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Income Taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
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Income Taxes | Note 5 Income Taxes (a) Components of the income tax expense (recovery) Income tax expenses (recovery) recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income
For the years ended December 31, |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Current tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current year |  | $ | (327 | ) |  | $ | 608 |
Adjustments to prior year |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | (38 | )
|  |  | (298 | ) |  |  | 570 |
Deferred tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change related to temporary differences |  |  | 1,250 |  |  |  | (803 | )
Impact of U.S. Tax Reform |  |  | (320 | ) |  |  | 472 |
Income tax expense |  | $ | 632 |  |  | $ | 239 |
Income tax expenses (recovery) recognized in Other Comprehensive Income
For the years ended December 31, |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Current income tax expense (recovery) |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 116 |
Deferred income tax expense (recovery) |  |  | (148 | ) |  |  | 320 |
Income tax expense (recovery) |  | $ | (146 | ) |  | $ | 436 |
Income tax expenses (recovery) recognized directly in Equity
For the years ended December 31, |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Current income tax expense (recovery) |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | – |
Deferred income tax expense (recovery) |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | (2 | )
Income tax expense (recovery) |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | (2 | )
The effective income tax rate reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Income varies from the Canadian tax rate of 26.75 per cent for the year ended December 31, 2018 (2017 – 26.75 per cent) due to the following reasons. Reconciliation of income tax expense
For the years ended December 31, |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Income before income taxes |  | $ | 5,519 |  |  | $ | 2,501 |
Income tax expense at Canadian statutory tax rate |  | $ | 1,476 |  |  | $ | 669 |
Increase (decrease) in income taxes due to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tax-exempt investment income |  |  | (200 | ) |  |  | (242 | )
Differences in tax rate on income not subject to tax in Canada |  |  | (391 | ) |  |  | (551 | )
Adjustments to taxes related to prior years |  |  | (71 | ) |  |  | (182 | )
Impact of U.S. Tax Reform |  |  | (320 | ) |  |  | 472 |
Other differences |  |  | 138 |  |  |  | 73 |
Income tax expense |  | $ | 632 |  |  | $ | 239 |
Impact of U.S. Tax Reform On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted new tax legislation effective January 1, 2018. The legislation makes broad and complex changes to the U.S. tax code and accordingly it will take time to assess and interpret the changes. In 2017, based on a preliminary understanding of the new legislation, the Company recorded a provisional charge of $1.8 billion, after-tax, for the estimated impact of U.S. Tax Reform on policyholder liabilities and net deferred tax assets, including the reduction in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate and the impact of specific life insurance regulations which limits the deductibility of reserves for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In 2018, the Company finalized its estimate of U.S. Tax Reform and reported a gain of $124 including a $196 increase in insurance contract liabilities. Refer to note 7(g) for the impact of U.S. Tax Reform on the Company’s insurance contract liabilities. (b) Current tax receivable and payable As at December 31, 2018, the Company had approximately $1,712 of tax receivable (2017 – $778) and $118 of tax payable (2017 – $178). (c) Deferred tax assets and liabilities The following table presents the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities.
As at December 31, |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Deferred tax assets |  | $ | 4,318 |  |  | $ | 4,569 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  | (1,814 | ) |  |  | (1,281 | )
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) |  | $ | 2,504 |  |  | $ | 3,288 |
The following table presents significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities.
As at December 31, 2018 |  | Balance, January 1, 2018 |  |  | Recognized in Income Statement |  |  | Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income |  |  | Recognized in Equity |  |  | Translation and Other |  |  | Balance, December 31, 2018 |
Loss carry forwards |  | $ | 596 |  |  | $ | 387 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 1,019 |
Actuarial liabilities |  |  | 7,878 |  |  |  | (2,697 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 282 |  |  |  | 5,466 |
Pensions and post-employment benefits |  |  | 208 |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 242 |
Tax credits |  |  | 454 |  |  |  | (224 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | 261 |
Accrued interest |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1 |
Real estate |  |  | (1,062 | ) |  |  | 150 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (46 | ) |  |  | (959 | )
Securities and other investments |  |  | (3,807 | ) |  |  | 1,234 |  |  |  | 136 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (253 | ) |  |  | (2,689 | )
Sale of investments |  |  | (105 | ) |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (87 | )
Goodwill and intangible assets |  |  | (825 | ) |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (40 | ) |  |  | (847 | )
Other |  |  | (50 | ) |  |  | 157 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | 97 |
Total |  | $ | 3,288 |  |  | $ | (930 | ) |  | $ | 148 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | (9) |  |  | $ | 2,504 |
As at December 31, 2017 |  | Balance, January 1, 2017 |  |  | Recognized in Income Statement |  |  | Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income |  |  | Recognized in Equity |  |  | Translation and Other |  |  | Balance, December 31, 2017 |
Loss carry forwards |  | $ | 942 |  |  | $ | (311 | ) |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | (38 | ) |  | $ | 596 |
Actuarial liabilities |  |  | 9,366 |  |  |  | (1,053 | ) |  |  | (17 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (418 | ) |  |  | 7,878 |
Pensions and post-employment benefits |  |  | 352 |  |  |  | (87 | ) |  |  | (54 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 208 |
Tax credits |  |  | 875 |  |  |  | (369 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (52 | ) |  |  | 454 |
Accrued interest |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 1 |
Real estate |  |  | (1,396 | ) |  |  | 284 |  |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 59 |  |  |  | (1,062 | )
Securities and other investments |  |  | (6,064 | ) |  |  | 2,172 |  |  |  | (239 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 324 |  |  |  | (3,807 | )
Sale of investments |  |  | (163 | ) |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (105 | )
Goodwill and intangible assets |  |  | (1,059 | ) |  |  | 197 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | (825 | )
Other |  |  | 210 |  |  |  | (548 | ) |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 287 |  |  |  | (50 | )
Total |  | $ | 3,080 |  |  | $ | 331 |  |  | $ | (320 | ) |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 195 |  |  | $ | 3,288 |
The total deferred tax assets as at December 31, 2018 of $4,318 (2017 – $4,569) include $3,508 (2017 – $4,527) where the Company has suffered losses in either the current or preceding year and where the recognition is dependent on future taxable profits in the relevant jurisdictions and feasible management actions. As at December 31, 2018, tax loss carryforwards available were approximately $4,838 (2017 – $3,164) of which $4,713 expire between the years 2020 and 2038 while $125 have no expiry date, and capital loss carryforwards available were approximately $20 (2017 – $8) and have no expiry date. A $1,019 (2017 – $596) tax benefit related to these tax loss carryforwards has been recognized as a deferred tax asset as at December 31, 2018, and a benefit of $121 (2017 – $171) has not been recognized. In addition, the Company has approximately $426 (2017 – $606) of tax credit carryforwards which will expire between the years 2030 and 2038 of which a benefit of $165 (2017 – $152) has not been recognized. The total deferred tax liability as at December 31, 2018 was $1,814 (2017 – $1,281). This amount includes the deferred tax liability of consolidated entities. The aggregate amount of taxable temporary differences associated with the Company’s own investments in subsidiaries is not included in the Consolidated Financial Statements and was $16,570 (2017 – $11,780).

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