryforwards which have an indefinite carryforward period. The interest expense limitation carryforward increased from 2019 to 2020 primarily due to the acquisition of Vertafore.

As of December 31, 2020, the Company determined that a total valuation allowance of $38.0 was necessary to reduce U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets by $17.3 and foreign deferred tax assets by $20.7, where it was more likely than not that all of such deferred tax assets will not be realized. As of December 31, 2020, the Company believes it is more likely than not that the remaining net deferred tax assets will be realized based on the Company’s estimates of future taxable income and any applicable tax-planning strategies within various tax jurisdictions.
 
The Company recognizes in the Consolidated Financial Statements only those tax positions determined to be “more likely than not” of being sustained upon examination based on the technical merits of the positions. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
 202020192018
Beginning balance$69.8 $63.6 $52.2 
Additions for tax positions of prior periods6.0 2.9 2.4 
Additions for tax positions of the current period3.5 4.2 6.9 
Additions due to acquisitions6.2 1.9 4.4 
Reductions for tax positions of prior periods(3.6)(0.3)(0.4)
Reductions attributable to lapses of applicable statute of limitations(6.3)(2.5)(1.9)
Ending balance$75.6 $69.8 $63.6 

The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate is $74.1. Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits were $0.9 in 2020 and are classified as a component of income tax expense. Accrued interest and penalties were $9.6 at December 31, 2020 and $8.7 at December 31, 2019. During the next twelve months, it is reasonably possible that the unrecognized tax benefits may decrease by a net $5.0, mainly due to anticipated statute of limitations lapses in various jurisdictions.
 
The Company and its subsidiaries are subject to examinations for U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax in various state, city and foreign jurisdictions. The Company’s federal income tax returns for 2017 through the current period remain open to examination and the relevant state, city and foreign statutes vary. The Company does not expect the assessment of any significant additional tax in excess of amounts reserved.
The Company intends to distribute all historical unremitted foreign earnings up to the amount of excess foreign cash, as well as all future foreign earnings that can be repatriated without incremental U.S. federal tax cost. Any remaining outside basis differences relating to the Company’s investment in foreign subsidiaries are not expected to be material and will be indefinitely reinvested.