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CONTINGENCIES | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract] |
Contingencies | CONTINGENCIES Environmental. FCX subsidiaries are subject to various national, state and local environmental laws and regulations that govern emissions of air pollutants; discharges of water pollutants; generation, handling, storage and disposal of hazardous substances, hazardous wastes and other toxic materials; and remediation, restoration and reclamation of environmental contamination. FCX subsidiaries that operate in the U.S. also are subject to potential liabilities arising under CERCLA and similar state laws that impose responsibility on current and previous owners and operators of a facility for the remediation of hazardous substances released from the facility into the environment, including damages to natural resources, in some cases irrespective of when the damage to the environment occurred or who caused it. Remediation liability also extends to persons who arranged for the disposal of hazardous substances or transported the hazardous substances to a disposal site selected by the transporter. These liabilities are often shared on a joint and several basis, meaning that each responsible party is fully responsible for the remediation, if some or all of the other historical owners or operators no longer exist, do not have the financial ability to respond or cannot be found. As a result, because of FCX’s acquisition of FMC in 2007, many of the subsidiary companies FCX now owns are responsible for a wide variety of environmental remediation projects throughout the U.S., and FCX expects to spend substantial sums annually for many years to address those remediation issues. Certain FCX subsidiaries have been advised by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Department of the Interior, the Department of Agriculture and various state agencies that, under CERCLA or similar state laws and regulations, they may be liable for costs of responding to environmental conditions at a number of sites that have been or are being investigated to determine whether releases of hazardous substances have occurred and, if so, to develop and implement remedial actions to address environmental concerns. FCX is also subject to claims where the release of hazardous substances is alleged to have damaged natural resources (NRD) and to litigation by individuals allegedly exposed to hazardous substances. As of December 31, 2018, FCX had more than 100 active remediation projects, including NRD claims, in 26 U.S. states. A summary of changes in estimated environmental obligations for the years ended December 31 follows:
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Balance at beginning of year | $ | 1,439 |  |  | $ | 1,221 |  |  | $ | 1,215 |
Accretion expense a | 100 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 81 |
Additions b | 56 |  |  | 241 |  |  | 26 |
Reductions b | — |  |  | (43 | ) |  | (43 | )
Spending | (84 | ) |  | (64 | ) |  | (58 | )
Balance at end of year | 1,511 |  |  | 1,439 |  |  | 1,221 |
Less current portion | (132 | ) |  | (134 | ) |  | (129 | )
Long-term portion | $ | 1,379 |  |  | $ | 1,305 |  |  | $ | 1,092 |
a. | Represents accretion of the fair value of environmental obligations assumed in the 2007 acquisition of FMC, which were determined on a discounted cash flow basis.
b. | Adjustments to environmental obligations that do not provide future economic benefits are charged to operating income. Reductions primarily reflect revisions for changes in the anticipated scope and timing of projects and other noncash adjustments.
Estimated future environmental cash payments (on an undiscounted and unescalated basis) total $132 million in 2019, $117 million in 2020, $119 million in 2021, $88 million in 2022, $100 million in 2023 and $2.7 billion thereafter. The amount and timing of these estimated payments will change as a result of changes in regulatory requirements, changes in scope and timing of remediation activities, the settlement of environmental matters and as actual spending occurs. At December 31, 2018, FCX’s environmental obligations totaled $1.5 billion, including $1.4 billion recorded on a discounted basis for those obligations assumed in the FMC acquisition at fair value. On an undiscounted and unescalated basis, these obligations totaled $3.3 billion. FCX estimates it is reasonably possible that these obligations could range between $2.7 billion and $3.7 billion on an undiscounted and unescalated basis. At December 31, 2018, the most significant environmental obligations were associated with the Pinal Creek site in Arizona; the Newtown Creek site in New York City; historical smelter sites principally located in Arizona, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, New Jersey, Oklahoma and Pennsylvania; and uranium mining sites in the western U.S. The recorded environmental obligations for these sites totaled $1.3 billion at December 31, 2018. FCX may also be subject to litigation brought by private parties, regulators and local governmental authorities related to these historical sites. A discussion of these sites follows. Pinal Creek. The Pinal Creek site was listed under the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality’s (ADEQ) Water Quality Assurance Revolving Fund program in 1989 for contamination in the shallow alluvial aquifers within the Pinal Creek drainage near Miami, Arizona. Since that time, environmental remediation has been performed by members of the Pinal Creek Group, consisting of Freeport-McMoRan Miami Inc. (Miami), an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of FCX, and two other companies. Pursuant to a 2010 settlement agreement, Miami agreed to take full responsibility for future groundwater remediation at the Pinal Creek site, with limited exceptions. Remediation work consisting of groundwater extraction and treatment plus source control capping are expected to continue for many years in the future. Newtown Creek. From the 1930s until 1964, Phelps Dodge Refining Corporation (PDRC), an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of FCX, operated a copper smelter, and from the 1930s until 1984 operated a copper refinery, on the banks of Newtown Creek (the creek), which is a 3.5-mile-long waterway that forms part of the boundary between Brooklyn and Queens in New York City. Heavy industrialization along the banks of the creek and discharges from the City of New York’s sewer system over more than a century resulted in significant environmental contamination of the waterway. In 2010, EPA notified PDRC, four other companies and the City of New York that EPA considers them to be PRPs under CERCLA. The notified parties began working with EPA to identify other PRPs. In 2010, EPA designated the creek as a Superfund site, and in 2011, PDRC and five other parties entered an Administrative Order on Consent (AOC) to perform a remedial investigation/feasibility study (RI/FS) to assess the nature and extent of environmental contamination in the creek and identify potential remedial options. The parties’ RI/FS work under the AOC and their efforts to identify other PRPs are ongoing. EPA recently identified eight additional parties as PRPs for the creek. The draft RI was submitted to EPA in November 2016, and the draft FS is expected to be submitted to EPA by the end of 2020. EPA is not expected to propose a final remedy until after the RI/FS is completed, but has recently considered allowing for interim remedial measures as suggested by the PRPs. EPA’s remedial decision could be made in 2021 and remedial design could begin in 2022, with the actual remediation construction starting several years later. The actual costs of fulfilling this remedial obligation and the allocation of costs among PRPs are uncertain and subject to change based on the results of the RI/FS, the remedy ultimately selected by EPA and related allocation determinations. The overall cost and the portion ultimately allocated to PDRC could be material to FCX. During 2017, FCX recorded charges of $138 million for revised cost estimates for the Newtown Creek environmental obligation. Historical Smelter Sites. FCX subsidiaries and their predecessors at various times owned or operated copper, zinc and lead smelters or refineries in states including Arizona, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, New Jersey, Oklahoma and Pennsylvania. For some of these former processing sites, certain FCX subsidiaries have been advised by EPA or state agencies that they may be liable for costs of investigating and, if appropriate, remediating environmental conditions associated with these former processing facilities. At other sites, certain FCX subsidiaries have entered into state voluntary remediation programs to investigate and, if appropriate, remediate onsite and offsite conditions associated with the facilities. The historical processing sites are in various stages of assessment and remediation. At some of these sites, disputes with local residents and elected officials regarding alleged health effects or the effectiveness of remediation efforts have resulted in litigation of various types, and similar litigation at other sites is possible. From 1920 until 1986, United States Metals Refining Company (USMR), an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of FCX, owned and operated a copper smelter and refinery in the Borough of Carteret, New Jersey. Since the early 1980s, the site has been the subject of environmental investigation and remediation, under the direction and supervision of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. On January 30, 2017, a class action titled Juan Duarte, Betsy Duarte and N.D., Infant, by Parents and Natural Guardians Juan Duarte and Betsy Duarte, Leroy Nobles and Betty Nobles, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated v. United States Metals Refining Company, Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc. and Amax Realty Development, Inc., Docket No. 734-17, was filed in the Superior Court of New Jersey against USMR, FCX, and Amax Realty Development, Inc. The defendants removed this litigation to the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey, where it remains pending. In December 2017, the plaintiffs amended their complaint and FCX was dismissed as a defendant and FMC was added as a defendant to the lawsuit. The suit alleges that USMR generated and disposed of smelter waste at the site and allegedly released contaminants onsite and offsite through discharges to surface water and air emissions over a period of decades and seeks unspecified damages for economic losses, including loss of property value, medical monitoring, punitive damages and other damages. In October 2018, the magistrate judge denied the plaintiffs’ July 2018 request to amend the complaint to rejoin FCX as a defendant, and the plaintiffs have appealed that decision. FCX continues to vigorously defend this matter. As a result of off-site soil sampling in public and private areas near the former Carteret smelter, FCX increased its associated environmental obligation for known and potential off-site environmental remediation by recording a $59 million charge to operating income in 2017. Additional sampling and analysis occurred through 2018 and is ongoing and could result in additional adjustments to the related environmental remediation obligation in future periods. Uranium Mining Sites. During a period between 1940 and the early 1970s, certain FCX subsidiaries and their predecessors were involved in uranium exploration and mining in the western U.S., primarily on federal and tribal lands in the Four Corners region of the southwest. Similar exploration and mining activities by other companies have also caused environmental impacts warranting remediation. In January 2017, the Department of Justice, EPA, Navajo Nation, and two FCX subsidiaries reached an agreement regarding the financial contribution of the U.S. Government and the FCX subsidiaries and the scope of the environmental investigation and remediation work for 94 former uranium mining sites on tribal lands. The settlement terms are outlined in a Consent Decree that was filed on January 17, 2017, in the U.S. District Court for the District of Arizona. Under the Consent Decree, which the U.S. Government valued at over $600 million, the U.S. contributed $335 million into a trust fund to cover the government’s initial share of the costs, and FCX’s subsidiaries are proceeding with the environmental investigation and remediation work at the 94 sites. The program is expected to take more than 20 years to complete. Based on updated cash flow and timing estimates, FCX reduced its associated obligation by recording a $41 million credit to operating income in 2017 after receiving court approval of the Consent Decree. In addition to uranium activities on tribal lands, FCX is conducting site surveys of historical uranium mining claims associated with FCX subsidiaries on non-tribal federal lands in the Four Corners region. Under a memorandum of understanding with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM), site surveys are being performed on over 10,000 mining claims, ranging from undisturbed claims to claims with mining features. Based on these surveys, BLM may provide no further action determinations for undisturbed claims or requests for additional assessment or reclamation activities for others. AROs. FCX’s ARO estimates are reflected on a third-party cost basis and are based on FCX’s legal obligation to retire tangible, long-lived assets. A summary of changes in FCX’s AROs for the years ended December 31 follows:
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |
Balance at beginning of year | $ | 2,583 |  |  | $ | 2,638 |  |  | $ | 2,774 |  |
Liabilities incurred | 1 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 12 |  |
Settlements and revisions to cash flow estimates, net | 50 |  |  | (112 | ) |  | 529 |  | a
Accretion expense | 110 |  |  | 124 |  |  | 137 |  |
Dispositions b | (37 | ) |  | (10 | ) |  | (626 | ) |
Spending | (160 | ) |  | (71 | ) |  | (188 | ) |
Balance at end of year | 2,547 |  |  | 2,583 |  |  | 2,638 |  |
Less current portion | (317 | ) |  | (286 | ) |  | (240 | ) |
Long-term portion | $ | 2,230 |  |  | $ | 2,297 |  |  | $ | 2,398 |  |
a. | Revisions to cash flow estimates were primarily related to revised estimates for an overburden stockpile in Indonesia and at certain oil and gas properties.
b. | Primarily reflects the sale of certain oil and gas properties.
ARO costs may increase or decrease significantly in the future as a result of changes in regulations, changes in engineering designs and technology, permit modifications or updates, changes in mine plans, settlements, inflation or other factors and as reclamation (concurrent with mining operations or post mining) spending occurs. ARO activities and expenditures for mining operations generally are made over an extended period of time commencing near the end of the mine life; however, certain reclamation activities may be accelerated if legally required or if determined to be economically beneficial. The methods used or required to plug and abandon non-producing oil and gas wellbores; remove platforms, tanks, production equipment and flow lines; and restore wellsites could change over time. Financial Assurance. New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado and other states, as well as federal regulations governing mine operations on federal land, require financial assurance to be provided for the estimated costs of mine reclamation and closure, including groundwater quality protection programs. FCX has satisfied financial assurance requirements by using a variety of mechanisms, primarily involving parent company performance guarantees and financial capability demonstrations, but also including trust funds, surety bonds, letters of credit and other collateral. The applicable regulations specify financial strength tests that are designed to confirm a company’s or guarantor’s financial capability to fund estimated reclamation and closure costs. The amount of financial assurance FCX subsidiaries are required to provide will vary with changes in laws, regulations, reclamation and closure requirements, and cost estimates. At December 31, 2018, FCX’s financial assurance obligations associated with these U.S. mine closure and reclamation/restoration costs totaled $1.2 billion, of which $703 million was in the form of guarantees issued by FCX and FMC. At December 31, 2018, FCX had trust assets totaling $180 million (included in other assets), which are legally restricted to be used to satisfy its financial assurance obligations for its mining properties in New Mexico. In addition, FCX subsidiaries have financial assurance obligations for its oil and gas properties associated with plugging and abandoning wells and facilities totaling $545 million. Where oil and gas guarantees associated with the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management do not include a stated cap, the amounts reflect management’s estimates of the potential exposure. New Mexico Environmental and Reclamation Programs. FCX’s New Mexico operations are regulated under the New Mexico Water Quality Act and regulations adopted by the Water Quality Control Commission (WQCC). In connection with discharge permits, the New Mexico Environment Department (NMED) has required each of these operations to submit closure plans for NMED’s approval. The closure plans must include measures to assure meeting applicable groundwater quality standards following the closure of discharging facilities and to abate groundwater or surface water contamination to meet applicable standards. In 2013, the WQCC adopted Supplemental Permitting Requirements for Copper Mining Facilities, which became effective on December 1, 2013, and specify closure requirements for copper mine facilities. The rules were adopted after an extensive stakeholder process in which FCX participated and were jointly supported by FCX and NMED. The New Mexico Supreme Court upheld the rules in 2018, following a challenge by certain environmental organizations and the New Mexico Attorney General. Finalized closure plans that meet the requirements of these rules will be submitted in 2019 and will result in material increases in closure costs for FCX’s New Mexico operations. FCX’s New Mexico operations also are subject to regulation under the 1993 New Mexico Mining Act (the Mining Act) and the related rules that are administered by the Mining and Minerals Division (MMD) of the New Mexico Energy, Minerals and Natural Resources Department. Under the Mining Act, mines are required to obtain approval of plans describing the reclamation to be performed following cessation of mining operations. At December 31, 2018, FCX had accrued reclamation and closure costs of $450 million for its New Mexico operations. Additional accruals may be required based on the state’s periodic review of FCX’s updated closure plans and any resulting permit conditions, and the amount of those accruals could be material. Arizona Environmental and Reclamation Programs. FCX’s Arizona properties are subject to regulatory oversight in several areas. ADEQ has adopted regulations for its aquifer protection permit (APP) program that require permits for, among other things, certain facilities, activities and structures used for mining, leaching, concentrating and smelting, and require compliance with aquifer water quality standards at an applicable point of compliance well or location during both operations and closure. The APP program also may require mitigation and discharge reduction or elimination of some discharges. An application for an APP requires a proposed closure strategy that will meet applicable groundwater protection requirements following cessation of operations and an estimate of the cost to implement the closure strategy. An APP application specifies closure obligations, including post-closure monitoring and maintenance. A more detailed closure plan must be submitted within 90 days after a permitted entity notifies ADEQ of its intent to cease operations. A permit applicant must demonstrate its financial ability to meet the closure costs approved by ADEQ. In 2014, the state enacted legislation requiring closure costs for facilities covered by APPs to be updated no more frequently than every six years and financial assurance mechanisms to be updated no more frequently than every two years. In 2016, ADEQ approved a closure plan update for Sierrita, which resulted in increased closure costs. FCX will continue updating its closure strategy and closure cost estimates at other Arizona sites and intends to submit an updated tailings dam system closure cost for Morenci in April 2019. FCX expects to update the closure strategy and closure costs for Morenci’s stockpiles in 2020. FCX intends to update Bagdad closure costs in 2021. FCX has also proposed a closure strategy and closure costs for a former leach stockpile at Bisbee (a discontinued operation), which is currently under review by ADEQ. Portions of Arizona mining facilities that operated after January 1, 1986, also are subject to the Arizona Mined Land Reclamation Act (AMLRA). AMLRA requires reclamation to achieve stability and safety consistent with post-mining land use objectives specified in a reclamation plan. Reclamation plans must be approved by the State Mine Inspector and must include an estimate of the cost to perform the reclamation measures specified in the plan along with financial assurance. During 2017, Safford submitted an update to its reclamation plan to include the Lone Star expansion, which increased its reclamation costs. FCX will continue to evaluate options for future reclamation and closure activities at its operating and non-operating sites, which are likely to result in adjustments to FCX’s AROs, and those adjustments could be material. At December 31, 2018, FCX had accrued reclamation and closure costs of $367 million for its Arizona operations. Colorado Reclamation Programs. FCX’s Colorado operations are regulated by the Colorado Mined Land Reclamation Act (Reclamation Act) and regulations promulgated thereunder. Under the Reclamation Act, mines are required to obtain approval of plans for reclamation of lands affected by mining operations to be performed during mining or upon cessation of mining operations. During 2016, at the request of the Colorado Division of Reclamation Mining & Safety, the Climax mine submitted a revised cost estimate for its current reclamation plan, which did not materially change the closure plan cost. In 2017, Henderson began considering alternatives for the closure of the tailings facility and, in 2018, began evaluating potential options for long-term water treatment, which are likely to result in adjustments to FCX’s AROs, and those adjustments could be material. As of December 31, 2018, FCX had accrued reclamation and closure costs of $61 million for its Colorado operations. In 2019, a bill has been introduced in the Colorado legislature that requires financial assurance for long-term water management and eliminates the potential for future permits for mining sites that include long-term water management as part of the closure strategy. The long-term water management component of the bill will apply to Climax and Henderson operations and AROs. Chilean Reclamation and Closure Programs. In July 2011, the Chilean senate passed legislation regulating mine closure, which established new requirements for closure plans. In compliance with the requirement for five-year updates, in November 2018, FCX’s El Abra operation submitted an updated plan with closure cost estimates based on the existing approved closure plan. Approval is expected in 2019. This update will not result in a material increase to closure costs. At December 31, 2018, FCX had accrued reclamation and closure costs of $63 million for its El Abra operation. Peruvian Reclamation and Closure Programs. Cerro Verde is subject to regulation under the Mine Closure Law administered by the Peruvian Ministry of Energy and Mines. Under the closure regulations, mines must submit a closure plan that includes the reclamation methods, closure cost estimates, methods of control and verification, closure and post-closure plans, and financial assurance. In compliance with the five year closure plan and cost update required by the Mine Closure Law, the latest closure plan and cost estimate for the Cerro Verde mine expansion were submitted to the Peruvian regulatory authorities in 2017 and approved in February 2018. This update did not result in a material increase to closure costs. At December 31, 2018, FCX had accrued reclamation and closure costs of $105 million for its Cerro Verde operation. Indonesian Reclamation and Closure Programs. The ultimate amount of reclamation and closure costs to be incurred at PT-FI’s operations will be determined based on applicable laws and regulations and PT-FI’s assessment of appropriate remedial activities in the circumstances, after consultation with governmental authorities, affected local residents and other affected parties and cannot currently be projected with precision. Some reclamation costs will be incurred during mining activities, while the remaining reclamation costs will be incurred at the end of mining activities, which are currently estimated to continue through 2041. At the end of 2016, PT-FI revised its estimates for an overburden stockpile to address ongoing erosion that occurred during 2016, a design change that increased the volume and updated cost estimates reflecting more recent productivity and costs at the overburden stockpile, which resulted in an increase in the ARO of $372 million. At December 31, 2018, FCX had accrued reclamation and closure costs of $991 million for its PT-FI operations. PT-FI is currently mining in the final phase of the Grasberg open pit and expects to transition to the underground mine in the first half of 2019. As a result, beginning in 2019, any adjustments to the costs for the overburden stockpile will impact earnings. In December 2009, PT-FI submitted its revised mine closure plan to the Department of Energy and Mineral Resources for review and addressed comments received during the course of this review process. In December 2010, the Indonesian government issued a regulation regarding mine reclamation and closure, which requires a company to provide a mine closure guarantee in the form of a time deposit placed in a state-owned bank in Indonesia. In December 2018, PT-FI, in conjunction with the issuance of the IUPK, submitted a revised mine closure plan to reflect the extension of operations to 2041. At December 31, 2018, PT-FI funded $90 million into a restricted time deposit account for mine closure guarantees and $11 million for reclamation guarantees. In October 2017, Indonesia’s Ministry of Environment and Forestry (the MOEF) notified PT-FI of administrative sanctions related to certain activities the MOEF indicated are not reflected in its environmental permit. The MOEF also notified PT-FI that certain operational activities were inconsistent with factors set forth in its environmental permitting studies and that additional monitoring and improvements need to be undertaken related to air quality, water drainage, treatment and handling of certain wastes, and tailings management. In December 2018, the MOEF issued a revised environmental permit to PT-FI to address many of the operational activities that it alleged were inconsistent with earlier studies. The remaining administrative sanctions are being resolved through adoption of revised practices and, in a few situations, PT-FI has agreed with the MOEF on an appropriate multi-year work plan, including the closure of an overburden stockpile. PT-FI and the MOEF also established a new framework for continuous improvement in environmental practices in PT-FI’s operations, including initiatives that PT-FI will pursue to increase tailings retention and to evaluate large-scale beneficial uses of tailings within Indonesia. The MOEF issued a new decree that incorporates various initiatives and studies to be completed by PT-FI that would target continuous improvement in a manner that would not impose new technical risks or significant long-term costs to PT-FI’s operations. The new framework enables PT-FI to maintain compliance with site-specific standards and provides for ongoing monitoring by the MOEF. In 2018, PT-FI recorded a $32 million charge for assessments of prior period permit fees with the MOEF. Oil and Gas Properties. Substantially all of FM O&G’s oil and gas leases require that, upon termination of economic production, the working interest owners plug and abandon non-producing wellbores, remove equipment and facilities from leased acreage, and restore land in accordance with applicable local, state and federal laws. Following several sales transactions in 2016, 2017 and 2018, FM O&G’s remaining operating areas include offshore California and onshore in South Louisiana as of December 31, 2018. FM O&G AROs cover approximately 210 wells and 120 platforms and other structures. At December 31, 2018, FM O&G had accrued $476 million associated with its AROs. Litigation. FCX is involved in numerous legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business or are associated with environmental issues as discussed in this note under “Environmental.” FCX is also involved periodically in reviews, inquiries, investigations and other proceedings initiated by or involving government agencies, some of which may result in adverse judgments, settlements, fines, penalties, injunctions or other relief. Management does not believe, based on currently available information, that the outcome of any legal proceeding will have a material adverse effect on FCX’s financial condition, although individual or cumulative outcomes could be material to FCX’s operating results for a particular period, depending on the nature and magnitude of the outcome and the operating results for the period. FM O&G LLC, an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of FCX, is a defendant in a purported class action titled David Garcia v. Freeport-McMoRan Oil & Gas LLC filed on April 1, 2016, in the Superior Court of the State of California for the County of Santa Barbara (Case No. 16CV01305) and subsequently removed to the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California (the District Court). The plaintiff, a former FM O&G LLC employee who worked on offshore production platforms in federal waters, alleged violations of various California wage and hour laws and sought relief for past wages, overtime, penalties, interest and attorney’s fees. The case was dismissed by the District Court on the basis that federal law, not state law, applied, and the complaint alleged no violations of federal law. The dismissal was appealed by the plaintiff to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit where the case is currently stayed in deference to the ongoing appeal of a similar case. Based on recent developments, FCX has concluded that its exposure in the Garcia case is not material to its consolidated financial statements. Asbestos and Talc Claims. Since approximately 1990, various FCX affiliates have been named as defendants in a large number of lawsuits alleging personal injury from exposure to asbestos or talc allegedly contained in industrial products such as electrical wire and cable, raw materials such as paint and joint compounds, talc-based lubricants used in rubber manufacturing or from asbestos contained in buildings and facilities located at properties owned or operated by affiliates of FCX. Many of these suits involve a large number of codefendants. Based on litigation results to date and facts currently known, FCX believes there is a reasonable possibility that losses may have been incurred related to these matters; however, FCX also believes that the amounts of any such losses, individually or in the aggregate, are not material to its consolidated financial statements. There can be no assurance that future developments will not alter this conclusion. There has been a recent significant increase in the number of cases alleging the presence of asbestos contamination in talc-based personal care products and in cases alleging exposure to talc products that are not alleged to be contaminated with asbestos. In these cases, plaintiffs allege serious health risks and often fatal diseases, including mesothelioma and ovarian cancer, allegedly caused by long-term use of talc-based cosmetic and personal care products. Nationwide trial results in these cases have ranged from outright dismissals to large jury awards of both compensatory and punitive damages. The primary targets have been the producers of those products, but defendants in many of these cases also include talc miners. Cyprus Amax Minerals Company (CAMC), an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of FCX, is one of those targets. One of CAMC’s wholly owned subsidiaries, Cyprus Mines Corporation, was involved in talc mining until 1992 when it exited that business. CAMC has contractual indemnification rights, subject to limited reservations, against the ultimate successor to the business, which has acknowledged those indemnification obligations, and has taken responsibility for all cases tendered to it to date. However, on February 13, 2019, the indemnitor filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, and CAMC is in the very early stages of evaluating the potential implications of that filing. To date, no judgments have been rendered against CAMC, and FCX believes that CAMC has strong defenses. Accordingly, FCX currently believes the losses, if any, related to these cases, individually or in the aggregate, are not material to its consolidated financial statements. There can be no assurance that future developments will not alter this conclusion. Tax and Other Matters. FCX’s operations are in multiple jurisdictions where uncertainties arise in the application of complex tax regulations. Some of these tax regimes are defined by contractual agreements with the local government, while others are defined by general tax laws and regulations. FCX and its subsidiaries are subject to reviews of its income tax filings and other tax payments, and disputes can arise with the taxing authorities over the interpretation of its contracts or laws. The final taxes paid may be dependent upon many factors, including negotiations with taxing authorities. In certain jurisdictions, FCX must pay a portion of the disputed amount to the local government in order to formally appeal the assessment. Such payment is recorded as a receivable if FCX believes the amount is collectible. Cerro Verde Royalty Dispute. SUNAT has assessed mining royalties on ore processed by the Cerro Verde concentrator, which commenced operations in late 2006, for the period December 2006 to December 2013. Cerro Verde has contested each of these assessments because it believes that its 1998 stability agreement exempts from royalties all minerals extracted from its mining concession, irrespective of the method used for processing such minerals. No assessments can be issued for years after 2013, as Cerro Verde began paying royalties on all of its production in January 2014 under its new 15-year stability agreement. Since 2014, Cerro Verde has been paying the disputed assessments for the period from December 2006 through December 2008 under an installment program ($188 million paid by Cerro Verde through December 31, 2018). Cerro Verde will also begin making monthly payments beginning in second-quarter 2019 under a 66-month payment plan related to assessments for the period January 2009 through September 2011. In October 2017, the Peruvian Supreme Court issued a ruling in favor of SUNAT that the assessments of royalties for the year 2008 on ore processed by the Cerro Verde concentrator were proper under Peruvian law. As a result of the unfavorable Peruvian Supreme Court ruling, Cerro Verde recorded net charges of $186 million in 2017 (consisting of pre-tax charges of $348 million and $7 million of net tax charges, net of $169 million of noncontrolling interests) primarily for royalty assessments for the period December 2006 through the year 2013, penalties and interest related to assessments for the period December 2006 through the year 2008, and other related items that Cerro Verde would have incurred under the view that its concentrator was not stabilized. In September 2018, the Peruvian Tax Tribunal denied Cerro Verde’s request to waive penalties and interest for the period January 2009 through September 2011. In December 2018, Cerro Verde elected not to appeal the Peruvian Tax Tribunal’s decisions and is continuing to evaluate alternative strategies to defend its rights, including international arbitration. As a result, Cerro Verde recorded net charges of $211 million in 2018 (consisting of pre-tax charges of $420 million, net of $18 million of tax benefits and $191 million of noncontrolling interests) primarily for penalties and interest related to assessments for the years 2009 through 2013 and other related items. Cerro Verde also recognized a net gain of $16 million (consisting of pre-tax gains of $14 million and net tax benefits of $17 million, net of $15 million in noncontrolling interests) in 2018 for refunds received for the overpayment of special (voluntary) levies (GEM) for the period October 2012 through the year 2013. Cerro Verde has also submitted a refund request for the remainder of the GEM assessments for the period October 2011 through September 2012 totaling $57 million, but will not record a receivable for this amount until the request is granted by SUNAT. As of December 31, 2018, Cerro Verde has recorded all of its exposure associated with its royalty dispute with the Peruvian tax authorities and will continue to record interest charges until all obligations are settled. Any future recoveries would be recorded when collected. A summary of the charges recorded in 2018 and 2017 for the Cerro Verde royalty dispute follows:
Royalty and related assessment charges: |  | 2018 a |  | 2017 |  | Total |
| Production and delivery |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 203 |  | b | $ | 217 |  |
| Interest expense, net |  | 370 |  |  | 145 |  |  | 515 |  |
| Other expense |  | 22 |  |  | — |  |  | 22 |  |
| (Benefit from) provision for income taxes |  | (35 | ) |  | 7 |  | c | (28 | ) |
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | (176 | ) |  | (169 | ) |  | (345 | ) |
|  |  | $ | 195 |  |  | $ | 186 |  |  | $ | 381 |  |
a. | Amounts are net of gains from the refund of GEM for the period October 2012 through the year 2013.
b. | Includes $175 million related to disputed royalty assessments for the period from December 2006 to September 2011 (when royalties were determined based on revenues).
c. | Includes tax charges of $136 million for disputed royalties ($69 million) and other related mining taxes ($67 million) for the period October 2011 through the year 2013 when royalties were determined based on operating income, mostly offset by a tax benefit of $129 million associated with disputed royalties and other related mining taxes for the period December 2006 through December 2013.
Other Peruvian Tax Matters. Cerro Verde has also received assessments from SUNAT for additional taxes, penalties and interest related to various audit exceptions for income and other taxes. Cerro Verde has filed or will file objections to the assessments because it believes it has properly determined and paid its taxes. A summary of these assessments follows:
Tax Year |  | Tax Assessment |  | Penalty and Interest Assessment |  | Total |
2003 to 2008 |  | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | 130 |  |  | $ | 186 |  |
2009 |  | 57 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 108 |  |
2010 |  | 63 |  |  | 105 |  |  | 168 |  |
2011 |  | 49 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 114 |  |
2014 to 2018 |  | 32 |  |  | — |  |  | 32 |  |
|  | $ | 257 |  |  | $ | 351 |  |  | $ | 608 |  |
As of December 31, 2018, Cerro Verde had paid $386 million on these disputed tax assessments. A reserve has been applied against these payments totaling $203 million, resulting in a net receivable of $183 million (included in other assets), which Cerro Verde believes is collectible. Indonesia Tax Matters. PT-FI has received assessments from the Indonesian tax authorities for additional taxes and interest related to various audit exceptions for income and other taxes. PT-FI has filed objections to the assessments because it believes it has properly determined and paid its taxes. Excluding surface water and withholding tax assessments discussed below and the Indonesian government’s previous imposition of a 7.5 percent export duty that PT-FI paid under protest during the period April 2017 to December 21, 2018 (refer to Note 13), a summary of these assessments follows:
Tax Year |  | Tax Assessment |  | Interest Assessment |  | Total
2005 |  | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 108 |
2007 |  | 47 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 70 |
2008, 2010 to 2011 |  | 55 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 92 |
2012 |  | 124 |  |  | — |  |  | 124 |
2013 |  | 154 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 228 |
2014 |  | 139 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 145 |
2015 |  | 158 |  |  | — |  |  | 158 |
2016 |  | 266 |  |  | 113 |  |  | 379 |
|  | $ | 1,016 |  |  | $ | 288 |  |  | $ | 1,304 |
As of December 31, 2018, PT-FI had paid $493 million (included in other assets) on disputed tax assessments, which it believes is collectible. PT-FI received assessments from the local regional tax authority in Papua, Indonesia, for additional taxes and penalties related to surface water taxes for the period from January 2011 through December 2018. PT-FI has filed or will file appeals of these assessments with the Indonesia Tax Court. During the first half of 2018 and in fourth-quarter 2018, the Indonesia Tax Court ruled partially in favor of PT-FI with respect to assessments for the period January 2016 through April 2017 by reducing these assessments from $80 million, including penalties, to $48 million, including penalties (based on the exchange rate at December 31, 2018), or an approximate 40 percent reduction. During 2017, PT-FI filed reconsideration request petitions to the Indonesia Supreme Court with respect to assessments for the period from January 2011 through December 2015; and in second-quarter 2018, filed reconsideration request petitions with respect to the Indonesia Tax Court decisions related to the assessments for the period from January 2016 through April 2016. In second-quarter 2018, the Indonesia Supreme Court issued favorable decisions relating to surface water tax assessments for the period January 2011 through July 2015. The Indonesia Supreme Court ruling concluded that PT-FI and the Indonesian government are bound by PT-FI’s former COW, which is lex specialis, and prevails as the law for the parties to the former COW that should be carried out in good faith. As a result, FCX estimates the total amount of the assessments, including penalties, (based on the exchange rate at December 31, 2018) for the period from August 2015 through December 2018 totals $174 million, including $87 million in penalties. In accordance with its IUPK discussed in Note 13, PT-FI is obligated to pay surface water taxes of $15 million annually, beginning in 2019. In addition, PT-FI has offered to pay one trillion rupiah ($69 million based on the exchange rate as of December 31, 2018) to settle historical disputes regarding surface water taxes, which was charged to production and delivery costs in December 2018. In September 2018, PT-FI received an unfavorable decision from the Indonesian Tax Court with respect to its appeal of disallowed items on its 2012 corporate income tax return. The most significant disallowed item relates to the tax treatment of mine development costs. A similar decision on PT-FI’s 2014 corporate income tax return was announced in October 2018. PT-FI has filed or will file appeals related to these decisions to the Indonesian Supreme Court because it believes the former COW is explicit about the tax treatment associated with mine development costs. No adjustments have been recorded for this matter as of December 31, 2018, because FCX believes PT-FI has properly determined and paid its taxes. As of December 31, 2018, PT-FI had long-term receivables totaling approximately $350 million related to this matter, and no reserves have been recorded for these receivables. FCX estimates the potential exposure for penalties for the years 2013, 2016 and 2017, in which the Indonesian tax authorities may assert that PT-FI has underpaid income taxes, totals $251 million based on the exchange rate as of December 31, 2018. In April 2017, PT-FI entered into a memorandum of understanding with the Indonesian government (the 2017 MOU) confirming that the former COW would continue to be valid and honored until replaced by a mutually agreed IUPK and investment stability agreement. In the 2017 MOU, PT-FI agreed to continue to pay a 5 percent export duty during this period. Subsequently, the Customs Office of the Minister of Finance refused to recognize the 5 percent export duty agreed to under the 2017 MOU and imposed a 7.5 percent export duty under the Ministry of Finance regulations, which PT-FI paid under protest during the period April 2017 to December 21, 2018. PT-FI is disputing the incremental 2.5 percent export duty while the matter is pending in Indonesia Tax Court proceedings, and amounts paid are being held in a restricted cash account or in a current or long-term receivable in the consolidated balance sheets ($144 million at December 31, 2018, consisting of $15 million in income and other tax receivables, $7 million in other current assets and $122 million in other assets; and $38 million at December 31, 2017, consisting of $22 million in other current assets and $16 million in other assets) that PT-FI expects to have released or refunded in full once the matter is resolved. In December 2018, the Indonesia Tax Court announced a ruling in favor of PT-FI related to $15 million of the disputed export duties, which PT-FI expects to collect in 2019. Under the terms of the IUPK, PT-FI is subject to an export duty until smelter development reaches 50 percent, at which time the export duty will be eliminated (refer to Note 13 for export duty rates). In January 2019, PT-FI noted that the Indonesian Supreme Court posted on its website an unfavorable decision related to a PT-FI 2005 withholding tax matter. PT-FI had also received an unfavorable Indonesian Supreme Court decision in November 2017 and has other pending cases at the Indonesian Supreme Court related to withholding taxes for employees and other service providers for the year 2005 and the year 2007, which total approximately $61 million (based on the exchange rate as of December 31, 2018), including penalties and interest. As a result of the January 2019 ruling, PT-FI concluded a loss on all outstanding withholding tax matters is probable under applicable accounting guidance, and it recorded a charge of $61 million in 2018. Letters of Credit, Bank Guarantees and Surety Bonds. Letters of credit and bank guarantees totaled $528 million at December 31, 2018, primarily for environmental and asset retirement obligations, the Cerro Verde royalty dispute (refer to discussion above), workers’ compensation insurance programs, tax and customs obligations, and other commercial obligations. In addition, FCX had surety bonds totaling $342 million at December 31, 2018, primarily associated with environmental and asset retirement obligations. Insurance. FCX purchases a variety of insurance products to mitigate potential losses, which typically have specified deductible amounts or self-insured retentions and policy limits. FCX generally is self-insured for U.S. workers’ compensation, but purchases excess insurance up to statutory limits. An actuarial analysis is performed twice a year on the various casualty insurance programs covering FCX’s U.S.-based mining operations, including workers’ compensation, to estimate expected losses. At December 31, 2018, FCX’s liability for expected losses under these insurance programs totaled $60 million, which consisted of a current portion of $11 million (included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities) and a long-term portion of $49 million (included in other liabilities). In addition, FCX has receivables of $15 million (a current portion of $2 million included in other accounts receivable and a long-term portion of $13 million included in other assets) for expected claims associated with these losses to be filed with insurance carriers. FCX’s oil and gas operations are subject to all of the risks normally incident to the production of oil and gas, including well blowouts, cratering, explosions, oil spills, releases of gas or well fluids, fires, pollution and releases of toxic gas, each of which could result in damage to or destruction of oil and gas wells, production facilities or other property, or injury to persons. While FCX is not fully insured against all risks related to its oil and gas operations, its insurance policies provide limited coverage for losses or liabilities relating to pollution, with broader coverage for sudden and accidental occurrences. FCX is self-insured for named windstorms in the GOM.

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