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Income Taxes
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Income Taxes [Abstract]  
Income Taxes

8. Income Taxes

The effective income tax rate for income taxes as a percentage of income before income taxes was 22.2% and 36.9% for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.  The decrease was primarily due to unfavorable discrete tax items in the first quarter of 2018 including equity vesting at an amount less than original book value and negative impacts from tax reform, and favorable discrete tax items in the first quarter of 2019 related to stock option exercises.