P6Y P3Y P2Y 0.006 0.009 0.00004 0.00002 0.000035 0.00003 0.00003 0.78 1.05 March 31 2022 March 31 2022
Exhibit 99.1
Manulife Financial Corporation
Consolidated Financial Statements
For the year ended December 31, 2022

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Responsibility for Financial Reporting
The accompanying consolidated financial statements of Manulife Financial Corporation are the responsibility of management and have been approved by the Board of Directors. It is also the responsibility of management to ensure that all information in the annual report to shareholders is consistent with these consolidated financial statements.
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared by management in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards and the accounting requirements of the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions, Canada. When alternative accounting methods exist, or when estimates and judgment are required, management has selected those amounts that present the Company’s financial position and results of operations in a manner most appropriate to the circumstances.
Appropriate systems of internal control, policies and procedures have been maintained to ensure that financial information is both relevant and reliable. The systems of internal control are assessed on an ongoing basis by management and the Company’s internal audit department.
The actuary appointed by the Board of Directors (the “Appointed Actuary”) is responsible for ensuring that assumptions and methods used in the determination of policy liabilities are appropriate to the circumstances and that reserves will be adequate to meet the Company’s future obligations under insurance and annuity contracts.
The Board of Directors is responsible for ensuring that management fulfills its responsibility for financial reporting and is ultimately responsible for reviewing and approving the consolidated financial statements. These responsibilities are carried out primarily through an Audit Committee of unrelated and independent directors appointed by the Board of Directors.
The Audit Committee meets periodically with management, the internal auditors, the peer reviewers, the external auditors and the Appointed Actuary to discuss internal control over the financial reporting process, auditing matters and financial reporting issues. The Audit Committee reviews the consolidated financial statements prepared by management, and then recommends them to the Board of Directors for approval. The Audit Committee also recommends to the Board of Directors and shareholders the appointment of external auditors and approval of their fees.
The consolidated financial statements have been audited by the Company’s external auditors, Ernst & Young LLP, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Ernst & Young LLP has full and free access to management and the Audit Committee.

Roy Gori President and Chief Executive Officer |  | Philip Witherington Chief Financial Officer

Toronto, Canada
February 15, 2023
Appointed Actuary’s Report to the Shareholders
I have valued the policy liabilities and reinsurance recoverables of Manulife Financial Corporation for its Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as at December 31, 2022 and 2021 and their change in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years then ended in accordance with actuarial practice generally accepted in Canada, including selection of appropriate assumptions and methods.
In my opinion, the amount of policy liabilities net of reinsurance recoverables makes appropriate provision for all policyholder obligations and the consolidated financial statements fairly present the results of the valuation.
Steven Finch
Appointed Actuary
Toronto, Canada
February 15, 2023

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of Manulife Financial Corporation
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Financial Position of Manulife Financial Corporation (the Company) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related Consolidated Statements of Income, Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity and Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company at December 31, 2022 and 2021, its consolidated financial performance and its consolidated cash flows for the years then ended, in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 15, 2023, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

|  | Valuation of Insurance Contract Liabilities
Description of the matter |  | The Company recorded insurance contract liabilities of $371 billion at December 31, 2022 on its consolidated statement of financial position. Insurance contract liabilities are reported gross of reinsurance ceded and represent management’s estimate of the amount which, together with estimated future premiums and net investment income, will be sufficient to pay estimated future benefits, policyholder dividends and refunds, taxes (other than income taxes) and expenses on insurance policies in-force. Insurance contract liabilities are determined using the Canadian Asset Liability Method (CALM), as required by the Canadian Institute of Actuaries (CIA). The valuation of insurance contract liabilities is based on an explicit projection of cash flows using current assumptions for each material cash flow item. Cash flows related to insurance contract liabilities have two major components: a best estimate assumption and a provision for adverse deviation. Best estimates are made with respect to key assumptions including mortality, morbidity, investment returns, policy termination rates, premium persistency, expenses, and taxes. A provision for adverse deviation is recorded to reflect the inherent uncertainty related to the timing and amount of the best estimate assumptions and is determined by including a margin of conservatism for each assumption. Disclosures on this matter are found in Note 1 ‘Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies’ and Note 7 ‘Insurance Contract Liabilities and Reinsurance Assets’ of the consolidated financial statements. Auditing the valuation of insurance contract liabilities was complex and required the application of significant auditor judgment due to the complexity of the cash flow models, the selection and use of assumptions, and the interrelationship of these variables in measuring insurance contract liabilities. The audit effort involved professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in evaluating the audit evidence obtained.

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|  | Valuation of Insurance Contract Liabilities
How we addressed the matter in our audit |  | We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of management’s controls over the valuation of insurance contract liabilities. The controls we tested related to, among other areas, actuarial methodology, integrity of data used, controls over relevant information technology, and the assumption setting and implementation processes used by management. To test the valuation of insurance contract liabilities, our audit procedures included, among other procedures, involving our actuarial specialists to assess the methodology and assumptions with respect to compliance with the Company’s policies. We performed audit procedures over key assumptions, including the implementation of those assumptions into the models. These procedures included testing underlying support and documentation, including reviewing a sample of experience studies supporting specific assumptions, challenging the nature, timing, and completeness of changes recorded, assessing whether individual changes were errors or refinements of estimates, and comparing the level of margins for adverse deviation to suggested ranges established by the CIA. We also tested the methodology and calculation of the insurance contract liabilities through both review of the calculation logic within the models, and through calculating an independent estimate of the insurance contract liability for a sample of insurance contracts and comparing the results to the Company’s results. In addition, we assessed the adequacy of the disclosures provided in the notes to the consolidated financial statements.
|  | Valuation of Invested Assets with Significant Non-Observable Market Inputs
Description of the matter |  | The Company recorded invested assets of $17.5 billion at December 31, 2022 on its consolidated statement of financial position which are both (a) measured at fair value and (b) subject to a valuation estimate that includes significant non-observable market inputs. These invested assets are classified as level 3 within the Company’s hierarchy of fair value measurements and include real estate, timber and agriculture, high estimation uncertainty bonds, and private equities which are valued using internal models. There is increased measurement uncertainty in determining the fair value of these invested assets due to volatility in the current economic environment. These assets are valued based on internal models or third-party pricing sources that incorporate assumptions with a high-level of subjectivity. Examples of such assumptions include interest rates, yield curves, credit ratings and related spreads, expected future cash flows and transaction prices of comparable assets. Disclosures on this matter are found in Note 1 ‘Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies’ and Note 4 ‘Invested Assets and Investment Income’ of the consolidated financial statements. Auditing the valuation of these invested assets was complex and required the application of significant auditor judgment in assessing the valuation methodologies and non-observable inputs used. The valuation of these assets is sensitive to the significant non-observable market inputs described above, which are inherently forward-looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions. The audit effort involved professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in evaluating the audit evidence obtained.
How we addressed the matter in our audit |  | We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of management’s controls over the investment valuation process. The controls we tested related to, among other areas, management’s determination and approval of assumptions and methodologies used in model-based valuations and management’s review of valuations provided by third-party pricing sources. To test the valuation of these invested assets, our audit procedures included, among other procedures, involving our valuation specialists to assess the methodologies and significant assumptions used by management. These procedures included assessing the valuation methodologies used with respect to the Company’s policies, valuation guidelines, and industry practice and comparing a sample of valuation assumptions used against benchmarks, including comparable transactions and independent pricing sources where available. We also performed independent investment valuations on a sample of investments with high estimation uncertainty to evaluate management’s recorded values. In addition, we assessed the adequacy of the disclosures provided in the notes to the consolidated financial statements.
|  | IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts Adoption Disclosure
Description of the matter |  | International Financial Reporting Standards 17, Insurance Contracts (IFRS 17) is effective for years beginning on January 1, 2023. As described in Note 2 of the accompanying financial statements, the Company will apply the Full Retrospective Approach to most contracts issued on or after January 1, 2021, applying the Fair Value Approach for contracts issued prior to this date. The Company discloses that the IFRS 17 adoption will result in a $12.0 billion net of tax reduction in total equity as at January 1, 2022. Note 2 of the accompanying financial statements also provides quantitative and qualitative information on the impact of the new standard and certain accounting policy choices made by the Company. Auditing the Company’s disclosure of the effects of applying IFRS 17 was complex as it related to the measurement of the Company’s insurance contract liabilities including the transition Contractual Service Margin (transition CSM) included therein. This required the application of significant auditor judgement due to the complexity of the cash flow models, the determination of the discount rate and risk adjustment relating to the measurement of the insurance contract liabilities, and the development of fair value assumptions used in the determination of the transition CSM. The audit effort involved professionals with specialized skills and knowledge to assist in evaluating the audit evidence obtained.

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|  | IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts Adoption Disclosure
How we addressed the matter in our audit |  | We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of management’s controls over the disclosure of the effects of applying the new standard to insurance contract liabilities including the transition CSM. The controls we tested included, among others, controls related to management’s selection of accounting policies and the related determination of the transition approach, as well as controls related to the development of fair value and actuarial models, the integrity of data used, implementation of new systems and models, and assumption setting and implementation processes. To test the Company’s disclosure of the impact of IFRS 17 on the insurance contract liabilities including the transition CSM, our audit procedures included, among others, involving our actuarial specialists to evaluate the related accounting policies, the elections involved in transition, and to assess the appropriateness of the determination of where the Full Retrospective Approach was impracticable. In relation to the assumptions used in the measurement of the insurance contract liabilities including the transition CSM, disclosed in Note 2, we assessed the appropriateness and consistency of key assumptions by comparing to publicly available market data, our knowledge of the products and the requirements of IFRS 17. Key assumptions assessed by us, with the involvement of our actuarial specialists, included the discount rate and risk adjustment used in the measurement of the insurance contract liabilities and the fair value assumptions used in the determination of the transition CSM. These procedures also included testing underlying support and documentation, such as executed policyholder insurance contracts. We tested the methodology and calculations of the IFRS 17 insurance contract liabilities and transition CSM either through review of the calculation logic within the newly implemented models, or through calculating an independent estimate of the insurance contract liability for a sample of insurance contracts and comparing the results to the Company’s results.

We have served as Manulife Financial Corporation’s auditor since 1905.
Chartered Professional Accountants
Licensed Public Accountants
Toronto, Canada
February 15, 2023
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of Manulife Financial Corporation
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited Manulife Financial Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Manulife Financial Corporation (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related Consolidated Statements of Income, Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity and Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years then ended, and the related notes and our report dated February 15, 2023, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting contained in the Management’s Discussion and Analysis. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Chartered Professional Accountants
Licensed Public Accountants
Toronto, Canada
February 15, 2023

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Consolidated Statements of Financial Position

As at December 31, (Canadian $ in millions) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and short-term securities |  | $ | 19,153 |  |  | $ | 22,594 |
Debt securities |  |  | 203,904 |  |  |  | 224,139 |
Public equities |  |  | 23,519 |  |  |  | 28,067 |
Mortgages |  |  | 54,638 |  |  |  | 52,014 |
Private placements |  |  | 47,057 |  |  |  | 42,842 |
Policy loans |  |  | 6,894 |  |  |  | 6,397 |
Loans to Bank clients |  |  | 2,781 |  |  |  | 2,506 |
Real estate |  |  | 13,272 |  |  |  | 13,233 |
Other invested assets |  |  | 42,783 |  |  |  | 35,306 |
Total invested assets (note 4) |  |  | 414,001 |  |  |  | 427,098 |
Other assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued investment income |  |  | 2,813 |  |  |  | 2,641 |
Outstanding premiums |  |  | 1,448 |  |  |  | 1,294 |
Derivatives (note 5) |  |  | 8,588 |  |  |  | 17,503 |
Reinsurance assets (notes 7 and 8) |  |  | 47,712 |  |  |  | 44,579 |
Deferred tax assets (note 17) |  |  | 5,423 |  |  |  | 5,254 |
Goodwill and intangible assets (note 6) |  |  | 10,519 |  |  |  | 9,915 |
Miscellaneous |  |  | 9,875 |  |  |  | 9,571 |
Total other assets |  |  | 86,378 |  |  |  | 90,757 |
Segregated funds net assets (note 23) |  |  | 348,562 |  |  |  | 399,788 |
Total assets |  | $ | 848,941 |  |  | $ | 917,643 |
Liabilities and Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance contract liabilities (note 7) |  | $ | 371,405 |  |  | $ | 392,275 |
Investment contract liabilities (note 8) |  |  | 3,248 |  |  |  | 3,117 |
Deposits from Bank clients |  |  | 22,507 |  |  |  | 20,720 |
Derivatives (note 5) |  |  | 14,289 |  |  |  | 10,038 |
Deferred tax liabilities (note 17) |  |  | 2,774 |  |  |  | 2,769 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 17,421 |  |  |  | 18,205 |
|  |  | 431,644 |  |  |  | 447,124 |
Long-term debt (note 10) |  |  | 6,234 |  |  |  | 4,882 |
Capital instruments (note 11) |  |  | 6,122 |  |  |  | 6,980 |
Segregated funds net liabilities (note 23) |  |  | 348,562 |  |  |  | 399,788 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 792,562 |  |  |  | 858,774 |
Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred shares and other equity (note 12) |  |  | 6,660 |  |  |  | 6,381 |
Common shares (note 12) |  |  | 22,178 |  |  |  | 23,093 |
Contributed surplus |  |  | 238 |  |  |  | 262 |
Shareholders’ and other equity holders’ retained earnings |  |  | 27,010 |  |  |  | 23,492 |
Shareholders’ accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pension and other post-employment plans |  |  | (97 | ) |  |  | (114 | )
Available-for-sale securities |  |  | (6,472 | ) |  |  | 848 |
Cash flow hedges |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | (156 | )
Real estate revaluation reserve |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 23 |
Translation of foreign operations |  |  | 6,514 |  |  |  | 4,579 |
Total shareholders’ and other equity |  |  | 56,061 |  |  |  | 58,408 |
Participating policyholders’ equity |  |  | (1,346 | ) |  |  | (1,233 | )
Non-controlling interests |  |  | 1,664 |  |  |  | 1,694 |
Total equity |  |  | 56,379 |  |  |  | 58,869 |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 848,941 |  |  | $ | 917,643 |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. |

Roy Gori President and Chief Executive Officer |  | John Cassaday Chairman of the Board of Directors

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Consolidated Statements of Income

For the years ended December 31, (Canadian $ in millions except per share amounts) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premium income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross premiums |  | $ | 44,102 |  |  | $ | 44,344 |
Premiums ceded to reinsurers |  |  | (6,249 | ) |  |  | (5,279 | )
Net premiums |  |  | 37,853 |  |  |  | 39,065 |
Investment income (note 4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment income |  |  | 15,207 |  |  |  | 15,627 |
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on assets supporting insurance and investment contract liabilities and on the macro hedge program |  |  | (45,077 | ) |  |  | (4,003 | )
Net investment income (loss) |  |  | (29,870 | ) |  |  | 11,624 |
Other revenue (note 14) |  |  | 9,164 |  |  |  | 11,132 |
Total revenue |  |  | 17,147 |  |  |  | 61,821 |
Contract benefits and expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
To contract holders and beneficiaries |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross claims and benefits (note 7) |  |  | 33,320 |  |  |  | 31,110 |
Increase (decrease) in insurance contract liabilities (note 7) |  |  | (34,971 | ) |  |  | 10,719 |
Increase (decrease) in investment contract liabilities (note 8) |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 44 |
Benefits and expenses ceded to reinsurers |  |  | (7,016 | ) |  |  | (6,805 | )
(Increase) decrease in reinsurance assets (note 7) |  |  | (673 | ) |  |  | 754 |
Net benefits and claims |  |  | (9,299 | ) |  |  | 35,822 |
General expenses |  |  | 7,782 |  |  |  | 7,828 |
Investment expenses (note 4) |  |  | 1,863 |  |  |  | 1,980 |
Commissions |  |  | 6,260 |  |  |  | 6,638 |
Interest expense |  |  | 1,350 |  |  |  | 1,011 |
Net premium taxes |  |  | 444 |  |  |  | 417 |
Total contract benefits and expenses |  |  | 8,400 |  |  |  | 53,696 |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 8,747 |  |  |  | 8,125 |
Income tax expense (note 17) |  |  | (1,565 | ) |  |  | (1,213 | )
Net income |  | $ | 7,182 |  |  | $ | 6,912 |
Net income (loss) attributed to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-controlling interests |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 255 |
Participating policyholders |  |  | (111 | ) |  |  | (448 | )
Shareholders and other equity holders |  |  | 7,294 |  |  |  | 7,105 |
|  | $ | 7,182 |  |  | $ | 6,912 |
Net income attributed to shareholders |  |  | 7,294 |  |  |  | 7,105 |
Preferred share dividends and other equity distributions |  |  | (260 | ) |  |  | (215 | )
Common shareholders’ net income |  | $ | 7,034 |  |  | $ | 6,890 |
Earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per common share (note 12) |  | $ | 3.68 |  |  | $ | 3.55 |
Diluted earnings per common share (note 12) |  |  | 3.68 |  |  |  | 3.54 |
Dividends per common share |  |  | 1.32 |  |  |  | 1.17 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

For the years ended December 31, (Canadian $ in millions) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Net income |  | $ | 7,182 |  |  | $ | 6,912 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Items that may be subsequently reclassified to net income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange gains (losses) on: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Translation of foreign operations |  |  | 2,350 |  |  |  | (514 | )
Net investment hedges |  |  | (415 | ) |  |  | 100 |
Available-for-sale financial securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the year |  |  | (7,608 | ) |  |  | (980 | )
Reclassification of net realized (gains) losses and impairments to net income |  |  | 288 |  |  |  | (13 | )
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the year |  |  | 161 |  |  |  | 77 |
Reclassification of realized gains (losses) to net income |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | (4 | )
Share of other comprehensive income (losses) of associates |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | (1 | )
Total items that may be subsequently reclassified to net income |  |  | (5,226 | ) |  |  | (1,335 | )
Items that will not be reclassified to net income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in actuarial gains (losses) on pension and other post-employment plans |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 199 |
Real estate revaluation reserve |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (11 | )
Total items that will not be reclassified to net income |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 188 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  | (5,210 | ) |  |  | (1,147 | )
Total comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  | $ | 1,972 |  |  | $ | 5,765 |
Total comprehensive income (loss) attributed to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-controlling interests |  | $ | (4 | ) |  | $ | 252 |
Participating policyholders |  |  | (113 | ) |  |  | (449 | )
Shareholders and other equity holders |  |  | 2,089 |  |  |  | 5,962 |

Income Taxes included in Other Comprehensive Income

For the years ended December 31, (Canadian $ in millions) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Income tax expense (recovery) on: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale financial securities |  | $ | (1,254 | ) |  | $ | (181 | )
Reclassification of net realized (gains) losses and impairments to net income on available-for-sale financial securities |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 21 |
Unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | 15 |
Reclassification of realized gains (losses) to net income on cash flow hedges |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (1 | )
Unrealized foreign exchange gains (losses) on translation of foreign operations |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | – |
Unrealized foreign exchange gains (losses) on net investment hedges |  |  | (29 | ) |  |  | 21 |
Share of other comprehensive income (loss) of associates |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | – |
Change in actuarial gains (losses) on pension and other post-employment plans |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 61 |
Real estate revaluation reserve |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | – |
Total income tax expense (recovery) |  | $ | (1,186 | ) |  | $ | (64 | )

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

For the years ended December 31, (Canadian $ in millions) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Preferred shares and other equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year |  | $ | 6,381 |  |  | $ | 3,822 |
Issued (note 12) |  |  | 1,000 |  |  |  | 3,200 |
Redeemed (note 12) |  |  | (711 | ) |  |  | (612 | )
Issuance costs, net of tax |  |  | (10 | ) |  |  | (29 | )
Balance, end of year |  |  | 6,660 |  |  |  | 6,381 |
Common shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year |  |  | 23,093 |  |  |  | 23,042 |
Repurchased (note 12) |  |  | (938 | ) |  |  | – |
Issued on exercise of stock options and deferred share units |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | 51 |
Balance, end of year |  |  | 22,178 |  |  |  | 23,093 |
Contributed surplus |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year |  |  | 262 |  |  |  | 261 |
Exercise of stock options and deferred share units |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | (8 | )
Stock option expense |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 9 |
Acquisition of non-controlling interest |  |  | (25 | ) |  |  | – |
Balance, end of year |  |  | 238 |  |  |  | 262 |
Shareholders’ and other equity holders’ retained earnings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year |  |  | 23,492 |  |  |  | 18,887 |
Net income attributed to shareholders and other equity holders |  |  | 7,294 |  |  |  | 7,105 |
Common shares repurchased (note 12) |  |  | (946 | ) |  |  | – |
Preferred share dividends and other equity distributions |  |  | (260 | ) |  |  | (215 | )
Preferred shares redeemed (note 12) |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  | (13 | )
Common share dividends |  |  | (2,513 | ) |  |  | (2,272 | )
Acquisition of non-controlling interest |  |  | (43 | ) |  |  | – |
Balance, end of year |  |  | 27,010 |  |  |  | 23,492 |
Shareholders’ accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year |  |  | 5,180 |  |  |  | 6,323 |
Change in unrealized foreign exchange gains (losses) on net foreign operations |  |  | 1,935 |  |  |  | (414 | )
Change in actuarial gains (losses) on pension and other post-employment plans |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 199 |
Change in unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale financial securities |  |  | (7,315 | ) |  |  | (989 | )
Change in unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges |  |  | 164 |  |  |  | 73 |
Change in real estate revaluation reserve |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (11 | )
Share of other comprehensive income (losses) of associates |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | (1 | )
Balance, end of year |  |  | (25 | ) |  |  | 5,180 |
Total shareholders’ and other equity, end of year |  |  | 56,061 |  |  |  | 58,408 |
Participating policyholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year |  |  | (1,233 | ) |  |  | (784 | )
Net income (loss) attributed to participating policyholders |  |  | (111 | ) |  |  | (448 | )
Other comprehensive income (losses) attributed to participating policyholders |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (1 | )
Balance, end of year |  |  | (1,346 | ) |  |  | (1,233 | )
Non-controlling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year |  |  | 1,694 |  |  |  | 1,455 |
Net income attributed to non-controlling interests |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 255 |
Other comprehensive income (losses) attributed to non-controlling interests |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | (3 | )
Contributions (distributions and acquisition), net |  |  | (26 | ) |  |  | (13 | )
Balance, end of year |  |  | 1,664 |  |  |  | 1,694 |
Total equity, end of year |  | $ | 56,379 |  |  | $ | 58,869 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

For the years ended December 31, (Canadian $ in millions) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 7,182 |  |  | $ | 6,912 |
Adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Increase (decrease) in insurance contract liabilities |  |  | (33,413 | ) |  |  | 10,719 |
Increase (decrease) in investment contract liabilities |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 44 |
(Increase) decrease in reinsurance assets excluding coinsurance transactions (note 7) |  |  | 159 |  |  |  | 754 |
Amortization of (premium) discount on invested assets |  |  | (32 | ) |  |  | 181 |
Other amortization |  |  | 538 |  |  |  | 529 |
Net realized and unrealized (gains) losses and impairment on assets |  |  | 47,270 |  |  |  | 4,824 |
Gain on U.S. variable annuity reinsurance transaction (pre-tax) (note 7) |  |  | (1,070 | ) |  |  | – |
Gain on derecognition of Joint Venture interest during Manulife TEDA acquisition (pre-tax) (notes 3 & 6) |  |  | (95 | ) |  |  | – |
Deferred income tax expense (recovery) |  |  | 731 |  |  |  | (127 | )
Stock option expense |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 9 |
Cash provided by operating activities before undernoted items |  |  | 21,316 |  |  |  | 23,845 |
Cash decrease due to U.S. variable annuity reinsurance transaction (note 7) |  |  | (1,377 | ) |  |  | – |
Changes in policy related and operating receivables and payables |  |  | (2,204 | ) |  |  | (690 | )
Cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  |  | 17,735 |  |  |  | 23,155 |
Investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases and mortgage advances |  |  | (111,768 | ) |  |  | (120,965 | )
Disposals and repayments |  |  | 93,407 |  |  |  | 96,728 |
Change in investment broker net receivables and payables |  |  | (67 | ) |  |  | (186 | )
Net cash increase (decrease) from sale (purchase) of subsidiary (notes 3 & 6) |  |  | (182 | ) |  |  | (19 | )
Cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  |  | (18,610 | ) |  |  | (24,442 | )
Financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Issue of long-term debt, net (note 10) |  |  | 946 |  |  |  | – |
Redemption of long-term debt (note 10) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (1,250 | )
Redemption of capital instruments (note 11) |  |  | (1,000 | ) |  |  | (818 | )
Secured borrowings (note 4 (f)) |  |  | 437 |  |  |  | 26 |
Change in repurchase agreements and securities sold but not yet purchased |  |  | (551 | ) |  |  | 186 |
Change in deposits from Bank clients, net |  |  | 1,703 |  |  |  | (164 | )
Lease payments |  |  | (120 | ) |  |  | (124 | )
Shareholders’ dividends and other equity distributions |  |  | (2,787 | ) |  |  | (2,500 | )
Common shares repurchased (note 12) |  |  | (1,884 | ) |  |  | – |
Common shares issued, net (note 12) |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | 51 |
Preferred shares and other equity issued, net (note 12) |  |  | 990 |  |  |  | 3,171 |
Preferred shares redeemed, net (note 12) |  |  | (711 | ) |  |  | (612 | )
Contributions from (distributions to, acquisition of) non-controlling interests, net |  |  | (51 | ) |  |  | (13 | )
Cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  |  | (3,005 | ) |  |  | (2,047 | )
Cash and short-term securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Increase (decrease) during the year |  |  | (3,880 | ) |  |  | (3,334 | )
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and short-term securities |  |  | 585 |  |  |  | (319 | )
Balance, beginning of year |  |  | 21,930 |  |  |  | 25,583 |
Balance, December 31 |  |  | 18,635 |  |  |  | 21,930 |
Cash and short-term securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross cash and short-term securities |  |  | 22,594 |  |  |  | 26,167 |
Net payments in transit, included in other liabilities |  |  | (664 | ) |  |  | (584 | )
Net cash and short-term securities, January 1 |  |  | 21,930 |  |  |  | 25,583 |
End of year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross cash and short-term securities |  |  | 19,153 |  |  |  | 22,594 |
Net payments in transit, included in other liabilities |  |  | (518 | ) |  |  | (664 | )
Net cash and short-term securities, December 31 |  | $ | 18,635 |  |  | $ | 21,930 |
Supplemental disclosures on cash flow information |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest received |  | $ | 12,133 |  |  | $ | 11,376 |
Interest paid |  |  | 1,248 |  |  |  | 981 |
Income taxes paid |  |  | 1,238 |  |  |  | 571 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Page Number |  | Note |  |
146 |  | Note 1 |  | Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies
154 |  | Note 2 |  | Accounting and Reporting Changes
160 |  | Note 3 |  | Acquisitions
160 |  | Note 4 |  | Invested Assets and Investment Income
168 |  | Note 5 |  | Derivative and Hedging Instruments
174 |  | Note 6 |  | Goodwill and Intangible Assets
176 |  | Note 7 |  | Insurance Contract Liabilities and Reinsurance Assets
185 |  | Note 8 |  | Investment Contract Liabilities
187 |  | Note 9 |  | Risk Management
193 |  | Note 10 |  | Long-Term Debt
194 |  | Note 11 |  | Capital Instruments
195 |  | Note 12 |  | Equity Capital and Earnings Per Share
197 |  | Note 13 |  | Capital Management
198 |  | Note 14 |  | Revenue from Service Contracts
199 |  | Note 15 |  | Stock-Based Compensation
200 |  | Note 16 |  | Employee Future Benefits
205 |  | Note 17 |  | Income Taxes
206 |  | Note 18 |  | Interests in Structured Entities
208 |  | Note 19 |  | Commitments and Contingencies
211 |  | Note 20 |  | Segmented Information
212 |  | Note 21 |  | Related Parties
213 |  | Note 22 |  | Subsidiaries
215 |  | Note 23 |  | Segregated Funds
216 |  | Note 24 |  | Information Provided in Connection with Investments in Deferred Annuity Contracts and SignatureNotes Issued or Assumed by John Hancock Life Insurance Company (U.S.A.)
221 |  | Note 25 |  | Significant Accounting Policies in Accordance with IFRS 9 and IFRS 17
229 |  | Note 26 |  | Comparatives

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Canadian $ in millions except per share amounts or unless otherwise stated)
Note 1 Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies
(a) Reporting entity
Manulife Financial Corporation (“MFC”) is a publicly traded company and the holding company of The Manufacturers Life Insurance Company (“MLI”), a Canadian life insurance company. MFC and its subsidiaries (collectively, “Manulife” or the “Company”) is a leading financial services group with principal operations in Asia, Canada and the United States. Manulife’s international network of employees, agents and distribution partners offers financial protection and wealth management products and services to personal and business clients as well as asset management services to institutional customers. The Company operates as Manulife in Asia and Canada and as John Hancock in the United States.
MFC is domiciled in Canada and incorporated under the Insurance Companies Act (Canada) (“ICA”). These Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).
These Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with “Risk Management and Risk Factors” in the 2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) dealing with IFRS 7 “Financial Instruments: Disclosures” as the discussion on market risk and liquidity risk includes certain disclosures that are considered an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
These Consolidated Financial Statements as at and for the year ended December 31, 2022 were authorized for issue by MFC’s Board of Directors on February 15, 2023.
(b) Basis of preparation
The preparation of Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as at the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results may differ from these estimates. The most significant estimation processes relate to evaluating assumptions used in measuring insurance and investment contract liabilities, assessing assets for impairment, determining pension and other post-employment benefit obligation and expense assumptions, determining income taxes and uncertain tax positions, and estimating fair values of certain invested assets. Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the year in which the estimates are revised and in any future years affected. Although some variability is inherent in these estimates, management believes that the amounts recorded are appropriate. The significant accounting policies used and the most significant judgments made by management in applying these accounting policies in the preparation of these Consolidated Financial Statements are summarized below.
The Company’s results and operations have been and may continue to be adversely impacted by
COVID-19
and the economic environment. The adverse effects include but are not limited to recessionary economic trends in markets the Company operates in, significant market volatility, increase in credit risk, strain on commodity markets and alternative long duration asset (“ALDA”) prices, foreign currency exchange rate volatility, increases in insurance claims, persistency and redemptions, and disruption of business operations. The breadth and depth of these events and their duration contribute additional uncertainty around estimates used in determining the carrying value of certain assets and liabilities included in these Consolidated Financial Statements.
The Company has applied appropriate measurement techniques using reasonable judgment and estimates from the perspective of a market participant to reflect current economic conditions. The impact of these techniques has been reflected in these Consolidated Financial Statements. Changes in the inputs used could materially impact the respective carrying values.
(c) Fair value measurement
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction (not a forced liquidation or distress sale) between market participants at the measurement date; fair value is an exit value.
When available, quoted market prices are used to determine fair value. If quoted market prices are not available, fair value is typically based upon alternative valuation techniques such as discounted cash flows, matrix pricing, consensus pricing services and other techniques. Broker quotes are generally used when external public vendor prices are not available.
The Company has a valuation process in place that includes a review of price movements relative to the market, a comparison of prices between vendors, and a comparison to internal matrix pricing which uses predominately external observable data. Judgment is applied in adjusting external observable data for items including liquidity and credit factors.
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The Company categorizes its fair value measurement results according to a three-level hierarchy. The hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used by the Company’s valuation techniques based on their reliability. A level is assigned to each fair value measurement based on the lowest level input significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are defined as follows:
Level 1 – Fair value measurements that reflect unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities that the Company can access at the measurement date, reflecting market transactions.
Level 2 – Fair value measurements using inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in inactive markets, inputs that are observable that are not prices (such as interest rates, credit risks, etc.) and inputs that are derived from or corroborated by observable market data. Most debt securities are classified within Level 2. Also, included in the Level 2 category are derivative instruments that are priced using models with observable market inputs, including interest rate swaps, equity swaps, credit default swaps and foreign currency forward contracts.
Level 3 – Fair value measurements using significant
non-market
observable inputs. These include valuations for assets and liabilities that are derived using data, some or all of which is not market observable, including assumptions about risk. Level 3 security valuations include less liquid securities such as real estate properties, other invested assets, timber investments held within segregated funds, certain long-duration bonds and other securities that have little or no price transparency. Certain derivative financial instrument valuations are also included in Level 3.
(d) Basis of consolidation
MFC consolidates the financial statements of all entities it controls, including certain structured entities. Subsidiaries are entities controlled by the Company. The Company has control over an entity when the Company has the power to govern the financial and operating policies of the entity and is exposed to variable returns from its activities which are significant in relation to the total variable returns of the entity and the Company is able to use its power over the entity to affect the Company’s share of variable returns of the entity. In assessing control, significant judgment is applied while considering all relevant facts and circumstances. When assessing decision making power over an entity, the Company considers the extent of its rights relative to the management of the entity, the level of voting rights held over the entity which are potentially or presently exercisable, the existence of any contractual management agreements which may provide the Company with power over the entity’s financial and operating policies, and to the extent of other parties’ ownership in the entity, if any, the possibility for de facto control being present. When assessing variable returns from an entity, the Company considers the significance of direct and indirect financial and
non-financial
variable returns to the Company from the entity’s activities in addition to the proportionate significance of such returns to the total variability of the entity. The Company also considers the degree to which its interests are aligned with those of other parties investing in the entity and the degree to which the Company may act in its own interest while interacting with the entity.
The financial statements of subsidiaries are included in MFC’s consolidated results from the date control is established and are excluded from consolidation from the date control ceases. The initial control assessment is performed at inception of the Company’s involvement with the entity and is reconsidered if the Company acquires or loses power over key operating and financial policies of the entity; acquires additional interests or disposes of interests in the entity; the contractual arrangements of the entity are amended such that the Company’s proportionate exposure to variable returns changes; or if the Company’s ability to use its power to affect its variable returns from the entity changes. A change in control may lead to gains or losses on derecognition of a subsidiary when losing control, or on derecognition of previous interests in a subsidiary when gaining control.
The Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared using uniform accounting policies for like transactions and events in similar circumstances. Intercompany balances, and revenue and expenses arising from intercompany transactions, have been eliminated in preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Non-controlling
interests are interests of other parties in the equity of MFC’s subsidiaries and are presented within total equity, separate from the equity of MFC’s participating policyholders and shareholders.
Non-controlling
interests in the net income and other comprehensive income (“OCI”) of MFC’s subsidiaries are included in total net income and total OCI, respectively. An exception to this occurs where the subsidiary’s shares are either puttable by the other parties or are redeemable for cash on a fixed or determinable date, in which case other parties’ interests in the subsidiary’s capital are presented as liabilities of the Company and other parties’ interests in the subsidiary’s net income and OCI are recorded as expenses of the Company.
The equity method of accounting is used to account for entities over which the Company has significant influence or joint control (“associates” or “joint ventures”), whereby the Company records its share of the associate’s or joint venture’s net assets and financial results using uniform accounting policies for similar transactions and events. Significant judgment is used to determine whether voting rights, contractual management rights and other relationships with the entity, if any, provide the Company with significant influence or joint control over the entity. Gains and losses on the sale of associates or joint ventures are included in income when realized, while impairment losses are recognized immediately when there is objective evidence of impairment. Gains and losses on commercial transactions with associates or joint ventures are eliminated to the extent of the Company’s interest in the equity of the associate or joint venture. Investments in associates and joint ventures are included in other invested assets on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

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(e) Invested assets
Invested assets that are considered financial instruments are classified as fair value through profit or loss (“FVTPL”), loans and receivables, or as
available-for-sale
(“AFS”) financial assets. The Company determines the classification of its financial assets at initial recognition. Invested assets are recognized initially at fair value plus, in the case of investments not at FVTPL, directly attributable transaction costs. Invested assets are classified as financial instruments at FVTPL if they are held for trading, if they are designated by management under the fair value option, or if they are designated by management when they include one or more embedded derivatives. Invested assets classified as AFS are
non-derivative
financial assets that do not fall into any of the other categories described above.
Valuation methods for the Company’s invested assets are described above. All fair value valuations are performed in accordance with IFRS 13 “Fair Value Measurement”. Disclosure of fair value valuations within the three levels of the fair value hierarchy for invested assets carried at fair value or not carried at fair value on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position are presented in note 4. Fair value valuations are performed by the Company and by third-party service providers. When third-party service providers are engaged, the Company performs a variety of procedures to corroborate pricing information. These procedures may include, but are not limited to, inquiry and review of valuation techniques, inputs to the valuation and vendor controls reports.
Cash and short-term securities comprise of cash, current operating accounts, overnight bank and term deposits, and debt securities held for meeting short-term cash commitments. Short-term securities are comprised of investments due to mature within one year of the date of purchase. Short-term securities are carried at fair value. Commercial paper and discount notes are classified as Level 2 for fair value disclosure purposes because these securities are typically not actively traded. Net payments in transit and overdraft bank balances are included in other liabilities.
Debt securities are carried at fair value or amortized cost. Debt securities are generally valued by independent pricing vendors using proprietary pricing models incorporating current market inputs for similar instruments with comparable terms and credit quality (matrix pricing). The significant inputs include, but are not limited to, yield curves, credit risks and spreads, prepayment rates and volatility of these inputs. These debt securities are classified as Level 2 for fair value disclosure purposes but can be Level 3 if significant inputs are market unobservable. Realized gains and losses on sale of debt securities and unrealized gains and losses on debt securities designated as FVTPL are recognized in investment income immediately. Unrealized gains and losses on AFS debt securities are recorded in OCI, except for unrealized gains and losses on foreign currency translation which are included in income. Impairment losses on AFS debt securities are recognized in income on an individual security basis when there is objective evidence of impairment. Impairment is considered to have occurred, based on management’s judgment, when it is deemed probable that the Company will not be able to collect all amounts due according to the debt security’s contractual terms. Debt securities which are classified as
held-to-maturity
are carried at amortized cost. This includes debt securities with fixed or determinable payments and fixed maturities, for which the Company has both positive intention and ability to hold to maturity, and which the Company has not designated at initial recognition as FVTPL or AFS.
Public equities are comprised of common and preferred equities and mutual fund shares and are carried at fair value. Public equities are generally classified as Level 1 for fair value disclosure purposes, as fair values are normally based on quoted market prices. Realized gains and losses on sale of equities and unrealized gains and losses on equities designated as FVTPL are recognized in investment income immediately. Unrealized gains and losses on AFS equities are recorded in OCI. Impairment losses on AFS equities are recognized in income on an individual security basis when there is objective evidence of impairment. Impairment is considered to have occurred when fair value has declined below cost by a significant amount or for a prolonged period. Significant judgment is applied in determining whether the decline is significant or prolonged.
Mortgages are carried at amortized cost and are classified as Level 3 for fair value disclosure purposes due to the lack of market observability of certain significant valuation inputs. Realized gains and losses are recorded in investment income immediately. Impairment losses are recorded on mortgages when there is no longer reasonable assurance as to the timely collection of the full amount of principal and interest and are measured based on the discounted value of expected future cash flows at the original effective interest rates inherent in the mortgage. Expected future cash flows of impaired mortgages are typically determined with reference to the fair value of collateral security underlying the mortgage, net of expected costs of realization and including any applicable insurance recoveries. Significant judgment is applied in the determination of impairment including the timing and amount of future collections.
The Company accounts for insured and uninsured mortgage securitizations as secured financing transactions since the criteria for sale accounting are not met. For these transactions, the Company continues to recognize the mortgages and records liabilities within other liabilities for the amounts owed at maturity. Interest income from these mortgages and interest expense on the borrowings are recorded using the effective interest rate method.
Private placements, which include corporate loans for which there is no active market, are carried at amortized cost and are generally classified as Level 2 for fair value disclosure purposes or Level 3 if significant inputs are market unobservable. Realized gains and losses are recorded in income immediately. Impairment losses are recorded on private placements when there is no longer assurance as to the timely collection of the full amount of principal and interest. Impairment is measured based on the discounted value of expected future cash flows at the original effective interest rate inherent in the loan. Significant judgment is applied in the determination of impairment including the timing and amount of future collections.
Policy loans are carried at an amount equal to their unpaid balances and are classified as Level 2 for fair value disclosure purposes. Policy loans are fully collateralized by the cash surrender value of the underlying policies.
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Loans to Manulife Bank of Canada (“Manulife Bank” or “Bank”) clients are carried at amortized cost and are classified as Level 2 for fair value disclosure purposes. A loan to a Bank client is considered impaired when there is objective evidence of impairment because of one or more loss events that have occurred after initial recognition, with a negative impact on the estimated future cash flows of the loan.
Once established, allowances for impairment of mortgages, private placements and loans to Bank clients are reversed only if the conditions that caused the impairment no longer exist. Reversals of impairment charges on AFS debt securities are only recognized in income to the extent that subsequent increases in fair value can be attributed to events after the impairment loss being recorded. Impairment losses for AFS equity instruments are not reversed through income. On disposition of an impaired asset, any allowance for impairment is released.
In addition to impairments and provisions for loan losses (recoveries) reported in investment income, the measurement of insurance contract liabilities, via investment return assumptions, includes expected future credit losses on fixed income investments. Refer to note 7(d).
Interest income is recognized on debt securities, mortgages, private placements, policy loans, loans to Bank clients and certain other invested assets as it accrues and is calculated using the effective interest rate method. Premiums, discounts and transaction costs are amortized over the life of the underlying investment using the effective yield method for all debt securities as well as mortgages and private placements.
The Company records purchases and sales of invested assets on a trade date basis. Loans originated by the Company are recognized on a settlement date basis.
Real estate consists of both own use property and investment property. Own use property, held for use for the Company’s operations, is carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses. Depreciation is calculated based on the cost of an asset less its residual value and is recognized in income on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life ranging from 30 to 60 years. Impairment losses are recorded in income to the extent the recoverable amount is less than the carrying amount. Where own use property is included in assets backing insurance contract liabilities, the fair value of the property is used in the valuation of insurance contract liabilities. Fair value of own use property is determined using the same processes as for investment property, described below. Own use property is classified as Level 3 for fair value disclosure purposes.
An investment property is a property held to earn rental income, for capital appreciation, or both. Investment properties are measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in income. Fair value is determined using external appraisals that are based on the highest and best use of the property. The valuation techniques include discounted cash flows, the direct capitalization method as well as comparable sales analysis and include both observable and unobservable inputs. Inputs include existing and assumed tenancies, market data from recent comparable transactions, future economic outlook and market risk assumptions, capitalization rates and internal rates of return. Investment properties are classified as Level 3 for fair value disclosure purposes.
When a property changes from own use to investment property, any gain or loss arising on the remeasurement of the property to fair value at the date of transfer is recognized in OCI, to the extent that it is not reversing a previous impairment loss. Reversals of impairment losses are recognized in income.
Other invested assets include private equity and property investments held in infrastructure and timber, as well as in agriculture and oil and gas sectors. Private equity investments are accounted for as associates or joint ventures using the equity method (as described in note 1(d) above) or are classified as FVTPL or AFS and carried at fair value. Investments in oil and gas exploration and evaluation activities are measured on the cost basis using the “successful efforts” method. Timber and agriculture properties are measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in income, except for buildings, equipment and bearer plants which are measured at amortized cost. The fair value of other invested assets is determined using a variety of valuation techniques as described in note 4. Other invested assets that are measured or disclosed at fair value are primarily classified as Level 3.
Other invested assets also include investments in leveraged leases, which are accounted for using the equity method. The carrying value under the equity method reflects the amortized cost of the lease receivable and related
non-recourse
debt using the effective yield method.
(f) Goodwill and intangible assets
Goodwill represents the difference between the fair value of purchase consideration of an acquired business and the Company’s proportionate share of the net identifiable assets acquired. It is initially recorded at cost and subsequently measured at cost less any accumulated impairment.
Goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable at the cash generating unit (“CGU”) or group of CGUs level. The Company allocates goodwill to CGUs or group of CGUs for impairment testing at the lowest level within the entity where the goodwill is monitored for internal management purposes. The allocation is made to those CGUs or group of CGUs that are expected to benefit from the business combination in which the goodwill arose. Any potential impairment of goodwill is identified by comparing the recoverable amount with the carrying value of a CGU or group of CGUs. Goodwill is reduced by the amount of deficiency, if any. If the deficiency exceeds the carrying amount of goodwill, the carrying values of the remaining assets in the CGU or group of CGUs are subject to being reduced by the remaining deficiency on a
pro-rata
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The recoverable amount of a CGU or group of CGUs is the higher of the estimated fair value less costs to sell or the
value-in-use
of the CGU or group of CGUs. In assessing
value-in-use,
estimated future cash flows are discounted using a
pre-tax
discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the CGU or group of CGUs. In some cases, the most recent detailed calculation made in a prior period of a recoverable amount is used in the current period impairment testing. This is the case only if there are no significant changes to the CGU or group of CGUs, the likelihood of impairment is remote based on the analysis of current events and circumstances, and the most recently calculated recoverable amount substantially exceeded the current carrying amount of the CGU or group of CGUs.
Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives include the John Hancock brand name, certain investment management contracts and certain agricultural water rights. The indefinite useful life assessment for the John Hancock brand name is based on the brand name being protected by indefinitely renewable trademarks in markets where branded products are sold, and for certain investment management contracts based on the ability to renew these contracts indefinitely. In addition, there are no legal, regulatory or contractual provisions that limit the useful lives of these intangible assets. Certain agricultural water rights are held in perpetuity. An intangible asset with an indefinite useful life is not amortized but is subject to an annual impairment test which is performed more frequently if an indication that it is not recoverable arises.
Intangible assets with finite useful lives include acquired distribution networks, customer relationships, capitalized software, and certain investment management contracts and other contractual rights. Distribution networks, customer relationships, and other finite life intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives, six to 68 years, either based on straight-line or in relation to other asset consumption metrics. Software intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives of three to 10 years. Finite life intangible assets are assessed for indicators of impairment at each reporting period. If indications of impairment arise, these assets are tested for impairment.
(g) Miscellaneous assets
Miscellaneous assets include assets held in a rabbi trust with respect to unfunded defined benefit obligations, defined benefit assets, if any, deferred acquisition costs and capital assets. Rabbi trust assets are carried at fair value. Defined benefit assets carrying value is explained in note 1(o). Deferred acquisition costs are carried at cost less accumulated amortization and are amortized over the period redemption fees may be charged or over the period revenue is earned. Capital assets are carried at cost less accumulated amortization computed on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, which vary from two to 10 years.
(h) Segregated funds
The Company manages segregated funds on behalf of policyholders, which are presented as segregated fund net assets with offsetting segregated funds net liabilities to policyholders in the amount of their account balances. Amounts invested by the Company in segregated funds for seed purposes are presented within invested asset categories based on the nature of the underlying investments. The investment returns on these funds are passed directly to policyholders. In some cases, the Company has provided guarantees associated with these funds.
Segregated funds net assets are measured at fair value and include investments in mutual funds, debt securities, equities, cash, short-term investments and other investments. With respect to the consolidation requirement of IFRS, in assessing the Company’s degree of control over the underlying investments, the Company considers the scope of its decision-making rights, the rights held by other parties, its remuneration as an investment manager and its exposure to variability of returns from the investments. The Company has determined that it does not have control over the underlying investments as it acts as an agent on behalf of segregated fund policyholders.
The methodology applied to determine the fair value of investments held in segregated funds is consistent with that applied to invested assets held by the general fund, as described above in note 1(e). Segregated funds liabilities are measured based on the value of the segregated funds net assets. Investment returns on segregated funds assets belong to policyholders and the Company does not bear the risk associated with these assets outside of guarantees offered on certain variable life and annuity products, for which the underlying investments are held within segregated funds. Accordingly, investment income earned by segregated funds and expenses incurred by segregated funds are offset and are not separately presented in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Fee income earned by the Company for managing and administering the segregated funds is included in other revenue.
Liabilities related to guarantees associated with certain segregated funds, as a result of certain variable life and annuity contracts, are recorded within the Company’s insurance contract liabilities. The Company holds assets supporting these guarantees in the general fund, which are included in invested assets according to their investment type.
(i) Insurance and investment contract liabilities
Most contracts issued by the Company are considered insurance, investment or service contracts. Contracts under which the Company accepts significant insurance risk from a policyholder are classified as insurance contracts in the Consolidated Financial Statements. A contract is considered to have significant insurance risk if, and only if, an insured event could cause an insurer to make significant additional payments in any scenario, excluding scenarios that lack commercial substance at the inception of the contract. Contracts under which the Company does not accept significant insurance risk are either classified as investment contracts or considered service contracts and are accounted for in accordance with IAS 39
“
Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement
”
or IFRS 15 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”, respectively.
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Once a contract has been classified as an insurance contract it remains an insurance contract even if the insurance risk reduces significantly. Investment contracts can be reclassified as insurance contracts if insurance risk subsequently becomes significant.
Insurance contract liabilities, net of reinsurance assets, represent the amount which, together with estimated future premiums and net investment income, will be sufficient to pay estimated future benefits, policyholder dividends and refunds, taxes (other than income taxes) and expenses on policies
in-force.
Insurance contract liabilities are presented gross of reinsurance assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. The Company’s Appointed Actuary is responsible for determining the amount of insurance contract liabilities in accordance with standards established by the Canadian Institute of Actuaries. Insurance contract liabilities, net of reinsurance assets, have been determined using the Canadian Asset Liability Method (“CALM”) as permitted by IFRS 4 “Insurance Contracts”. Refer to note 7.
Investment contract liabilities include contracts issued to retail and institutional investors that do not contain significant insurance risk. Investment contract liabilities and deposits are measured at amortized cost or at FVTPL by election. The election reduces accounting mismatches between FVTPL assets supporting these contracts and the related contract liabilities. Investment contract liabilities are derecognized when the contract expires, is discharged or is cancelled.
Derivatives embedded within insurance contracts are separately accounted for as derivatives if they are not considered to be closely related to the host insurance contract and do not meet the definition of an insurance contract. These embedded derivatives are presented separately in other assets or other liabilities and are measured at FVTPL.
(j) Reinsurance assets
The Company uses reinsurance in the normal course of business to manage its risk exposure. Insurance ceded to a reinsurer does not relieve the Company from its obligations to policyholders. The Company remains liable to its policyholders for the portion reinsured to the extent that any reinsurer does not meet its obligations for reinsurance ceded to it under a reinsurance agreement.
Reinsurance assets represent the benefit derived from reinsurance agreements
in-force
at the reporting date, considering the financial condition of the reinsurer. Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are estimated in accordance with the terms of the relevant reinsurance contract.
Gains or losses on reinsurance transactions are recognized in income immediately on the transaction date and are not amortized. Premiums ceded and claims reimbursed are presented on a gross basis on the Consolidated Statements of Income. Reinsurance assets are not offset against the related insurance contract liabilities and are presented separately on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. Refer to note 7(a).
(k) Other financial instruments accounted for as liabilities
The Company issues a variety of other financial instruments classified as liabilities, including notes payable, term notes, senior notes, senior debentures, subordinated notes, surplus notes and preferred shares. These financial liabilities are measured at amortized cost, with issuance costs deferred and amortized using the effective interest rate method.
(l) Income taxes
The provision for income taxes is calculated based on income tax laws and income tax rates substantively enacted as at the date of the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. The income tax provision is comprised of current income taxes and deferred income taxes. Current and deferred income taxes relating to items recognized in OCI and directly in equity are similarly recognized in OCI and directly in equity, respectively.
Current income taxes are amounts expected to be payable or recoverable for the current year and any adjustments to taxes payable in respect of previous years.
Deferred income taxes are provided for using the liability method and result from temporary differences between the carrying values of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred income taxes are measured at the substantively enacted tax rates that are expected to be applied to temporary differences when they reverse.
A deferred tax asset is recognized to the extent that future realization of the tax benefit is probable. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the tax benefit will be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset if there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and they relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority on the same taxable entity.
Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences, except in respect of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures, where the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.
The Company records liabilities for uncertain tax positions if it is probable that the Company will make a payment on tax positions due to examinations by tax authorities. These provisions are measured at the Company’s best estimate of the amount expected to be paid. Provisions are reversed to income in the period in which management assesses they are no longer required or determined by statute.

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The Company is subject to income tax laws in various jurisdictions. Tax laws are complex and potentially subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer and the relevant tax authority. The provision for current income taxes and deferred income taxes represents management’s interpretation of the relevant tax laws and its estimate of current and future income tax implications of the transactions and events during the year. The Company may be required to change its provision for income taxes or deferred income tax balances when the ultimate deductibility of certain items is successfully challenged by taxing authorities, or if estimates used in determining the amount of deferred tax balances to recognize change significantly, or when receipt of new information indicates the need for adjustment in the amount of deferred income taxes to be recognized. Additionally, future events, such as changes in tax laws, tax regulations, or interpretations of such laws or regulations, could have an impact on the provision for income taxes, deferred tax balances and the effective tax rate. Any such changes could materially affect the amounts reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements in the period these changes occur.
(m) Foreign currency translation
Items included in the financial statements of each of the Company’s subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates are measured by each entity using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (the “functional currency”). If their functional currency is other than Canadian dollar, these entities are foreign operations of the Company.
Transactions in a foreign currency are translated to the functional currency at the exchange rate prevailing at the date of the transaction. Assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated to the functional currency at the exchange rate in effect at the reporting date. Revenue and expenses denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the average exchange rate prevailing during the quarter reported. Exchange gains and losses are recognized in income except for translation of net investments in foreign operations and the results of hedging these positions, and for
non-monetary
items designated as AFS. These foreign exchange gains and losses are recognized in OCI until such time that the foreign operation or
non-monetary
item is disposed of or control or significant influence over it is lost.
The Consolidated Financial Statements are presented in Canadian dollars. The financial statements of the Company’s foreign operations are translated from their functional currencies to Canadian dollars; assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rate at the reporting date, and revenue and expenses are translated using the average exchange rates for the period. Foreign exchange gains and losses on these translations are recognized in OCI, subject to reclassification to income upon disposal of a foreign operation.
(n) Stock-based compensation
The Company provides stock-based compensation to certain employees and directors as described in note 15. Compensation expense of equity instruments granted is accrued based on the best estimate of the number of instruments expected to vest, with revisions made to that estimate if subsequent information indicates that actual forfeitures are likely to differ from initial forfeiture estimates, unless forfeitures are due to market-based conditions.
Stock options are expensed with a corresponding increase in contributed surplus. Restricted share units and deferred share units are expensed with a corresponding liability accrued based on the market value of MFC’s common shares at the end of each quarter. Performance share units are expensed with a corresponding liability accrued based on specific performance conditions and the market value of MFC’s common shares at the end of each quarter. The change in the value of the awards resulting from changes in the market value of MFC’s common shares or changes in the specific performance conditions and credited dividends is recognized in income, offset by the impact of total return swaps used to manage the variability of the related liabilities.
Stock-based compensation cost is recognized over the applicable vesting period, unless the employee is eligible to retire at the time of grant or will be eligible to retire during the vesting period. Compensation costs attributable to stock options, restricted share units, and performance share units granted to employees who are eligible to retire on the grant date or who will become eligible to retire during the vesting period, are recognized at the grant date or over the period from the grant date to the date of retirement eligibility, respectively.
The Company’s contributions to the Global Share Ownership Plan (“GSOP”) (refer to note 15(d)), are expensed as incurred. Under the GSOP, subject to certain conditions, the Company will match a percentage of an employee’s eligible contributions to certain maximums. All contributions are used by the plan’s trustee to purchase MFC common shares in the open market on behalf of participating employees.
(o) Employee future benefits
The Company maintains defined contribution and defined benefit pension plans and other post-employment plans for employees and agents including registered (tax qualified) pension plans that are typically funded as well as supplemental
non-registered
(non-qualified)
pension plans for executives, retiree and disability welfare plans that are typically not funded.
The Company’s obligation in respect of defined benefit pension and other post-employment benefits is calculated for each plan as the estimated present value of future benefits that eligible employees have earned in return for their service up to the reporting date using the projected benefit method. The discount rate used is based on the yield, as at the reporting date, of high-quality corporate debt securities that have approximately the same term as the benefit obligations and that are denominated in the same currency in which the benefits are expected to be paid.
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To determine the Company’s net defined benefit asset or liability, the fair value of plan assets is deducted from the defined benefit obligations. When this calculation results in a surplus, the asset that can be recognized is limited to the present value of future economic benefit available in the form of future refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plan (the asset limit). Defined benefit assets are included in other assets and defined benefit liabilities are included in other liabilities.
Changes in the net defined benefit asset or liability due to
re-measurement
of pension and retiree welfare plans are recorded in OCI in the period in which they occur and are not reclassified to income in subsequent periods. They consist of actuarial gains and losses, the impact of the asset limit, if any, and the return on plan assets, excluding amounts included in net interest income or expense. Changes in the net defined benefit asset or liability due to
re-measurement
of disability welfare plans are recorded in income in the period in which they occur.
The cost of defined benefit pension plans is recognized over the employee’s years of service to retirement while the cost of retiree welfare plans is recognized over the employee’s years of service to their date of full eligibility. The net benefit cost for the year is recorded in income and is calculated as the sum of the service cost in respect of the fiscal year, the net interest income or expense and any applicable administration expenses, plus past service costs or credits resulting from plan amendments or curtailments. The net interest income or expense is determined by applying the discount rate to the net defined benefit asset or liability. The current year cost of disability welfare plans is the year-over-year change in the defined benefit obligation, including any actuarial gains or losses.
The cost of defined contribution plans is the contribution provided by the Company and is recorded in income in the periods during which services are rendered by employees.
(p) Derivative and hedging instruments
The Company uses derivative financial instruments (“derivatives”) including swaps, forward and futures agreements, and options to manage current and anticipated exposures to changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, commodity prices and equity market prices, and to replicate permissible investments. Derivatives embedded in other financial instruments are separately recorded as derivatives when their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the host instrument, the terms of the embedded derivative are the same as those of a standalone derivative and the host instrument itself is not recorded at FVTPL. Derivatives which are separate financial instruments are recorded at fair value, and those with unrealized gains reported as derivative assets and those with unrealized losses reported as derivative liabilities.
A determination is made for each derivative as to whether to apply hedge accounting. Where hedge accounting is not applied, changes in the fair value of derivatives are recorded in investment income. Refer to note 4(c).
Where the Company has elected to apply hedge accounting, a hedging relationship is designated and documented at inception. Hedge effectiveness is evaluated at inception and throughout the term of the hedge. Hedge accounting is only applied when the Company expects that the hedging relationship will be highly effective in achieving offsetting changes in fair value or changes in cash flows attributable to the risk being hedged. The assessment of hedge effectiveness is performed at the end of each reporting period both prospectively and retrospectively. When it is determined that a hedging relationship is no longer effective, or the hedging instrument or the hedged item has been sold or terminated, the Company discontinues hedge accounting prospectively. In such cases, if the derivatives are not sold or terminated, any subsequent changes in fair value of the derivatives are recognized in investment income.
For derivatives that are designated as hedging instruments, changes in fair value are recorded according to the nature of the risks being hedged, as discussed below.
In a fair value hedging relationship, changes in fair value of the hedging instruments are recorded in investment income, offsetting changes in fair value of the hedged items, which would otherwise not be carried at fair value. Hedge ineffectiveness is recognized in investment income and arises from differences between changes in the fair values of hedging instruments and hedged items. When hedge accounting is discontinued, the carrying value of the hedged item is no longer adjusted and the cumulative fair value adjustments are amortized to investment income over the remaining term of the hedged item unless the hedged item is sold, at which time the balance is recognized immediately in investment income.
In a cash flow hedging relationship, the effective portion of the change in the fair value of the hedging instrument is recorded in OCI while the ineffective portion is recognized in investment income. Gains and losses in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) are recognized in income during the same periods that the variability in the hedged cash flows or the hedged forecasted transactions are recognized in income. The reclassifications from AOCI are made to investment income, except for total return swaps that hedge stock-based compensation awards, which are reclassified to general expenses.
Gains and losses on cash flow hedges in AOCI are reclassified immediately to investment income when the hedged item is sold or the forecasted transaction is no longer expected to occur. When a hedge is discontinued, but the hedged forecasted transaction is expected to occur, the amounts in AOCI are reclassified to investment income in the periods during which variability in the cash flows hedged or the hedged forecasted transaction is recognized in income.
In a net investment in foreign operations hedging relationship, gains and losses relating to the effective portion of the hedge are recorded in OCI. Gains and losses in AOCI are recognized in income during the periods when gains or losses on the underlying hedged net investment in foreign operations are recognized in income upon disposal of the foreign operation.

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(q) Premium income and related expenses
Gross premiums for all types of insurance contracts, and contracts with limited mortality or morbidity risk, are generally recognized as revenue when due. Premiums are reported gross of reinsurance ceded (refer to note 7).
(r) Revenue from service contracts
The Company recognizes revenue from service contracts in accordance with IFRS 15. The Company’s service contracts generally impose single performance obligations, each consisting of a series of similar related services for each customer. Revenue is recorded as performance obligations are satisfied over time because the customers simultaneously receive and consume the benefits of the services rendered, measured using an output method. Revenue for variable consideration is recognized to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty is subsequently resolved. Refer to note 14.
Note 2 Accounting and Reporting Changes
(a) Changes in accounting and reporting policy
(i) Annual Improvements 2018 – 2020 Cycle
Annual Improvements 2018–2020 Cycle was issued in May 2020 and is effective on or after January 1, 2022. The IASB issued four minor amendments to different standards as part of the Annual Improvements process, to be applied prospectively. Adoption of these amendments did not have a significant impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
(ii) Amendments to IFRS 3 “Business Combinations”
Amendments to IFRS 3 “Business Combinations” were issued in May 2020, and are effective on or after January 1, 2022, with earlier application permitted. The amendments update references within IFRS 3 to the 2018 Conceptual Framework and require that the principles in IAS 37 “Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets” be used to identify liabilities and contingent assets arising from a business combination. Adoption of these amendments did not have a significant impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
(iii) Amendments to IAS 37 “Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets”
Amendments to IAS 37 “Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets” were issued in May 2020, and are effective on or after January 1, 2022, with earlier application permitted. The amendments address identifying onerous contracts and specify the cost of fulfilling a contract which includes all costs directly related to the contract. These include incremental direct costs and allocations of other costs that relate directly to fulfilling the contract. Adoption of these amendments did not have a significant impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
(b) Future accounting and reporting changes
(i) IFRS 17 “Insurance Contracts”
IFRS 17 “Insurance Contracts” was issued in May 2017 to be effective for years beginning on January 1, 2021. Amendments to IFRS 17 “Insurance Contracts” were issued in June 2020 and include a
two-year
deferral of the effective date. IFRS 17 as amended, is effective for years beginning on January 1, 2023, to be applied retrospectively. If full retrospective application to a group of contracts is impracticable the modified retrospective or fair value methods may be used. The standard replaced IFRS 4 “Insurance Contracts” and therefore replaced the Canadian Asset Liability Method (“CALM”) and materially changed the recognition and measurement of insurance contracts and the corresponding presentation and disclosures in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
Narrow-scope amendments to IFRS 17 “Insurance Contracts” were issued in December 2021 and were effective on initial application of IFRS 17 and IFRS 9 “Financial Instruments” which the Company has adopted on January 1, 2023. The amendments reduce accounting mismatches between insurance contract liabilities and financial assets in scope of IFRS 9 within comparative prior periods when initially applying IFRS 17 and IFRS 9. The amendments allow insurers to present comparative information on financial assets as if IFRS 9 were fully applicable during the comparative period. The amendments do not permit application of IFRS 9 hedge accounting principles to the comparative period.
The principles underlying IFRS 17 differ from CALM as permitted by IFRS 4. While there are many differences, the following outlines some of the key measurement differences:

• |  | Under IFRS 17 new business gains are recorded on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position (in the Contractual Service Margin (“CSM”) component of the insurance contract liability) and amortized into income as services are provided. New business losses are recorded into income immediately. Under CALM, both new business gains and new business losses were recognized in income immediately.

• |  | Under IFRS 17 the Company aggregates insurance contracts that are subject to similar risks and managed together into portfolios. Since new business gains and losses have different accounting treatments, insurance contracts are further aggregated into groups by

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| profitability and issuance period to limit offsetting of new business gains and losses. Such aggregation of contracts into groups is required on initial recognition and not reassessed subsequently. Under CALM, new business gains and new business losses offset each other in income.

• |  | Under IFRS 17 the discount rate used to estimate the present value of insurance contract liabilities is based on the characteristics of the liabilities. Under CALM, the rates of returns for current and projected assets supporting insurance contract liabilities were used to value the liabilities. The difference in the discount rate approach also impacts the timing of investment results. Under IFRS 17, the impact of investing activities will emerge into earnings over the life of the assets. Under CALM, the impact of investing activities was capitalized into reserves and therefore earnings in the period they occurred.

• |  | Under IFRS 17 the insurance contract liability discount rate is not related to the expected return on Alternative Long-Duration Assets (“ALDA”) and public equity assets, and as a result, the earnings sensitivity of a change in return assumptions for ALDA and public equity assets will be significantly reduced.

• |  | Under IFRS 17 the Company has elected the option to record changes in insurance contract liabilities arising from changes in interest rates through other comprehensive income, for substantially all insurance products, and classify debt instruments supporting these insurance contract liabilities as fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVOCI”) under IFRS 9. Under CALM, changes in insurance contract liabilities were recorded in income and supporting debt instruments were classified as FVTPL.

• |  | Under IFRS 17 the Company separates specific embedded derivatives and distinct investment components from insurance contracts and accounts for them under IFRS 9. Under IFRS 4 the treatment of embedded derivatives is consistent with IFRS 17, however under IFRS 4 the Company did not separate deposit components as this was not required by the standard.

• |  | Under IFRS 17 insurance contracts with different features are measured by one of the three measurement models: General Measurement Model (“GMM”), Premium Allocation Approach (“PAA”) and Variable Fee Approach (“VFA”). Under IFRS 4, insurance contracts were generally valued by one measurement model, although an unearned premium reserve method similar to PAA was allowed and used by Manulife for certain short duration / annually renewable business.

In addition, there are significant changes to presentation and disclosure of the financial statements. The following outlines some of the key presentation and disclosure changes:

• |  | Consolidated Statements of Financial Position: Under IFRS 17 the Company presents portfolios of insurance and reinsurance contracts issued separately from portfolios of reinsurance contracts held, and portfolios in asset position are further presented separately from portfolios in liability position. Under CALM, contracts were not split and presented by asset and liability position.

• |  | Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income: Under IFRS 17 the Company separately presents insurance revenue, insurance service expense, insurance finance income or expenses, and income or expenses from reinsurance contracts held. Under CALM the Company reported premium income, gross claims and benefits, changes in insurance contract liabilities, benefits and expenses ceded to reinsurers, and changes in reinsurance assets.

IFRS 17 Transition
The Company is required to prepare an opening balance sheet as at January 1, 2022, the date of transition to IFRS 17, which forms the starting point for its financial reporting in accordance with IFRS 17. Any differences between the carrying value and the presentation of assets, liabilities and equity determined in accordance with CALM and IFRS 17, as at January 1, 2022
,
will be recorded in opening retained earnings and accumulated other comprehensive income.
On the transition date, January 1, 2022, the Company;

• |  | Identified, recognized, and measured each group of contracts as if IFRS 17 had always applied, unless it was impracticable (see Full Retrospective Approach and Fair Value Approach below);

• |  | Identified, recognized, and measured assets for insurance acquisition cash flows as if IFRS 17 had always applied, unless it was impracticable. However, no recoverability assessment was performed before the transition date;

• |  | Derecognized any balances that would not exist had IFRS 17 always applied;

• |  | Measured own use real estate properties that were underlying items of insurance contracts with direct participation features at fair value; and

• |  | Recognized any resulting net difference in equity.

Full Retrospective Approach
The Company has adopted IFRS 17 retrospectively unless the full retrospective approach was deemed impracticable.
The Company has applied the full retrospective approach to most contracts issued on or after January 1, 2021, except for participating insurance contracts and variable annuity contracts for which the fair value approach was used.

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Fair Value Approach
The Company has applied the fair value approach to all insurance contracts issued prior to January 1, 2021, as obtaining reasonable and supportable information to apply the full retrospective approach was deemed impracticable.
IFRS 17 allows the use of the fair value approach for groups of insurance contracts with direct participation features if the risk mitigation option is applied prospectively from the transition date and the Company used derivatives, reinsurance contracts held or
non-derivative
financial instruments held at FVTPL to mitigate financial risk on these groups of contracts. With these conditions met, the Company has elected to apply the fair value approach to participating insurance contracts and variable annuity contracts issued on or after January 1, 2021.
Under the fair value approach, the Company has determined the CSM of the GMM and VFA liabilities for remaining coverage at the transition date as the difference between the fair value of the groups of insurance contracts and the fulfilment cash flows measured at that date. In determining the fair value, the Company has applied the requirements of IFRS 13 “Fair Value Measurement”, except for the demand deposit floor requirement. The Company used the income approach to determine the fair value of the insurance contracts at the transition date, in which future cash flows are discounted to a single amount that reflects current market expectations about those future amounts.
To determine groups of insurance contracts under the fair value approach the Company has aggregated contracts issued more than one year apart as it did not have reasonable and supportable information to divide groups into those including only contracts issued within one year or less.
For the application of the fair value approach, the Company has used reasonable and supportable information available at the transition date in order to:

• |  | Identify groups of insurance contracts;

• |  | Determine whether an insurance contract meets the definition of an insurance contract with direct participation features;

• |  | Identify discretionary cash flows for insurance contracts without direct participation features; and

• |  | Determine whether an investment contract meets the definition of an investment contract with discretionary participation features.

For insurance contracts where the fair value approach was applied, the discount rate used to determine the fair value of the group of insurance contracts was determined at the transition date. For cash flows of insurance contracts that do not vary based on the returns on underlying items, the Company determines discount rates by adjusting a liquid risk-free yield curve to reflect the differences between the liquidity characteristics of the financial instruments that underlie the rates observed in the market and the liquidity characteristics of the insurance contracts (a bottom-up approach).
Other Comprehensive Income at Transition
Under IFRS 17 changes in the carrying amount of insurance contracts arising from the effect of and changes in the time value of money and in financial risk are presented as insurance finance income or expense (except for some changes for insurance contracts with direct participation features under certain circumstances). Under IFRS 17 the Company has the option to present all insurance finance income or expense in profit or loss or disaggregated between profit or loss and OCI (the “OCI option”). The Company has elected the OCI option and determined the cumulative OCI balance at transition as follows:

• |  | For some GMM and PAA groups of contracts where the fair value approach was applied, the cumulative OCI was set retrospectively only if reasonable and supportable information was available, otherwise it was set to zero at the transition date.

• |  | For GMM groups of contracts where the full retrospective approach was applied, the cumulative balance was calculated as if the Company had been applying the OCI option since inception of the contracts.

• |  | For VFA contracts, the cumulative OCI at transition was set equal to the difference between the market value and carrying value of the underlying items.

Reclassification of Financial Assets for the Comparative Period of IFRS 17 Adoption
Under the amendments to IFRS 17 with regard to the “Initial Application of IFRS 17 and IFRS 9 – Comparative Information” (“IFRS 17 amendments”), the Company has elected the option to reclassify financial assets, including those held in respect of activities not connected to contracts within the scope of IFRS 17, on an
instrument-by-instrument
basis, for the comparative period in alignment with the expected classification on initial application of IFRS 9 as at January 1, 2023. These reclassification changes also led the Company to present certain investment results previously reported in net investment income or OCI under IAS 39, within OCI or net investment income in alignment with the expected classifications of IFRS 9, respectively.
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The following table presents invested assets by type and measurement category as at December 31, 2021, with transitional measurement differences and presentation differences and then invested assets by type and category as at January 1, 2022.

|  | December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Impact of IFRS 17 Amendments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | January 1, 2022 |  |  |  |
|  | IAS 39 Measurement Category |  |  | Total carrying value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Measurement Differences |  |  | Presentation Differences |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total carrying value |  |  | Measurement Category |
Cash and short-term securities |  |  | AFS |  |  | $ | 14,339 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 2,214 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 16,553 |  |  |  | FVOCI (1) |
|  |  | FVTPL |  |  |  | 2,214 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (2,214 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | FVTPL (2) |
|  |  | Amortized cost |  |  |  | 6,041 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,041 |  |  |  | Amortized cost ( 3) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 22,594 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 22,594 |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities |  |  | AFS |  |  |  | 33,097 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 184,365 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 217,462 |  |  |  | FVOCI ( 1 ) |
|  |  | FVTPL |  |  |  | 189,722 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (184,365 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,357 |  |  |  | FVTPL (2) |
|  |  | Amortized cost |  |  |  | 1,320 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,320 |  |  |  | Amortized cost (3) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 224,139 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 224,139 |  |  |  |  |
Public equities |  |  | AFS |  |  |  | 2,351 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (2,351 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | FVTPL |  |  |  | 25,716 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2,351 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 28,067 |  |  |  | FVTPL ( 2 ) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 28,067 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 28,067 |  |  |  |  |
Mortgages |  |  | AFS |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,897 |  |  |  | 29,901 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 31,798 |  |  |  | FVOCI ( 1 ) |
|  |  | FVTPL |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 1,166 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,203 |  |  |  | FVTPL (2) |
|  |  | Amortized cost |  |  |  | 52,014 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (31,067 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20,947 |  |  |  | Amortized cost ( 3) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 52,014 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,934 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 53,948 |  |  |  |  |
Private placements |  |  | AFS |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,407 |  |  |  | 42,175 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 46,582 |  |  |  | FVOCI ( 1 ) |
|  |  | FVTPL |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | 667 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 707 |  |  |  | FVTPL (2) |
|  |  | Amortized cost |  |  |  | 42,842 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (42,842 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | Amortized cost ( 3) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 42,842 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,447 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 47,289 |  |  |  |  |
Policy loans |  |  | Amortized cost |  |  |  | 6,397 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (6,397 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | N/A (4) |
Loans to Bank clients |  |  | Amortized cost |  |  |  | 2,506 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,506 |  |  |  | Amortized cost ( 3 ) |
Other invested asset s |  |  | AFS |  |  |  | 89 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 238 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 323 |  |  |  | FVOCI (1) |
|  |  | FVTPL |  |  |  | 21,157 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (10 | ) |  |  | 617 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 21,764 |  |  |  | FVTPL (2) |
|  |  | Amortized cost |  |  |  | 855 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (855 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | Amortized cost (3) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 22,101 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 22,087 |  |  |  |  |
Total in-scope invested assets |  |  |  |  |  |  | 400,660 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,367 |  |  |  | (6,397 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 400,630 |  |  |  |  |
Out-of-scope invested assets (5) |  |  | Other |  |  |  | 26,438 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,035 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 27,473 |  |  |  | Other (5) |
Total Invested Assets |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 427,098 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,402 |  |  | $ | (6,397 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 428,103 |  |  |  |  |

(1) | The reclassification of unrealized gains (losses), net of tax, of $11,868 from retained earnings to accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) related to FVOCI classification of debt investments classified as FVTPL under IAS 39.

(2) | The reclassification of unrealized gains (losses), net of tax, of $268 from AOCI to retained earnings related to FVTPL classification of debt securities classified as FVOCI under IAS 39.

(3) | The remeasurement of debt securities from amortized cost to FVOCI or FVTPL resulted in an increase in carrying value of $6,367. The impact on AOCI and retained earnings, net of tax, was $5,041 and $952, respectively.

(4) | Policy loans were reclassified from invested assets to insurance contract liabilities under IFRS 17 with no remeasurement and no impact to equity.

(5) | Own use real estate properties which are underlying items for insurance contracts with direct participating features were remeasured to fair value as if they were investment properties, as permitted by IFRS 17. This remeasurement resulted in an increase of carrying value of $1,035. The impact to retained earnings, net of tax, was $915.

The Company has elected to apply the impairment requirements of IAS 39 (incurred losses) for the comparative period as provided for under IFRS 17. Accordingly, for assets that were classified as FVTPL under IAS 39, where no impairment was required, but were reclassified to FVOCI or amortized cost under IFRS 9 for the comparative period, the Company did not measure any impairment for the comparative period since IAS 39 impairment was not calculated.

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Table of Contents
(1)
Opening balance sheet under IFRS 17 “Insurance Contracts” including classification and measurement changes of financial assets
Effects from applying IFRS 17 resulted in a reduction of total equity of
$11,997, net of tax, as at January 1, 2022. The opening IFRS 17 balance sheet and related adjustments as at January 1, 2022 are presented below:

|  | IFRS 4 & IAS 39 December 31, 2021 |  |  | OPENING IFRS BALANCE SHEET ADJUSTMENTS |  |  | IFRS 17 & IAS 39 January 1, 2022 |
|  | Measurement Differences |  |  |  |
|  | Transition CSM |  |  |  | Contract Measurement |  |  | Presentation Differences |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total invested assets |  | $ | 427,098 |  |  | $ | – |  |  |  | $ | 7,402 |  |  | $ | (6,397 | ) |  | $ | 428,103 |
Total other assets |  |  | 90,757 |  |  |  | 2,877 |  |  |  |  | 5,617 |  |  |  | 1,078 |  |  |  | 100,329 |
Segregated funds net assets |  |  | 399,788 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 399,788 |
Total assets |  | $ | 917,643 |  |  | $ | 2,877 |  |  |  | $ | 13,019 |  |  | $ | (5,319 | ) |  | $ | 928,220 |
Liabilities and Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance contract liabilities |  | $ | 392,275 |  |  | $ | 21,466 | (1) |  |  | $ | 10,014 |  |  | $ | (18,134 | ) |  | $ | 405,621 |
Segregated funds insurance net liabilities |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 130,836 |  |  |  | 130,836 |
Total insurance contract liabilities |  |  | 392,275 |  |  |  | 21,466 |  |  |  |  | 10,014 |  |  |  | 112,702 |  |  |  | 536,457 |
Total investment contract liabilities |  |  | 3,116 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 275,900 |  |  |  | 279,016 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 63,595 |  |  |  | (2,823 | ) |  |  |  | (784 | ) |  |  | 5,867 |  |  |  | 65,855 |
Segregated funds net liabilities |  |  | 399,788 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (399,788 | ) |  |  | – |
Total liabilities |  |  | 858,774 |  |  |  | 18,643 |  |  |  |  | 9,230 |  |  |  | (5,319 | ) |  |  | 881,328 |
Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ r etained earnings |  |  | 23,492 |  |  |  | (13,607 | ) |  |  |  | (229 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 9,656 |
Shareholders’ accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net insurance finance expenses |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  | (17,117 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (17,117 | )
Net reinsurance finance income |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  | 984 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 984 |
FVOCI investments |  |  | 848 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  | 16,916 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 17,764 |
Other equity items |  |  | 34,068 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 34,068 |
Total shareholders’ equity |  |  | 58,408 |  |  |  | (13,607 | ) |  |  |  | 554 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 45,355 |
Participating policyholders’ equity |  |  | (1,233 | ) |  |  | (1,440 | ) (1) |  |  |  | 2,774 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 101 |
Non-controlling interests |  |  | 1,694 |  |  |  | (719 | ) (1) |  |  |  | 461 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1,436 |
Total equity |  |  | 58,869 |  |  |  | (15,766 | ) |  |  |  | 3,789 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 46,892 |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 917,643 |  |  | $ | 2,877 |  |  |  | $ | 13,019 |  |  | $ | (5,319 | ) |  | $ | 928,220 |

(1) | The post-tax CSM in the participating policyholders’ fund of $1.4 billion is expected to be recognized in shareholder net income over time. In addition, $0.7 billion of post-tax CSM is attributable to non-controlling interests.

The following table shows the nature and amount of the measurement adjustments made to the opening balance
sheet:

Measurement D ifferences |  | Description
Transition CSM |  | Contractual Service Margin (CSM) is a new liability that represents future unearned profits on insurance contracts written. For this measurement step, the amount recognized as at the transition date, January 1, 2022 , was $21,466. The impact on equity was $15,766 , net of tax.
Contract Measurement |  | Under IFRS 17 other components of insurance contracts, aside from the CSM, are also remeasured. This measurement step includes the following changes: Risk Adjustment (+2.1 billion to equity) (1) : Changes to the provisions held within the Company’s insurance liabilities for non-economic risk on application of the IFRS 17 standard; Discount Rates (-1.5 billion to equity) (1) : Changes in the economic assumptions used in the determination of the Company’s insurance liabilities from the IFRS 4 CALM framework to IFRS 17, and changes in the carrying value of the Company’s assets backing insurance liabilities under IFRS 9; Other Revaluation Changes (+3.1 billion to equity): Includes other changes in equity created by the application of IFRS 17. This includes changes to accounting for contract classifications, variable annuity guarantee contracts, and contract boundaries which increases the capitalization of future profits into the CSM, changes to the provisions for future taxes, and other changes related to the application of IFRS 17.
Participating and Non-Controlling Interest (NCI) Equity |  | In previous steps all impacts to equity were shown in shareholders’ equity. This step shows the geography of the impacts between shareholders’ equity, participating policyholders’ equity and non-controlling interests.

(1) | Excluding impacts on variable annuity guarantee contracts

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Table of Contents
The presentation differences are mainly comprised of the following:

• |  | Policy loans invested assets – Reclassified to insurance contract liabilities as they are insurance contract related.

• |  | Contract classification – Some contracts were reclassified from insurance contracts to investment contracts or service contracts, with some contracts reclassified from investment contracts to insurance contracts. The amount shown in presentation differences in the table above relates to where they appear in the opening balance sheet. Any changes to these contracts’ measurement value are shown in the contract measurement step.

• |  | Insurance receivables & payables – These amounts were previously reported either as separate line items in the financial statements or recorded in miscellaneous assets and liabilities. These amounts have been reclassified to insurance contract liabilities as they are insurance contract related.

• |  | Embedded derivatives – These amounts were previously reported in miscellaneous assets and have been reclassified to insurance contract liabilities as they are insurance contract related.

• |  | Reinsurance funds withheld – These amounts were previously reported in other liabilities and have been reclassified to reinsurance contract assets as they are reinsurance contract related.

• |  | Deferred acquisition cost – These were previously reported in miscellaneous assets and have been reclassified to insurance contract liabilities as they are insurance contract related.

• |  | Segregated fund net liabilities – Segregated fund net liabilities were previously reported together, and have been separated into segregated fund insurance net liabilities (those associated with insurance contracts) and segregated funds investment contract net liabilities (those associated with investment contracts) which form part of total investment contract liabilities.

(ii) IFRS 9 “Financial Instruments”
IFRS 9 “Financial Instruments” was issued in November 2009 and amended in October 2010, November 2013 and July 2014, and is effective for years beginning on or after January 1, 2018, to be applied retrospectively, or on a modified retrospective basis. Additionally, the IASB issued amendments in October 2017 that are effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019. In conjunction with the amendments to IFRS 17 “Insurance Contracts” issued in June 2020, the IASB amended IFRS 4 “Insurance Contracts” to permit eligible insurers to apply IFRS 9 effective January 1, 2023, alongside IFRS 17. The standard replaced IAS 39 “Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement”.
The project has been divided into three phases: classification and measurement, impairment of financial assets, and hedge accounting. IFRS 9’s current classification and measurement methodology provides that financial assets are measured at either amortized cost or fair value on the basis of the entity’s business model for managing the financial assets and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the financial assets. The classification and measurement for financial liabilities remains generally unchanged; however, for a financial liability designated as at fair value through profit or loss, revisions have been made in the accounting for changes in fair value attributable to changes in the credit risk of that liability. Gains or losses caused by changes in an entity’s own credit risk on such liabilities are no longer recognized in profit or loss but instead are reflected in OCI.
Revisions to hedge accounting were issued in November 2013 as part of the overall IFRS 9 project. The amendment introduces a new hedge accounting model, together with corresponding disclosures about risk management activity for those applying hedge accounting. The new model represents a substantial overhaul of hedge accounting that will enable entities to better reflect their risk management activities in their financial statements. When IFRS 9 is first adopted, entities have the option to apply the hedge accounting requirements under IFRS 9 or to continue to apply the hedge accounting requirements under IAS 39. Such option will apply to all hedge accounting relationships.
Revisions issued in July 2014 replaced the existing incurred loss model used for measuring the allowance for credit losses with an expected loss model. Changes were also made to the existing classification and measurement model designed primarily to address specific application issues raised by early adopters of the standard. They also addressed the income statement accounting mismatches and short-term volatility issues which have been identified as a result of the insurance contracts project.
The Company has adopted IFRS 9 beginning on January 1, 2023, as permitted under the June 2020 amendments to IFRS 4 “Insurance Contracts”. Consistent with IFRS 17 amendments, the adoption of IFRS 9 resulted in certain differences in the classification and measurement of financial assets when compared to their classification and measurement under IAS 39. The most significant changes included
approximately $184
billion of debt securities previously classified as FVTPL which are classified as FVOCI (see note 2(b)(i)).
The Company has elected to apply the hedge accounting requirements under IFRS 9 to all hedge accounting relationships prospectively. As at January 1, 2023, all existing IAS 39 hedge accounting relationships were assessed and qualify for hedge accounting under IFRS 9. These existing relationships are treated as continuing hedge accounting relationships under IFRS 9 beginning on January 1, 2023; and will be disclosed with comparative information for 2022 under IAS 39.
The Company will also be designating new hedge accounting relationships with the objective to reduce accounting mismatches between existing derivatives’ changes in income and financial risk changes in OCI for IFRS 17 insurance liabilities and IFRS 9 financial assets. New hedge accounting relationships are effective prospectively on January 1, 2023; and will not have comparative disclosure in the financial statements for 2022.

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Table of Contents
Note 3 Acquisitions
(a) Manulife TEDA Fund Management
In November, 2022 the Company acquired control of Manulife TEDA Fund Management Co., LTD through the purchase of the remaining 51% of shares that it did not already own from its joint venture partner. The transaction furthers the Company’s goals of expanding both its Asian and asset management businesses.
The
transaction
included $334 of cash
consideration
and derecognition of the Company’s
previous joint venture interest with a fair value of
$321. The Company recorded a gain of $95 on derecognition of the previous joint venture interest. The Company recognized $160 of tangible net assets, $240 of intangible assets and $255 of goodwill.
Note 4 Invested Assets and Investment Income
(a) Carrying values and fair values of invested assets

As at December 31, 2022 |  | FVTPL (1) |  |  | AFS (2) |  |  | Other (3) |  |  | Total carrying value (4) |  |  | Total fair value (5) |
Cash and short-term securities (6) |  | $ | 1,933 |  |  | $ | 10,926 |  |  | $ | 6,294 |  |  | $ | 19,153 |  |  | $ | 19,153 |
Debt securities (3),(7),(8) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Canadian government and agency |  |  | 14,798 |  |  |  | 6,468 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 21,266 |  |  |  | 21,266 |
U.S. government and agency |  |  | 9,440 |  |  |  | 14,384 |  |  |  | 912 |  |  |  | 24,736 |  |  |  | 24,494 |
Other government and agency |  |  | 22,986 |  |  |  | 3,487 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 26,473 |  |  |  | 26,473 |
Corporate |  |  | 120,897 |  |  |  | 7,745 |  |  |  | 499 |  |  |  | 129,141 |  |  |  | 128,972 |
Mortgage/asset-backed securities |  |  | 2,152 |  |  |  | 136 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2,288 |  |  |  | 2,288 |
Public equities (9) |  |  | 21,989 |  |  |  | 1,530 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 23,519 |  |  |  | 23,519 |
Mortgages |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 54,638 |  |  |  | 54,638 |  |  |  | 51,429 |
Private placements (8) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 47,057 |  |  |  | 47,057 |  |  |  | 41,968 |
Policy loans |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 6,894 |  |  |  | 6,894 |  |  |  | 6,894 |
Loans to Bank clients |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2,781 |  |  |  | 2,781 |  |  |  | 2,760 |
Real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Own use property (10) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1,878 |  |  |  | 1,878 |  |  |  | 3,033 |
Investment property |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 11,394 |  |  |  | 11,394 |  |  |  | 11,394 |
Other invested assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Alternative long-duration assets (11) |  |  | 26,348 |  |  |  | 79 |  |  |  | 12,012 |  |  |  | 38,439 |  |  |  | 39,225 |
Various other (12) |  |  | 131 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 4,213 |  |  |  | 4,344 |  |  |  | 4,344 |
Total invested assets |  | $ | 220,674 |  |  | $ | 44,755 |  |  | $ | 148,572 |  |  | $ | 414,001 |  |  | $ | 407,212 |

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As at December 31, 2021 |  | FVTPL (1) |  |  | AFS (2) |  |  | Other (3) |  |  | Total carrying value (4) |  |  | Total fair value (5) |
Cash and short-term securities (6) |  | $ | 2,214 |  |  | $ | 14,339 |  |  | $ | 6,041 |  |  | $ | 22,594 |  |  | $ | 22,594 |
Debt securities (7),(8) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Canadian government and agency |  |  | 18,706 |  |  |  | 3,964 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 22,670 |  |  |  | 22,670 |
U.S. government and agency |  |  | 12,607 |  |  |  | 18,792 |  |  |  | 852 |  |  |  | 32,251 |  |  |  | 32,254 |
Other government and agency |  |  | 21,888 |  |  |  | 2,871 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 24,759 |  |  |  | 24,759 |
Corporate |  |  | 133,763 |  |  |  | 7,332 |  |  |  | 468 |  |  |  | 141,563 |  |  |  | 141,560 |
Mortgage/asset-backed securities |  |  | 2,758 |  |  |  | 138 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2,896 |  |  |  | 2,896 |
Public equities (9) |  |  | 25,716 |  |  |  | 2,351 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 28,067 |  |  |  | 28,067 |
Mortgages |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 52,014 |  |  |  | 52,014 |  |  |  | 54,089 |
Private placements (8) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 42,842 |  |  |  | 42,842 |  |  |  | 47,276 |
Policy loans |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 6,397 |  |  |  | 6,397 |  |  |  | 6,397 |
Loans to Bank clients |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2,506 |  |  |  | 2,506 |  |  |  | 2,503 |
Real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Own use property (10) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1,812 |  |  |  | 1,812 |  |  |  | 3,024 |
Investment property |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 11,421 |  |  |  | 11,421 |  |  |  | 11,421 |
Other invested assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Alternative long-duration assets (11) |  |  | 21,022 |  |  |  | 89 |  |  |  | 10,093 |  |  |  | 31,204 |  |  |  | 31,863 |
Various other (12) |  |  | 135 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 3,967 |  |  |  | 4,102 |  |  |  | 4,102 |
Total invested assets |  | $ | 238,809 |  |  | $ | 49,876 |  |  | $ | 138,413 |  |  | $ | 427,098 |  |  | $ | 435,475 |

(1) | FVTPL classification was elected for securities backing insurance contract liabilities to substantially reduce any accounting mismatch arising from changes in the fair value of these assets and changes in the value of the related insurance contract liabilities. If this election had not been made and instead the available-for-sale (“AFS”) classification was selected, there would be an accounting mismatch because changes in insurance contract liabilities are recognized in net income rather than in OCI.

(2) | Securities that are designated as AFS are not actively traded by the Company but sales do occur as circumstances warrant. Such sales result in a reclassification of any accumulated unrealized gain (loss) in AOCI to net income as a realized gain (loss).

(3) | Primarily includes assets classified as loans and carried at amortized cost, own use properties, investment properties, equity method accounted investments, and leveraged leases. Also includes debt securities classified as held-to-maturity which are accounted for at amortized cost. Refer to note 1(e).

(4) | Invested assets above include debt securities, mortgages, private placements and approximately $302 (2021 – $323) of other invested assets, which primarily have contractual cash flows that qualify as Solely Payment of Principal and Interest (“SPPI”). Invested assets which do not have SPPI qualifying cash flows as at December 31, 2022 include debt securities, private placements and other invested assets with fair values of $nil, $98 and $507, respectively (2021 – $nil, $181 and $518, respectively). The change in the fair value of these invested assets during the year was $(94) (2021 – $15).

(5) | The methodologies used in determining fair values of invested assets are described in note 1(c) and note 4(g).

(6) | Includes short-term securities with maturities of less than one year at acquisition amounting to $4,148 (2021 – $7,314) cash equivalents with maturities of less than 90 days at acquisition amounting to $8,711 (2021 – $9,239) and cash of $6,294 (2021 – $6,041).

(7) | Debt securities include securities which were acquired with maturities of less than one year and less than 90 days of $1,787 and $870, respectively (2021 – $2,196 and $347, respectively).

(8) | Floating rate invested assets above which are subject to interest rate benchmark reform, but have not yet transitioned to replacement reference rates, include debt securities benchmarked to CDOR, USD LIBOR and AUD BBSW of $173, $892 and $15 (2021 – $176, $1,002 and $nil respectively), and private placements benchmarked to USD LIBOR, AUD BBSW and NZD BKBM of $1,613, $199 and $43 (2021 – $1,984, $166 and $43, respectively). Exposures indexed to USD LIBOR represent floating rate invested assets with maturity dates beyond June 30, 2023 while exposures to CDOR represent floating rate invested assets with maturity dates beyond June 28, 2024. The interest rate benchmark reform is expected to have an impact on the valuation of invested assets whose value is tied to the affected interest rate benchmarks. The Company has assessed its exposure at the contract level, by benchmark and instrument type. The Company is monitoring market developments with respect to alternative reference rates and the time horizon during which they will evolve. As at December 31, 2022, the interest rate benchmark reform has not resulted in significant changes in the Company’s risk management strategy.

(9) | Includes $1 (2021 – $5) of public equities that are managed in conjunction with the Company’s ALDA strategy.

(10) | Includes accumulated depreciation of $411 (2021 – $407).

(11) | ALDA include investments in private equity of $14,279, infrastructure of $12,761, oil and gas of $2,221, timber and agriculture of $5,979 and various other invested assets of $3,199 (2021 – $11,598, $9,824, $1,950, $5,259 and $2,573, respectively).

(12) | Includes $3,840 (2021 – $3,457) of leveraged leases. Refer to note 1(e).

(b) Equity method accounted invested assets
Other invested assets include i
n
vestments in associates and joint ventures which are accounted for using the equity method of accounting as presented in the following table.

|  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  | 2021 |
As at December 31, |  | Carrying value |  |  | % of total |  |  |  |  |  | Carrying value |  |  | % of total |
Leveraged leases |  | $ | 3,840 |  |  |  | 37 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,457 |  |  |  | 40 |
Timber and agriculture |  |  | 822 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 808 |  |  |  | 9 |
Real estate |  |  | 1,845 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,528 |  |  |  | 17 |
Other |  |  | 3,785 |  |  |  | 37 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,025 |  |  |  | 34 |
Total |  | $ | 10,292 |  |  |  | 100 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,818 |  |  |  | 100 |

The Company’s share of profit and dividends from these investments for the year ended December 31, 2022 were $851 and $nil, respectively (2021 – $1,300 and $2).

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(c) Investment income

For the year ended December 31, 2022 |  | FVTPL |  |  | AFS |  |  | Other (1) |  |  | Total |
Cash and short-term securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  | $ | 40 |  |  | $ | 272 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 312 |
Gains (losses) (2) |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | 85 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 111 |
Debt securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  | 6,221 |  |  |  | 738 |  |  |  | 66 |  |  |  | 7,025 |
Gains (losses) (2) |  |  | (32,732 | ) |  |  | (549 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (33,281 | )
Recovery (impairment loss), net |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (11 | )
Public equities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividend income |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 545 |
Gains (losses) (2) |  |  | (3,819 | ) |  |  | 201 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (3,618 | )
Impairment loss, net |  |  | – |  |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (14 | )
Mortgages |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1,913 |  |  |  | 1,913 |
Gains (losses) (2) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | 57 |
Provision, net |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |
Private placements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2,021 |  |  |  | 2,021 |
Gains (losses) (2) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 335 |  |  |  | 335 |
Impairment loss, net |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | (4 | )
Policy loans |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 385 |  |  |  | 385 |
Loans to Bank clients |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 138 |  |  |  | 138 |
Provision, net |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | (4 | )
Real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental income, net of depreciation (3) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 452 |  |  |  | 452 |
Gains (losses) (2) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (478 | ) |  |  | (478 | )
Impairment loss, net |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income, net |  |  | 494 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (24 | ) |  |  | 470 |
Gains (losses) (2) |  |  | (10,628 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | (10,637 | )
Other invested assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | 26 |
Oil and gas, timber, agriculture and other income |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2,846 |  |  |  | 2,846 |
Gains (losses) (2) |  |  | 1,172 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 474 |  |  |  | 1,659 |
Impairment loss, net |  |  | – |  |  |  | (119 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (119 | )
Total investment income |  | $ | (38,737 | ) |  | $ | 672 |  |  | $ | 8,195 |  |  | $ | (29,870 | )
Investment income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  | $ | 6,755 |  |  | $ | 1,010 |  |  | $ | 4,525 |  |  | $ | 12,290 |
Dividend, rental and other income |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | 3,298 |  |  |  | 3,843 |
Impairments, provisions and recoveries, net |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | (133 | ) |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | (151 | )
Other |  |  | (794 | ) |  |  | (216 | ) |  |  | 235 |  |  |  | (775 | )
|  |  | 6,450 |  |  |  | 706 |  |  |  | 8,051 |  |  |  | 15,207 |
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on assets supporting insurance and investment contract liabilities and on the macro hedge program |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities |  |  | (32,599 | ) |  |  | (76 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (32,675 | )
Public equities |  |  | (3,626 | ) |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (3,602 | )
Mortgages |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | 58 |
Private placements |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 336 |  |  |  | 336 |
Real estate |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (471 | ) |  |  | (471 | )
Other invested assets |  |  | 1,572 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 230 |  |  |  | 1,820 |
Derivatives, including macro hedge program |  |  | (10,534 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | (10,543 | )
|  |  | (45,187 | ) |  |  | (34 | ) |  |  | 144 |  |  |  | (45,077 | )
Total investment income |  | $ | (38,737 | ) |  | $ | 672 |  |  | $ | 8,195 |  |  | $ | (29,870 | )

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For the year ended December 31, 2021 |  | FVTPL |  |  | AFS |  |  | Other (1) |  |  | Total |
Cash and short-term securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 96 |
Gains (losses) (2) |  |  | 85 |  |  |  | (22 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 63 |
Debt securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  | 5,645 |  |  |  | 576 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 6,230 |
Gains (losses) (2) |  |  | (5,600 | ) |  |  | (266 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (5,866 | )
Impairment loss, net |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 29 |
Public equities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividend income |  |  | 670 |  |  |  | 61 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 731 |
Gains (losses) (2) |  |  | 3,221 |  |  |  | 250 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 3,471 |
Impairment loss, net |  |  | – |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (3 | )
Mortgages |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1,709 |  |  |  | 1,709 |
Gains (losses) (2) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 133 |  |  |  | 133 |
Provision, net |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |
Private placements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1,931 |  |  |  | 1,931 |
Gains (losses) (2) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 270 |  |  |  | 270 |
Impairment loss, net |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | 45 |
Policy loans |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 366 |  |  |  | 366 |
Loans to Bank clients |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | 77 |
Provision, net |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (2 | )
Real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental income, net of depreciation (3) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 453 |  |  |  | 453 |
Gains (losses) (2) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 677 |  |  |  | 677 |
Derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income, net |  |  | 1,085 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (35 | ) |  |  | 1,050 |
Gains (losses) (2) |  |  | (5,925 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  | (5,939 | )
Other invested assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | 57 |
Oil and gas, timber, agriculture and other income |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2,996 |  |  |  | 2,996 |
Gains (losses) (2) |  |  | 2,554 |  |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | 527 |  |  |  | 3,104 |
Impairment loss, net |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (55 | ) |  |  | (55 | )
Total investment income |  | $ | 1,775 |  |  | $ | 704 |  |  | $ | 9,145 |  |  | $ | 11,624 |
Investment income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  | $ | 6,742 |  |  | $ | 661 |  |  | $ | 4,114 |  |  | $ | 11,517 |
Dividend, rental and other income |  |  | 670 |  |  |  | 61 |  |  |  | 3,449 |  |  |  | 4,180 |
Impairments, provisions and recoveries, net |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | 15 |
Other |  |  | (76 | ) |  |  | (66 | ) |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | (85 | )
|  |  | 7,364 |  |  |  | 654 |  |  |  | 7,609 |  |  |  | 15,627 |
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on assets supporting insurance and investment contract liabilities and on the macro hedge program |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities |  |  | (5,605 | ) |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (5,585 | )
Public equities |  |  | 3,187 |  |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 3,220 |
Mortgages |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 133 |  |  |  | 133 |
Private placements |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 270 |  |  |  | 270 |
Real estate |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 696 |  |  |  | 696 |
Other invested assets |  |  | 2,628 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 451 |  |  |  | 3,076 |
Derivatives, including macro hedge program |  |  | (5,799 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  | (5,813 | )
|  |  | (5,589 | ) |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 1,536 |  |  |  | (4,003 | )
Total investment income |  | $ | 1,775 |  |  | $ | 704 |  |  | $ | 9,145 |  |  | $ | 11,624 |

(1) | Primarily includes investment income on loans carried at amortized cost, own use real estate properties, investment properties, derivative and hedging instruments in cash flow hedging relationships, equity method accounted investments, oil and gas investments, and leveraged leases.

(2) | Includes net realized and unrealized gains (losses) for financial instruments at FVTPL, investment properties, and other invested assets measured at fair value. Also includes net realized gains (losses) for financial instruments at AFS and other invested assets carried at amortized cost.

(3) | Rental income from investment properties is net of direct operating expenses.

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(d) Investment expenses
The following table presents total investment
expenses.

For the years ended December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Related to invested assets |  | $ | 718 |  |  | $ | 633 |
Related to segregated, mutual and other funds |  |  | 1,145 |  |  |  | 1,347 |
Total investment expenses |  | $ | 1,863 |  |  | $ | 1,980 |

(e) Investment properties
The following table presents the rental income and direct operating expenses of investment properties.

For the years ended December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Rental income from investment properties |  | $ | 825 |  |  | $ | 837 |
Direct operating expenses of rental investment properties |  |  | (458 | ) |  |  | (464 | )
Total |  | $ | 367 |  |  | $ | 373 |

(f) Mortgage securitization
The Company securitizes certain insured and uninsured fixed and variable rate residential mortgages and Home Equity Lines of Credit (“HELOC”) through creation of mortgage-backed securities under the Canadian Mortgage Bond Program (“CMB”), and the HELOC securitization program.
Benefits received from the securitization include interest spread between the asset and associated liability. There is no credit exposure from securitized mortgages under the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (“CMHC”) sponsored CMB securitization program as they are insured by CMHC and other third-party insurance programs against borrowers’ default. Mortgages securitized in the Platinum Canadian Mortgage Trust II (“PCMT II”) program are uninsured.
C
a
sh flows received from the underlying securitized assets/mortgages are used to settle the related secured borrowing liability. For CMB transactions, receipts of principal are deposited into a trust account for settlement of the liability at time of maturity. These transferred assets and related cash flows cannot be transferred or used for other purposes. For the HELOC transactions, investors are entitled to periodic interest payments, and the remaining cash receipts of principal are allocated to the Company (the “Seller”) during the revolving period of the deal and are accumulated for settlement during an accumulation period or repaid to the investor monthly during a reduction period, based on the terms of the note.
Securitized assets and secured borrowing liabilities

As at December 31, 2022 |  | Securitized assets |  |  |  |
Securitization program |  | Securitized mortgages |  |  | Restricted cash and short-term securities |  |  | Total |  |  | Secured borrowing liabilities (2) |
HELOC securitization (1) |  | $ | 2,880 |  |  | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | 2,924 |  |  | $ | 2,750 |
CMB securitization |  |  | 2,318 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2,318 |  |  |  | 2,273 |
Total |  | $ | 5,198 |  |  | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | 5,242 |  |  | $ | 5,023 |
As at December 31, 2021 |  | Securitized assets |  |  |  |
Securitization program |  | Securitized mortgages |  |  | Restricted cash and short-term securities |  |  | Total |  |  | Secured borrowing liabilities (2) |
HELOC securitization (1) |  | $ | 2,618 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 2,619 |  |  | $ | 2,500 |
CMB securitization |  |  | 2,075 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2,075 |  |  |  | 2,098 |
Total |  | $ | 4,693 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 4,694 |  |  | $ | 4,598 |

(1) | Manulife Bank, a subsidiary, securitizes a portion of its HELOC receivables through Platinum Canadian Mortgage Trust II (“PCMT II”). PCMT II funds the purchase of the co-ownership interests from Manulife Bank by issuing term notes collateralized by an underlying pool of uninsured HELOCs to institutional investors. The restricted cash balance for the HELOC securitization reflects a cash reserve fund established in relation to the transactions. The reserve will be drawn upon only in the event of insufficient cash flows from the underlying HELOCs to satisfy the secured borrowing liability.

(2) | The PCMT II notes payable have floating rates of interest and are secured by the PCMT II assets. Under the terms of the agreements, no principal is expected to be repaid within one year, $1,209 within 1-3 years, $1,049 within 3-5 years and $492 beyond 5 years. There is no specific maturity date for the contractual agreements. Under the terms of the notes, additional collateral must be provided to the series as added credit protection and the Series Purchase Agreements govern the amount of over-collateralization for each of the term notes outstanding. Manulife Bank also securitizes insured amortizing mortgages under the National Housing Act Mortgage-Backed Securities (“NHA MBS”) program sponsored by CMHC. Manulife Bank participates in CMB programs by selling NHA MBS securities to Canada Housing Trust (“CHT”), as a source of fixed rate funding.

As at December 31, 2022, the fair value of securitized assets and associated liabilities were $5,167 and $4,865, respectively (2021 – $4,725 and $4,601
).
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(g) Fair value measurement
The following table presents the fair values of invested assets and segregated funds net assets measured at fair value categorized by the fair value
hierarchy.

As at December 31, 2022 |  | Total fair value |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |
Cash and short-term securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FVTPL |  | $ | 1,933 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 1,933 |  |  | $ | – |
AFS |  |  | 10,926 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 10,926 |  |  |  | – |
Other |  |  | 6,294 |  |  |  | 6,294 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Debt securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FVTPL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Canadian government and agency |  |  | 14,798 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 14,798 |  |  |  | – |
U.S. government and agency |  |  | 9,440 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 9,440 |  |  |  | – |
Other government and agency |  |  | 22,986 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 22,986 |  |  |  | – |
Corporate |  |  | 120,897 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 120,865 |  |  |  | 32 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | – |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 570 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 570 |  |  |  | – |
Other asset-backed securities |  |  | 1,575 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1,549 |  |  |  | 26 |
AFS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Canadian government and agency |  |  | 6,468 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 6,468 |  |  |  | – |
U.S. government and agency |  |  | 14,384 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 14,384 |  |  |  | – |
Other government and agency |  |  | 3,487 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 3,478 |  |  |  | 9 |
Corporate |  |  | 7,745 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 7,745 |  |  |  | – |
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | – |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | – |
Other asset-backed securities |  |  | 111 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 111 |  |  |  | – |
Public equities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FVTPL |  |  | 21,989 |  |  |  | 21,918 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 71 |
AFS |  |  | 1,530 |  |  |  | 1,530 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Real estate – investment property (1) |  |  | 11,394 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 11,394 |
Other invested assets (2) |  |  | 30,256 |  |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 30,230 |
Segregated funds net assets (3) |  |  | 348,562 |  |  |  | 314,436 |  |  |  | 30,141 |  |  |  | 3,985 |
Total |  | $ | 635,377 |  |  | $ | 344,204 |  |  | $ | 245,426 |  |  | $ | 45,747 |
As at December 31, 2021 |  | Total fair value |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |
Cash and short-term securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FVTPL |  | $ | 2,214 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 2,214 |  |  | $ | – |
AFS |  |  | 14,339 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 14,339 |  |  |  | – |
Other |  |  | 6,041 |  |  |  | 6,041 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Debt securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FVTPL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Canadian government and agency |  |  | 18,706 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 18,706 |  |  |  | – |
U.S. government and agency |  |  | 12,607 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 12,607 |  |  |  | – |
Other government and agency |  |  | 21,888 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 21,888 |  |  |  | – |
Corporate |  |  | 133,763 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 133,723 |  |  |  | 40 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | – |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 1,103 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1,103 |  |  |  | – |
Other asset-backed securities |  |  | 1,647 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1,619 |  |  |  | 28 |
AFS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Canadian government and agency |  |  | 3,964 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 3,964 |  |  |  | – |
U.S. government and agency |  |  | 18,792 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 18,792 |  |  |  | – |
Other government and agency |  |  | 2,871 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2,871 |  |  |  | – |
Corporate |  |  | 7,332 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 7,331 |  |  |  | 1 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | – |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 79 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 79 |  |  |  | – |
Other asset-backed securities |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | – |
Public equities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FVTPL |  |  | 25,716 |  |  |  | 25,716 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
AFS |  |  | 2,351 |  |  |  | 2,349 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | – |
Real estate – investment property (1) |  |  | 11,421 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 11,421 |
Other invested assets (2) |  |  | 24,300 |  |  |  | 257 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 24,043 |
Segregated funds net assets (3) |  |  | 399,788 |  |  |  | 361,447 |  |  |  | 34,060 |  |  |  | 4,281 |
Total |  | $ | 708,989 |  |  | $ | 395,810 |  |  | $ | 273,365 |  |  | $ | 39,814 |

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(1) | For investment properties, the significant unobservable inputs are capitalization rates (ranging from 2.25% to 9.00% during the year and ranging from 2.25% to 9.00% during 2021), terminal capitalization rates (ranging from 3.25% to 9.50% during the year and ranging from 3.25% to 9.25% during 2021) and discount rates (ranging from 3.30% to 11.00% during the year and ranging from 3.80% to 10.50% during 2021). Holding other factors constant, a higher capitalization, terminal capitalization, and/or discount rate will decrease the fair value of an investment property; while decreases in these rates would have the opposite effect. Changes in fair value based on variations in unobservable inputs generally cannot be extrapolated because the relationship between the directional changes of each input is not usually linear.

(2) | Other invested assets measured at fair value are held primarily in infrastructure and timber sectors. The significant inputs used in the valuation of the Company’s infrastructure investments are primarily future distributable cash flows, terminal values and discount rates. Holding other factors constant, an increase to future distributable cash flows or terminal values would tend to increase the fair value of an infrastructure investment, while an increase in the discount rate would have the opposite effect. Discount rates during the year ranged from 7.15% to 15.6% (2021 – ranged from 7.25% to 20.0%). Disclosure of distributable cash flow and terminal value ranges are not meaningful given the disparity in estimates by project. The significant inputs used in the valuation of the Company’s investments in timberland are timber prices and discount rates. Holding other factors constant, an increase to timber prices would tend to increase the fair value of a timberland investment, while an increase in the discount rates would have the opposite effect. Discount rates during the year ranged from 4.25% to 7.0% (2021 – ranged from 4.5% to 7.0%). A range of prices for timber is not meaningful as the market price depends on factors such as property location and proximity to markets and export yards.

(3) | Segregated funds net assets are measured at fair value. The Company’s Level 3 segregated funds assets are predominantly in investment properties and timberland properties valued as described above.

The following table presents fair value of invested assets not measured at fair value by the fair value hierarchy.

As at December 31, 2022 |  | Carrying value |  |  | Total fair value |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |
Mortgages (1) |  | $ | 54,638 |  |  | $ | 51,429 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 51,429 |
Private placements (2) |  |  | 47,057 |  |  |  | 41,968 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 34,110 |  |  |  | 7,858 |
Policy loans (3) |  |  | 6,894 |  |  |  | 6,894 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 6,894 |  |  |  | – |
Loans to Bank clients (4) |  |  | 2,781 |  |  |  | 2,760 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2,760 |  |  |  | – |
Real estate – own use property (5) |  |  | 1,878 |  |  |  | 3,033 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 3,033 |
Public Bonds HTM |  |  | 1,411 |  |  |  | 1,000 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1,000 |  |  |  | – |
Other invested assets (6) |  |  | 12,527 |  |  |  | 13,313 |  |  |  | 72 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 13,241 |
Total invested assets disclosed at fair value |  | $ | 127,186 |  |  | $ | 120,397 |  |  | $ | 72 |  |  | $ | 44,764 |  |  | $ | 75,561 |
As at December 31, 2021 |  | Carrying value |  |  | Total fair value |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |
Mortgages (1) |  | $ | 52,014 |  |  | $ | 54,089 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 54,089 |
Private placements (2) |  |  | 42,842 |  |  |  | 47,276 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 42,110 |  |  |  | 5,166 |
Policy loans (3) |  |  | 6,397 |  |  |  | 6,397 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 6,397 |  |  |  | – |
Loans to Bank clients (4) |  |  | 2,506 |  |  |  | 2,503 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2,503 |  |  |  | – |
Real estate – own use property (5) |  |  | 1,812 |  |  |  | 3,024 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 3,024 |
Public Bonds HTM |  |  | 1,320 |  |  |  | 1,320 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1,320 |  |  |  | – |
Other invested assets (6) |  |  | 11,006 |  |  |  | 11,665 |  |  |  | 120 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 11,545 |
Total invested assets disclosed at fair value |  | $ | 117,897 |  |  | $ | 126,274 |  |  | $ | 120 |  |  | $ | 52,330 |  |  | $ | 73,824 |

(1) | Fair value of commercial mortgages is determined through an internal valuation methodology using both observable and unobservable inputs. Unobservable inputs include credit assumptions and liquidity spread adjustments. Fair value of fixed-rate residential mortgages is determined using the discounted cash flow method. Inputs used for valuation are primarily comprised of prevailing interest rates and prepayment rates, if applicable. Fair value of variable-rate residential mortgages is assumed to be their carrying value.

(2) | Fair value of private placements is determined through an internal valuation methodology using both observable and unobservable inputs. Unobservable inputs include credit assumptions and liquidity spread adjustments. Private placements are classified within Level 2 unless the liquidity adjustment constitutes a significant price impact, in which case the securities are classified as Level 3.

(3) | Fair value of policy loans is equal to their unpaid principal balances.

(4) | Fair value of fixed-rate loans to Bank clients is determined using the discounted cash flow method. Inputs used for valuation are primarily comprised of current interest rates. Fair value of variable-rate loans is assumed to be their carrying value.

(5) | Fair value of own use real estate and the fair value hierarchy are determined in accordance with the methodologies described for investment property in note 1.

(6) | Primarily include leveraged leases, oil and gas properties (disposed of during 2021) and equity method accounted other invested assets. Fair value of leveraged leases is disclosed at their carrying values as fair value is not routinely calculated on these investments. Fair value for oil and gas properties is determined using external appraisals based on discounted cash flow methodology. Inputs used in valuation are primarily comprised of forecasted price curves, planned production, as well as capital expenditures, and operating costs. Fair value of equity method accounted other invested assets is determined using a variety of valuation techniques including discounted cash flows and market comparable approaches. Inputs vary based on the specific investment.

Transfers between Level 1 and Level 2
The Company records transfers of assets and liabilities between Level 1 and Level 2 at their fair values as at the end of each reporting period, consistent with the date of the determination of fair value. Assets are transferred out of Level 1 when they are no longer transacted with sufficient frequency and volume in an active market. Conversely, assets are transferred from Level 2 to Level 1 when transaction volume and frequency are indicative of an active market. The Company had $nil of assets transferred between Level 1 and Level 2 during the years ended December 31, 2022 (
2021 –
$5).
For segregated funds net assets, the Company had $nil transfers from Level 1 to Level 2 for the year ended December 31, 2022 (2021 – $5). The Company had $nil transfers from Level 2 to Level 1 for the year ended December 31, 2022 (
2021 –
$249).
Invested assets and segregated funds net assets measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)
The Company classifies fair values of invested assets and segregated funds net assets as Level 3 if there are no observable markets for these assets or, in the absence of active markets, most of the inputs used to determine fair value are based on the Company’s own assumptions about market participant assumptions. The Company prioritizes the use of market-based inputs over entity-based
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Table of Contents
assumptions in determining Level 3 fair values. The gains and losses in the table below includes the changes in fair value due to both observable and unobservable factors.
The follo
w
ing table presents a roll forward for invested assets, net derivatives and segregated funds net assets measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

For the year ended December 31, 2022 |  | Balance, January 1, 2022 |  |  | Total gains (losses) included in net income (1) |  |  | Total gains (losses) included in AOCI (2) |  |  | Purchases |  |  | Sales |  |  | Settlements |  |  | Transfer in (3) |  |  | Transfer out (3) |  |  | Currency movement |  |  | Balance, December 31, 2022 |  |  | Change in unrealized gains (losses) on assets still held |
Debt securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FVTPL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate |  | $ | 40 |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | (40 | ) |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | (1 | )
Other securitized assets |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | 2 |
AFS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other government & agency |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | – |
Corporate |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Public equities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FVTPL |  |  | – |  |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 69 |  |  |  | (84 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 87 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 71 |  |  |  | (15 | )
AFS |  |  | – |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Investment property |  |  | 11,421 |  |  |  | (443 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 312 |  |  |  | (237 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 326 |  |  |  | 11,394 |  |  |  | (446 | )
Other invested assets |  |  | 24,043 |  |  |  | 1,922 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 4,934 |  |  |  | (666 | ) |  |  | (1,474 | ) |  |  | 248 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1,216 |  |  |  | 30,230 |  |  |  | 2,046 |
Total invested assets |  |  | 35,533 |  |  |  | 1,473 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 5,342 |  |  |  | (987 | ) |  |  | (1,479 | ) |  |  | 366 |  |  |  | (41 | ) |  |  | 1,547 |  |  |  | 41,762 |  |  |  | 1,586 |
Derivatives, net |  |  | 2,101 |  |  |  | (5,413 | ) |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | (109 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 775 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (356 | ) |  |  | (163 | ) |  |  | (3,172 | ) |  |  | (3,511 | )
Segregated funds net assets |  |  | 4,281 |  |  |  | 475 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 246 |  |  |  | (1,113 | ) |  |  | (46 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 143 |  |  |  | 3,985 |  |  |  | 79 |
Total |  | $ | 41,915 |  |  | $ | (3,465 | ) |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 5,479 |  |  | $ | (2,100 | ) |  | $ | (750 | ) |  | $ | 366 |  |  | $ | (398 | ) |  | $ | 1,527 |  |  | $ | 42,575 |  |  | $ | (1,846 | )
For the year ended December 31, 2021 |  | Balance, January 1, 2021 |  |  | Total gains (losses) included in net income (1) |  |  | Total gains (losses) included in AOCI (2) |  |  | Purchases |  |  | Sales |  |  | Settlements |  |  | Transfer in (3) |  |  | Transfer out (3) |  |  | Currency movement |  |  | Balance, December 31, 2021 |  |  | Change in unrealized gains (losses) on assets still held |
Debt securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FVTPL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate |  | $ | 510 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | (93 | ) |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | (409 | ) |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 40 |  |  | $ | (8 | )
Other securitized assets |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | (39 | ) |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | (4 | )
AFS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | – |
Public equities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FVTPL |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 62 |  |  |  | (62 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Investment property |  |  | 10,982 |  |  |  | 702 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 186 |  |  |  | (376 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (73 | ) |  |  | 11,421 |  |  |  | 626 |
Other invested assets |  |  | 19,049 |  |  |  | 2,731 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 5,058 |  |  |  | (1,131 | ) |  |  | (1,453 | ) |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (218 | ) |  |  | 24,043 |  |  |  | 2,569 |
Total invested assets |  |  | 30,589 |  |  |  | 3,448 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 5,317 |  |  |  | (1,674 | ) |  |  | (1,492 | ) |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | (409 | ) |  |  | (292 | ) |  |  | 35,533 |  |  |  | 3,183 |
Derivatives, net |  |  | 3,443 |  |  |  | (897 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (182 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (309 | ) |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | 2,101 |  |  |  | (547 | )
Segregated funds net assets |  |  | 4,202 |  |  |  | 350 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | (303 | ) |  |  | (28 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | 4,281 |  |  |  | 116 |
Total |  | $ | 38,234 |  |  | $ | 2,901 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 5,399 |  |  | $ | (1,977 | ) |  | $ | (1,702 | ) |  | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | (718 | ) |  | $ | (268 | ) |  | $ | 41,915 |  |  | $ | 2,752 |

(1) | These amounts are included in net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Income except for the amount related to segregated funds net assets, where the amount is recorded in changes in segregated funds net assets, refer to notes 1(h) and 23.

(2) | These amounts are included in AOCI on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

(3) | The Company uses fair values of the assets at the beginning of the year for assets transferred into and out of Level 3 except for derivatives, where the Company uses fair value at the end of the year and at the beginning of the year, respectively.

Transfers into Level 3 primarily result from securities that were impaired during the year or securities where a lack of observable market data (versus the previous period) resulted in reclassifying assets into Level 3. Transfers from Level 3 primarily result from observable market data becoming available for the entire term structure of the debt security.

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Note 5 Derivative and Hedging Instruments
Derivatives are financial contracts, the value of which is derived from underlying interest rates, foreign exchange rates, other financial instruments, commodity prices or indices. The Company uses derivatives including swaps, forward and futures agreements, and options to manage current and anticipated exposures to changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, commodity prices and equity market prices, and to replicate permissible investments.
Swaps are
over-the-counter
(“OTC”) contractual agreements between the Company and a third party to exchange a series of cash flows based upon rates applied to a notional amount. For interest rate swaps, counterparties generally exchange fixed or floating interest rate payments based on a notional value in a single currency. Cross currency swaps involve the exchange of principal amounts between parties as well as the exchange of interest payments in one currency for the receipt of interest payments in another currency. Total return swaps are contracts that involve the exchange of payments based on changes in the values of a reference asset, including any returns such as interest earned on these assets, in return for amounts based on reference rates specified in the contract.
Forward and futures agreements are contractual obligations to buy or sell a financial instrument, foreign currency or other underlying commodity on a predetermined future date at a specified price. Forward contracts are OTC contracts negotiated between counterparties, whereas futures agreements are contracts with standard amounts and settlement dates that are traded on regulated exchanges.
Options are contractual agreements whereby the holder has the right, but not the obligation, to buy (call option) or sell (put option) a security, exchange rate, interest rate, or other financial instrument at a predetermined price/rate within a specified time.
See variable annuity dynamic hedging strategy in the “Risk Management and Risk Factors” section of the Company’s 2022 MD&A for an explanation of the Company’s dynamic hedging strategy for its variable annuity product guarantees.
(a) Fair value of derivatives
The pricing models used to value OTC derivatives are based on market standard valuation methodologies and the inputs to these models are consistent with what a market participant would use when pricing the instruments. Derivative valuations can be affected by changes in interest rates, currency exchange rates, financial indices, credit spreads, default risk (including the counterparties to the contract), and market volatility. The significant inputs to the pricing models for most OTC derivatives are inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data and are classified as Level 2. Inputs that are observable generally include interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and interest rate curves. However, certain OTC derivatives may rely on inputs that are significant to the fair value that are not observable in the market or cannot be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data and these derivatives are classified as Level 3. Inputs that are unobservable generally include broker quoted prices, volatilities and inputs that are outside of the observable portion of the interest rate curve or other relevant market measures. These unobservable inputs may involve significant management judgment or estimation. Even though unobservable, these inputs are based on assumptions deemed appropriate given the circumstances and consistent with what market participants would use when pricing such instruments. The credit risk of both the counterparty and the Company are considered in determining the fair value for all OTC derivatives after considering the effects of netting agreements and collateral arrangements.
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The following table presents gross notional amount and fair value of derivative instruments by the underlying risk exposure.

As at December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  | 2021 |
|  |  |  | Notional amount |  |  | Fair value |  |  |  |  |  | Notional amount |  |  | Fair value |
Type of hedge |  | Instrument type |  | Assets |  |  | Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  | Assets |  |  | Liabilities |
Derivatives in qualifying hedge accounting relationships |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value hedges |  | Foreign currency swaps |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | – |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1 |
Cash flow hedges |  | Foreign currency swaps |  |  | 1,155 |  |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | 203 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,251 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 379 |
|  | Equity contracts |  |  | 173 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 145 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | – |
Net investment hedges |  | Forward contracts |  |  | 626 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 671 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | – |
Total derivatives in qualifying hedge accounting relationships |  |  | 2,002 |  |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | 231 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,124 |  |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | 380 |
Derivatives not designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Interest rate swaps |  |  | 268,081 |  |  |  | 5,751 |  |  |  | 7,557 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 300,556 |  |  |  | 11,832 |  |  |  | 7,347 |
|  | Interest rate futures |  |  | 11,772 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11,944 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
|  | Interest rate options |  |  | 6,090 |  |  |  | 98 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10,708 |  |  |  | 514 |  |  |  | – |
|  | Foreign currency swaps |  |  | 39,667 |  |  |  | 2,029 |  |  |  | 1,579 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 36,405 |  |  |  | 790 |  |  |  | 1,722 |
|  | Currency rate futures |  |  | 2,319 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,086 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
|  | Forward contracts |  |  | 45,124 |  |  |  | 295 |  |  |  | 4,697 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 45,295 |  |  |  | 2,674 |  |  |  | 562 |
|  | Equity contracts |  |  | 16,930 |  |  |  | 363 |  |  |  | 225 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18,577 |  |  |  | 1,667 |  |  |  | 27 |
|  | Credit default swaps |  |  | 159 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | – |
|  | Equity futures |  |  | 3,813 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11,359 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Total derivatives not designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships |  |  | 393,955 |  |  |  | 8,540 |  |  |  | 14,058 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 437,974 |  |  |  | 17,478 |  |  |  | 9,658 |
Total derivatives |  | $ | 395,957 |  |  | $ | 8,588 |  |  | $ | 14,289 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 440,098 |  |  | $ | 17,503 |  |  | $ | 10,038 |

The to
t
al notional amount above includes $211 billion (2021 – $258 billion) of derivative instruments which reference rates that are impacted under the interest rate benchmark reform, with a significant majority to USD LIBOR, and CDOR. Exposures indexed to USD LIBOR and CDOR represent derivatives with maturity dates beyond June 30, 2023 and June 28, 2024, respectively. The exposure in the Company’s hedge accounting programs is primarily to USD LIBOR and CDOR benchmarks. Compared to the overall risk exposure, the effect of interest rate benchmark reform on existing accounting hedges is not significant. The Company continues to apply high probability and high effectiveness expectation assumptions for cash flows and there would be no automatic
de-designation
of qualifying hedge relationships due to the impact from interest rate benchmark reform.
The following table presents the fair values of the derivative instruments by the remaining term to maturity. Fair values disclosed below do not incorporate the impact of master netting agreements (refer to note 9).

|  | Remaining term to maturity |  |  |  |
As at December 31, 2022 |  | Less than 1 year |  |  | 1 to 3 years |  |  | 3 to 5 years |  |  | Over 5 years |  |  | Total |
Derivative assets |  | $ | 580 |  |  | $ | 556 |  |  | $ | 556 |  |  | $ | 6,896 |  |  | $ | 8,588 |
Derivative liabilities |  |  | 2,656 |  |  |  | 1,956 |  |  |  | 1,146 |  |  |  | 8,531 |  |  |  | 14,289 |
|  | Remaining term to maturity |  |  |  |
As at December 31, 2021 |  | Less than 1 year |  |  | 1 to 3 years |  |  | 3 to 5 years |  |  | Over 5 years |  |  | Total |
Derivative assets |  | $ | 2,500 |  |  | $ | 1,803 |  |  | $ | 1,000 |  |  | $ | 12,200 |  |  | $ | 17,503 |
Derivative liabilities |  |  | 294 |  |  |  | 387 |  |  |  | 379 |  |  |  | 8,978 |  |  |  | 10,038 |

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The foll
o
wing table presents gross notional amount by the remaining term to maturity, total fair value (including accrued interest), credit equivalent amount and capital requirement by contract type.

|  | Remaining term to maturity (notional amounts) |  |  |  |  |  | Fair value |  |  |  |  |  | Capital requirement (2) |
As at December 31, 2022 |  | Under 1 year |  |  | 1 to 5 years |  |  | Over 5 years |  |  | Total |  |  |  |  |  | Positive |  |  | Negative |  |  | Net |  |  | Credit equivalent amount (1) |
Interest rate contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
OTC swap contracts |  | $ | 8,817 |  |  | $ | 19,253 |  |  | $ | 98,380 |  |  | $ | 126,450 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,992 |  |  | $ | (8,135 | ) |  | $ | (2,143 | ) |  | $ | 419 |  |  | $ | 9 |
Cleared swap contracts |  |  | 2,494 |  |  |  | 16,823 |  |  |  | 122,314 |  |  |  | 141,631 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 254 |  |  |  | (219 | ) |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Forward contracts |  |  | 14,290 |  |  |  | 13,926 |  |  |  | 198 |  |  |  | 28,414 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 70 |  |  |  | (4,468 | ) |  |  | (4,398 | ) |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | – |
Futures |  |  | 11,772 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 11,772 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Options purchased |  |  | 1,199 |  |  |  | 1,069 |  |  |  | 3,822 |  |  |  | 6,090 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 98 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 98 |  |  |  | 64 |  |  |  | 4 |
Subtotal |  |  | 38,572 |  |  |  | 51,071 |  |  |  | 224,714 |  |  |  | 314,357 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,414 |  |  |  | (12,822 | ) |  |  | (6,408 | ) |  |  | 491 |  |  |  | 13 |
Foreign exchange |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Swap contracts |  |  | 2,026 |  |  |  | 10,475 |  |  |  | 28,369 |  |  |  | 40,870 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,067 |  |  |  | (1,846 | ) |  |  | 221 |  |  |  | 1,166 |  |  |  | 23 |
Forward contracts |  |  | 17,336 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 17,336 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 226 |  |  |  | (258 | ) |  |  | (32 | ) |  |  | 89 |  |  |  | – |
Futures |  |  | 2,319 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2,319 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Credit derivatives |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 144 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 159 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Equity contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Swap contracts |  |  | 547 |  |  |  | 396 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 943 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | – |
Futures |  |  | 3,813 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 3,813 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Options purchased |  |  | 12,634 |  |  |  | 3,526 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 16,160 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 335 |  |  |  | (218 | ) |  |  | 117 |  |  |  | 232 |  |  |  | 2 |
Subtotal including accrued interest |  |  | 77,262 |  |  |  | 65,612 |  |  |  | 253,083 |  |  |  | 395,957 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,072 |  |  |  | (15,151 | ) |  |  | (6,079 | ) |  |  | 2,002 |  |  |  | 38 |
Less accrued interest |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 484 |  |  |  | (862 | ) |  |  | (378 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Total |  | $ | 77,262 |  |  | $ | 65,612 |  |  | $ | 253,083 |  |  | $ | 395,957 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,588 |  |  | $ | (14,289 | ) |  | $ | (5,701 | ) |  | $ | 2,002 |  |  | $ | 38 |
|  | Remaining term to maturity (notional amounts) |  |  |  |  |  | Fair value |  |  |  |  |  | Capital requirement (2) |
As at December 31, 2021 |  | Under 1 year |  |  | 1 to 5 years |  |  | Over 5 years |  |  | Total |  |  |  |  |  | Positive |  |  | Negative |  |  | Net |  |  | Credit equivalent amount (1) |
Interest rate contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
OTC swap contracts |  | $ | 4,554 |  |  | $ | 21,884 |  |  | $ | 90,592 |  |  | $ | 117,030 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 12,112 |  |  | $ | (7,717 | ) |  | $ | 4,395 |  |  | $ | 1,582 |  |  | $ | 29 |
Cleared swap contracts |  |  | 21,722 |  |  |  | 27,665 |  |  |  | 134,139 |  |  |  | 183,526 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 441 |  |  |  | (453 | ) |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Forward contracts |  |  | 14,636 |  |  |  | 15,791 |  |  |  | 741 |  |  |  | 31,168 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,625 |  |  |  | (483 | ) |  |  | 2,142 |  |  |  | 299 |  |  |  | 5 |
Futures |  |  | 11,944 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 11,944 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Options purchased |  |  | 1,406 |  |  |  | 2,789 |  |  |  | 6,513 |  |  |  | 10,708 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 515 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 515 |  |  |  | 113 |  |  |  | 9 |
Subtotal |  |  | 54,262 |  |  |  | 68,129 |  |  |  | 231,985 |  |  |  | 354,376 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15,693 |  |  |  | (8,653 | ) |  |  | 7,040 |  |  |  | 1,994 |  |  |  | 43 |
Foreign exchange |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Swap contracts |  |  | 1,941 |  |  |  | 8,869 |  |  |  | 26,903 |  |  |  | 37,713 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 801 |  |  |  | (2,181 | ) |  |  | (1,380 | ) |  |  | 1,302 |  |  |  | 25 |
Forward contracts |  |  | 14,798 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 14,798 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | (79 | ) |  |  | (21 | ) |  |  | 85 |  |  |  | – |
Futures |  |  | 3,086 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 3,086 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Credit derivatives |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 44 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Equity contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Swap contracts |  |  | 669 |  |  |  | 323 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 992 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | (10 | ) |  |  | 47 |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | – |
Futures |  |  | 11,359 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 11,359 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Options purchased |  |  | 10,974 |  |  |  | 6,716 |  |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | 17,730 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,616 |  |  |  | (17 | ) |  |  | 1,599 |  |  |  | 766 |  |  |  | 8 |
Subtotal including accrued interest |  |  | 97,100 |  |  |  | 84,070 |  |  |  | 258,928 |  |  |  | 440,098 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18,226 |  |  |  | (10,940 | ) |  |  | 7,286 |  |  |  | 4,176 |  |  |  | 76 |
Less accrued interest |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 723 |  |  |  | (902 | ) |  |  | (179 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Total |  | $ | 97,100 |  |  | $ | 84,070 |  |  | $ | 258,928 |  |  | $ | 440,098 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 17,503 |  |  | $ | (10,038) |  |  | $ | 7,465 |  |  | $ | 4,176 |  |  | $ | 76 |

(1) | Credit equivalent amount is the sum of replacement cost and the potential future credit exposure less any collateral held. Replacement cost represents the current cost of replacing all contracts with a positive fair value. The amounts take into consideration legal contracts that permit offsetting of positions. The potential future credit exposure is calculated based on a formula prescribed by OSFI.

(2) | Capital requirement represents the credit equivalent amount, weighted according to the creditworthiness of the counterparty, as prescribed by OSFI.

The total notional amount of $396 billion (2021 – $440 billion) includes $77 billion (2021 – $121 billion) related to derivatives utilized in the Company’s variable annuity guarantee dynamic hedging and macro risk hedging programs. During 2022, the Company discontinued the dynamic hedging program for the John Hancock Life Insurance Company (U.S.A.) (“JHUSA”) legacy variable annuities, reinsured with Venerable Holdings, Inc. as disclosed in note 7(k). Due to the Company’s variable annuity hedging practices, many trades are in offsetting positions, resulting in materially lower net fair value exposure to the Company than what the gross notional amount would suggest.
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Fair value and the fair value hierarchy of derivative instruments

As at December 31, 2022 |  | Fair value |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |
Derivative assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts |  | $ | 5,919 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 5,766 |  |  | $ | 153 |
Foreign exchange contracts |  |  | 2,299 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2,298 |  |  |  | 1 |
Equity contracts |  |  | 366 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 361 |  |  |  | 5 |
Credit default swaps |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | – |
Total derivative assets |  | $ | 8,588 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 8,429 |  |  | $ | 159 |
Derivative liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts |  | $ | 12,025 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 8,689 |  |  | $ | 3,336 |
Foreign exchange contracts |  |  | 2,039 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2,037 |  |  |  | 2 |
Equity contracts |  |  | 225 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 216 |  |  |  | 9 |
Total derivative liabilities |  | $ | 14,289 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 10,942 |  |  | $ | 3,347 |
As at December 31, 2021 |  | Fair value |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |
Derivative assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts |  | $ | 14,971 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 12,510 |  |  | $ | 2,461 |
Foreign exchange contracts |  |  | 854 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 854 |  |  |  | – |
Equity contracts |  |  | 1,677 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1,616 |  |  |  | 61 |
Credit default swaps |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | – |
Total derivative assets |  | $ | 17,503 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 14,981 |  |  | $ | 2,522 |
Derivative liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts |  | $ | 7,829 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 7,419 |  |  | $ | 410 |
Foreign exchange contracts |  |  | 2,182 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2,181 |  |  |  | 1 |
Equity contracts |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 10 |
Total derivative liabilities |  | $ | 10,038 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 9,617 |  |  | $ | 421 |

Level 3 r
o
ll forward information for net derivative contracts measured using significant unobservable inputs is disclosed in note 4(g).
(b) Hedging relationships
The Company uses derivatives for economic hedging purposes. In certain circumstances, these hedges also meet the requirements of hedge accounting. Risk management strategies eligible for hedge accounting are designated as fair value hedges, cash flow hedges or net investment hedges, as described below.
Fair value hedges
The Company uses interest rate swaps to manage its exposure to changes in the fair value of fixed rate financial instruments due to changes in interest rates. The Company also uses cross currency swaps to manage its exposure to foreign exchange rate fluctuations, interest rate fluctuations, or both.
The Company recognizes gains and losses on derivatives and the related hedged items in fair value hedges in investment income. These investment gains (losses) are shown in the following table.

For the year ended December 31, 2022 |  | Hedged items in qualifying fair value hedging relationships |  | Gains (losses) recognized on derivatives |  |  | Gains (losses) recognized for hedged items |  |  | Ineffectiveness recognized in investment income |
Foreign currency swaps |  | Fixed rate assets |  | $ | 7 |  |  |  | $ (5 | ) |  | $ | 2 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  |  | $ (5 | ) |  | $ | 2 |
For the year ended December 31, 2021 |  | Hedged items in qualifying fair value hedging relationships |  | Gains (losses) recognized on derivatives |  |  | Gains (losses) recognized for hedged items |  |  | Ineffectiveness recognized in investment income |
Foreign currency swaps |  | Fixed rate assets |  | $ | 4 |  |  |  | $ (2 | ) |  | $ | 2 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  |  | $ (2 | ) |  | $ | 2 |

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Cash flow hedges
The Company uses interest rate swaps to hedge the variability in cash flows from variable rate financial instruments and forecasted transactions. The Company also uses cross currency swaps and foreign currency forward contracts to hedge the variability from foreign currency financial instruments and foreign currency expenses. Total return swaps are used to hedge the variability in cash flows associated with certain stock-based compensation awards. Inflation swaps are used to reduce inflation risk generated from inflation-indexed liabilities.
The effects of derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships on the Consolidated Statements of Income and the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income are shown in the following table.

For the year ended December 31, 2022 |  | Hedged items in qualifying cash flow hedging relationships |  | Gains (losses) deferred in AOCI on derivatives |  |  | Gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into investment income |  |  | Ineffectiveness recognized in investment income |
Foreign currency swaps |  | Fixed rate assets |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | – |
|  | Floating rate liabilities |  |  | 175 |  |  |  | (49 | ) |  |  | – |
|  | Fixed rate liabilities |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | – |
Equity contracts |  | Stock-based compensation |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | – |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | (9) |  |  | $ | – |
For the year ended December 31, 2021 |  | Hedged items in qualifying cash flow hedging relationships |  | Gains (losses) deferred in AOCI on derivatives |  |  | Gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into investment income |  |  | Ineffectiveness recognized in investment income |
Foreign currency swaps |  | Fixed rate assets |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | – |
|  | Floating rate liabilities |  |  | 89 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | – |
|  | Fixed rate liabilities |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  | (21 | ) |  |  | – |
Equity contracts |  | Stock-based compensation |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | – |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 74 |  |  | $ | (14 | ) |  | $ | – |

The Company anticipates that net losses of approximately $9 will be reclassified from AOCI to net income within the next 12 months. The maximum time frame for which variable cash flows are hedged is 14 years.
Hedges of net investments in foreign operations
The Company primarily uses forward currency contracts, cross currency swaps and
non-functional
currency denominated debt to manage its foreign currency exposures to net investments in foreign operations.
The effects of net investment hedging relationships on the Consolidated Statements of Income and the Consolidated Statements of Other Comprehensive Income are shown in the following table.

For the year ended December 31, 2022 |  | Gains (losses) deferred in AOCI |  |  | Gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into investment income |  |  | Ineffectiveness recognized in investment income |
Non-functional currency denominated debt |  | $ | (458 | ) |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |
Forward contracts |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Total |  | $ | (444 | ) |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |
For the year ended December 31, 2021 |  | Gains (losses) deferred in AOCI |  |  | Gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into investment income |  |  | Ineffectiveness recognized in investment income |
Non-functional currency denominated debt |  | $ | 61 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |
Forward contracts |  |  | 59 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Total |  | $ | 120 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |

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(c) Derivatives not designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships
Derivatives used in portfolios supporting insurance contract liabilities are generally not designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships because the change in the value of the insurance contract liabilities economically hedged by these derivatives is recorded through net income. Since changes in fair value of these derivatives and related hedged risks are recognized in investment income as they occur, they generally offset the change in hedged risk to the extent the hedges are economically effective. Interest rate and cross currency swaps are used in the portfolios supporting insurance contract liabilities to manage duration and currency risks.
Investment income on derivatives not designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships

For the years ended December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Interest rate swaps |  | $ | (3,428 | ) |  | $ | (1,986 | )
Interest rate futures |  |  | (431 | ) |  |  | (687 | )
Interest rate options |  |  | (258 | ) |  |  | (133 | )
Foreign currency swaps |  |  | 1,171 |  |  |  | (166 | )
Currency rate futures |  |  | (103 | ) |  |  | 66 |
Forward contracts |  |  | (7,561 | ) |  |  | (1,751 | )
Equity futures |  |  | 794 |  |  |  | (2,140 | )
Equity contracts |  |  | (818 | ) |  |  | 871 |
Credit default swaps |  |  | – |  |  |  | (2 | )
Total |  | $ | (10,634 | ) |  | $ | (5,928 | )

(d) Embedded derivatives
Certain insurance contracts contain features that are classified as embedded derivatives and are measured separately at FVTPL, including reinsurance contracts related to guaranteed minimum income benefits and contracts containing certain credit and interest rate features.
Certain reinsurance contracts related to guaranteed minimum income benefits contain embedded derivatives requiring separate measurement at FVTPL as the financial component contained in the reinsurance contracts does not contain significant insurance risk. As at December 31, 2022, reinsurance ceded guaranteed minimum income benefits had a fair value of $585 (2021 – $734) and reinsurance assumed guaranteed minimum income benefits had a fair value of $65 (2021 – $86). Claims recovered under reinsurance ceded contracts offset claims expenses and claims paid on the reinsurance assumed are reported as contract benefits.
The Company’s credit and interest rate embedded derivatives promise to pay the returns on a portfolio of assets to the contract holder. These embedded derivatives contain credit and interest rate risks that are financial risks embedded in the underlying insurance contract. As at December 31, 2022, these embedded derivatives had a fair value of $395 (2021 – $11).
Other financial instruments classified as embedded derivatives but exempt from separate measurement at fair value include variable universal life and variable life products’ minimum guaranteed credited rates, no lapse guarantees, guaranteed annuitization options, CPI indexing of benefits, and segregated fund minimum guarantees other than reinsurance ceded/assumed guaranteed minimum income benefits. These embedded derivatives are measured and reported within insurance contract liabilities and are exempt from separate fair value measurement as they contain insurance risk and/or are closely related to the insurance host contract.

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Note 6 Goodwill and Intangible Assets
(a) Change in the carrying value of goodwill and intangible assets
The following table presents the change in carrying value of goodwill and intangible assets.

As at December 31, 2022 |  | Balance, January 1 |  |  | Net additions/ (disposals) (1)(2) |  |  | Amortization expense |  |  | Effect of changes in foreign exchange rates |  |  | Balance, December 31 |
Goodwill |  | $ | 5,651 |  |  | $ | 255 |  |  | $ | n/a |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  | $ | 6,014 |
Indefinite life intangible assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Brand |  |  | 761 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | 52 |  |  |  | 813 |
Fund management contracts and other (3) |  |  | 788 |  |  |  | 228 |  |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | 1,048 |
|  |  | 1,549 |  |  |  | 228 |  |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | 84 |  |  |  | 1,861 |
Finite life intangible assets (4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Distribution networks |  |  | 888 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 47 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 881 |
Customer relationships |  |  | 687 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 56 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 643 |
Software |  |  | 1,091 |  |  |  | 192 |  |  |  | 235 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 1,068 |
Other |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 52 |
|  |  | 2,715 |  |  |  | 205 |  |  |  | 344 |  |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | 2,644 |
Total intangible assets |  |  | 4,264 |  |  |  | 433 |  |  |  | 344 |  |  |  | 152 |  |  |  | 4,505 |
Total goodwill and intangible assets |  | $ | 9,915 |  |  | $ | 688 |  |  | $ | 344 |  |  | $ | 260 |  |  | $ | 10,519 |
As at December 31, 2021 |  | Balance, January 1 |  |  | Net additions/ (disposals) (5) |  |  | Amortization expense |  |  | Effect of changes in foreign exchange rates |  |  | Balance, December 31 |
Goodwill |  | $ | 5,714 |  |  | $ | (5 | ) |  | $ | n/a |  |  | $ | (58 | ) |  | $ | 5,651 |
Indefinite life intangible assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Brand |  |  | 764 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 761 |
Fund management contracts and other (3) |  |  | 796 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | 788 |
|  |  | 1,560 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | 1,549 |
Finite life intangible assets (4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Distribution networks |  |  | 806 |  |  |  | 131 |  |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | 888 |
Customer relationships |  |  | 738 |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 687 |
Software |  |  | 1,059 |  |  |  | 198 |  |  |  | 148 |  |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  | 1,091 |
Other |  |  | 52 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 49 |
|  |  | 2,655 |  |  |  | 329 |  |  |  | 246 |  |  |  | (23 | ) |  |  | 2,715 |
Total intangible assets |  |  | 4,215 |  |  |  | 326 |  |  |  | 246 |  |  |  | (31 | ) |  |  | 4,264 |
Total goodwill and intangible assets |  | $ | 9,929 |  |  | $ | 321 |  |  | $ | 246 |  |  | $ | (89 | ) |  | $ | 9,915 |

(1) | In November 2022, the Company acquired control of Manulife TEDA Fund Management Company, LTD. through the purchase of the remaining 51% of shares that it did not already own from its joint venture partner. The transaction included cash consideration of $334 and derecognition of the Company’s previous joint venture interest with a fair value of $321. Goodwill, indefinite life fund management contracts and distribution networks, and finite life management contracts of $255, $185, $52 and $3 were recognized.

(2) | In January 2022, the Company paid $256 to VietinBank for an extension of the life of the distribution agreement acquired from Aviva Plc in December 2021.

(3) | Fund management contracts are mostly allocated to Canada WAM and U.S. WAM CGUs with carrying values of $273 (2021 – $273) and $397 (2021 – $371), respectively.

(4) | Gross carrying amount of finite life intangible assets was $1,517 for distribution networks, $1,146 for customer relationships, $2,736 for software and $136 for other (2021 – $1,456, $1,132, $2,484 and $124), respectively.

(5) | In December 2021, the Company purchased the Vietnamese operations of Aviva Plc including rights to an exclusive distribution agreement with VietinBank.

(b) Goodwill impairment testing
The Company completed its annual goodwill impairment testing in the fourth quarter of 2022 by determining the recoverable amounts of its businesses using valuation techniques discussed below (refer to notes 1(f) and 6(c)). The testing indicated that there was no impairment of goodwill in 2022 (2021 – $nil).
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The following tables present the carrying value of goodwill by CGU or group of CGUs.

As at December 31, 2022 CGU or group of CGUs |  | Balance, January 1 |  |  | Net additions/ (disposals) |  |  | Effect of changes in foreign exchange rates |  |  | Balance, December 31 |
Asia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asia Insurance (excluding Japan) |  | $ | 152 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 162 |
Japan Insurance |  |  | 386 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (26 | ) |  |  | 360 |
Canada Insurance |  |  | 1,955 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 1,960 |
U.S. Insurance |  |  | 336 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 360 |
Global Wealth and Asset Management |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asia WAM |  |  | 183 |  |  |  | 255 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 450 |
Canada WAM |  |  | 1,436 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1,436 |
U.S. WAM |  |  | 1,203 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 83 |  |  |  | 1,286 |
Total |  | $ | 5,651 |  |  | $ | 255 |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  | $ | 6,014 |
As at December 31, 2021 CGU or group of CGUs |  | Balance, January 1 |  |  | Net additions/ (disposals) |  |  | Effect of changes in foreign exchange rates |  |  | Balance, December 31 |
Asia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asia Insurance (excluding Japan) |  | $ | 159 |  |  | $ | (5 | ) |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | 152 |
Japan Insurance |  |  | 433 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (47 | ) |  |  | 386 |
Canada Insurance |  |  | 1,955 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1,955 |
U.S. Insurance |  |  | 338 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | 336 |
Global Wealth and Asset Management |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asia WAM |  |  | 185 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | 183 |
Canada WAM |  |  | 1,436 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1,436 |
U.S. WAM |  |  | 1,208 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | 1,203 |
Total |  | $ | 5,714 |  |  | $ | (5 | ) |  | $ | (58 | ) |  | $ | 5,651 |

The valuation techniques, significant assumptions and sensitivities, where applicable, applied in the goodwill impairment testing are described below.
(c) Valuation techniques
When determining if a CGU is impaired, the Company compares its recoverable amount to the allocated capital for that unit, which is aligned with the Company’s internal reporting practices. The recoverable amounts were based on fair value less costs to sell (“FVLCS”) for Asia Insurance (excluding Japan) and Asia WAM. For other CGUs,
value-in-use
(“VIU”) was used.
Under the FVLCS approach, the Company determines the fair value of the CGU or group of CGUs using an earnings-based approach which incorporates forecasted earnings, excluding interest and equity market impacts and normalized new business expenses multiplied by an earnings-multiple derived from the observable
price-to-earnings
multiples of comparable financial institutions. The
price-to-earnings
multiple used by the Company for testing was 11.6 (2021 – 11.6). These FVLCS valuations are categorized as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy (2021 – Level 3).
Under the VIU approach, used for CGUs with insurance business, an embedded appraisal value is determined from a projection of future distributable earnings derived from both the
in-force
business and new business expected to be sold in the future, and therefore, reflects the economic value for each CGU’s or group of CGUs’ profit potential under a set of assumptions. This approach requires assumptions including sales and revenue growth rates, capital requirements, interest rates, equity returns, mortality, morbidity, policyholder behaviour, tax rates and discount rates. For
non-insurance
CGUs, the VIU is based on discounted cash flow analysis which incorporates relevant aspects of the embedded appraisal value approach.
(d) Significant assumptions
To calculate embedded appraisal value, the Company discounted projected earnings from
in-force
contracts and valued 20 years of new business growing at expected plan levels, consistent with the periods used for forecasting long-term businesses such as insurance. In arriving at its projections, the Company considered past experience, economic trends such as interest rates, equity returns and product mix as well as industry and market trends. Where growth rate assumptions for new business cash flows were
used
in the embedded appraisal value calculations, they ranged from zero per cent to
nine
per cent (2021 – zero per cent to six per cent).
Interest rate assumptions are based on prevailing market rates at the valuation date.

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For 2022, tax rates applied to the projections include the impact of internal reinsurance treaties and amounted to 28.0 per cent, 27.5 per cent and 21.0 per cent for the Japan, Canada and U.S. jurisdictions, respectively. For 2021, tax rates applied to the projections include the impact of internal reinsurance treaties and amounted to 28.0 per cent, 26.5 per cent and 21.0 per cent for the Japan, Canada, and U.S. jurisdictions, respectively. Tax assumptions are sensitive to changes in tax laws as well as assumptions about the jurisdictions in which profits are earned. It is possible that actual tax rates could differ from those assumed.
Discount rates assumed in determining the
value-in-use
for applicable CGUs or group of CGUs ranged from 10.0 per cent to 12.0 per cent on an
after-tax
basis or 12.5 per cent to 15.0 per cent on a
pre-tax
basis (2021 – 8.0 per cent to 10.1 per cent on an
after-tax
basis or 10.0 per cent to 12.7 per cent on a
pre-tax
basis).
Key assumptions may change as economic and market conditions change, which may lead to impairment charges in the future. Adverse changes in discount rates (including from changes in interest rates) and growth rate assumptions for new business cash flow projections used in the determination of embedded appraisal values or reductions in market-based earnings multiples calculations may result in impairment charges in the future which could be material.
Note 7 Insurance Contract Liabilities and Reinsurance Assets
(a) Insurance contract liabilities and reinsurance assets
Insurance contract liabilities are reported gross of reinsurance ceded and the ceded liabilities are reported separately as reinsurance assets. Insurance contract liabilities include actuarial liabilities, benefits payable, provision for unreported claims and policyholder amounts on deposit. The components of gross and net insurance contract liabilities are shown below.

As at December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Insurance contract liabilities |  | $ | 352,153 |  |  | $ | 374,890 |
Benefits payable and provision for unreported claims |  |  | 5,610 |  |  |  | 5,251 |
Policyholder amounts on deposit |  |  | 13,642 |  |  |  | 12,134 |
Gross insurance contract liabilities |  |  | 371,405 |  |  |  | 392,275 |
Reinsurance assets (1) |  |  | (47,674 | ) |  |  | (44,531 | )
Net insurance contract liabilities |  | $ | 323,731 |  |  | $ | 347,744 |

(1) | Reinsurance assets of $38 (2021 – $48) are related to investment contract liabilities, refer to note 8(b).

Net insurance contract liabilities represent the amount which, together with estimated future premiums and net investment income, will be sufficient to pay estimated future benefits, policyholder dividends and refunds, taxes (other than income taxes) and expenses on policies
in-force
net of reinsurance premiums and recoveries.
Net insurance contract liabilities are determined using CALM, as required by the Canadian Institute of Actuaries.
The determination of net insurance contract liabilities is based on an explicit projection of cash flows using current assumptions for each material cash flow item. Investment returns are projected using the current asset portfolios and projected reinvestment strategies.
Each assumption is based on the best estimate adjusted by a margin for adverse deviation. For fixed income returns, this margin is established by scenario testing a range of prescribed and company-developed scenarios consistent with Canadian Actuarial Standards of Practice. For all other assumptions, this margin is established by directly adjusting the best estimate assumption.
Cash flows used in the net insurance contract liabilities valuation adjust the gross policy cash flows to reflect projected cash flows from ceded reinsurance. The cash flow impact of ceded reinsurance varies depending upon the amount of reinsurance, the structure of reinsurance treaties, the expected economic benefit from treaty cash flows and the impact of margins for adverse deviation. Gross insurance contract liabilities are determined by discounting gross policy cash flows using the same discount rate as the net CALM model discount rate.
The reinsurance asset is determined by taking the difference between the gross insurance contract liabilities and the net insurance contract liabilities. The reinsurance asset represents the benefit derived from reinsurance arrangements in force at the date of the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.
The period used for the projection of cash flows is the policy lifetime for most individual insurance contracts. For other types of contracts, a shorter projection period may be used, with the contract generally ending at the earlier of the first renewal date on or after the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position date where the Company can exercise discretion in renewing its contractual obligations or terms of those obligations and the renewal or adjustment date that maximizes the insurance contract liabilities. For segregated fund products with guarantees, the projection period is generally set as the period that leads to the largest insurance contract liability. Where the projection period is less than the policy lifetime, insurance contract liabilities may be reduced by an allowance for acquisition expenses expected to be recovered from policy cash flows beyond the projection period used for the liabilities. Such allowances are tested for recoverability using assumptions that are consistent with other components of the actuarial valuation.
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(b) Composition
The composition of insurance contract liabilities and reinsurance assets by the line of business and reporting segment is as follows.
Gross insurance contract liabilities

|  | Individual insurance |  |  | Annuities and pensions |  |  | Other insurance contract liabilities (1) |  |  | Total, net of reinsurance ceded |  |  | Total reinsurance ceded |  |  | Total, gross of reinsurance ceded |
As at December 31, 2022 |  | Participating |  |  | Non- participating |
Asia |  | $ | 66,294 |  |  | $ | 34,684 |  |  | $ | 6,221 |  |  | $ | 4,142 |  |  | $ | 111,341 |  |  | $ | 2,727 |  |  | $ | 114,068 |
Canada |  |  | 12,637 |  |  |  | 38,325 |  |  |  | 13,593 |  |  |  | 14,095 |  |  |  | 78,650 |  |  |  | 1,676 |  |  |  | 80,326 |
U.S. |  |  | 7,867 |  |  |  | 67,789 |  |  |  | 11,273 |  |  |  | 46,849 |  |  |  | 133,778 |  |  |  | 43,137 |  |  |  | 176,915 |
Corporate and Other |  |  | – |  |  |  | (640 | ) |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 578 |  |  |  | (38 | ) |  |  | 134 |  |  |  | 96 |
Total, net of reinsurance ceded |  |  | 86,798 |  |  |  | 140,158 |  |  |  | 31,111 |  |  |  | 65,664 |  |  |  | 323,731 |  |  |  | 47,674 |  |  |  | 371,405 |
Total reinsurance ceded |  |  | 8,552 |  |  |  | 22,434 |  |  |  | 15,793 |  |  |  | 895 |  |  |  | 47,674 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total, gross of reinsurance ceded |  | $ | 95,350 |  |  | $ | 162,592 |  |  | $ | 46,904 |  |  | $ | 66,559 |  |  | $ | 371,405 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Individual insurance |  |  | Annuities and pensions |  |  | Other insurance contract liabilities (1) |  |  | Total, net of reinsurance ceded |  |  | Total reinsurance ceded |  |  | Total, gross of reinsurance ceded |
As at December 31, 2021 |  | Participating |  |  | Non- participating |
Asia |  | $ | 64,586 |  |  | $ | 36,387 |  |  | $ | 6,869 |  |  | $ | 3,590 |  |  | $ | 111,432 |  |  | $ | 2,749 |  |  | $ | 114,181 |
Canada |  |  | 13,518 |  |  |  | 44,320 |  |  |  | 16,554 |  |  |  | 14,981 |  |  |  | 89,373 |  |  |  | 430 |  |  |  | 89,803 |
U.S. |  |  | 8,591 |  |  |  | 71,077 |  |  |  | 14,007 |  |  |  | 53,555 |  |  |  | 147,230 |  |  |  | 41,150 |  |  |  | 188,380 |
Corporate and Other |  |  | – |  |  |  | (676 | ) |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 363 |  |  |  | (291 | ) |  |  | 202 |  |  |  | (89 | )
Total, net of reinsurance ceded |  |  | 86,695 |  |  |  | 151,108 |  |  |  | 37,452 |  |  |  | 72,489 |  |  |  | 347,744 |  |  |  | 44,531 |  |  |  | 392,275 |
Total reinsurance ceded |  |  | 8,144 |  |  |  | 20,767 |  |  |  | 14,681 |  |  |  | 939 |  |  |  | 44,531 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total, gross of reinsurance ceded |  | $ | 94,839 |  |  | $ | 171,875 |  |  | $ | 52,133 |  |  | $ | 73,428 |  |  | $ | 392,275 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) | Other insurance contract liabilities include group insurance and individual and group health including long-term care insurance.

Separate
sub-accounts
were established for participating policies
in-force
at the demutualization of MLI and John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company. These
sub-accounts
permit this participating business to be operated as separate “closed blocks” of participating policies. As at December 31, 2022, $26,289 (2021 – $29,000) of both reinsurance assets and insurance contract liabilities were related to these closed blocks of participating policies.
(c) Assets backing insurance contract liabilities, other liabilities and capital
Assets are segmented and matched to liabilities with similar underlying characteristics by product line and major currency. The Company has established target investment strategies and asset mixes for each asset segment supporting insurance contract liabilities which consider the risk attributes of the liabilities supported by the assets and expectations of market performance. Liabilities with rate and term guarantees are predominantly backed by fixed-rate instruments on a cash flow matching basis for a targeted duration horizon. Longer duration cash flows on these liabilities as well as on adjustable products such as participating life insurance are backed by a broader range of asset classes, including equity and alternative long-duration investments. The Company’s capital is invested in a range of debt and equity investments, both public and private.
Changes in the fair value of assets backing net insurance contract liabilities, that the Company considers to be other than temporary, would have a limited impact on the Company’s net income wherever there is an effective matching of assets and liabilities, as these changes would be substantially offset by corresponding changes in the value of net insurance contract liabilities. The fair value of assets backing net insurance contract liabilities as at December 31, 2022, excluding reinsurance assets, was estimated at $317,854 (
2021 –
$354,587).
As at December 31, 2022, the fair value of assets backing capital and other liabilities was estimated at $524,297 (2021 – $571,431).

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The following table presents the carrying value of assets backing net insurance contract liabilities, other liabilities and capital.

|  | Individual insurance |  |  | Annuities and pensions |  |  | Other insurance contract liabilities (1) |  |  | Other liabilities (2) |  |  | Capital (3) |  |  | Total |
As at December 31, 2022 |  | Participating |  |  | Non- participating |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities |  | $ | 42,279 |  |  | $ | 72,706 |  |  | $ | 15,686 |  |  | $ | 31,998 |  |  | $ | 9,739 |  |  | $ | 31,496 |  |  | $ | 203,904 |
Public equities |  |  | 12,253 |  |  |  | 6,792 |  |  |  | 336 |  |  |  | 562 |  |  |  | 675 |  |  |  | 2,901 |  |  |  | 23,519 |
Mortgages |  |  | 4,378 |  |  |  | 14,101 |  |  |  | 4,350 |  |  |  | 8,766 |  |  |  | 22,997 |  |  |  | 46 |  |  |  | 54,638 |
Private placements |  |  | 6,810 |  |  |  | 19,498 |  |  |  | 8,038 |  |  |  | 10,497 |  |  |  | 2,003 |  |  |  | 211 |  |  |  | 47,057 |
Real estate |  |  | 3,346 |  |  |  | 7,030 |  |  |  | 913 |  |  |  | 1,875 |  |  |  | (66 | ) |  |  | 174 |  |  |  | 13,272 |
Other |  |  | 17,732 |  |  |  | 20,031 |  |  |  | 1,788 |  |  |  | 11,966 |  |  |  | 427,369 |  |  |  | 27,665 |  |  |  | 506,551 |
Total |  | $ | 86,798 |  |  | $ | 140,158 |  |  | $ | 31,111 |  |  | $ | 65,664 |  |  | $ | 462,717 |  |  | $ | 62,493 |  |  | $ | 848,941 |
|  | Individual insurance |  |  | Annuities and pensions |  |  | Other insurance contract liabilities (1) |  |  | Other liabilities (2) |  |  | Capital (3) |  |  | Total |
As at December 31, 2021 |  | Participating |  |  | Non- participating |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities |  | $ | 43,278 |  |  | $ | 82,050 |  |  | $ | 19,575 |  |  | $ | 36,207 |  |  | $ | 10,723 |  |  | $ | 32,306 |  |  | $ | 224,139 |
Public equities |  |  | 14,667 |  |  |  | 8,112 |  |  |  | 453 |  |  |  | 374 |  |  |  | 626 |  |  |  | 3,835 |  |  |  | 28,067 |
Mortgages |  |  | 3,799 |  |  |  | 13,295 |  |  |  | 4,572 |  |  |  | 8,526 |  |  |  | 21,802 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 52,014 |
Private placements |  |  | 6,005 |  |  |  | 17,741 |  |  |  | 7,370 |  |  |  | 9,775 |  |  |  | 1,723 |  |  |  | 228 |  |  |  | 42,842 |
Real estate |  |  | 3,467 |  |  |  | 6,814 |  |  |  | 987 |  |  |  | 1,782 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 177 |  |  |  | 13,233 |
Other |  |  | 15,479 |  |  |  | 23,096 |  |  |  | 4,495 |  |  |  | 15,825 |  |  |  | 469,014 |  |  |  | 29,439 |  |  |  | 557,348 |
Total |  | $ | 86,695 |  |  | $ | 151,108 |  |  | $ | 37,452 |  |  | $ | 72,489 |  |  | $ | 503,894 |  |  | $ | 66,005 |  |  | $ | 917,643 |

(1) | Other insurance contract liabilities include group insurance and individual and group health including long-term care insurance.

(2) | Other liabilities are non-insurance contract liabilities which include segregated funds, bank deposits, long-term debt, deferred tax liabilities, derivatives, investment contracts, embedded derivatives and other miscellaneous liabilities.

(3) | Capital is defined in note 13.

(d) Significant insurance contract liability valuation assumptions
The determi
n
ation of insurance contract liabilities involves the use of estimates and assumptions. Insurance contract liabilities have two major components: a best estimate amount and a provision for adverse deviation.
Best estimate assumptions
Best estimate assumptions are made with respect to mortality and morbidity, investment returns, rates of policy termination, operating expenses and certain taxes. Actual experience is monitored to ensure that assumptions remain appropriate and assumptions are changed as warranted. Assumptions are discussed in more detail in the following table.

Nature of factor and assumption methodology |  | Risk management
Mortality and morbidity |  | Mortality relates to the occurrence of death. Mortality is a key assumption for life insurance and certain forms of annuities. Mortality assumptions are based on the Company’s internal experience as well as past and emerging industry experience. Assumptions are differentiated by sex, underwriting class, policy type and geographic market. Assumptions are made for future mortality improvements. Morbidity relates to the occurrence of accidents and sickness for insured risks. Morbidity is a key assumption for long-term care insurance, disability insurance, critical illness and other forms of individual and group health benefits. Morbidity assumptions are based on the Company’s internal experience as well as past and emerging industry experience and are established for each type of morbidity risk and geographic market. Assumptions are made for future morbidity improvements. |  | The Company maintains underwriting standards to determine the insurability of applicants. Claim trends are monitored on an ongoing basis. Exposure to large claims is managed by establishing policy retention limits, which vary by market and geographic location. Policies in excess of the limits are reinsured with other companies. Mortality is monitored monthly and the overall 2022 experience was unfavourable (2021 – unfavourable) when compared to the Company’s assumptions. Morbidity is also monitored monthly and the overall 2022 experience was favourable (2021 – favourable) when compared to the Company’s assumptions.

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Nature of factor and assumption methodology |  | Risk management
Investment returns |  | The Company segments assets to support liabilities by business segment and geographic market and establishes investment strategies for each liability segment. Projected cash flows from these assets are combined with projected cash flows from future asset purchases/sales to determine expected rates of return on these assets for future years. Investment strategies are based on the target investment policies for each segment and the reinvestment returns are derived from current and projected market rates for fixed income investments and a projected outlook for other alternative long-duration assets. Investment return assumptions include expected future credit losses on fixed income investments. Credit losses are projected based on past experience of the Company and industry as well as specific reviews of the current investment portfolio. Investment return assumptions for each asset class and geographic market also incorporate expected investment management expenses that are derived from internal cost studies. The costs are attributed to each asset class to develop unitized assumptions per dollar of asset for each asset class and geographic market. |  | The Company’s policy of closely matching asset cash flows with those of the corresponding liabilities is designed to mitigate the Company’s exposure to future changes in interest rates. The interest rate risk positions in business segments are monitored on an ongoing basis. Under CALM, the reinvestment rate is developed using interest rate scenario testing and reflects the interest rate risk positions. In 2022, the movement in interest rates positively (2021 – negatively) impacted the Company’s net income. This positive impact was primarily due to increase in risk-free interest rates in the U.S., Canada, and Asia. The exposure to credit losses is managed against policies that limit concentrations by issuer, corporate connections, ratings, sectors and geographic regions. On participating policies and some non-participating policies, credit loss experience is passed back to policyholders through the investment return crediting formula. For other policies, premiums and benefits reflect the Company’s assumed level of future credit losses at contract inception or most recent contract adjustment date. The Company holds explicit provisions in actuarial liabilities for credit risk including provisions for adverse deviation. In 2022, credit loss experience on debt securities and mortgages was favourable (2021 – favourable) when compared to the Company’s assumptions. Equities, real estate and other alternative long-duration assets are used to support liabilities where investment return experience is passed back to policyholders through dividends or credited investment return adjustments. Equities, real estate, and other alternative long-duration assets are also used to support long-dated obligations in the Company’s annuity and pension businesses and for long-dated insurance obligations on contracts where the investment return risk is borne by the Company. In 2022, investment experience related to alternative long-duration assets backing policyholder liabilities was favourable (2021 – favourable) primarily driven by gains in private equities, timber and agriculture properties, partially offset by losses in real estate properties. In 2022, alternative long-duration asset origination exceeded (2021 – did not exceed) valuation requirements. In 2022, for the business that is dynamically hedged, segregated fund guarantee experience on residual, non-dynamically hedged market risks were unfavourable (2021 – unfavourable). For the business that is not dynamically hedged, experience on segregated fund guarantees due to changes in the market value of assets under management was also unfavourable (2021 – unfavourable). This excludes the experience on the macro equity hedges. In 2022, investment expense experience was favourable (2021 – unfavourable) when compared to the Company’s assumptions.

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Table of Contents

Nature of factor and assumption methodology |  | Risk management
Policy termination and premium persistency |  | Policies are terminated through lapses and surrenders, where lapses represent the termination of policies due to non-payment of premiums and surrenders represent the voluntary termination of policies by policyholders. Premium persistency represents the level of ongoing deposits on contracts where there is policyholder discretion as to the amount and timing of deposits. Policy termination and premium persistency assumptions are primarily based on the Company’s recent experience adjusted for expected future conditions. Assumptions reflect differences by type of contract within each geographic market. |  | The Company seeks to design products that minimize financial exposure to lapse, surrender and premium persistency risk. The Company monitors lapse, surrender and persistency experience. In aggregate, 2022 policyholder termination and premium persistency experience was unfavourable (2021 – unfavourable) when compared to the Company’s assumptions used in the computation of actuarial liabilities.
Expenses and taxes |  | Operating expense assumptions reflect the projected costs of maintaining and servicing in-force policies, including associated overhead expenses. The expenses are derived from internal cost studies projected into the future with an allowance for inflation. For some developing businesses, there is an expectation that unit costs will decline as these businesses grow. Taxes reflect assumptions for future premium taxes and other non-income related taxes. For income taxes, policy liabilities are adjusted only for temporary tax timing and permanent tax rate differences on the cash flows available to satisfy policy obligations. |  | The Company prices its products to cover the expected costs of servicing and maintaining them. In addition, the Company monitors expenses monthly, including comparisons of actual expenses to expense levels allowed for in pricing and valuation. Maintenance expenses for 2022 were unfavourable (2021 – unfavourable) when compared to the Company’s assumptions used in the computation of actuarial liabilities. The Company prices its products to cover the expected cost of taxes.
Policyholder dividends, experience rating refunds, and other adjustable policy elements |  | The best estimate projections for policyholder dividends and experience rating refunds, and other adjustable elements of policy benefits are determined to be consistent with management’s expectation of how these elements will be managed should experience emerge consistently with the best estimate assumptions used for mortality and morbidity, investment returns, rates of policy termination, operating expenses and taxes. |  | The Company monitors policy experience and adjusts policy benefits and other adjustable elements to reflect this experience. Policyholder dividends are reviewed annually for all businesses under a framework of Board-approved policyholder dividend policies.
Foreign currency |  | Foreign currency risk results from a mismatch of the currency of liabilities and the currency of the assets designated to support these obligations. Where a currency mismatch exists, the assumed rate of return on the assets supporting the liabilities is reduced to reflect the potential for adverse movements in foreign exchange rates. |  | The Company generally matches the currency of its assets with the currency of the liabilities they support, with the objective of mitigating the risk of loss arising from movements in currency exchange rates.

The Company reviews actuarial methods and assumptions on an annual basis. If changes are made to assumptions (refer to note 7(h)), the full impact is recognized in income immediately.
(e) Sensitivity of insurance contract liabilities to changes in
non-economic
assumptions
The sensitivity of net income attributed to shareholders to changes in
non-economic
assumptions underlying insurance contract liabilities is shown below, assuming a simultaneous change in the assumption across all business units. The sensitivity of net income attributed to shareholders to a deterioration or improvement in
non-economic
assumptions for Long-Term Care (“LTC”) as at December 31, 2022 is also shown below.
In practice, experience for each assumption will frequently vary by geographic market and business and assumption updates are made on a business/geographic specific basis. Actual results can differ materially from these estimates for a variety of reasons including the interaction among these factors when more than one changes; changes in actuarial and investment return and future investment activity assumptions; changes in business mix, effective tax rates and other market factors; and the general limitations of internal models.
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Potential impact on net income attributed to shareholders arising from changes to
non-economic
assumptions
(1)

|  | Decrease in after-tax net income attributed to shareholders |
As at December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Policy related assumptions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2% adverse change in future mortality rates (2),(4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Products where an increase in rates increases insurance contract liabilities |  | $ | (500 | ) |  | $ | (500 | )
Products where a decrease in rates increases insurance contract liabilities |  |  | (500 | ) |  |  | (500 | )
5% adverse change in future morbidity rates (incidence and termination) (3),(4),(5) |  |  | (4,500 | ) |  |  | (5,500 | )
10% adverse change in future policy termination rates (4) |  |  | (2,200 | ) |  |  | (2,400 | )
5% increase in future expense levels |  |  | (600 | ) |  |  | (600 | )

(1) | The participating policy funds are largely self-supporting and generate no material impact on net income attributed to shareholders as a result of changes in non-economic assumptions. Experience gains or losses would generally result in changes to future dividends, with no direct impact to shareholders.

(2) | An increase in mortality rates will generally increase policy liabilities for life insurance contracts whereas a decrease in mortality rates will generally increase policy liabilities for policies with longevity risk such as payout annuities.

(3) | No amounts related to morbidity risk are included for policies where the policy liability provides only for claims costs expected over a short period, generally less than one year, such as Group Life and Health.

(4) | The impacts of the adverse sensitivities on LTC for morbidity, mortality and lapse do not assume any partial offsets from the Company’s ability to contractually raise premium rates in such events, subject to state regulatory approval. In practice, the Company would plan to file for rate increases equal to the amount of deterioration resulting from the sensitivities.

(5) | 5% deterioration in incidence rates and 5% deterioration in claim termination rates.

Potential impact on net income attributed to shareholders arising from changes to
non-economic
assumptions for Long-Term Care included in the above table
(1),(2)

|  | Decrease in after-tax net income attributed to shareholders |
As at December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Policy related assumptions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2% adverse change in future mortality rates |  | $ | (300 | ) |  | $ | (300 | )
5% adverse change in future morbidity incidence rates |  |  | (1,700 | ) |  |  | (2,000 | )
5% adverse change in future morbidity claims termination rates |  |  | (2,400 | ) |  |  | (3,100 | )
10% adverse change in future policy termination rates |  |  | (300 | ) |  |  | (400 | )
5% increase in future expense levels |  |  | (100 | ) |  |  | (100 | )

(1) | The impacts of the adverse sensitivities on LTC for morbidity, mortality and lapse do not assume any partial offsets from the Company’s ability to contractually raise premium rates in such events, subject to state regulatory approval. In practice, the Company would plan to file for rate increases equal to the amount of deterioration resulting from the sensitivities.

(2) | The impact of favourable changes to all the sensitivities is relatively symmetrical.

(f) Provision for adverse deviation assumptions
The assumptions made in establishing insurance contract liabilities reflect expected best estimates of future experience. To recognize the uncertainty in these best estimate assumptions, to allow for possible misestimation of and deterioration in experience and to provide a greater degree of assurance that the insurance contract liabilities are adequate to pay future benefits, the Appointed Actuary is required to include a margin in each assumption.
Margins are released into future earnings as the policy is released from risk. Margins for interest rate risk are included by testing a number of scenarios of future interest rates. The margin can be established by testing a limited number of scenarios, some of which are prescribed by the Canadian Actuarial Standards of Practice, and determining the liability based on the worst outcome. Alternatively, the margin can be set by testing many scenarios, which are developed according to actuarial guidance. Under this approach the liability would be the average of the outcomes above a percentile in the range prescribed by the Canadian Actuarial Standards of Practice.
Specific guidance is also provided for other risks such as market, credit, mortality and morbidity risks. For other risks which are not specifically addressed by the Canadian Institute of Actuaries, a range is provided of five per cent to 20 per cent of the expected experience assumption. The Company uses assumptions within the permissible ranges, with the determination of the level set considering the risk profile of the business. On occasion, in specific circumstances for additional prudence, a margin may exceed the high end of the range, which is permissible under the Canadian Actuarial Standards of Practice. This additional margin would be released if the specific circumstances which led to it being established were to change.
Each margin is reviewed annually for continued appropriateness.

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Table of Contents
(g) Change in insurance contract liabilities
The change in insurance contract liabilities was a result of the following business activities and changes in actuarial estimates.

For the year ended December 31, 2022 |  | Net actuarial liabilities |  |  | Other insurance contract liabilities (1) |  |  | Net insurance contract liabilities |  |  | Reinsurance assets |  |  | Gross insurance contract liabilities |
Balance, January 1 |  | $ | 332,272 |  |  | $ | 15,472 |  |  | $ | 347,744 |  |  | $ | 44,531 |  |  | $ | 392,275 |
New policies (2) |  |  | 5,365 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 5,365 |  |  |  | 116 |  |  |  | 5,481 |
Normal in-force movement (2) |  |  | (39,174 | ) |  |  | 1,216 |  |  |  | (37,958 | ) |  |  | (1,042 | ) |  |  | (39,000 | )
Changes in methods and assumptions (2) |  |  | 112 |  |  |  | (192 | ) |  |  | (80 | ) |  |  | 349 |  |  |  | 269 |
Reinsurance transactions (2) , (3) |  |  | (2,419 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (2,419 | ) |  |  | 950 |  |  |  | (1,469 | )
Impact of changes in foreign exchange rates |  |  | 10,439 |  |  |  | 640 |  |  |  | 11,079 |  |  |  | 2,770 |  |  |  | 13,849 |
Balance, December 31 |  | $ | 306,595 |  |  | $ | 17,136 |  |  | $ | 323,731 |  |  | $ | 47,674 |  |  | $ | 371,405 |
For the year ended December 31, 2021 |  | Net actuarial liabilities |  |  | Other insurance contract liabilities (1) |  |  | Net insurance contract liabilities |  |  | Reinsurance assets |  |  | Gross insurance contract liabilities |
Balance, January 1 |  | $ | 325,408 |  |  | $ | 14,377 |  |  | $ | 339,785 |  |  | $ | 45,769 |  |  | $ | 385,554 |
New policies (4) |  |  | 5,947 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 5,947 |  |  |  | 276 |  |  |  | 6,223 |
Normal in-force movement (4) |  |  | 4,689 |  |  |  | 1,283 |  |  |  | 5,972 |  |  |  | (1,812 | ) |  |  | 4,160 |
Changes in methods and assumptions (4) |  |  | 287 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 287 |  |  |  | 455 |  |  |  | 742 |
Reinsurance transactions |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Impact of changes in foreign exchange rates |  |  | (4,059 | ) |  |  | (188 | ) |  |  | (4,247 | ) |  |  | (157 | ) |  |  | (4,404 | )
Balance, December 31 |  | $ | 332,272 |  |  | $ | 15,472 |  |  | $ | 347,744 |  |  | $ | 44,531 |  |  | $ | 392,275 |

(1) | Other insurance contract liabilities are comprised of benefits payable and provisions for unreported claims and policyholder amounts on deposit.

(2) | In 2022, the $34,971 decrease reported as the change in insurance contract liabilities on the 2022 Consolidated Statements of Income primarily consists of changes due to normal in-force movement, new policies, changes in methods and assumptions, and reinsurance transactions. These four items in the gross insurance contract liabilities were netted off by a decrease of $34,719, of which $35,830 is included in the Consolidated Statements of Income as a decrease in insurance contract liabilities and $1,111 increase is included in gross claims and benefits. The Consolidated Statements of Income change in insurance contract liabilities also includes the change in embedded derivatives associated with insurance contracts, however these embedded derivatives are included in other liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

(3) | In 2022, we completed two transactions to reinsure blocks of legacy U.S. variable annuity (“VA”) policies. Under the terms of the transactions, the Company will retain responsibility for the maintenance of the policies with no intended impact to VA policyholders. The transactions were structured as coinsurance for the general fund liabilities and modified coinsurance for the segregated fund liabilities.

(4) | In 2021, the $10,719 increase reported as the change in insurance contract liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Income primarily consists of changes due to normal in-force movement, new policies and changes in methods and assumptions. These three items in the gross insurance contract liabilities were netted off by an increase of $11,125, of which $9,868 is included in the Consolidated Statements of Income increase in insurance contract liabilities and $1,257 is included in gross claims and benefits. The Consolidated Statements of Income change in insurance contract liabilities also includes the change in embedded derivatives associated with insurance contracts.

(h) Actuarial methods and assumptions
A comprehensive review of actuarial methods and assumptions is performed annually. The review is designed to reduce the Company’s exposure to uncertainty by ensuring assumptions for both asset and liability related risks remain appropriate. This is accomplished by monitoring experience and selecting assumptions which represent a current best estimate view of expected future experience, and margins for adverse deviations that are appropriate for the risks assumed. While the assumptions selected represent the Company’s current best estimates and assessment of risk, the ongoing monitoring of experience and changes in the economic environment are likely to result in future changes to the actuarial assumptions, which could materially impact the measurement of insurance contract liabilities.
2022 Review of Actuarial Methods and Assumptions
The completion of the 2022 annual review of actuarial methods and assumptions resulted in a decrease in insurance contract liabilities, net of reinsurance, of $80, and a net gain to net income attributed to shareholders of $36
post-tax.

|  | Change in insurance contract liabilities, net of reinsurance |  |  |  |
For the year ended December 31, 2022 |  | Total |  |  | Attributed to participating policyholders’ account (1) |  |  | Attributed to shareholders’ account |  |  | Change in net income attributed to shareholders (post-tax) |
Long-term care triennial review |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | (15 | )
Mortality and morbidity updates |  |  | 157 |  |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | 162 |  |  |  | (126 | )
Lapses and policyholder behaviour updates |  |  | 317 |  |  |  | 74 |  |  |  | 243 |  |  |  | (192 | )
Investment related updates |  |  | (210 | ) |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (209 | ) |  |  | 157 |
Other updates |  |  | (363 | ) |  |  | (145 | ) |  |  | (218 | ) |  |  | 212 |
Net impact |  | $ | (80 | ) |  | $ | (77 | ) |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | 36 |

(1) | The change in insurance contract liabilities, net of reinsurance, attributable to the participating policyholders’ account was primarily driven by an increase in expected long-term interest rates within the valuation models to reflect the higher interest rate environment, partially offset by the lapse assumption update in Canada.

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Long-term care triennial review
U.S. Insurance completed a comprehensive long-term care (“LTC”) experience study. The review included all aspects of claim assumptions, as well as the progress on future premium rate increases. The impact of the LTC review resulted in a net $15
post-tax
charge to net income attributed to shareholders.
The experience study showed that claim costs established in the last triennial review remain appropriate in aggregate for the older blocks of business
1
supported by robust claims data on this mature block. Insurance contract liabilities were strengthened for claim costs on the newer block of business
2
. This was driven by lower active life mortality
3
supported by Company experience and a recent industry study, as well as higher utilization of benefits, which included the impact of reflecting higher inflation in the
cost-of-care
up to the current year. The Company also reviewed and updated incidence and claim termination assumptions which, on a net basis, provided a partial offset to the increase in insurance contract liabilities on active life mortality and utilization. In addition, some policyholders are electing to reduce their benefits in lieu of paying increased premiums which resulted in a reduction in insurance contract liabilities. The overall claims experience review led to a
post-tax
charge to net income attributed to shareholders of approximately $2.3 billion (US$1.7 billion).
Experience continues to support the assumptions of both future morbidity and mortality improvement, resulting in no changes to these assumptions.
As of September 30, 2022, the Company has received actual premium increase approvals of $2.5 billion
pre-tax
(US$1.9 billion
pre-tax)
on a present value basis since the last triennial review in 2019. This aligns with the full amount assumed in the Company’s insurance contract liabilities at that time and demonstrates the Company’s continued strong track record of progress in securing premium rate increases
4
.
In 2022, the review of future premium increases assumed in insurance contract liabilities resulted in a
post-tax
gain to net income attributed to shareholders of approximately $2.1 billion (US$1.6 billion). This reflects expected future premium increases that are due to the Company’s 2022 review of morbidity, mortality, and lapse assumptions, as well as outstanding amounts from prior state filings. Premium increases averaging approximately 30% will be sought on about
one-half
of the business, excluding the carryover of 2019 amounts requested. The Company’s assumptions reflect the estimated timing and amount of state approved premium increases.
Other refinements to LTC valuation resulted in a
post-tax
gain of approximately $0.2 billion (US$0.2 billion) to net income attributed to shareholders.
Mortality and morbidity updates
Mortality and morbidity updates resulted in a $126
post-tax
charge to net income attributed to shareholders, driven by a detailed review of the mortality and morbidity assumptions for the Company’s Canada insurance business, and by updates to morbidity assumptions in Vietnam to align with experience.
Lapses and policyholder behaviour updates
Updates to lapses and policyholder behaviour assumptions resulted in a $192
post-tax
charge to net income attributed to shareholders.
The Company completed a detailed review of lapse assumptions for Singapore, and increased lapse rates to align with experience on index-linked products, which reduced projected future fee income to be received on these products.
The Company also increased lapse rates on Canada’s term insurance products for policies approaching their renewal date, reflecting emerging experience in the Company’s study.
Investment-related updates
Updates to investment return assumptions resulted in a $157
post-tax
gain to net income attributed to shareholders, primarily driven by annual updates to the Company’s valuation models to reflect market movements during the year. No changes were made to the Company’s long-term assumed returns.
Other updates
Other updates resulted in a $212
post-tax
gain to net income attributed to shareholders, which included refinements to the projection of the Company’s tax and liability cash flows, as well as various other modelling updates.

1 | First generation policies issued prior to 2002.

2 | Second generation policies with an average issue date of 2007 and Group policies with an average issue date of 2003.

3 | The mortality rate of LTC policyholders who are currently not on claim.

4 | Actual experience obtaining premium increases could be materially different than what the Company has assumed, resulting in further increases or decreases in insurance contract liabilities, which could be material.

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2021 Review of Actuarial Methods and Assumptions
The completion of the 2021 annual review of actuarial methods and assumptions resulted in an increase in insurance contract liabilities of $287, net of reinsurance, and a decrease in net income attributed to shareholders of $41
post-tax.

|  | Change in insurance contract liabilities, net of reinsurance |  |  |  |
For the year ended December 31, 2021 |  | Total |  |  | Attributed to participating policyholders’ account (1) |  |  | Attributed to shareholders’ account |  |  | Change in net income attributed to shareholders (post-tax) |
U.S. variable annuity product review |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | (40 | )
Mortality and morbidity updates |  |  | 350 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 350 |  |  |  | (257 | )
Lapses and policyholder behaviour updates |  |  | 686 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 668 |  |  |  | (534 | )
Expense updates |  |  | (653 | ) |  |  | (25 | ) |  |  | (628 | ) |  |  | 503 |
Investment related updates |  |  | (257 | ) |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (255 | ) |  |  | 168 |
Other updates |  |  | 110 |  |  |  | 231 |  |  |  | (121 | ) |  |  | 119 |
Net impact |  | $ | 287 |  |  | $ | 222 |  |  | $ | 65 |  |  | $ | (41 | )

(1) | The change in insurance contract liabilities, net of reinsurance, attributable to the participating policyholders’ account was primarily driven by a reduction in the expected long-term interest rates within the valuation models to reflect the low interest rate environment.

U.S. variable annuity product review
The review of the Company’s variable annuity products in the U.S. resulted in a $40
post-tax
charge to net income attributed to shareholders.
The charge was primarily driven by updates to lapse assumptions to reflect emerging experience, partially offset by refinements to the Company’s segregated fund guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit valuation models.
Mortality and morbidity updates
Mortality and morbidity updates resulted in a $257
post-tax
charge to net income attributed to shareholders.
The charge was driven by updates to older age mortality on certain products in the Company’s U.S. life insurance business, mortality assumption updates in Indonesia to reflect recent experience, as well as from refining assumptions on several reinsurance arrangements in Canada.
Lapses and policyholder behaviour updates
Updates to lapses and policyholder behaviour assumptions resulted in a $534
post-tax
charge to net income attributed to shareholders.
The Company completed a detailed review of lapse assumptions for
non-participating
policies within the Company’s U.S. life insurance business including those for universal life, variable universal life, and term products. The Company observed a trend of low lapse rates on the protection-focused universal life insurance products as consumers continue to value the product guarantees in the prolonged low interest rate environment. The Company lowered the overall lapse assumptions for these products to reflect actual experience, which resulted in a
post-tax
charge to net income attributed to shareholders.
Other updates to lapse and policyholder behaviour assumptions were made across several products in Canada and Japan to reflect recent experience, resulting in a modest
post-tax
charge to net income attributed to shareholders.
Expense updates
Updates to expense assumptions resulted in a $503
post-tax
gain to net income attributed to shareholders
.
The Company completed a detailed review of the investment expense assumptions across the Company. This resulted in a $263
post-tax
gain to net income attributed to shareholders, primarily driven by scale benefits.
The Company also completed a global expense study, which resulted in a $256
post-tax
gain to net income attributed to shareholders. The favourable result primarily reflects a reallocation of expenses across certain business lines to align with actual experience, as well as from expense savings related to various expense efficiency initiatives.
Investment-related updates
Updates to investment return assumptions resulted in a $168
post-tax
gain to net income attributed to shareholders.
The primary driver of the gain was an update to the Company’s corporate bond default rates to reflect recent experience; the Company reduced default assumptions for certain credit ratings in Canada, the U.S., and Japan. This was partially offset by a reduction to the Company’s Canadian real estate investment return assumptions.
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Other updates
Other updates resulted in a $119
post-tax
gain to net income attributed to shareholders.
This was primarily driven by Japan, whereby investment fees for certain mandates in the general account provided by affiliate investment managers were reviewed and updated to align with broader market levels.
(i) Insurance contracts contractual obligations
Insurance contracts give rise to obligations fixed by agreement. As at December 31, 2022, the Company’s contractual obligations and commitments relating to insurance contracts are as follows.

Payments due by period |  | Less than 1 year |  |  | 1 to 3 years |  |  | 3 to 5 years |  |  | Over 5 years |  |  | Total |
Insurance contract liabilities (1) |  | $ | 11,498 |  |  | $ | 12,365 |  |  | $ | 18,496 |  |  | $ | 1,012,611 |  |  | $ | 1,054,970 |

(1) | Insurance contract liability cash flows include estimates related to the timing and payment of death and disability claims, policy surrenders, policy maturities, annuity payments, minimum guarantees on segregated fund products, policyholder dividends, commissions and premium taxes offset by contractual future premiums on in-force contracts. These estimated cash flows are based on the best estimate assumptions used in the determination of insurance contract liabilities. These amounts are undiscounted and reflect recoveries from reinsurance agreements. Due to the use of assumptions, actual cash flows may differ from these estimates. Cash flows include embedded derivatives measured separately at fair value.

(j) Gross claims and benefits
The following table presents a breakdown of gross claims and benefits.

For the years ended December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Death, disability and other claims |  | $ | 19,404 |  |  | $ | 18,583 |
Maturity and surrender benefits |  |  | 10,662 |  |  |  | 8,728 |
Annuity payments |  |  | 3,242 |  |  |  | 3,276 |
Policyholder dividends and experience rating refunds |  |  | 1,279 |  |  |  | 1,255 |
Net transfers from segregated funds |  |  | (1,267 | ) |  |  | (732 | )
Total |  | $ | 33,320 |  |  | $ | 31,110 |

(k) Reinsurance transaction
On November 15, 2021 and October 3, 2022, the Company, through its subsidiaries John Hancock Life Insurance Company (U.S.A.) (“JHUSA”) and John Hancock Life Insurance Company of New York (“JHNY”) entered into reinsurance agreements with Venerable Holdings, Inc. to reinsure blocks of legacy U.S. variable annuity (“VA”) policies. Under the terms of the transactions, the Company will retain responsibility for the maintenance of the policies with no intended impact to VA policyholders. The transactions were structured as coinsurance for the general fund liabilities and modified coinsurance for the segregated fund liabilities.
The transactions closed on February 1, 2022 and October 3, 2022, respectively, resulting in a cumulative
after-tax
gain of $806, comprising a cumulative
after-tax
gain of $846 recognized in 2022, and a
one-time
after-tax
loss of $40 recognized in the fourth quarter 2021.
Note 8 Investment Contract Liabilities
Investment contract liabilities are contractual obligations that do not contain significant insurance risk. These contracts are measured either at fair value or at amortized cost.
(a) Investment contract liabilities measured at fair value
Investment contract liabilities measured at fair value include certain investment savings and pension products sold primarily in Hong Kong and mainland China. The following table presents the movement in investment contract liabilities measured at fair value.

For the years ended December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Balance, January 1 |  | $ | 802 |  |  | $ | 932 |
New policies |  |  | 93 |  |  |  | 54 |
Changes in market conditions |  |  | (39 | ) |  |  | (38 | )
Redemptions, surrenders and maturities |  |  | (106 | ) |  |  | (138 | )
Impact of changes in foreign exchange rates |  |  | 46 |  |  |  | (8 | )
Balance, December 31 |  | $ | 796 |  |  | $ | 802 |

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(b) Investment contract liabilities measured at amortized cost
Investment contract liabilities measured at amortized cost include several fixed annuity products sold in the U.S. and Canada that provide guaranteed income payments for a contractually determined period and are not contingent on survivorship.
The following table presents carrying and fair values of investment contract liabilities measured at amortized cost.

|  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  | 2021 |
As at December 31, |  | Amortized cost, gross of reinsurance ceded (1) |  |  | Fair value |  |  |  |  |  | Amortized cost, gross of reinsurance ceded (1) |  |  | Fair value |
U.S. fixed annuity products |  | $ | 1,575 |  |  | $ | 1,547 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,380 |  |  | $ | 1,602 |
Canadian fixed annuity products |  |  | 877 |  |  |  | 956 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 935 |  |  |  | 1,016 |
Investment contract liabilities |  | $ | 2,452 |  |  | $ | 2,503 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,315 |  |  | $ | 2,618 |

(1) | As at December 31, 2022, investment contract liabilities with the carrying value and fair value of $38 and $38, respectively (2021 – $48 and $52, respectively), were reinsured by the Company. The net carrying value and fair value of investment contract liabilities were $2,414 and $2,465 (2021 – $2,267 and $2,566), respectively.

The changes in investment contract liabilities measured at amortized cost was a result of the following business activities.

For the years ended December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Balance, January 1 |  | $ | 2,315 |  |  | $ | 2,356 |
Policy deposits |  |  | 200 |  |  |  | 92 |
Interest |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | 71 |
Withdrawals |  |  | (236 | ) |  |  | (191 | )
Fees |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (1 | )
Other |  |  | – |  |  |  | (5 | )
Impact of changes in foreign exchange rates |  |  | 107 |  |  |  | (7 | )
Balance, December 31 |  | $ | 2,452 |  |  | $ | 2,315 |

Carrying value of fixed annuity products is amortized at a rate that exactly discounts the projected actual cash flows to the net carrying amount of the liability at the date of issue.
Fair value of fixed annuity products is determined by projecting cash flows according to the contract terms and discounting the cash flows at current market rates adjusted for the Company’s own credit standing. As at December 31, 2022 and 2021, fair value of all investment contract liabilities was determined using Level 2 valuation techniques.
(c) Investment contracts contractual obligations
As at December 31, 2022, the Company’s contractual obligations and commitments relating to the investment contracts are as follows.

Payments due by period |  | Less than 1 year |  |  | 1 to 3 years |  |  | 3 to 5 years |  |  | Over 5 years |  |  | Total |
Investment contract liabilities (1) |  | $ | 300 |  |  | $ | 511 |  |  | $ | 514 |  |  | $ | 3,365 |  |  | $ | 4,690 |

(1) | Due to the nature of the products, the timing of net cash flows may be before contract maturity. Cash flows are undiscounted.

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Note 9 Risk Management
The Company’s policies and procedures for managing risks of financial instruments are disclosed in denoted components of the “Risk Management and Risk Factors” section of the MD&A for the year ended December 31, 2022. These MD&A disclosures are in accordance with IFRS 7 “Financial Instruments: Disclosures” and are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
(a) Credit risk
Credit risk is the risk of loss due to inability or unwillingness of a borrower, or counterparty, to fulfill its payment obligations. Worsening regional and global economic conditions, segment or industry sector challenges, or company specific factors could result in defaults or downgrades and could lead to increased provisions or impairments related to the Company’s general fund invested assets, derivative financial instruments and reinsurance assets and an increase in provisions for future credit impairments that are included in actuarial liabilities.
The Company’s exposure to credit risk is managed through risk management policies and procedures which include a defined credit evaluation and adjudication process, delegated credit approval authorities and established exposure limits by borrower, corporate connection, credit rating, industry and geographic region. The Company measures derivative counterparty exposure as net potential credit exposure, which takes into consideration
mark-to-market
values of all transactions with each counterparty, net of any collateral held, and an allowance to reflect future potential exposure. Reinsurance counterparty exposure is measured reflecting the level of ceded liabilities.
The Company also ensures where warranted, that mortgages, private placements and loans to Bank clients are secured by collateral, the nature of which depends on the credit risk of the counterparty.
An allowance for losses on loans is established when a loan becomes impaired. Allowances for loan losses are calculated to reduce the carrying value of the loans to estimated net realizable value. The establishment of such allowances takes into consideration normal historical credit loss levels and future expectations, with an allowance for adverse deviations. In addition, policy liabilities include general provisions for credit losses from future asset impairments. Impairments are identified through regular monitoring of all credit related exposures, considering such information as general market conditions, industry and borrower specific credit events and any other relevant trends or conditions. Allowances for losses on reinsurance contracts are established when a reinsurance counterparty becomes unable or unwilling to fulfill its contractual obligations. The allowance for loss is based on current recoverable amounts and ceded policy liabilities.
Credit risk associated with derivative counterparties is discussed in note 9(d) and credit risk associated with reinsurance counterparties is discussed in note 9(i).
(i) Credit exposure
The following table presents the gross carrying amount of financial instruments subject to credit exposure, without considering any collateral held or other credit enhancements.

As at December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Debt securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FVTPL |  | $ | 170,273 |  |  | $ | 189,722 |
AFS |  |  | 32,220 |  |  |  | 33,097 |
Other |  |  | 1,411 |  |  |  | 1,320 |
Mortgages |  |  | 54,638 |  |  |  | 52,014 |
Private placements |  |  | 47,057 |  |  |  | 42,842 |
Policy loans |  |  | 6,894 |  |  |  | 6,397 |
Loans to Bank clients |  |  | 2,781 |  |  |  | 2,506 |
Derivative assets |  |  | 8,588 |  |  |  | 17,503 |
Accrued investment income |  |  | 2,813 |  |  |  | 2,641 |
Reinsurance assets |  |  | 47,712 |  |  |  | 44,579 |
Other financial assets |  |  | 6,077 |  |  |  | 6,242 |
Total |  | $ | 380,464 |  |  | $ | 398,863 |

As at December 31, 2022, 96% (2021 – 97%) of debt securities were investment grade-rated with ratings ranging between AAA to BBB.
(ii) Credit quality
Credit quality of commercial mortgages and private placements
Credit quality of commercial mortgages and private placements is assessed at least annually by using an internal rating based on regular monitoring of credit-related exposures, considering both qualitative and quantitative factors.
A provision is recorded when the internal risk ratings indicate that a loss represents the most likely outcome. These assets are designated as
non-accrual
and an allowance is established based on an analysis of the security and repayment sources.

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The following table presents the credit quality of commercial mortgages and private placements.

As at December 31, 2022 |  | AAA |  |  | AA |  |  | A |  |  | BBB |  |  | BB |  |  | B and lower |  |  | Total |
Commercial mortgages |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retail |  | $ | 113 |  |  | $ | 1,526 |  |  | $ | 4,872 |  |  | $ | 2,055 |  |  | $ | 194 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 8,762 |
Office |  |  | 102 |  |  |  | 1,460 |  |  |  | 5,950 |  |  |  | 1,471 |  |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | 9,073 |
Multi-family residential |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | 2,213 |  |  |  | 3,751 |  |  |  | 892 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 7,367 |
Industrial |  |  | 72 |  |  |  | 929 |  |  |  | 3,312 |  |  |  | 407 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 4,720 |
Other |  |  | 180 |  |  |  | 990 |  |  |  | 798 |  |  |  | 764 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2,732 |
Total commercial mortgages |  |  | 967 |  |  |  | 7,118 |  |  |  | 18,683 |  |  |  | 5,589 |  |  |  | 262 |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 32,654 |
Agricultural mortgages |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 119 |  |  |  | 240 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 359 |
Private placements |  |  | 904 |  |  |  | 6,991 |  |  |  | 16,534 |  |  |  | 17,176 |  |  |  | 1,105 |  |  |  | 4,347 |  |  |  | 47,057 |
Total |  | $ | 1,871 |  |  | $ | 14,109 |  |  | $ | 35,336 |  |  | $ | 23,005 |  |  | $ | 1,367 |  |  | $ | 4,382 |  |  | $ | 80,070 |
As at December 31, 2021 |  | AAA |  |  | AA |  |  | A |  |  | BBB |  |  | BB |  |  | B and lower |  |  | Total |
Commercial mortgages |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retail |  | $ | 113 |  |  | $ | 1,340 |  |  | $ | 5,179 |  |  | $ | 1,936 |  |  | $ | 228 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 8,798 |
Office |  |  | 56 |  |  |  | 1,256 |  |  |  | 6,004 |  |  |  | 1,291 |  |  |  | 87 |  |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | 8,734 |
Multi-family residential |  |  | 557 |  |  |  | 1,869 |  |  |  | 3,771 |  |  |  | 767 |  |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 6,996 |
Industrial |  |  | 47 |  |  |  | 376 |  |  |  | 2,808 |  |  |  | 328 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 3,559 |
Other |  |  | 212 |  |  |  | 1,010 |  |  |  | 787 |  |  |  | 956 |  |  |  | 47 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 3,012 |
Total commercial mortgages |  |  | 985 |  |  |  | 5,851 |  |  |  | 18,549 |  |  |  | 5,278 |  |  |  | 394 |  |  |  | 42 |  |  |  | 31,099 |
Agricultural mortgages |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 119 |  |  |  | 242 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 361 |
Private placements |  |  | 976 |  |  |  | 5,720 |  |  |  | 16,147 |  |  |  | 16,220 |  |  |  | 1,161 |  |  |  | 2,618 |  |  |  | 42,842 |
Total |  | $ | 1,961 |  |  | $ | 11,571 |  |  | $ | 34,815 |  |  | $ | 21,740 |  |  | $ | 1,555 |  |  | $ | 2,660 |  |  | $ | 74,302 |

Credit quality of residential mortgages and loans to Bank clients
Credit quality of residential mortgages and loans to Bank clients is assessed at least annually with the loan being performing or
non-performing
as the key credit quality indicator.
Full or partial write-offs of loans are recorded when management believes that there is no realistic prospect of full recovery. Write-offs, net of recoveries, are deducted from the allowance for credit losses. All impairments are captured in the allowance for credit losses.
The following table presents credit quality of residential mortgages and loans to Bank clients.

|  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  | 2021 |
As at December 31, |  | Insured |  |  | Uninsured |  |  | Total |  |  |  |  |  | Insured |  |  | Uninsured |  |  | Total |
Residential mortgages |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 7,015 |  |  | $ | 14,569 |  |  | $ | 21,584 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,264 |  |  | $ | 13,272 |  |  | $ | 20,536 |
Non-performing (1) |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | 41 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 18 |
Loans to Bank clients |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | 2,778 |  |  |  | 2,778 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | 2,506 |  |  |  | 2,506 |
Non-performing (1) |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Total |  | $ | 7,023 |  |  | $ | 17,383 |  |  | $ | 24,406 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,270 |  |  | $ | 15,790 |  |  | $ | 23,060 |

(1) | Non-performing refers to payments that are 90 days or more past due.

The carrying value of government-insured mortgages was 13% of the total mortgage portfolio as at December 31, 2022 (2021 – 14%). Most of these insured mortgages are residential loans as classified in the table above.
(iii) Past due or credit impaired financial assets
The Company provides for credit risk by establishing allowances against the carrying value of impaired loans and recognizing impairment losses on AFS debt securities. In addition, the Company reports as impairment losses certain declines in the fair value of debt securities designated as FVTPL which it deems represent impairments due to
non-recoverability
of due amounts.
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The following table presents the carrying value of financial assets with some or all of their contractual payments past due but which are not impaired and impaired financial assets.

|  | Past due but not impaired |  |  |  |
As at December 31, 2022 |  | Less than 90 days |  |  | 90 days and greater |  |  | Total |  |  | Total impaired |
Debt securities (1),(2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FVTPL |  | $ | 2,059 |  |  | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 2,130 |  |  | $ | 9 |
AFS |  |  | 922 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 922 |  |  |  | – |
Private placements (1) |  |  | 317 |  |  |  | 152 |  |  |  | 469 |  |  |  | 229 |
Mortgages and loans to Bank clients |  |  | 103 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 103 |  |  |  | 74 |
Other financial assets |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 70 |  |  |  | 1 |
Total |  | $ | 3,437 |  |  | $ | 257 |  |  | $ | 3,694 |  |  | $ | 313 |
|  | Past due but not impaired |  |  |  |
As at December 31, 2021 |  | Less than 90 days |  |  | 90 days and greater |  |  | Total |  |  | Total impaired |
Debt securities (1),(2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FVTPL |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 2 |
AFS |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Private placements (1) |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | 175 |
Mortgages and loans to Bank clients |  |  | 61 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 61 |  |  |  | 51 |
Other financial assets |  |  | 261 |  |  |  | 47 |  |  |  | 308 |  |  |  | – |
Total |  | $ | 405 |  |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 452 |  |  | $ | 228 |

(1) | Payments of $ 12 on $ 3,297 (December 31, 2021 – $ nil and $ 20 , respectively) of financial assets past due less than 90 days are delayed.

(2) | Payments of $ 4 on $ 224 (December 31, 2021 – $ nil and $ nil , respectively) of financial assets past due greater than 90 days are delayed.

The following table presents gross carrying value and allowances for loan losses for impaired loans.

As at December 31, 2022 |  | Gross carrying value |  |  | Allowances for loan losses |  |  | Net carrying value |
Private placements |  | $ | 254 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 229 |
Mortgages and loans to Bank clients |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 74 |
Total |  | $ | 350 |  |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 303 |
As at December 31, 2021 |  | Gross carrying value |  |  | Allowances for loan losses |  |  | Net carrying value |
Private placements |  | $ | 197 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 175 |
Mortgages and loans to Bank clients |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 51 |
Total |  | $ | 270 |  |  | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | 226 |

The following table presents movement of allowance for loan losses during the year.

|  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  | 2021 |
For the years ended December 31, |  | Private placements |  |  | Mortgages and loans to Bank clients |  |  | Total |  |  |  |  |  | Private placements |  |  | Mortgages and loans to Bank clients |  |  | Total |
Balance, January 1 |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 44 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 79 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 107 |
Provisions |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 26 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 26 |
Recoveries |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (20 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (58 | ) |  |  | (16 | ) |  |  | (74 | )
Write-offs (1) |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (15 | )
Balance, December 31 |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 47 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 44 |

(1) | Includes disposals and impact of changes in foreign exchange rates.

(b) Securities lending, repurchase and reverse repurchase transactions
The Company en
g
ages in securities lending to generate fee income. Collateral exceeding the market value of the loaned securities is retained by the Company until the underlying security has been returned to the Company. The market value of the loaned securities is monitored daily and additional collateral is obtained or refunded as the market value of the underlying loaned securities fluctuates. As at December 31, 2022, the Company had loaned securities (which are included in invested assets) with a market value of $723 (2021 – $564). The Company holds collateral with a current market value that exceeds the value of securities lent in all cases.

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The Company engages in reverse repurchase transactions to generate fee income to take possession of securities to cover short positions in similar instruments and to meet short-term funding requirements. As at December 31, 2022, the Company had engaged in reverse repurchase transactions of $895 (2021 – $1,490) which are recorded as short-term receivables. In addition, the Company had engaged in repurchase transactions of $895 as at December 31, 2022 (2021 – $536) which are recorded as payables.
(c) Credit default swaps
The Company replicates exposure to specific issuers by selling credit protection via credit default swaps (“CDS”) to complement its cash debt securities investing. The Company does not write CDS protection more than its government bond holdings. A CDS is a derivative instrument representing an agreement between two parties to exchange the credit risk of a single specified entity or an index based on the credit risk of a group of entities (all commonly referred to as the “reference entity” or a portfolio of “reference entities”), in return for a periodic premium. CDS contracts typically have a five-year term.
The following table presents details of the credit default swap protection sold by type of contract and external agency rating for the underlying reference security.

As at December 31, 2022 |  | Notional amount (1) |  |  | Fair value |  |  | Weighted average maturity (in years) (2) |
Single name CDS (3) – Corporate debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
A |  | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  |  | 4 |
BBB |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1 |
Total single name CDS |  | $ | 159 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  |  | 4 |
Total CDS protection sold |  | $ | 159 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  |  | 4 |
As at December 31, 2021 |  | Notional amount (1) |  |  | Fair value |  |  | Weighted average maturity (in years) (2) |
Single name CDS (3) – Corporate debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
A |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | – |  |  |  | 1 |
BBB |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 2 |
Total single name CDS |  | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  |  | 2 |
Total CDS protection sold |  | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  |  | 2 |

(1) | Notional amounts represent the maximum future payments the Company would have to pay its CDS counterparties assuming a default of the underlying credit and zero recovery on the underlying issuer obligations.

(2) | The weighted average maturity of the CDS is weighted based on notional amounts.

(3) | Ratings are based on S&P where available followed by Moody’s, DBRS, and Fitch. If no rating is available from a rating agency, an internally developed rating is used.

The Company held no purchased credit protection as at December 31, 2022 and 2021.
(d) Derivatives
The Company’s
point-in-time
exposure to losses related to credit risk of a derivative counterparty is limited to the amount of any net gains that may have accrued with the particular counterparty. Gross derivative counterparty exposure is measured as the total fair value (including accrued interest) of all outstanding contracts in a gain position excluding any offsetting contracts in a loss position and the impact of collateral on hand. The Company limits the risk of credit losses from derivative counterparties by using investment grade counterparties, entering into master netting arrangements which permit the offsetting of contracts in a loss position in the case of a counterparty default and entering into Credit Support Annex agreements whereby collateral must be provided when the exposure exceeds a certain threshold. All contracts are held with or guaranteed by investment grade counterparties, the majority of whom are rated
A-
or higher. As at December 31, 2022, the percentage of the Company’s derivative exposure with counterparties rated
AA-
or higher was 36 per cent (2021 – 17 per cent). The Company’s exposure to credit risk was mitigated by $2,194 fair value of collateral held as security as at December 31, 2022 (2021 – $10,121).
As at December 31, 2022, the largest single counterparty exposure, without taking into consideration the impact of master netting agreements or the benefit of collateral held, was $1,582 (2021 – $2,132). The net exposure to this counterparty, after taking into consideration master netting agreements and the fair value of collateral held, was $nil (2021 – $nil). As at December 31, 2022, the total maximum credit exposure related to derivatives across all counterparties, without taking into consideration the impact of master netting agreements and the benefit of collateral held, was $9,072 (2021 – $18,226).
(e) Offsetting financial assets and financial liabilities
Certain derivatives, securities lent and repurchase agreements have conditional offset rights. The Company does not offset these financial instruments in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position, as the rights of offset are conditional.
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In the case of derivatives, collateral is collected from and pledged to counterparties and clearing houses to manage credit risk exposure in accordance with Credit Support Annexes to swap agreements and clearing agreements. Under master netting agreements, the Company has a right of offset in the event of default, insolvency, bankruptcy or other early termination.
In the case of reverse repurchase and repurchase transactions, additional collateral may be collected from or pledged to counterparties to manage credit exposure according to bilateral reverse repurchase or repurchase agreements. In the event of default by a reverse purchase transaction counterparty, the Company is entitled to liquidate the collateral held to offset against the same counterparty’s obligation.
The following table presents the effect of conditional master netting and similar arrangements. Similar arrangements may include global master repurchase agreements, global master securities lending agreements, and any related rights to financial collateral pledged or received.

|  |  |  |  | Related amounts not set off in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position |  |  |  |  |  |  |
As at December 31, 2022 |  | Gross amounts of financial instruments (1) |  |  | Amounts subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or similar agreements |  |  | Financial and cash collateral pledged (received) (2) |  |  | Net amount including financing entity (3) |  |  | Net amounts excluding financing entity |
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative assets |  | $ | 9,072 |  |  | $ | (7,170 | ) |  | $ | (1,687 | ) |  | $ | 215 |  |  | $ | 215 |
Securities lending |  |  | 723 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (723 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Reverse repurchase agreements |  |  | 895 |  |  |  | (779 | ) |  |  | (116 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Total financial assets |  | $ | 10,690 |  |  | $ | (7,949 | ) |  | $ | (2,526 | ) |  | $ | 215 |  |  | $ | 215 |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative liabilities |  | $ | (15,151 | ) |  | $ | 7,170 |  |  | $ | 7,834 |  |  | $ | (147 | ) |  | $ | (103 | )
Repurchase agreements |  |  | (895 | ) |  |  | 779 |  |  |  | 116 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Total financial liabilities |  | $ | (16,046 | ) |  | $ | 7,949 |  |  | $ | 7,950 |  |  | $ | (147 | ) |  | $ | (103 | )
|  |  |  |  | Related amounts not set off in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position |  |  |  |  |  |  |
As at December 31, 2021 |  | Gross amounts of financial instruments (1) |  |  | Amounts subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or similar agreements |  |  | Financial and cash collateral pledged (received) (2) |  |  | Net amount including financing entity (3) |  |  | Net amounts excluding financing entity |
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative assets |  | $ | 18,226 |  |  | $ | (8,410 | ) |  | $ | (9,522 | ) |  | $ | 294 |  |  | $ | 294 |
Securities lending |  |  | 564 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (564 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Reverse repurchase agreements |  |  | 1,490 |  |  |  | (183 | ) |  |  | (1,307 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Total financial assets |  | $ | 20,280 |  |  | $ | (8,593 | ) |  | $ | (11,393 | ) |  | $ | 294 |  |  | $ | 294 |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative liabilities |  | $ | (10,940 | ) |  | $ | 8,410 |  |  | $ | 2,250 |  |  | $ | (280 | ) |  | $ | (79 | )
Repurchase agreements |  |  | (536 | ) |  |  | 183 |  |  |  | 353 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Total financial liabilities |  | $ | (11,476 | ) |  | $ | 8,593 |  |  | $ | 2,603 |  |  | $ | (280 | ) |  | $ | (79 | )

(1) | Financial assets and liabilities include accrued interest of $488 and $862, respectively (2021 – $725 and $902, respectively).

(2) | Financial and cash collateral exclude over-collateralization. As at December 31, 2022, the Company was over-collateralized on OTC derivative assets, OTC derivative liabilities, securities lending and reverse repurchase agreements and repurchase agreements in the amounts of $507, $1,528, $63 and $nil, respectively (2021 – $599, $875, $36 and $2, respectively). As at December 31, 2022, collateral pledged (received) does not include collateral-in-transit on OTC instruments or initial margin on exchange traded contracts or cleared contracts.

(3) | Includes derivative contracts entered between the Company and its financing entity which it does not consolidate. The Company does not exchange collateral on derivative contracts entered with this entity. Refer to note 18.

The Company also has certain credit linked note assets and variable surplus note liabilities which have unconditional offsetting rights. Under the netting agreements, the Company has rights of offset including in the event of the Company’s default, insolvency, or bankruptcy. These financial instruments are offset in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

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A credit linked note is a fixed income instrument the term of which, in this case, is linked to a variable surplus note. A surplus note is a subordinated debt obligation that often qualifies as surplus (the U.S. statutory equivalent of equity) by some U.S. state insurance regulators. Interest payments on surplus notes are made after all other contractual payments are made. The following table presents the effect of unconditional netting.

As at December 31, 2022 |  | Gross amounts of financial instruments |  |  | Amounts subject to an enforceable netting arrangement |  |  | Net amounts of financial instruments |
Credit linked note (1) |  | $ | 1,242 |  |  | $ | (1,242 | ) |  | $ | – |
Variable surplus note |  |  | (1,242 | ) |  |  | 1,242 |  |  |  | – |
As at December 31, 2021 |  | Gross amounts of financial instruments |  |  | Amounts subject to an enforceable netting arrangement |  |  | Net amounts of financial instruments |
Credit linked note (1) |  | $ | 1,054 |  |  |  | $ (1,054 | ) |  | $ | – |
Variable surplus note |  |  | (1,054 | ) |  |  | 1,054 |  |  |  | – |

(1) | As at December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had no fixed surplus notes outstanding, refer to note 19(g).

(f) Risk concentrations
The Company defines enterprise-wide investment portfolio level targets and limits to ensure that portfolios are diversified across asset classes and individual investment risks. The Company monitors actual investment positions and risk exposures for concentration risk and reports its findings to the Executive Risk Committee and the Risk Committee of the Board of Directors.

As at December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Debt securities and private placements rated as investment grade BBB or higher (1) |  |  | 96% |  |  |  | 97% |
Government debt securities as a per cent of total debt securities |  |  | 36% |  |  |  | 36% |
Government private placements as a per cent of total private placements |  |  | 10% |  |  |  | 11% |
Highest exposure to a single non-government debt security and private placement issuer |  | $ | 1,006 |  |  | $ | 1,167 |
Largest single issuer as a per cent of the total equity portfolio |  |  | 2% |  |  |  | 2% |
Income producing commercial office properties (2022 – 41% of real estate, 2021 – 47%) |  | $ | 5,486 |  |  | $ | 6,244 |
Largest concentration of mortgages and real estate (2) – Ontario Canada (2022 – 27%, 2021 – 28%) |  | $ | 18,343 |  |  | $ | 18,253 |

(1) | Investment grade debt securities and private placements include 39% rated A, 17% rated AA and 14% rated AAA (2021 – 39%, 17% and 15%) investments based on external ratings where available.

(2) | Mortgages and real estate investments are diversified geographically and by property type.

The following table presents debt securities and private placements portfolio by sector and industry.

|  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  | 2021 |
As at December 31, |  | Carrying value |  |  | % of total |  |  |  |  |  | Carrying value |  |  | % of total |
Government and agency |  | $ | 77,236 |  |  |  | 31 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 84,244 |  |  |  | 32 |
Utilities |  |  | 46,315 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 48,372 |  |  |  | 18 |
Financial |  |  | 38,808 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 38,905 |  |  |  | 15 |
Consumer |  |  | 31,556 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 32,671 |  |  |  | 12 |
Energy |  |  | 16,314 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 19,637 |  |  |  | 7 |
Industrial |  |  | 23,823 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 24,727 |  |  |  | 9 |
Other |  |  | 16,909 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18,425 |  |  |  | 7 |
Total |  | $ | 250,961 |  |  |  | 100 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 266,981 |  |  |  | 100 |

(g) Insurance risk
Insurance risk is the risk of loss due to actual experience for mortality and morbidity claims, policyholder behaviour and expenses emerging differently than assumed when a product was designed and priced. A variety of assumptions are made related to these experience factors, for reinsurance costs, and for sales levels when products are designed and priced, as well as in the determination of policy liabilities. Assumptions for future claims are generally based on both Company and industry experience, and assumptions for future policyholder behaviour and expenses are generally based on Company experience. Such assumptions require significant professional judgment, and actual experience may be materially different than the assumptions made by the Company. Claims may be impacted unexpectedly by changes in the prevalence of diseases or illnesses, medical and technology advances, widespread lifestyle changes, natural disasters, large-scale
man-made
disasters and acts of terrorism. Policyholder behaviour including premium payment patterns, policy renewals, lapse rates and withdrawal and surrender activity are influenced by many factors including market and general economic conditions, and the availability and relative attractiveness of other products in the marketplace. Some reinsurance rates are not guaranteed and may be changed unexpectedly. Adjustments the Company seeks to make to
Non-Guaranteed
elements to reflect changing experience factors may be challenged by regulatory or legal action and the Company may be unable to implement them or may face delays in implementation.
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The Company manages insurance risk through global policies, standards and best practices with respect to product design, pricing, underwriting and claim adjudication, and a global underwriting manual. Each business unit establishes underwriting policies and procedures, including criteria for approval of risks and claims adjudication policies and procedures. The current global life retention limit is US$30 for individual policies (US$35 for survivorship life policies) and is shared across businesses. Lower limits are applied in some markets and jurisdictions. The Company aims to further reduce exposure to claims concentrations by applying geographical aggregate retention limits for certain covers. Enterprise-wide, the Company aims to reduce the likelihood of high aggregate claims by operating globally, insuring a wide range of unrelated risk events, and reinsuring some risk.
(h) Concentration risk
The geographic concentration of the Company’s insurance and investment contract liabilities, including embedded derivatives, is shown below. The disclosure is based on the countries in which the business is written.

As at December 31, 2022 |  | Gross liabilities |  |  | Reinsurance assets |  |  | Net liabilities |
U.S. and Canada |  | $ | 251,305 |  |  | $ | (45,898 | ) |  | $ | 205,407 |
Asia and Other |  |  | 123,808 |  |  |  | (1,814 | ) |  |  | 121,994 |
Total |  | $ | 375,113 |  |  | $ | (47,712 | ) |  | $ | 327,401 |
As at December 31, 2021 |  | Gross liabilities |  |  | Reinsurance assets |  |  | Net liabilities |
U.S. and Canada |  | $ | 271,090 |  |  | $ | (42,806 | ) |  | $ | 228,284 |
Asia and Other |  |  | 124,398 |  |  |  | (1,773 | ) |  |  | 122,625 |
Total |  | $ | 395,488 |  |  | $ | (44,579 | ) |  | $ | 350,909 |

(i) Reinsurance risk
In the normal course of business, the Company limits the amount of loss on any one policy by reinsuring certain levels of risk with other insurers. In addition, the Company accepts reinsurance from other reinsurers. Reinsurance ceded does not discharge the Company’s liability as the primary insurer. Failure of reinsurers to honour their obligations could result in losses to the Company; consequently, allowances are established for amounts deemed uncollectible. To minimize losses from reinsurer insolvency, the Company monitors the concentration of credit risk both geographically and with any one reinsurer. In addition, the Company selects reinsurers with high credit ratings.
As at December 31, 2022, the Company had $47,712 (2021 – $44,579) of reinsurance assets. Of this, 91 per cent (2021 – 94 per cent) were ceded to reinsurers with Standard and Poor’s ratings of
A-
or above. The Company’s exposure to credit risk was mitigated by $25,247 fair value of collateral held as security as at December 31, 2022 (2021 – $25,466). Net exposure after considering offsetting agreements and the benefit of the fair value of collateral held was $22,465 as at December 31, 2022 (2021 – $19,113).
Note 10 Long-Term Debt
(a) Carrying value of long-term debt instruments

As at December 31, |  | Issue date |  | Maturity date |  | Par value |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
3.050% Senior notes (1),(2) |  | August 27, 2020 |  | August 27, 2060 |  | US$ 1,155 |  | $ | 1,559 |  |  | $ | 1,455 |
5.375% Senior notes (1),(3) |  | March 4, 2016 |  | March 4, 2046 |  | US$ 750 |  |  | 1,004 |  |  |  | 939 |
3.703% Senior notes (1),(4) |  | March 16, 2022 |  | March 16, 2032 |  | US$ 750 |  |  | 1,011 |  |  |  | – |
2.396% Senior notes (1),(5) |  | June 1, 2020 |  | June 1, 2027 |  | US$ 200 |  |  | 270 |  |  |  | 253 |
2.484% Senior notes (1),(5) |  | May 19, 2020 |  | May 19, 2027 |  | US$ 500 |  |  | 674 |  |  |  | 630 |
3.527% Senior notes (1),(3) |  | December 2, 2016 |  | December 2, 2026 |  | US$ 270 |  |  | 365 |  |  |  | 342 |
4.150% Senior notes (1),(3) |  | March 4, 2016 |  | March 4, 2026 |  | US$ 1,000 |  |  | 1,351 |  |  |  | 1,263 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,234 |  |  | $ | 4,882 |

(1) | These U.S. dollar senior notes have been designated as hedges of the Company’s net investment in its U.S. operations which reduces the earnings volatility that would otherwise arise from the re-measurement of these senior notes into Canadian dollars.

(2) | MFC may redeem the notes in whole, but not in part, on August 27, 2025, and thereafter on every August 27 at a redemption price equal to par, together with accrued and unpaid interest. Issue costs are amortized to the earliest par redemption date.

(3) | MFC may redeem the senior notes in whole or in part, at any time, at a redemption price equal to the greater of par and a price based on the yield of a corresponding U.S. Treasury bond, from redemption date to the respective maturity date, plus a specified number of basis points. The specified number of basis points is as follows: 5.375% -40 bps, 3.527% - 20 bps, and 4.150% - 35 bps. Issue costs are amortized over the term of the debt.

(4) | Issued by MFC during the first quarter, interest is payable semi-annually. The Company may redeem the senior notes in whole or in part, at any time, at a redemption price equal to the greater of par and a price based on the yield of a corresponding U.S. Treasury bond, from redemption date to December 16, 2031, plus 25 bps, together with accrued and unpaid interest. Issue costs are amortized over the term of the debt.

(5) | MFC may redeem the senior notes in whole or in part, at any time, at a redemption price equal to the greater of par and a price based on the yield of a corresponding U.S. Treasury bond, from redemption date to two months before the respective maturity date, plus a specified number of basis points. The specified number of basis points is as follows: 2.396% - 30 bps, and 2.484% - 30 bps. Issuance costs are amortized over the term of the debt.

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The cash amount of interest paid on long-term debt during the year ended December 31, 2022 was $204 (2021 – $210).
(b) Fair value measurement
Fair value of long-term debt instruments is determined using the following hierarchy:
Level 1 – Fair value is determined using quoted market prices where available.
Level 2 – When quoted market prices are not available, fair value is determined with reference to quoted prices of similar debt instruments or estimated using discounted cash flows based on observable market rates.
The Company measures long-term debt at amortized cost in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. As at December 31, 2022, the fair value of long-term debt was $5,587 (2021 – $5,439). Fair value of long-term debt was determined using Level 2 valuation techniques (2021 – Level 2).
(c) Aggregate maturities of long-term
debt

As at December 31 |  | Less than 1 year |  |  | 1 to 3 years |  |  | 3 to 5 years |  |  | Over 5 years |  |  | Total |
2022 |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 2,661 |  |  | $ | 3,573 |  |  | $ | 6,234 |
2021 |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1,605 |  |  |  | 3,277 |  |  |  | 4,882 |

Note 11 Capital Instruments
(a) Carrying value of capital instruments

As at December 31, |  | Issuance date |  |  | Earliest par redemption date |  |  | Maturity date |  |  | Par value |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
JHFC Subordinated notes (1),(2) |  |  | December 14, 2006 |  |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | December 15, 2036 |  |  | $ | 650 |  |  | $ | 647 |  |  | $ | 647 |
2.818% MFC Subordinated debentures (1),(3) |  |  | May 12, 2020 |  |  |  | May 13, 2030 |  |  |  | May 13, 2035 |  |  | $ | 1,000 |  |  |  | 996 |  |  |  | 995 |
4.061% MFC Subordinated notes (1),(4),(5) |  |  | February 24, 2017 |  |  |  | February 24, 2027 |  |  |  | February 24, 2032 |  |  | US$ | 750 |  |  |  | 1,013 |  |  |  | 947 |
2.237% MFC Subordinated debentures (1),(6) |  |  | May 12, 2020 |  |  |  | May 12, 2025 |  |  |  | May 12, 2030 |  |  | $ | 1,000 |  |  |  | 998 |  |  |  | 997 |
3.00% MFC Subordinated notes (1),(7) |  |  | November 21, 2017 |  |  |  | November 21, 2024 |  |  |  | November 21, 2029 |  |  | S$ | 500 |  |  |  | 504 |  |  |  | 469 |
3.049% MFC Subordinated debentures (1),(8) |  |  | August 18, 2017 |  |  |  | August 20, 2024 |  |  |  | August 20, 2029 |  |  | $ | 750 |  |  |  | 749 |  |  |  | 748 |
3.317% MFC Subordinated debentures (1),(8) |  |  | May 9, 2018 |  |  |  | May 9, 2023 |  |  |  | May 9, 2028 |  |  | $ | 600 |  |  |  | 600 |  |  |  | 599 |
3.181% MLI Subordinated debentures (9) |  |  | November 20, 2015 |  |  |  | November 22, 2022 |  |  |  | November 22, 2027 |  |  | $ | 1,000 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 999 |
7.375% JHUSA Surplus notes (10) |  |  | February 25, 1994 |  |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | February 15, 2024 |  |  | US$ | 450 |  |  |  | 615 |  |  |  | 579 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,122 |  |  | $ | 6,980 |

(1) | The Company is monitoring regulatory and market developments globally with respect to the interest rate benchmark reform. As reference interest rates for these capital instruments could potentially be discontinued in the future, the Company will take appropriate actions in due course to accomplish the necessary transitions or replacements. As at December 31, 2022, capital instruments of $647 (2021 – $647) have interest rate referencing CDOR. In addition, capital instruments of $3,343, $1,013, and $504 (2021 – $4,338, $947, and $469, respectively) have interest rate reset in the future referencing CDOR, the USD Mid-Swap rate, and the SGD swap rate, respectively.

(2) | Issued by Manulife Holdings (Delaware) LLC (“MHDLL”), now John Hancock Financial Corporation (“JHFC”), a wholly owned subsidiary of MFC, to Manulife Finance (Delaware) LLC (“MFLLC”), a subsidiary of Manulife Finance (Delaware) L.P. (“MFLP”). MFLP and its subsidiaries are wholly owned unconsolidated related parties of the Company. The notes bear interest at a floating rate equal to the 90-day Bankers’ Acceptance rate plus 0.72%. With regulatory approval, JHFC may redeem the note, in whole or in part, at any time, at par, together with accrued and unpaid interest. Refer to note 18.

(3) | Issued by MFC, interest is payable semi-annually. After May 13, 2030, the interest rate will reset to equal 3-month CDOR plus 1.82%. With regulatory approval, MFC may redeem the debentures, in whole, or in part, on or after May 13, 2025, at a redemption price together with accrued and unpaid interest. If the redemption date is on or after May 13, 2025, but prior to May 13, 2030, the redemption price shall be the greater of: (i) the Canada yield price as defined in the prospectus; and (ii) par. If the redemption date is on or after May 13, 2030, the redemption price shall be equal to par.

(4) | On the earliest par redemption date, the interest rate will reset to equal the 5-Year US Dollar Mid-Swap Rate plus 1.647%. With regulatory approval, MFC may redeem the debentures, in whole, but not in part, on the earliest par redemption date, at a redemption price equal to par, together with accrued and unpaid interest.

(5) | Designated as a hedge of the Company’s net investment in its U.S. operations which reduces the earnings volatility that would otherwise arise from the re-measurement of the subordinated notes into Canadian dollars.

(6) | Issued by MFC, interest is payable semi-annually. After May 12, 2025, the interest rate will reset to equal 3-month CDOR plus 1.49%. With regulatory approval, MFC may redeem the debentures, in whole, or in part, on or after May 12, 2025, at a redemption price equal to par, together with accrued and unpaid interest.

(7) | On the earliest par redemption date, the interest rate will reset to equal the 5-Year Singapore Dollar Swap Rate plus 0.832%. With regulatory approval, MFC may redeem the debentures, in whole, but not in part, on the earliest par redemption date and thereafter on each interest payment date, at a redemption price equal to par, together with accrued and unpaid interest.

(8) | Interest is fixed for the period up to the earliest par redemption date, thereafter, the interest rate will reset to a floating rate equal to the 3-month CDOR plus a specified number of basis points. The specified number of basis points is as follows: 3.049% - 105 bps, 3.317% - 78 bps. With regulatory approval, MFC may redeem the debentures, in whole or in part, on or after the earliest par redemption date, at a redemption price equal to par, together with accrued and unpaid interest.

(9) | MLI redeemed in full the 3.181% MLI subordinated debentures at par, on November 22, 2022, the earliest par redemption date.

(10) | Issued by John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company, now John Hancock Life Insurance Company (U.S.A.). Any payment of interest or principal on the surplus notes requires prior approval from the Department of Insurance and Financial Services of the State of Michigan. The carrying value of the surplus notes reflects an unamortized fair value increment of US$5 (2021 – US$9), which arose as a result of the acquisition of John Hancock Financial Services, Inc. The amortization of the fair value adjustment is recorded in interest expense.

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(b) Fair value measurement
Fair value of capital instruments is determined using the following hierarchy:
Level 1 – Fair value is determined using quoted market prices where available.
Level 2 – When quoted market prices are not available, fair value is determined with reference to quoted prices of similar debt instruments or estimated using discounted cash flows based on observable market rates.
The Company measures capital instruments at amortized cost in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. As at December 31, 2022, the fair value of capital instruments was $5,737 (2021 – $7,213). Fair value of capital instruments was determined using Level 2 valuation techniques (2021 – Level 2).
Note 12 Equity Capital and Earnings Per Share
The authorized capital of MFC consists of:

• |  | an unlimited number of common shares without nominal or par value; and

• |  | an unlimited number of Class A, Class B and Class 1 preferred shares without nominal or par value, issuable in series.

(a) Preferred shares and other equity instruments
The following table presents information about the outstanding preferred shares and other equity instruments as at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

As at December 31, 2022 |  | Issue date |  | Annual dividend/ distribution rate (1) |  |  | Earliest redemption date (2),(3) |  | Number of shares (in millions) |  |  | Face amount |  |  | Net amount (4) |
| 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Preferred shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Class A preferred shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Series 2 |  | February 18, 2005 |  |  | 4.65% |  |  | n/a |  |  | 14 |  |  | $ | 350 |  |  | $ | 344 |  |  | $ | 344 |
Series 3 |  | January 3, 2006 |  |  | 4.50% |  |  | n/a |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 300 |  |  |  | 294 |  |  |  | 294 |
Class 1 preferred shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Series 3 (5),(6) |  | March 11, 2011 |  |  | 2.348% |  |  | June 19, 2026 |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 163 |  |  |  | 160 |  |  |  | 160 |
Series 4 (7) |  | June 20, 2016 |  |  | floating |  |  | June 19, 2026 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 36 |
Series 7 (8) |  | February 22, 2012 |  |  | 4.312% |  |  | March 19, 2022 |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 250 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 244 |
Series 9 (5),(6),(9) |  | May 24, 2012 |  |  | 5.978% |  |  | September 19, 2027 |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 250 |  |  |  | 244 |  |  |  | 244 |
Series 11 (5),(6) |  | December 4, 2012 |  |  | 4.731% |  |  | March 19, 2023 |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 200 |  |  |  | 196 |  |  |  | 196 |
Series 13 (5),(6) |  | June 21, 2013 |  |  | 4.414% |  |  | September 19, 2023 |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 200 |  |  |  | 196 |  |  |  | 196 |
Series 15 (5),(6) |  | February 25, 2014 |  |  | 3.786% |  |  | June 19, 2024 |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 200 |  |  |  | 195 |  |  |  | 195 |
Series 17 (5),(6) |  | August 15, 2014 |  |  | 3.80% |  |  | December 19, 2024 |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 350 |  |  |  | 343 |  |  |  | 343 |
Series 19 (5),(6) |  | December 3, 2014 |  |  | 3.675% |  |  | March 19, 2025 |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 250 |  |  |  | 246 |  |  |  | 246 |
Series 23 (8) |  | November 22, 2016 |  |  | 4.85% |  |  | March 19, 2022 |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 475 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 467 |
Series 25 (5),(6) |  | February 20, 2018 |  |  | 4.70% |  |  | June 19, 2023 |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 250 |  |  |  | 245 |  |  |  | 245 |
Other equity instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Limited recourse capital notes (10) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Series 1 (11) |  | February 19, 2021 |  |  | 3.375% |  |  | May 19, 2026 |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | 2,000 |  |  |  | 1,982 |  |  |  | 1,982 |
Series 2 (11) |  | November 12, 2021 |  |  | 4.100% |  |  | February 19, 2027 |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | 1,200 |  |  |  | 1,189 |  |  |  | 1,189 |
Series 3 (11) |  | June 16, 2022 |  |  | 7.117% |  |  | June 19, 2027 |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | 1,000 |  |  |  | 990 |  |  |  | – |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 131 |  |  | $ | 7,475 |  |  | $ | 6,660 |  |  | $ | 6,381 |

(1) | Holders of Class A and Class 1 preferred shares are entitled to receive non-cumulative preferential cash dividends on a quarterly basis, as and when declared by the Board of Directors. Non-deferrable distributions are payable to all LRCN holders semi-annually at the Company’s discretion.

(2) | Redemption of all preferred shares is subject to regulatory approval. MFC may redeem each series, in whole or in part, at par, on the earliest redemption date or every five years thereafter, except for Class A Series 2, Class A Series 3 and Class 1 Series 4 preferred shares. Class A Series 2 and Series 3 preferred shares are past their respective earliest redemption date and MFC may redeem these preferred shares, in whole or in part, at par at any time, subject to regulatory approval, as noted. MFC may redeem the Class 1 Series 4 preferred shares, in whole or in part, at any time, at $25.00 per share if redeemed on June 19, 2026 (the earliest redemption date) and on June 19 every five years thereafter, or at $25.50 per share if redeemed on any other date after June 19, 2021, subject to regulatory approval, as noted.

(3) | Redemption of all LRCN series notes is subject to regulatory approval. MFC may at its option redeem each series in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to par, together with accrued and unpaid interest. The redemption period for Series 1 is every five years during the period from May 19 to and including June 19, commencing in 2026. The redemption period for Series 2 is every five years during the period from February 19 to and including March 19, commencing in 2027. After the first redemption date, the redemption period for Series 3 is every five years during the period from May 19 to and including June 19, commencing in 2032.

(4) | Net of after-tax issuance costs.

(5) | On the earliest redemption date and every five years thereafter, the annual dividend rate will be reset to the five-year Government of Canada bond yield plus a yield specified for each series. The specified yield for Class 1 preferred shares is: Series 3 – 1.41%, Series 9 – 2.86%, Series 11 – 2.61%, Series 13 – 2.22%, Series 15 – 2.16%, Series 17 – 2.36%, Series 19 – 2.30% and Series 25 – 2.55%.

(6) | On the earliest redemption date and every five years thereafter, Class 1 preferred shares are convertible at the option of the holder into a new series that is one number higher than their existing series, and the holders are entitled to non-cumulative preferential cash dividends, payable quarterly if and when declared by the Board of Directors, at a rate equal to the three-month Government of Canada Treasury bill yield plus the rate specified in footnote 5 above.

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(7) | The floating dividend rate for the Class 1 Series 4 preferred shares equals the three-month Government of Canada Treasury bill yield plus 1.41%.

(8) | MFC redeemed in full the Class 1 Series 7 and Class 1 Series 23 preferred shares at par, on March 19, 2022, which is the earliest redemption date.

(9) | MFC did not exercise its right to redeem all or any of the outstanding Class 1 Series 9 preferred shares on September 19, 2022, which is the earliest redemption date. The dividend rate was reset as specified in footnote 5 above to an annual fixed rate of 5.978%, for a five-year period commencing on September 20, 2022.

(10) | Non-payment of distributions or principal on any LRCN series notes when due will result in a recourse event. The recourse of each noteholder will be limited to their proportionate amount of the Limited Resource Trust’s assets which comprise of Class 1 Series 27 preferred shares for LRCN Series 1 notes, Class 1 Series 28 preferred shares for LRCN Series 2 notes, and Class 1 Series 29 preferred shares for LRCN Series 3 notes. All claims of the holders of LRCN series notes against MFC will be extinguished upon receipt of the corresponding trust assets. The Class 1 Series 27, Class 1 Series 28, and Class 1 Series 29 preferred shares are eliminated on consolidation while being held in the Limited Recourse Trust.

(11) | The LRCN Series 1 distribute at a fixed rate of 3.375% payable semi-annually, until June 18, 2026; on June 19, 2026 and every five years thereafter until June 19, 2076, the rate will be reset at a rate equal to the five-year Government of Canada yield as defined in the prospectus, plus 2.839%. The LRCN Series 2 distribute at a fixed rate of 4.10% payable semi-annually, until March 18, 2027; on March 19, 2027 and every five years thereafter until March 19, 2077, the rate will be reset at a rate equal to the five-year Government of Canada yield as defined in the prospectus, plus 2.704 %. The LRCN Series 3 distribute at a fixed rate of 7.117% payable semi-annually, until June 18, 2027; on June 19, 2027 and every five years thereafter until June 19, 2077, the rate will be reset at a rate equal to the five-year Government of Canada yield as defined in the prospectus, plus 3.95%.

(b) Common shares
The following table presents changes in common shares issued and outstanding.

|  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  | 2021 |
For the years ended December 31, |  | Number of shares (in millions) |  |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  | Number of shares (in millions) |  |  | Amount |
Balance, January 1 |  |  | 1,943 |  |  | $ | 23,093 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,940 |  |  | $ | 23,042 |
Repurchased for cancellation |  |  | (79 | ) |  |  | (938 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Issued on exercise of stock options and deferred share units |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 23 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 51 |
Total |  |  | 1,865 |  |  | $ | 22,178 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,943 |  |  | $ | 23,093 |

Normal Course Issuer Bid
On February 1, 2022, the Company announced that the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) approved a normal course issuer bid (“NCIB”) permitting the purchase for cancellation of up to
97
million common shares. Under this NCIB which commenced on February 3, 2022, and expired on February 2, 2023, MFC purchased for cancellation
85.8
million
of its common shares at an average price of
$
23.99
per share for a total cost of
$
2,060
,
which represent 4.4
% of its issued and outstanding common shares.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company purchased and subsequently cancelled
78.9
million shares for $1,884. Of this, $938 was recorded in common shares and $946 was recorded in retained earnings in the Consolidated Statements
of Changes in Equity.
On February 15, 2023, the Company announced, subject to the approval of the TSX, its intention to launch an NCIB permitting the purchase for cancellation of up to 55.7 million common shares, representing approximately 3% of its issued and outstanding common shares. Purchases under the NCIB may commence after the TSX has accepted the notice of intention and continue for up to one year, or such earlier date as the Company completes its purchases.
(c) Earnings per share
The following table presents basic and diluted earnings per common share of the Company.

For the years ended December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Basic earnings per common share |  | $ | 3.68 |  |  | $ | 3.55 |
Diluted earnings per common share |  |  | 3.68 |  |  |  | 3.54 |

The following is a reconciliation of the number of shares in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share.

For the years ended December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Weighted average number of common shares (in millions) |  |  | 1,910 |  |  |  | 1,942 |
Dilutive stock-based awards (1) (in millions) |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 4 |
Weighted average number of diluted common shares (in millions) |  |  | 1,913 |  |  |  | 1,946 |

(1) | The dilutive effect of stock-based awards was calculated using the treasury stock method. This method calculates the number of incremental shares by assuming the outstanding stock-based awards are (i) exercised and (ii) then reduced by the number of shares assumed to be repurchased from the issuance proceeds, using the average market price of MFC common shares for the year. Excluded from the calculation was a weighted average of 9 million (2021 – nil million) anti-dilutive stock-based awards.

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(d) Quarterly dividend declaration subsequent to year end
On February 15, 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a quarterly dividend of $0.365 per share on the common shares of MFC, payable on or after March 20, 2023 to shareholders of record at the close of business on February 28, 2023.
The Board also declared dividends on the following
non-cumulative
preferred shares, payable on or after March 19, 2023 to shareholders of record at the close of business on February 28, 2023.

Class A Shares Series 2 – $0.29063 per share |  | Class 1 Shares Series 13 – $0.275875 per share
Class A Shares Series 3 – $0.28125 per share |  | Class 1 Shares Series 15 – $0.236625 per share
Class 1 Shares Series 3 – $0.14675 per share |  | Class 1 Shares Series 17 – $0.2375 per share
Class 1 Shares Series 4 – $0.34089 per share |  | Class 1 Shares Series 19 – $0.229688 per share
Class 1 Shares Series 9 – $0.373625 per share |  | Class 1 Shares Series 25 – $0.29375 per share
Class 1 Shares Series 11 – $0.295688 per share |  |

Note 13 Capital Management
(a) Capital management
The Company monitors and manages its consolidated capital in compliance with the Life Insurance Capital Adequacy Test (“LICAT”) guideline, the capital framework issued by the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (“OSFI”). Under the capital framework, the Company’s consolidated capital resources, including available capital, surplus allowance, and eligible deposits, are measured against the base solvency buffer, which is the risk-based capital requirement determined in accordance with the guideline.
The Company’s operating activities are primarily conducted within MLI and its subsidiaries. MLI is also regulated by OSFI and is therefore subject to consolidated risk-based capital requirements using the OSFI LICAT framework.
The Company seeks to manage its capital with the objectives of:

• |  | Operating with sufficient capital to be able to honour all commitments to its policyholders and creditors with a high degree of confidence;

• |  | Retaining the ongoing confidence of regulators, policyholders, rating agencies, investors and other creditors in order to ensure access to capital markets; and

• |  | Optimizing return on capital to meet shareholders’ expectations subject to constraints and considerations of adequate levels of capital established to meet the first two objectives.

Capital is managed and monitored in accordance with the Capital Management Policy. The policy is reviewed and approved by the Board of Directors annually and is integrated with the Company’s risk and financial management frameworks. It establishes guidelines regarding the quantity and quality of capital, internal capital mobility, and proactive management of ongoing and future capital requirements.
The capital management framework considers the requirements of the Company as a whole as well as the needs of each of the Company’s subsidiaries. Internal capital targets are set above the regulatory requirements, and consider a number of factors, including expectations of regulators and rating agencies, results of sensitivity and stress testing and the Company’s own risk assessments. The Company monitors against these internal targets and initiates actions appropriate to achieving its business objectives.
Consolidated capital, based on accounting standards, is presented in the table below for MFC. For regulatory reporting purposes, under the LICAT framework, the numbers are further adjusted for various additions or deductions to capital as mandated by the guidelines used by OSFI.
Consolidated capital

As at December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Total equity |  | $ | 56,379 |  |  | $ | 58,869 |
Exclude AOCI gain/(loss) on cash flow hedges |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | (156 | )
Total equity excluding AOCI on cash flow hedges |  |  | 56,371 |  |  |  | 59,025 |
Qualifying capital instruments |  |  | 6,122 |  |  |  | 6,980 |
Consolidated capital |  | $ | 62,493 |  |  | $ | 66,005 |

(b) Restrictions on dividends and capital distributions
Dividends and capital distributions are restricted under the Insurance Companies Act (“ICA”). These restrictions apply to both MFC and its primary operating subsidiary MLI. The ICA prohibits the declaration or payment of any dividend on shares of an insurance company if there are reasonable grounds for believing a company does not have adequate capital and adequate and appropriate forms of liquidity or the declaration or the payment of the dividend would cause the company to be in contravention of any regulation made under the ICA respecting the maintenance of adequate capital and adequate and appropriate forms of liquidity, or of any direction made to the company

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by OSFI. The ICA also requires an insurance company to notify OSFI of the declaration of a dividend at least 15 days prior to the date fixed for its payment. Similarly, the ICA prohibits the purchase for cancellation of any shares issued by an insurance company or the redemption of any redeemable shares or other similar capital transactions, if there are reasonable grounds for believing that the company does not have adequate capital and adequate and appropriate forms of liquidity or the payment would cause the company to be in contravention of any regulation made under the ICA respecting the maintenance of adequate capital and adequate and appropriate forms of liquidity, or any direction made to the company by OSFI. These latter transactions would require the prior approval of OSFI.
The ICA requires Canadian insurance companies to maintain adequate levels of capital at all times.
Since MFC is a holding company that conducts all of its operations through regulated insurance subsidiaries (or companies owned directly or indirectly by these subsidiaries), its ability to pay future dividends will depend on the receipt of sufficient funds from its regulated insurance subsidiaries. These subsidiaries are also subject to certain regulatory restrictions under laws in Canada, the United States and certain other countries that may limit their ability to pay dividends or make other upstream distributions.
Note 14 Revenue from Service Contracts
The Company provides investment management services, transaction processing and administrative services and distribution and related services to proprietary and third-party investment funds, retirement plans, group benefit plans, institutional investors and other arrangements. The Company also provides real estate management services to tenants of the Company’s investment properties.
The Company’s service contracts generally impose single performance obligations, each consisting of a series of similar related services for each customer.
The Company’s performance obligations within service arrangements are generally satisfied over time as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of the services rendered, measured using an output method. Fees typically include variable consideration and the related revenue is recognized to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty is subsequently resolved.
Asset based fees vary with asset values of accounts under management, subject to market conditions and investor behaviors beyond the Company’s control. Transaction processing and administrative fees vary with activity volume, also beyond the Company’s control. Some fees, including distribution fees, are based on account balances and transaction volumes. Fees related to account balances and transaction volumes are measured daily. Real estate management service fees include fixed portions plus recovery of variable costs of services rendered to tenants. Fees related to services provided are generally recognized as services are rendered, which is when it becomes highly probable that no significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will occur. The Company has determined that its service contracts have no significant financing components because fees are collected monthly. The Company has no significant contract assets or contract liabilities.
The following tables present revenue from service contracts by service lines and reporting segments as disclosed in note 20.

For the year ended December 31, 2022 |  | Asia |  |  | Canada |  |  | U.S. |  |  | Global WAM |  |  | Corporate and Other |  |  | Total |
Investment management and other related fees |  | $ | 234 |  |  | $ | 242 |  |  | $ | 445 |  |  | $ | 3,079 |  |  | $ | (250 | ) |  | $ | 3,750 |
Transaction processing, administration, and service fees |  |  | 292 |  |  |  | 866 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 2,416 |  |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | 3,579 |
Distribution fees and other |  |  | 143 |  |  |  | 43 |  |  |  | 76 |  |  |  | 868 |  |  |  | (44 | ) |  |  | 1,086 |
Total included in other revenue |  |  | 669 |  |  |  | 1,151 |  |  |  | 534 |  |  |  | 6,363 |  |  |  | (302 | ) |  |  | 8,415 |
Revenue from non-service lines |  |  | 789 |  |  |  | 275 |  |  |  | (76 | ) |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | (226 | ) |  |  | 749 |
Total other revenue |  | $ | 1,458 |  |  | $ | 1,426 |  |  | $ | 458 |  |  | $ | 6,350 |  |  | $ | (528 | ) |  | $ | 9,164 |
Real estate management services included in net investment income |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 136 |  |  | $ | 126 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 305 |
For the year ended December 31, 2021 |  | Asia |  |  | Canada |  |  | U.S. |  |  | Global WAM |  |  | Corporate and Other |  |  | Total |
Investment management and other related fees |  | $ | 217 |  |  | $ | 230 |  |  | $ | 499 |  |  | $ | 3,198 |  |  | $ | (247 | ) |  | $ | 3,897 |
Transaction processing, administration, and service fees |  |  | 287 |  |  |  | 918 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 2,517 |  |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | 3,723 |
Distribution fees and other |  |  | 251 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 65 |  |  |  | 799 |  |  |  | (54 | ) |  |  | 1,081 |
Total included in other revenue |  |  | 755 |  |  |  | 1,168 |  |  |  | 576 |  |  |  | 6,514 |  |  |  | (312 | ) |  |  | 8,701 |
Revenue from non-service lines |  |  | 941 |  |  |  | 168 |  |  |  | 1,248 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | 2,431 |
Total other revenue |  | $ | 1,696 |  |  | $ | 1,336 |  |  | $ | 1,824 |  |  | $ | 6,513 |  |  | $ | (237 | ) |  | $ | 11,132 |
Real estate management services included in net investment income |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 126 |  |  | $ | 128 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 298 |

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Note 15 Stock-Based Compensation
(a) Stock options
The Company grants stock options under its Executive Stock Option Plan (“ESOP”) to selected individuals. The options provide the holder the right to purchase MFC common shares at an exercise price equal to the higher of the prior day, prior
five-day
or prior
ten-day
average closing market price of the shares on the Toronto Stock Exchange on the date the options are granted. The options vest over a period not exceeding four years and expire not more than 10 years from the grant date. Effective with the 2015 grant, options may only be exercised after the fifth-year anniversary. A total of 73,600,000 common shares have been reserved for issuance under the ESOP.
Options outstanding

|  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  | 2021 |
For the years ended December 31, |  | Number of options (in millions) |  |  | Weighted average exercise price |  |  |  |  |  | Number of options (in millions) |  |  | Weighted average exercise price |
Outstanding, January 1 |  |  | 21 |  |  | $ | 22.09 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 24 |  |  | $ | 21.74 |
Granted |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Exercised |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 16.15 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 18.34 |
Expired |  |  | – |  |  |  | 24.63 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 24.73 |
Forfeited |  |  | – |  |  |  | 23.96 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 23.96 |
Outstanding, December 31 |  |  | 20 |  |  | $ | 22.42 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 21 |  |  | $ | 22.09 |
Exercisable, December 31 |  |  | 10 |  |  | $ | 20.91 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  |  | $ | 18.94 |

|  | Options outstanding |  |  |  |  |  | Options exercisable |
For the year ended December 31, 2022 |  | Number of options (in millions) |  |  | Weighted average exercise price |  |  | Weighted average remaining contractual life (in years) |  |  |  |  |  | Number of options (in millions) |  |  | Weighted average exercise price |  |  | Weighted average remaining contractual life (in years) |
$12.64—$20.99 |  |  | 4 |  |  | $ | 17.42 |  |  |  | 2.91 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |  | $ | 17.42 |  |  |  | 2.91 |
$21.00—$24.83 |  |  | 16 |  |  | $ | 23.58 |  |  |  | 4.94 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  |  | $ | 23.08 |  |  |  | 2.95 |
Total |  |  | 20 |  |  | $ | 22.42 |  |  |  | 4.56 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |  |  | $ | 20.91 |  |  |  | 2.93 |

No stock options were granted in 2022 or 2021.
Compensation expense related to stock options was $5 for the year ended December 31, 2022 (2021 – $9).
(b) Deferred share units
In 2000, the Company granted deferred share units (“DSUs”) on a
one-time
basis to certain employees under the ESOP. These DSUs vest over a three-year period and each DSU entitles the holder to receive one common share on retirement or termination of employment. When dividends are paid on common shares, holders of DSUs are deemed to receive dividends at the same rate, payable in the form of additional DSUs. The number of these DSUs outstanding was 166,000 as at December 31, 2022 (2021 – 188,000).
In addition, for certain employees and pursuant to the Company’s deferred compensation program, the Company grants DSUs under the Restricted Share Units (“RSUs”) Plan which entitle the holder to receive payment in cash equal to the value of the same number of common shares plus credited dividends on retirement or termination of employment. In 2022, the Company granted 30,000 DSUs to certain employees which vest after 36 months (2021 – 34,000). In 2022, 106,000 DSUs (2021 – 26,000) were granted to certain employees who elected to defer receipt of all or part of their annual bonus. These DSUs vested immediately.
Under the Stock Plan for
Non-Employee
Directors, each eligible director may elect to receive his or her annual director’s retainer and fees in DSUs (which vest immediately) or common shares in lieu of cash. In 2022, 116,000 DSUs (2021 – 101,000) were issued under this arrangement. Upon termination of the Board service, an eligible director who has elected to receive DSUs will be entitled to receive cash equal to the value of the DSUs accumulated in his or her account, or at his or her direction, an equivalent number of common shares. The Company is allowed to issue up to one million common shares under this plan after which awards may be settled using shares purchased in the open market.

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The fair value of 252,000 DSUs issued during the year was $24.15 per unit as at December 31, 2022 (2021 – 161,000 at $24.11 per unit).

For the years ended December 31, Number of DSUs (in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Outstanding, January 1 |  |  | 2,079 |  |  |  | 2,169 |
Issued |  |  | 252 |  |  |  | 161 |
Reinvested |  |  | 126 |  |  |  | 100 |
Redeemed |  |  | (75 | ) |  |  | (345 | )
Forfeitures and cancellations |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | (6 | )
Outstanding, December 31 |  |  | 2,373 |  |  |  | 2,079 |

Of the DSUs outstanding as at December 31, 2022, 166,000 (2021 – 188,000) entitle the holder to receive common shares, 977,000 (2021 – 840,000) entitle the holder to receive payment in cash and 1,230,000 (2021 – 1,051,000) entitle the holder to receive payment in cash or common shares, at the option of the holder.
Compensation expense related to DSUs was $7 for the year ended December 31, 2022 (2021 – $6
)
.
The carrying and fair value of the DSUs liability as at December 31, 2022 was $53 (2021 – $46) and was included in other liabilities.
(c) Restricted share units and performance share units
For the year ended December 31, 2022, 8.6 million RSUs (2021 – 6.8 million) and 1.7 million PSUs (2021 – 1.5 million) were granted to certain eligible employees under MFC’s Restricted Share Unit Plan. The fair value of the RSUs and PSUs granted during the year was $24.15 per unit as at December 31, 2022 (2021 – $24.11 per unit). Each RSU and PSU entitles the holder to receive payment equal to the market value of one common share, plus credited dividends, at the time of vesting, subject to any performance conditions.
RSUs and PSUs granted in March 2022 will vest after 36 months from their grant date and the related compensation expense is recognized over this period, unless the employee is eligible to retire at the time of grant or will be eligible to retire during the vesting period, in which case the cost is recognized at the grant date or over the period between the grant date and the date on which the employee is eligible to retire, respectively. Compensation expense related to RSUs and PSUs was $158 and $23, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2022 (2021 – $135 and $31, respectively).
The carrying and fair value of the RSUs and PSUs liability as at December 31, 2022 was $388 (2021 – $362) and was included in other liabilities.
(d) Global share ownership plan
The Company’s Global Share Ownership Plan allows qualifying employees to apply up to five per cent of their annual base earnings toward the purchase of common shares. The Company matches a percentage of the employee’s eligible contributions up to a maximum amount. The Company’s contributions vest immediately. All contributions are used to purchase common shares in the open market on behalf of participating employees.
Note 16 Employee Future Benefits
The Company maintains defined contribution and defined benefit pension plans and other post-employment plans for employees and agents including registered
(tax-qualified)
pension plans that are typically funded, as well as supplemental
non-registered
(non-qualified)
pension plans for executives, retiree welfare plans and disability welfare plans that are typically not funded.
(a) Plan characteristics
The Company’s final average pay defined benefit pension plans and retiree welfare plans are closed to new members. All employees may participate in capital accumulation plans including defined benefit cash balance plans, 401(k) plans and/or defined contribution plans, depending on the country of employment.
All pension arrangements are governed by local pension committees or management, but significant plan changes require approval from the Company’s Board of Directors.
The Company’s funding policy for defined benefit pension plans is to make the minimum annual contributions required by regulations in the countries in which the plans are offered. Assumptions and methods prescribed for regulatory funding purposes typically differ from those used for accounting purposes.
The Company’s remaining defined benefit pension and/or retiree welfare plans are in the U.S., Canada, Japan and Taiwan (China). There are also disability welfare plans in the U.S. and Canada.
The largest defined benefit pension and retiree welfare plans are the primary plans for employees in the U.S. and Canada. These are the material plans that are discussed in the balance of this note. The Company measures its defined benefit obligations and fair value of plan assets for accounting purposes as at December 31 each year.
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U.S. defined benefit pension and retiree welfare plans
The Company operates a qualified cash balance plan that is open to new members, a closed
non-qualified
cash balance plan, and a closed retiree welfare plan.
Actuarial valuations to determine the Company’s minimum funding contributions for the qualified cash balance plan are required annually. Deficits revealed in the funding valuations must generally be funded over a period of up to seven years. It is expected that there will be no required funding for this plan in 2023. There are no plan assets set aside for the
non-qualified
cash balance plan.
The retiree welfare plan subsidizes the cost of life insurance and medical benefits. The majority of those who retired after 1991 receive a fixed-dollar subsidy from the Company based on service. The plan was closed to all employees hired after 2004. While assets have been set aside in a qualified trust to pay future retiree welfare benefits, this funding is optional. Retiree welfare benefits offered under the plan coordinate with the U.S. Medicare program to make optimal use of available federal financial support.
The qualified pension and retiree welfare plans are governed by the U.S. Benefits Committee, while the
non-qualified
pension plan is governed by the U.S.
Non-Qualified
Plans Subcommittee.
Canadian defined benefit pension and retiree welfare plans
The Company’s defined benefit plans in Canada include two registered final average pay pension plans, a
non-registered
supplemental final average pay pension plan and a retiree welfare plan, all of which have been closed to new members.
Actuarial valuations to determine the Company’s minimum funding contributions for the registered pension plans are required at least once every three years. Deficits revealed in the funding valuation must generally be funded over a period of ten years. For 2023, the required funding for these plans is expected to be $3. The
non-registered
supplemental pension plan is not funded.
The retiree welfare plan subsidizes the cost of life insurance, medical and dental benefits. These subsidies are a fixed-dollar amount for those who retired after April 30, 2013 and have been eliminated for those who retire after 2019. There are no assets set aside for this plan.
The registered pension plans are governed by Pension Committees, while the supplemental
non-registered
plan is governed by the Board of Directors. The retiree welfare plan is governed by management.
(b) Risks
In final average pay pension plans and retiree welfare plans, the Company generally bears the material risks which include interest rate, investment, longevity and health care cost inflation risks. In defined contribution plans, these risks are typically borne by the employee. In cash balance plans, the interest rate, investment and longevity risks are partially transferred to the employee.
Material sources of risk to the Company for all plans include:

• |  | A decline in discount rates that increases the defined benefit obligations by more than the change in value of plan assets;

• |  | Lower than expected rates of mortality; and

• |  | For retiree welfare plans, higher than expected health care costs.

The Company has managed these risks through plan design and eligibility changes that have limited the size and growth of the defined benefit obligations. Investment risks for funded plans are managed by investing significantly in asset classes which are highly correlated with the plans’ liabilities.
In the U.S., delegated committee representatives and management review the financial status of the qualified defined benefit pension plan at least monthly, and steps are taken in accordance with an established dynamic investment policy to increase the plan’s allocation to asset classes which are highly correlated with the plan’s liabilities and reduce investment risk as the funded status improves. As at December 31, 2022, the target asset allocation for the plan was 30% return-seeking assets and 70% liability-hedging assets (2021 - 30% and 70%).
In Canada, internal committees and management review the financial status of the registered defined benefit pension plans on at least a quarterly basis. As at December 31, 2022, the target asset allocation for the plans was 20% return-seeking assets and 80% liability-hedging assets (2021 - 20% and 80%).
Certain long-term impacts of the
COVID-19
pandemic (on future mortality and inflation, for example) are still unknown. The Company will continue to closely monitor experience related to
COVID-19,
as well as emerging research, and will adjust its long-term assumptions accordingly in the future.

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(c) Pension and retiree welfare plans
The following tables present the reconciliation of defined benefit obligation and fair value of plan assets for the pension plans and retiree welfare plans.

|  | Pension plans |  |  |  |  |  | Retiree welfare plans |
For the years ended December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  |  |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Changes in defined benefit obligation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Opening balance |  | $ | 4,560 |  |  | $ | 4,901 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 584 |  |  | $ | 638 |
Current service cost |  |  | 43 |  |  |  | 44 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Past service cost - amendment |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Interest cost |  |  | 127 |  |  |  | 115 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 15 |
Plan participants’ contributions |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 3 |
Actuarial losses (gains) due to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Experience |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | – |
Demographic assumption changes |  |  | – |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1 |
Economic assumption changes |  |  | (835 | ) |  |  | (194 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (112 | ) |  |  | (29 | )
Benefits paid |  |  | (299 | ) |  |  | (303 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (40 | ) |  |  | (42 | )
Impact of changes in foreign exchange rates |  |  | 199 |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | (2 | )
Defined benefit obligation, December 31 |  | $ | 3,794 |  |  | $ | 4,560 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 466 |  |  | $ | 584 |
|  | Pension plans |  |  |  |  |  | Retiree welfare plans |
For the years ended December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  |  |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Change in plan assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets, opening balance |  | $ | 4,510 |  |  | $ | 4,595 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 587 |  |  | $ | 606 |
Interest income |  |  | 127 |  |  |  | 109 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 14 |
Return on plan assets (excluding interest income) |  |  | (869 | ) |  |  | 70 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (91 | ) |  |  | (1 | )
Employer contributions |  |  | 59 |  |  |  | 61 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 11 |
Plan participants’ contributions |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 3 |
Benefits paid |  |  | (299 | ) |  |  | (303 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (40 | ) |  |  | (42 | )
Administration costs |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (2 | )
Impact of changes in foreign exchange rates |  |  | 205 |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | (2 | )
Fair value of plan assets, December 31 |  | $ | 3,722 |  |  | $ | 4,510 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 523 |  |  | $ | 587 |

(d) Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position
The following table presents the deficit (surplus) and net defined benefit liability (asset) for the pension plans and retiree welfare plans.

|  | Pension plans |  |  |  |  |  | Retiree welfare plans |
As at December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  |  |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Development of net defined benefit liability |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Defined benefit obligation |  | $ | 3,794 |  |  | $ | 4,560 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 466 |  |  | $ | 584 |
Fair value of plan assets |  |  | 3,722 |  |  |  | 4,510 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 523 |  |  |  | 587 |
Deficit (surplus) |  |  | 72 |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (57 | ) |  |  | (3 | )
Effect of asset limit (1) |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | 37 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Deficit (surplus) and net defined benefit liability (asset) |  |  | 120 |  |  |  | 87 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (57 | ) |  |  | (3 | )
Deficit is comprised of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Funded or partially funded plans |  |  | (441 | ) |  |  | (600 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (168 | ) |  |  | (154 | )
Unfunded plans |  |  | 561 |  |  |  | 687 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 111 |  |  |  | 151 |
Deficit (surplus) and net defined benefit liability (asset) |  | $ | 120 |  |  | $ | 87 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (57 | ) |  | $ | (3 | )

(1) | The asset limit relates to a registered pension plan in Canada. The surplus in that plan is above the present value of economic benefits that can be derived by the Company through reductions in future contributions. For the other funded pension plans, the present value of the economic benefits available in the form of reductions in future contributions to the plans remains greater than the current surplus.

(e) Disaggregation of defined benefit obligation
The following table presents components of the defined benefit obligation between active members and inactive and retired members.

|  | U.S. plans |  |  |  |  |  | Canadian plans |
|  | Pension plans |  |  | Retiree welfare plans |  |  |  |  |  | Pension plans |  |  | Retiree welfare plans |
As at December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  |  |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Active members |  | $ | 509 |  |  | $ | 537 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 125 |  |  | $ | 184 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |
Inactive and retired members |  |  | 2,006 |  |  |  | 2,371 |  |  |  | 344 |  |  |  | 416 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,154 |  |  |  | 1,468 |  |  |  | 111 |  |  |  | 151 |
Total |  | $ | 2,515 |  |  | $ | 2,908 |  |  | $ | 355 |  |  | $ | 433 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,279 |  |  | $ | 1,652 |  |  | $ | 111 |  |  | $ | 151 |

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(f) Fair value measurements
The following tables present major categories of plan assets and the allocation to each category.

|  | U.S. plans (1) |  |  |  |  |  | Canadian plans (2) |
|  | Pension plans |  |  | Retiree welfare plans |  |  |  |  |  | Pension plans |  |  | Retiree welfare plans |
As at December 31, 2022 |  | Fair value |  |  | % of total |  |  | Fair value |  |  | % of total |  |  |  |  |  | Fair value |  |  | % of total |  |  | Fair value |  |  | % of total |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 35 |  |  |  | 1% |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  |  | 4% |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  |  | 1% |  |  | $ | – |  |  |  | – |
Public equity securities (3) |  |  | 377 |  |  |  | 15% |  |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 8% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 233 |  |  |  | 20% |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Public debt securities |  |  | 1,509 |  |  |  | 58% |  |  |  | 445 |  |  |  | 85% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 898 |  |  |  | 79% |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Other investments (4) |  |  | 660 |  |  |  | 26% |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 3% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 0% |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Total |  | $ | 2,581 |  |  |  | 100% |  |  | $ | 523 |  |  |  | 100% |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,141 |  |  |  | 100% |  |  | $ | – |  |  |  | – |
|  | U.S. plans (1) |  |  |  |  |  | Canadian plans (2) |
|  | Pension plans |  |  | Retiree welfare plans |  |  |  |  |  | Pension plans |  |  | Retiree welfare plans |
As at December 31, 2021 |  | Fair value |  |  | % of total |  |  | Fair value |  |  | % of total |  |  |  |  |  | Fair value |  |  | % of total |  |  | Fair value |  |  | % of total |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 90 |  |  |  | 3% |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  |  | 4% |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  |  | 1% |  |  | $ | – |  |  |  | – |
Public equity securities (3) |  |  | 600 |  |  |  | 20% |  |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | 10% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 322 |  |  |  | 22% |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Public debt securities |  |  | 1,863 |  |  |  | 61% |  |  |  | 501 |  |  |  | 85% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,144 |  |  |  | 77% |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Other investments (4) |  |  | 475 |  |  |  | 16% |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 1% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 0% |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Total |  | $ | 3,028 |  |  |  | 100% |  |  | $ | 587 |  |  |  | 100% |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,482 |  |  |  | 100% |  |  | $ | – |  |  |  | – |

(1) | The U.S. pension and retiree welfare plan assets have daily quoted prices in active markets, except for the private debt, infrastructure, private equity, real estate, timber and agriculture assets. In the aggregate, the latter assets represent approximately 15% of all U.S. pension and retiree welfare plan assets as at December 31, 2022 (2021 – 7%).

(2) | All the Canadian pension plan assets have daily quoted prices in active markets, except for the group annuity contract assets that represent approximately 0.1 % of all Canadian pension plan assets as at December 31, 2022 (2021 – 0.1 %).

(3) | Equity securities include direct investments in MFC common shares of $1.2 (2021 – $1.2) in the U.S. retiree welfare plan and $nil (2021 – $nil) in Canada.

(4) | Other U.S. plan assets include investment in real estate, private debt, infrastructure, private equity, timberland and agriculture, and managed futures. Other Canadian pension plan assets include investment in the group annuity contract.

(g) Net benefit cost recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income
The following table presents components of the net benefit cost for the pension plans and retiree welfare plans.

|  | Pension plans |  |  |  |  |  | Retiree welfare plans |
For the years ended December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  |  |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Defined benefit current service cost (1) |  | $ | 43 |  |  | $ | 44 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |
Defined benefit administrative expenses |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |
Past service cost-plan amendments and curtailments |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Service cost |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | 53 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |
Interest on net defined benefit (asset) liability |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1 |
Defined benefit cost |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 59 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 3 |
Defined contribution cost |  |  | 85 |  |  |  | 90 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Net benefit cost |  | $ | 135 |  |  | $ | 149 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 3 |

(1) | There are no significant current service costs for the retiree welfare plans as they are closed and mostly frozen. The remeasurement gain or loss on these plans is due to the volatility of discount rates and investment returns.

(h)
Re-measurement
effects recognized in Other Comprehensive Income
The following table presents components of the re-measurement effects recognized in Other Comprehensive Income for the pension plans and retiree welfare plans.

|  | Pension plans |  |  |  |  |  | Retiree welfare plans |
For the years ended December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  |  |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Actuarial gains (losses) on defined benefit obligations due to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Experience |  | $ | (5 | ) |  | $ | (3 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | – |
Demographic assumption changes |  |  | – |  |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (1 | )
Economic assumption changes |  |  | 835 |  |  |  | 194 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 112 |  |  |  | 29 |
Return on plan assets (excluding interest income) |  |  | (869 | ) |  |  | 70 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (91 | ) |  |  | (1 | )
Change in effect of asset limit (excluding interest) |  |  | (10 | ) |  |  | (37 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Total re-measurement effects |  | $ | (49 | ) |  | $ | 217 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 27 |

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Table of Contents
(i) Assumptions
The following table presents key assumptions used by the Company to determine the defined benefit obligation and net benefit cost for the defined benefit pension plans and retiree welfare plans.

|  | U.S. Plans |  |  |  |  |  | Canadian Plans |
|  | Pension plans |  |  | Retiree welfare plans |  |  |  |  |  | Pension plans |  |  | Retiree welfare plans |
For the years ended December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  |  |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
To determine the defined benefit obligation at end of year (1) : |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discount rate |  |  | 5.0% |  |  |  | 2.7% |  |  |  | 5.0% |  |  |  | 2.7% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5.3% |  |  |  | 3.1% |  |  |  | 5.3% |  |  |  | 3.2% |
Initial health care cost trend rate (2) |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | 7.8% |  |  |  | 7.0% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | 5.3% |  |  |  | 5.4% |
To determine the defined benefit cost for the year (1) : |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discount rate |  |  | 2.7% |  |  |  | 2.4% |  |  |  | 2.7% |  |  |  | 2.4% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.1% |  |  |  | 2.5% |  |  |  | 3.2% |  |  |  | 2.6% |
Initial health care cost trend rate (2) |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | 7.0% |  |  |  | 7.3% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | 5.4% |  |  |  | 5.5% |

(1) | Inflation and salary increase assumptions are not shown as they do not materially affect obligations and cost.

(2) | The health care cost trend rate used to measure the U.S. based retiree welfare obligation was 7.8% grading to 4.8% for 2035 and years thereafter (2021 – 7.0% grading to 4.5% for 2032) and to measure the net benefit cost was 7.0% grading to 4.5% for 2032 and years thereafter (2021 – 7.3% grading to 4.5% for 2032). In Canada, the rate used to measure the retiree welfare obligation was 5.3% grading to 4.8% for 2026 and years thereafter (2021 – 5.4% grading to 4.8% for 2026) and to measure the net benefit cost was 5.4% grading to 4.8% for 2026 and years thereafter (2021 – 5.5% grading to 4.8% for 2026).

Assumptions regarding future mortality are based on published statistics and mortality tables. The following table presents current life expectancies underlying the values of the obligations in the defined benefit pension and retiree welfare plans.

As at December 31, 2022 |  | U.S. |  |  | Canada |
Life expectancy (in years) for those currently age 65 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Males |  |  | 22.1 |  |  |  | 23.9 |
Females |  |  | 23.6 |  |  |  | 25.7 |
Life expectancy (in years) at age 65 for those currently age 45 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Males |  |  | 23.5 |  |  |  | 24.8 |
Females |  |  | 25.0 |  |  |  | 26.6 |

(j) Sensitivity of assumptions on obligations
Assumptions used can have a significant effect on the obligations reported for defined benefit pension and retiree welfare plans. The following table sets out the potential impact on the obligations arising from changes in the key assumptions. The sensitivities assume all other assumptions are held constant. In actuality, inter-relationships with other assumptions may exist.

As at December 31, 2022 |  | Pension plans |  |  | Retiree welfare plans |
Discount rate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impact of a 1% increase |  | $ | (279 | ) |  | $ | (39 | )
Impact of a 1% decrease |  |  | 322 |  |  |  | 45 |
Health care cost trend rate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impact of a 1% increase |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | 10 |
Impact of a 1% decrease |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | (9 | )
Mortality rates (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impact of a 10% decrease |  |  | 93 |  |  |  | 8 |

(1) | If the actuarial estimates of mortality are adjusted in the future to reflect unexpected decreases in mortality, the effect of a 10% decrease in mortality rates at each future age would be an increase in life expectancy at age 65 of 0.8 years for U.S. males and females, 0.8 years for Canadian females and 0.7 years for Canadian males, respectively.

(k) Maturity profile
The following table presents weighted average duration (in years) of the defined benefit obligations.

|  | Pension plans |  |  |  |  |  | Retiree welfare plans |
As at December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  |  |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
U.S. plans |  |  | 8.2 |  |  |  | 9.7 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8.2 |  |  |  | 9.5 |
Canadian plans |  |  | 10.6 |  |  |  | 12.4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11.1 |  |  |  | 13.3 |

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(l) Cash flows – contributions
The following table presents total cash payments for all employee future benefits, comprised of cash contributed by the Company to funded defined benefit pension and retiree welfare plans, cash payments directly to beneficiaries in respect of unfunded pension and retiree welfare plans, and cash contributed to defined contribution pension plans.

|  | Pension plans |  |  |  |  |  | Retiree welfare plans |
For the years ended December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  |  |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Defined benefit plans |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 61 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 11 |
Defined contribution plans |  |  | 85 |  |  |  | 90 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Total |  | $ | 144 |  |  | $ | 151 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 11 |

The Company’s best estimate of expected cash payments for employee future benefits for the year ending December 31, 2023 is $65 for defined benefit pension plans, $89 for defined contribution pension plans and $13 for retiree welfare plans.
Note 17 Income Taxes
(a) Income tax expense
The following table presents
i
ncome tax expense (recovery) recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

For the years ended December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Current tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current year |  | $ | 1,097 |  |  | $ | 1,390 |
Adjustments related to prior years |  |  | (263 | ) |  |  | (50 | )
Total current tax |  |  | 834 |  |  |  | 1,340 |
Deferred tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change related to temporary differences |  |  | 706 |  |  |  | (139 | )
Adjustments related to prior years |  |  | 226 |  |  |  | 12 |
Effects of change in tax rates in Canada |  |  | (201 | ) |  |  | – |
Total deferred tax |  |  | 731 |  |  |  | (127 | )
Income tax expense |  | $ | 1,565 |  |  | $ | 1,213 |

The following table discloses income tax expense (recovery) recognized directly in equity.

For the years ended December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Recognized in other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current income tax expense (recovery) |  | $ | (323 | ) |  | $ | (3 | )
Deferred income tax expense (recovery) |  |  | (863 | ) |  |  | (61 | )
Total recognized in other comprehensive income |  | $ | (1,186 | ) |  | $ | (64 | )
Recognized in equity, other than other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current income tax expense (recovery) |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 5 |
Deferred income tax expense (recovery) |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (15 | )
Total income tax recognized directly in equity |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | (10 | )

(b) Current tax receivable and payable
As at December 31, 2022, the Company had approximately $1,135 of current tax receivable
included in other assets (2021 – $660) and a
current tax payable
of $195 included in other liabilities
(2021 – $357).
(c) Tax reconciliation
The effective income tax rate reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Income varies from the Canadian tax rate of 27.50 per cent for the year ended December 31, 2022 (2021 – 26.50 per cent) for the items outlined in the following table. The Canadian tax rate
became substantively enacted in December 2022 with an effective date
of April 7, 2022.

For the years ended December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Income before income taxes |  | $ | 8,747 |  |  | $ | 8,125 |
Income tax expense at Canadian statutory tax rate |  | $ | 2,406 |  |  | $ | 2,153 |
Increase (decrease) in income taxes due to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tax-exempt investment income |  |  | (214 | ) |  |  | (261 | )
Differences in tax rate on income not subject to tax in Canada |  |  | (835 | ) |  |  | (917 | )
Adjustments to taxes related to prior years |  |  | (37 | ) |  |  | (38 | )
Tax losses and temporary differences not recognized as deferred taxes |  |  | 86 |  |  |  | 53 |
Tax rate change in Canada |  |  | (201 | ) |  |  | – |
Other differences |  |  | 360 |  |  |  | 223 |
Income tax expense |  | $ | 1,565 |  |  | $ | 1,213 |

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(d) Deferred tax assets and liabilities
The following table presents the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities reflected on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

As at December, 31 |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Deferred tax assets |  | $ | 5,423 |  |  | $ | 5,254 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  | (2,774 | ) |  |  | (2,769 | )
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) |  | $ | 2,649 |  |  | $ | 2,485 |

The following table presents movement of deferred tax assets and liabilities.

As at December 31, 2022 |  | Balance, January 1, 2022 |  |  | Disposals |  |  | Recognized in Income Statement |  |  | Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income |  |  | Recognized in Equity |  |  | Translation and Other |  |  | Balance, December 31, 2022 |
Loss carryforwards |  | $ | 517 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 184 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 701 |
Actuarial liabilities |  |  | 8,703 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (5,537 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 374 |  |  |  | 3,541 |
Pensions and post-employment benefits |  |  | 161 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (17 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 143 |
Tax credits |  |  | 46 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 109 |
Accrued interest |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1 |
Real estate |  |  | (1,171 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (20 | ) |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (36 | ) |  |  | (1,228 | )
Securities and other investments |  |  | (5,139 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 4,552 |  |  |  | 879 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (250 | ) |  |  | 41 |
Sale of investments |  |  | (40 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (30 | )
Goodwill and intangible assets |  |  | (804 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (17 | ) |  |  | (825 | )
Other |  |  | 211 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | (47 | ) |  |  | 196 |
Total |  | $ | 2,485 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | (731 | ) |  | $ | 863 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 2,649 |

As at December 31, 2021 |  | Balance, January 1, 2021 |  |  | Disposals |  |  | Recognized in Income Statement |  |  | Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income |  |  | Recognized in Equity |  |  | Translation and Other |  |  | Balance, December 31, 2021 |
Loss carryforwards |  | $ | 497 |  |  | $ | (10 | ) |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 517 |
Actuarial liabilities |  |  | 9,372 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (666 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 8,703 |
Pensions and post-employment benefits |  |  | 215 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | (61 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 161 |
Tax credits |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 46 |
Accrued interest |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1 |
Real estate |  |  | (1,033 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (145 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | (1,171 | )
Securities and other investments |  |  | (5,950 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 643 |  |  |  | 119 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | (5,139 | )
Sale of investments |  |  | (56 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (40 | )
Goodwill and intangible assets |  |  | (849 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | (804 | )
Other |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 210 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  | 211 |
Total |  | $ | 2,228 |  |  | $ | (9 | ) |  | $ | 127 |  |  |  | $ 61 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | 2,485 |

The total deferred tax assets as at December 31, 2022 of $5,423 (2021 – $5,254) include $40 (2021 – $942) where the Company has suffered losses in either the current or preceding year and where the recognition is dependent on future taxable profits in the relevant jurisdictions and feasible management actions.
As at December 31, 2022, tax loss carryforwards available were approximately $3,902 (2021 – $2,689) of which $3,684 expire between the years 2025 and 2042 while $218 have no expiry date, and capital loss carryforwards available were approximately $1 (2021 – $1) and have no expiry date. A $701 (2021 – $517) tax benefit related to these tax loss carryforwards has been recognized as a deferred tax asset as at December 31, 2022, and a benefit of $211 (2021 – $120) has not been recognized. The Company has approximately $273 (2021 – $200) of tax credit carryforwards which will expire between the years 2026 and 2042 of which a benefit of $164 (2021 – $154) has not been recognized. In addition, the Company has not recognized a deferred tax asset of $507 (2021 – $490) on other temporary differences of $1,829 (2021 – $1,867).
The total deferred tax liability as at December 31, 2022 was $2,774 (2021 – $2,769). This amount includes the deferred tax liability of consolidated entities. The aggregate amount of taxable temporary differences associated with the Company’s own investments in subsidiaries is not included in the Consolidated Financial Statements and was $20,625 (2021 – $24,034).
Note 18 Interests in Structured Entities
The Company is involved with both consolidated and unconsolidated structured entities (“SEs”) which are established to generate investment and fee income. The Company is also involved with SEs that are used to facilitate financing for the Company. These entities may have some or all the following features: control is not readily identified based on voting rights; restricted activities designed to achieve a narrow objective; high amount of leverage; and/or highly structured capital.
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The Company only discloses its involvement in significant consolidated and unconsolidated SEs. In assessing the significance, the Company considers the nature of its involvement with the SE, including whether it is sponsored by the Company (i.e. initially organized and managed by the Company). Other factors considered include the Company’s investment in the SE as compared to total investments, its returns from the SE as compared to total net investment income, the SE’s size as compared to total funds under management, and its exposure to any other risks from its involvement with the SE.
The Company does not provide financial or other support to its SEs, when it does not have a contractual obligation to do so.
(a) Consolidated SEs
Investment SEs
The Company acts as an investment manager of timberlands and timber companies. The Company’s general fund and segregated funds invest in many of these companies. The Company has control over one timberland company which it manages, Hancock Victoria Plantations Holdings PTY Limited (“HVPH”). HVPH is a SE primarily because the Company’s employees exercise voting rights over it on behalf of other investors. As at December 31, 2022, the Company’s consolidated timber assets relating to HVPH were $1,264 (2021 – $979). The Company does not provide guarantees to other parties against the risk of loss from HVPH.
Financing SEs
The Company securitizes certain HELOC collateralized by residential property. This activity is facilitated by consolidated entities that are SEs because their operations are limited to issuing and servicing the Company’s funding. Further information regarding the Company’s mortgage securitization program is included in note 4.
(b) Unconsolidated SEs
Investment SEs
The following table presents the Company’s investments and maximum exposure to loss from significant unconsolidated investment SEs, some of which are sponsored by the Company. The Company does not provide guarantees to other parties against the risk of loss from these SEs.

|  | Company’s investment (1) |  |  |  |  |  | Company’s maximum exposure to loss (2) |
As at December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  |  |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Leveraged leases (3) |  | $ | 3,840 |  |  | $ | 3,457 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,840 |  |  | $ | 3,457 |
Timberland companies (4) |  |  | 816 |  |  |  | 842 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 816 |  |  |  | 842 |
Real estate companies (5) |  |  | 465 |  |  |  | 513 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 465 |  |  |  | 513 |
Total |  | $ | 5,121 |  |  | $ | 4,812 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,121 |  |  | $ | 4,812 |

(1) | The Company’s investments in these unconsolidated SEs are included in invested assets and the Company’s returns from them are included in net investment income and AOCI.

(2) | The Company’s maximum exposure to loss from each SE is limited to amounts invested in each, plus unfunded capital commitments, if any. The Company’s investment commitments are disclosed in note 19. The maximum loss is expected to occur only upon the entity’s bankruptcy/liquidation, or in case a natural disaster in the case of the timber companies.

(3) | These entities are statutory business trusts which use capital provided by the Company and senior debt provided by other parties to finance the acquisition of assets. These assets are leased to third-party lessees under long-term leases. The Company owns equity capital in these business trusts. The Company does not consolidate any of the trusts that are party to the lease arrangements because the Company does not have decision-making power over them.

(4) | These entities own and operate timberlands. The Company invests in their equity and debt. The Company’s returns include investment income, investment advisory fees, forestry management fees and performance advisory fees. The Company does not control these entities because it either does not have the power to govern their financial and operating policies or does not have significant variable returns from them, or both.

(5) | These entities, which include the Manulife U.S. REIT, own and manage commercial real estate. The Company invests in their equity. The Company’s returns include investment income, investment management fees, property management fees, acquisition/disposition fees and leasing fees. The Company does not control these entities because it either does not have the power to govern their financial and operating policies or does not have significant variable returns from them, or both.

Financing SEs
The Company’s interests in and maximum exposure to loss from significant unconsolidated financing SEs are as follows.

|  | Company’s interests (1) |
As at December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Manulife Finance (Delaware), L.P. (2) |  | $ | 691 |  |  | $ | 850 |
Total |  | $ | 691 |  |  | $ | 850 |

(1) | The Company’s interests include amounts borrowed from the SE; the Company’s investment in its equity and subordinated capital; and foreign currency and interest rate swaps with it.

(2) | This entity is a wholly owned partnership used to facilitate the Company’s financing. Refer to notes 11 and 19.

(i) Other invested assets
The Company has investment relationships with a variety of other entities, which result from its direct investment in their debt and/or equity and which have been assessed for control. These other entities’ investments include but are not limited to investments in power and

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infrastructure, oil and gas, private equity, real estate and agriculture, organized as limited partnerships and limited liability companies. Most of these other entities are not sponsored by the Company. The Company’s involvement with these other entities is not individually significant. As such, the Company neither provides summary financial data for these entities nor individually assesses whether they are SEs. The Company’s maximum exposure to losses because of its involvement with these other entities is limited to its investment in them and amounts committed to be invested but not yet funded. The Company records its income from these entities in net investment income and AOCI. The Company does not provide guarantees to other parties against the risk of loss from these other entities.
(ii) Interest in securitized assets
The Company invests in mortgage/asset-backed securities issued by securitization vehicles sponsored by other parties, including private issuers and government sponsored issuers, to generate investment income. The Company does not own a controlling financial interest in any of the issuers. These securitization vehicles are SEs based on their narrow scope of activities and highly leveraged capital structures. Investments in mortgage/asset-backed securities are reported on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as debt securities and private placements, and their fair value and carrying value are disclosed in note 4. The Company’s maximum loss from these investments is limited to amounts invested.
Commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) are secured by commercial mortgages and residential mortgage backed securities (“RMBS”) are secured by residential mortgages. Asset-backed securities (“ABS”) may be secured by various underlying assets including credit card receivables, automobile loans and aviation leases. The mortgage/asset-backed securities that the Company invests in primarily originate in North America.
The following table presents investments in securitized holdings by the type and asset quality.

|  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  | 2021 |
As at December 31, |  | CMBS |  |  | RMBS |  |  | ABS |  |  | Total |  |  |  |  |  | Total |
AAA |  | $ | 675 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 1,095 |  |  | $ | 1,775 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,346 |
AA |  |  | – |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11 |
A |  |  | 56 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 534 |  |  |  | 590 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 641 |
BBB |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 232 |  |  |  | 232 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 227 |
BB and below |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |
Total company exposure |  | $ | 731 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 1,870 |  |  | $ | 2,609 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,229 |

(iii) Mutual funds
The Company sponsors and may invest in a range of public mutual funds with a broad range of investment styles. As sponsor, the Company organizes mutual funds that implement investment strategies on behalf of current and future investors. The Company earns fees which are at market rates for providing advisory and administrative services to these mutual funds. Generally, the Company does not control its sponsored mutual funds because either the Company does not have power to govern their financial and operating policies, or its returns in the form of fees and ownership interests are not significant, or both. Certain mutual funds are SEs because their decision-making rights are not vested in voting equity interests and their investors are provided with redemption rights.
The Company’s relationships with these mutual funds are not individually significant. As such, the Company neither provides summary financial data for these mutual funds nor individually assesses whether they are SEs. The Company’s interest in mutual funds is limited to its investment and fees earned, if any. The Company’s investments in mutual funds are recorded as part of its investment in public equities within the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. For information regarding the Company’s invested assets, refer to note 4. The Company does not provide guarantees to other parties against the risk of loss from these mutual funds.
As sponsor, the Company’s investment in (“seed”) startup capital of mutual funds as at December 31, 2022 was $1,296 (2021 – $1,361). The Company’s retail mutual fund assets under management as at December 31, 2022 were $258,183 (2021 – $290,863).
Note 19 Commitments and Contingencies
(a) Legal proceedings
The Company is regularly involved in legal actions, both as a defendant and as a plaintiff. The legal actions where the Company is a party ordinarily relate to its activities as a provider of insurance protection or wealth management products, reinsurance, or in its capacity as an investment adviser, employer, or taxpayer. Other life insurers and asset managers, operating in the jurisdictions in which the Company does business, have been subject to a wide variety of other types of actions, some of which resulted in substantial judgments or settlements against the defendants; it is possible that the Company may become involved in similar actions in the future. In addition, government and regulatory bodies in Canada, the United States, Asia and other jurisdictions where the Company conducts business regularly make inquiries and, from time to time, require the production of information or conduct examinations concerning the Company’s compliance with, among other things, insurance laws, securities laws, and laws governing the activities of broker-dealers.
In June 2018, a class action was initiated against John Hancock Life Insurance Company (U.S.A.) (“JHUSA”) and John Hancock Life Insurance Company of New York (“JHNY”) in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York on behalf of owners of
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approximately 1,500 Performance Universal Life (“
PerfUL
”) policies issued between 2003 and 2010 whose policies were subject to a Cost of Insurance (“COI”) increase announced in 2018. On May 17, 2022, at a Fairness Hearing, the Court approved the class Settlement Agreement that it had preliminary approved on January 5, 2022. The settlement has been implemented. In the Class Notice process, an institutional investor which owns approximately 150 of the policies that met the class definition “opted out” of the settlement. No subsequent action has thus far been taken with respect to those opt out policies.
In addition to the class action, eleven individual lawsuits opposing the Performance UL COI increases were also filed. Each of the lawsuits, except two, is brought by plaintiffs owning multiple policies and/or by entities managing them for investment purposes. Three of the pending federal cases have now been settled and these involved a combined 46 PerfUL policies. On September 8, 2022, two new individual lawsuits were filed in New York and California federal courts, with respect to the 16 policies owned by Skellig Capital. There are now five lawsuits pending in federal courts in New York and California and three in New York state court. In the aggregate, approximately 135 PerfUL policies are involved in these cases. There are also approximately 140 policies that have been “opted out” of the class settlement, and although no litigation is pending with respect to those policies, future litigation is possible if not probable. Of the remaining
non-class/individual
lawsuits, discovery has commenced. With respect to the
non-class/individual
lawsuits pending in the New York federal district court (not including the recently filed Skellig lawsuits), the court has approved a briefing schedule and set the final
pre-trial
hearing for February 23, 2023. The Company continues to defend the individual lawsuits. In 2021, the Company recorded an accrual in relation to the class and individual lawsuits. In Q3 2022, the accrual was increased.
(b) Investment commitments
In the normal course of business, various investment commitments are outstanding which are not reflected in the Consolidated Financial Statements. There were $14,193 (2021 – $12,233) of outstanding investment commitments as at December 31, 2022, of which $
1,095
(2021 – $957) mature in 30 days, $3,359 (2021 – $3,205) mature in 31 to 365 days and $9,739 (2021 – $
8,071
) mature after one year.
(c) Letters of credit
In the normal course of business, third-party relationship banks issue letters of credit on the Company’s behalf. The Company’s businesses utilize letters of credit for which third parties are the beneficiaries, as well as for affiliate reinsurance transactions between its subsidiaries. As at December 31, 2022, letters of credit for which third parties are beneficiary, in the amount of $215 (2021 – $99), were outstanding.
(d) Guarantees
(i) Guarantees regarding Manulife Finance (Delaware), L.P. (“MFLP”)
MFC has guaranteed the payment of amounts on the $650 subordinated debentures due on December 15, 2041 issued by MFLP, a wholly owned unconsolidated financing entity.
The following table presents certain condensed consolidated financial information for MFC and MFLP.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income Information

For the year ended December 31, 2022 |  | MFC (Guarantor) |  |  | Other subsidiaries of MFC on a combined basis |  |  | Consolidation adjustments |  |  | Total consolidated amounts |  |  |  |  |  | MFLP |
Total revenue |  | $ | 518 |  |  | $ | 17,732 |  |  | $ | (1,103) |  |  | $ | 17,147 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 64 |
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders |  |  | 7,294 |  |  |  | 7,071 |  |  |  | (7,071) |  |  |  | 7,294 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 21 |
For the year ended December 31, 2021 |  | MFC (Guarantor) |  |  | Other subsidiaries on a combined basis |  |  | Consolidation adjustments |  |  | Total consolidated amounts |  |  |  |  |  | MFLP |
Total revenue |  | $ | 563 |  |  | $ | 62,323 |  |  | $ | (1,065) |  |  | $ | 61,821 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 41 |
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders |  |  | 7,105 |  |  |  | 6,842 |  |  |  | (6,842) |  |  |  | 7,105 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position

As at December 31, 2022 |  | MFC (Guarantor) |  |  | Other subsidiaries on a combined basis |  |  | Consolidation adjustments |  |  | Total consolidated amounts |  |  |  |  |  | MFLP |
Invested assets |  | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | 413,938 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 414,001 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 21 |
Total other assets |  |  | 67,543 |  |  |  | 90,687 |  |  |  | (71,852 | ) |  |  | 86,378 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 950 |
Segregated funds net assets |  |  | – |  |  |  | 348,562 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 348,562 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |
Insurance contract liabilities |  |  | – |  |  |  | 371,405 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 371,405 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |
Investment contract liabilities |  |  | – |  |  |  | 3,248 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 3,248 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |
Segregated funds net liabilities |  |  | – |  |  |  | 348,562 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 348,562 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |
Total other liabilities |  |  | 11,545 |  |  |  | 58,246 |  |  |  | (444 | ) |  |  | 69,347 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 712 |
As at December 31, 2021 |  | MFC (Guarantor) |  |  | Other subsidiaries on a combined basis |  |  | Consolidation adjustments |  |  | Total consolidated amounts |  |  |  |  |  | MFLP |
Invested assets |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 427,020 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 427,098 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3 |
Total other assets |  |  | 68,866 |  |  |  | 94,615 |  |  |  | (72,724) |  |  |  | 90,757 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,088 |
Segregated funds net assets |  |  | – |  |  |  | 399,788 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 399,788 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |
Insurance contract liabilities |  |  | – |  |  |  | 392,275 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 392,275 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |
Investment contract liabilities |  |  | – |  |  |  | 3,117 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 3,117 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |
Segregated funds net liabilities |  |  | – |  |  |  | 399,788 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 399,788 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |
Total other liabilities |  |  | 10,536 |  |  |  | 53,962 |  |  |  | (904 | ) |  |  | 63,594 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 852 |

(ii) Guarantees regarding John Hancock Life Insurance Company (U.S.A.) (“JHUSA”)
Details of guarantees regarding certain securities issued or to be issued by JHUSA are outlined in note 24.
(e) Pledged assets
In the normal course of business, the Company pledges its assets in respect of liabilities incurred, strictly for providing collateral to the counterparty. In the event of the Company’s default, the counterparty is entitled to apply the collateral to settle the liability. The pledged assets are returned to the Company if the underlying transaction is terminated or, in the case of derivatives, if there is a decrease in the net exposure due to market value changes.
The amounts pledged are as follows.

|  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  | 2021 |
As at December 31, |  | Debt securities |  |  | Other |  |  |  |  |  | Debt securities |  |  | Other |
In respect of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives |  | $ | 11,944 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,525 |  |  | $ | 23 |
Secured borrowings |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2,385 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2,575 |
Regulatory requirements |  |  | 320 |  |  |  | 77 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 367 |  |  |  | 78 |
Repurchase agreements |  |  | 886 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 535 |  |  |  | – |
Non-registered retirement plans in trust |  |  | – |  |  |  | 326 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 377 |
Other |  |  | – |  |  |  | 404 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 414 |
Total |  | $ | 13,150 |  |  | $ | 3,215 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,429 |  |  | $ | 3,467 |

(
f
) Participating business
In some territories where the Company maintains participating accounts, there are regulatory restrictions on the amounts of profit that can be transferred to shareholders. Where applicable, these restrictions generally take the form of a fixed percentage of policyholder dividends. For participating businesses operating as separate “closed blocks”, transfers are governed by the terms of MLI’s and John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company’s plans of demutualization.
(
g
) Fixed surplus notes
A third party contractually provides standby financing arrangements for the Company’s U.S. operations under which, in certain circumstances, funds may be provided in exchange for the issuance of fixed surplus notes. As at December 31, 2022, the Company had no fixed surplus notes outstanding.
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Note 20 Segmented Information
The Company’s reporting segments are Asia, Canada, U.S., Global WAM and Corporate and Other. Each reporting segment is responsible for managing its operating results, developing products, defining strategies for services and distribution based on the profile and needs of its business and market. The Company’s significant product and service offerings by the reporting segments are mentioned below.
Wealth and asset management businesses (Global WAM)
– branded as Manulife Investment Management, provides investment advice and innovative solutions to retirement, retail, and institutional clients. Products and services are distributed through multiple distribution channels, including agents and brokers affiliated with the Company, independent securities brokerage firms and financial advisors pension plan consultants and banks.
Insurance and annuity products (Asia, Canada and U.S.)
– include a variety of individual life insurance, individual and group long-term care insurance and guaranteed and partially guaranteed annuity products. Products are distributed through multiple distribution channels, including insurance agents, brokers, banks, financial planners and direct marketing. Manulife Bank of Canada offers a variety of deposit and credit products to Canadian customers.
Corporate and Other Segment
– comprised of investment performance of assets backing capital, net of amounts allocated to operating segments; costs incurred by the corporate office related to shareholder activities (not allocated to the operating segments); financing costs; Property and Casualty Reinsurance Business; and
run-off
reinsurance operations including variable annuities and accident and health.
Reporting segments
The following table presents results by reporting segments.

As at and for the year ended December 31, 2022 |  | Asia |  |  | Canada |  |  | U.S. |  |  | Global WAM |  |  | Corporate and Other |  |  | Total |
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Life and health insurance |  | $ | 18,690 |  |  | $ | 9,945 |  |  | $ | 6,579 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 269 |  |  | $ | 35,483 |
Annuities and pensions |  |  | 2,786 |  |  |  | 447 |  |  |  | (863 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2,370 |
Net premium income |  |  | 21,476 |  |  |  | 10,392 |  |  |  | 5,716 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 269 |  |  |  | 37,853 |
Net investment income (loss) |  |  | (7,972 | ) |  |  | (7,911 | ) |  |  | (13,003 | ) |  |  | (39 | ) |  |  | (945 | ) |  |  | (29,870 | )
Other revenue |  |  | 1,458 |  |  |  | 1,426 |  |  |  | 458 |  |  |  | 6,350 |  |  |  | (528 | ) |  |  | 9,164 |
Total revenue |  |  | 14,962 |  |  |  | 3,907 |  |  |  | (6,829 | ) |  |  | 6,311 |  |  |  | (1,204 | ) |  |  | 17,147 |
Contract benefits and expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Life and health insurance |  |  | 4,976 |  |  |  | 5,945 |  |  |  | (11,868 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 431 |  |  |  | (516 | )
Annuities and pensions |  |  | 2,667 |  |  |  | (8,738 | ) |  |  | (2,753 | ) |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (8,783 | )
Net benefits and claims |  |  | 7,643 |  |  |  | (2,793 | ) |  |  | (14,621 | ) |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 431 |  |  |  | (9,299 | )
Interest expense |  |  | 234 |  |  |  | 573 |  |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 469 |  |  |  | 1,350 |
Other expenses |  |  | 5,024 |  |  |  | 3,506 |  |  |  | 2,847 |  |  |  | 4,717 |  |  |  | 255 |  |  |  | 16,349 |
Total contract benefits and expenses |  |  | 12,901 |  |  |  | 1,286 |  |  |  | (11,707 | ) |  |  | 4,765 |  |  |  | 1,155 |  |  |  | 8,400 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  | 2,061 |  |  |  | 2,621 |  |  |  | 4,878 |  |  |  | 1,546 |  |  |  | (2,359 | ) |  |  | 8,747 |
Income tax recovery (expense) |  |  | (308 | ) |  |  | (777 | ) |  |  | (886 | ) |  |  | (223 | ) |  |  | 629 |  |  |  | (1,565 | )
Net income (loss) |  |  | 1,753 |  |  |  | 1,844 |  |  |  | 3,992 |  |  |  | 1,323 |  |  |  | (1,730 | ) |  |  | 7,182 |
Less net income (loss) attributed to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-controlling interests |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (1 | )
Participating policyholders |  |  | (467 | ) |  |  | 314 |  |  |  | 42 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (111 | )
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders |  | $ | 2,224 |  |  | $ | 1,530 |  |  | $ | 3,950 |  |  | $ | 1,321 |  |  | $ | (1,731 | ) |  | $ | 7,294 |
Total assets |  | $ | 158,036 |  |  | $ | 155,049 |  |  | $ | 267,653 |  |  | $ | 231,154 |  |  | $ | 37,049 |  |  | $ | 848,941 |

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As at and for the year ended December 31, 2021 |  | Asia |  |  | Canada |  |  | U.S. |  |  | Global WAM |  |  | Corporate and Other |  |  | Total |
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Life and health insurance |  | $ | 20,428 |  |  | $ | 9,217 |  |  | $ | 6,338 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 147 |  |  | $ | 36,130 |
Annuities and pensions |  |  | 2,558 |  |  |  | 344 |  |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2,935 |
Net premium income |  |  | 22,986 |  |  |  | 9,561 |  |  |  | 6,371 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 147 |  |  |  | 39,065 |
Net investment income (loss) |  |  | 4,889 |  |  |  | 1,469 |  |  |  | 5,061 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 177 |  |  |  | 11,624 |
Other revenue |  |  | 1,696 |  |  |  | 1,336 |  |  |  | 1,824 |  |  |  | 6,513 |  |  |  | (237 | ) |  |  | 11,132 |
Total revenue |  |  | 29,571 |  |  |  | 12,366 |  |  |  | 13,256 |  |  |  | 6,541 |  |  |  | 87 |  |  |  | 61,821 |
Contract benefits and expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Life and health insurance |  |  | 18,240 |  |  |  | 10,276 |  |  |  | 9,307 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 159 |  |  |  | 37,982 |
Annuities and pensions |  |  | 2,638 |  |  |  | (3,371 | ) |  |  | (1,528 | ) |  |  | 101 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (2,160 | )
Net benefits and claims |  |  | 20,878 |  |  |  | 6,905 |  |  |  | 7,779 |  |  |  | 101 |  |  |  | 159 |  |  |  | 35,822 |
Interest expense |  |  | 232 |  |  |  | 269 |  |  |  | 47 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 462 |  |  |  | 1,011 |
Other expenses |  |  | 5,273 |  |  |  | 3,401 |  |  |  | 2,947 |  |  |  | 4,798 |  |  |  | 444 |  |  |  | 16,863 |
Total contract benefits and expenses |  |  | 26,383 |  |  |  | 10,575 |  |  |  | 10,773 |  |  |  | 4,900 |  |  |  | 1,065 |  |  |  | 53,696 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  | 3,188 |  |  |  | 1,791 |  |  |  | 2,483 |  |  |  | 1,641 |  |  |  | (978 | ) |  |  | 8,125 |
Income tax recovery (expense) |  |  | (445 | ) |  |  | (336 | ) |  |  | (385 | ) |  |  | (233 | ) |  |  | 186 |  |  |  | (1,213 | )
Net income (loss) |  |  | 2,743 |  |  |  | 1,455 |  |  |  | 2,098 |  |  |  | 1,408 |  |  |  | (792 | ) |  |  | 6,912 |
Less net income (loss) attributed to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-controlling interests |  |  | 253 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 255 |
Participating policyholders |  |  | (567 | ) |  |  | 101 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (448 | )
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders |  | $ | 3,057 |  |  | $ | 1,354 |  |  | $ | 2,080 |  |  | $ | 1,406 |  |  | $ | (792 | ) |  | $ | 7,105 |
Total assets |  | $ | 162,970 |  |  | $ | 169,736 |  |  | $ | 290,838 |  |  | $ | 259,363 |  |  | $ | 34,736 |  |  | $ | 917,643 |

Geographical location
The results of the Company’s reporting segments differ from its geographical location primarily due to the allocation of Global WAM and Corporate and Other segments into the geographical location to which its businesses relate.
The following table presents results by geographical location.

For the year ended December 31, 2022 |  | Asia |  |  | Canada |  |  | U.S. |  |  | Other |  |  | Total |
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Life and health insurance |  | $ | 18,786 |  |  | $ | 9,615 |  |  | $ | 6,580 |  |  | $ | 502 |  |  | $ | 35,483 |
Annuities and pensions |  |  | 2,786 |  |  |  | 447 |  |  |  | (863 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2,370 |
Net premium income |  |  | 21,572 |  |  |  | 10,062 |  |  |  | 5,717 |  |  |  | 502 |  |  |  | 37,853 |
Net investment income (loss) |  |  | (8,468 | ) |  |  | (8,435 | ) |  |  | (13,288 | ) |  |  | 321 |  |  |  | (29,870 | )
Other revenue |  |  | 2,702 |  |  |  | 3,246 |  |  |  | 3,217 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 9,164 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 15,806 |  |  | $ | 4,873 |  |  | $ | (4,354 | ) |  | $ | 822 |  |  | $ | 17,147 |
For the year ended December 31, 2021 |  | Asia |  |  | Canada |  |  | U.S. |  |  | Other |  |  | Total |
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Life and health insurance |  | $ | 20,515 |  |  | $ | 8,905 |  |  | $ | 6,340 |  |  | $ | 370 |  |  | $ | 36,130 |
Annuities and pensions |  |  | 2,558 |  |  |  | 344 |  |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2,935 |
Net premium income |  |  | 23,073 |  |  |  | 9,249 |  |  |  | 6,373 |  |  |  | 370 |  |  |  | 39,065 |
Net investment income (loss) |  |  | 5,313 |  |  |  | 1,255 |  |  |  | 4,830 |  |  |  | 226 |  |  |  | 11,624 |
Other revenue |  |  | 2,818 |  |  |  | 3,363 |  |  |  | 4,952 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 11,132 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 31,204 |  |  | $ | 13,867 |  |  | $ | 16,155 |  |  | $ | 595 |  |  | $ | 61,821 |

Note 21 Related Parties
The Company enters into transactions with related parties in the normal course of business and at the terms that would exist in
arm’s-length
transactions.
(a) Transactions with certain related parties
Transactions with MFLP, a wholly owned unconsolidated partnership, are described in notes 11, 18 and 19.
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(b) Compensation of key management personnel
The Company’s key management personnel are those personnel who have the authority and responsibility for planning, directing and controlling the activities of the Company. Directors (both executive and
non-executive)
and senior management are considered key management personnel. A summary of compensation of key management personnel is as follows.

For the years ended December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Short-term employee benefits |  | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | 65 |
Post-employment benefits |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 5 |
Share-based payments |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 57 |
Termination benefits |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Other long-term benefits |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 2 |
Total |  | $ | 155 |  |  | $ | 129 |

Note 22 Subsidiaries
The following is a list of Manulife’s directly and indirectly held major operating subsidiaries.

As at December 31, 2022 (100% owned unless otherwise noted in brackets beside company name) |  | Equity Interest |  | Address |  | Description
The Manufacturers Life Insurance Company |  | $ 65,848 |  | Toronto, Canada |  | Leading Canadian-based financial services company that offers a diverse range of financial protection products and wealth management services
Manulife Holdings (Alberta) Limited |  | $ 21,640 |  | Calgary, Canada |  | Holding company
John Hancock Financial Corporation |  |  |  | Boston, U.S.A. |  | Holding company
The Manufacturers Investment Corporation |  |  |  | Boston, U.S.A. |  | Holding company
John Hancock Reassurance Company Ltd. |  |  |  | Boston, U.S.A. |  | Captive insurance subsidiary that provides life, annuity and long-term care reinsurance to affiliates
John Hancock Life Insurance Company (U.S.A.) |  |  |  | Boston, U.S.A. |  | U.S. life insurance company licensed in all states, except New York
John Hancock Subsidiaries LLC |  |  |  | Boston, U.S.A. |  | Holding company
John Hancock Financial Network, Inc. |  |  |  | Boston, U.S.A. |  | Financial services distribution organization
John Hancock Investment Management LLC |  |  |  | Boston, U.S.A. |  | Investment advisor
John Hancock Investment Management Distributors LLC |  |  |  | Boston, U.S.A. |  | Broker-dealer
Manulife Investment Management (US) LLC |  |  |  | Boston, U.S.A. |  | Investment advisor
Manulife Investment Management Timberland and Agriculture Inc. |  |  |  | Boston, U.S.A. |  | Manager of globally diversified timberland and agricultural portfolios
John Hancock Life Insurance Company of New York |  |  |  | New York, U.S.A. |  | U.S. life insurance company licensed in New York
John Hancock Variable Trust Advisers LLC |  |  |  | Boston, U.S.A. |  | Investment advisor for open-end mutual funds
John Hancock Life & Health Insurance Company |  |  |  | Boston, U.S.A. |  | U.S. life insurance company licensed in all states
John Hancock Distributors LLC |  |  |  | Boston, U.S.A. |  | Broker-dealer
John Hancock Insurance Agency, Inc. |  |  |  | Boston, U.S.A. |  | Insurance agency
Manulife Reinsurance Limited |  |  |  | Hamilton, Bermuda |  | Provides life and financial reinsurance to affiliates
Manulife Reinsurance (Bermuda) Limited |  |  |  | Hamilton, Bermuda |  | Provides life and annuity reinsurance to affiliates
Manulife Bank of Canada |  | $ 1,788 |  | Waterloo, Canada |  | Provides integrated banking products and service options not available from an insurance company
Manulife Investment Management Holdings (Canada) Inc. |  | $ 1,179 |  | Toronto, Canada |  | Holding company
Manulife Investment Management Limited |  |  |  | Toronto, Canada |  | Provides investment counseling, portfolio and mutual fund management in Canada
First North American Insurance Company |  | $ 7 |  | Toronto, Canada |  | Property and casualty insurance company
Manulife Securities Investment Services Inc. |  | $ 80 |  | Oakville, Canada |  | Mutual fund dealer for Canadian operations
Manulife Holdings (Bermuda) Limited |  | $ 22,841 |  | Hamilton, Bermuda |  | Holding company
Manufacturers P&C Limited |  |  |  | St. Michael, Barbados |  | Provides property and casualty reinsurance
Manulife Financial Asia Limited |  |  |  | Hong Kong, China |  | Holding company

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As at December 31, 2022 (100% owned unless otherwise noted in brackets beside company name) |  | Equity Interest |  | Address |  | Description
Manulife (Cambodia) PLC |  |  |  | Phnom Penh, Cambodia |  | Life insurance company
Manulife Myanmar Life Insurance Company Limited |  |  |  | Yangon, Myanmar |  | Life insurance company
Manufacturers Life Reinsurance Limited |  |  |  | St. Michael, Barbados |  | Provides life and annuity reinsurance to affiliates
Manulife (Vietnam) Limited |  |  |  | Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam |  | Life insurance company
Manulife Investment Fund Management (Vietnam) Company Limited |  |  |  | Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam |  | Fund management company
Manulife International Holdings Limited |  |  |  | Hong Kong, China |  | Holding company
Manulife (International) Limited |  |  |  | Hong Kong, China |  | Life insurance company
Manulife-Sinochem Life Insurance Co. Ltd. (51%) |  |  |  | Shanghai, China |  | Life insurance company
Manulife Investment Management International Holdings Limited |  |  |  | Hong Kong, China |  | Holding company
Manulife Investment Management (Hong Kong) Limited |  |  |  | Hong Kong, China |  | Investment management and advisory company marketing mutual funds
Manulife Investment Management (Taiwan) Co., Ltd. |  |  |  | Taipei, Taiwan (China) |  | Investment management company
Manulife Life Insurance Company (Japan) |  |  |  | Tokyo, Japan |  | Life insurance company
Manulife Investment Management (Japan) Limited |  |  |  | Tokyo, Japan |  | Investment management and advisory company and mutual fund business
Manulife Holdings Berhad (61.6%) |  |  |  | Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |  | Holding company
Manulife Insurance Berhad (61.6%) |  |  |  | Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |  | Life insurance company
Manulife Investment Management (Malaysia) Berhad (61.6%) |  |  |  | Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |  | Asset management company
Manulife (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. |  |  |  | Singapore |  | Life insurance company
Manulife Investment Management (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. |  |  |  | Singapore |  | Asset management company
The Manufacturers Life Insurance Co. (Phils.), Inc. |  |  |  | Makati City, Philippines |  | Life insurance company
Manulife Chinabank Life Assurance Corporation (60%) |  |  |  | Makati City, Philippines |  | Life insurance company
PT Asuransi Jiwa Manulife Indonesia |  |  |  | Jakarta, Indonesia |  | Life insurance company
PT Manulife Aset Manajemen Indonesia |  |  |  | Jakarta, Indonesia |  | Investment management and investment advisor
Manulife TEDA Fund Management Co., Ltd |  |  |  | Beijing, China |  | Mutual fund company in China
Manulife Investment Management (Europe) Limited |  | $ 34 |  | London, England |  | Investment management company for Manulife Financial’s international funds
Manulife Assurance Company of Canada |  | $ 64 |  | Toronto, Canada |  | Life insurance company
EIS Services (Bermuda) Limited |  | $ 902 |  | Hamilton, Bermuda |  | Investment holding company
Berkshire Insurance Services Inc. |  | $ 1,868 |  | Toronto, Canada |  | Investment holding company
JH Investments (Delaware) LLC |  |  |  | Boston, U.S.A. |  | Investment holding company
Manulife Securities Incorporated |  | $ 151 |  | Oakville, Canada |  | Investment dealer
Manulife Investment Management (North America) Limited |  | $ 4 |  | Toronto, Canada |  | Investment advisor

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Note 23 Segregated Funds
The Company manages a number of segregated funds on behalf of policyholders. Policyholders are provided with the opportunity to invest in different categories of segregated funds that respectively hold a range of underlying investments. The Company retains legal title to the underlying investments; however, returns from these investments belong to the policyholders. Accordingly, the Company does not bear the risk associated with these assets outside of guarantees offered on certain variable life and annuity products. The “Risk Management and Risk Factors” section of the Company’s 2022 MD&A provides information regarding the variable annuity and segregated fund guarantees.
The composition of net assets by categories of segregated funds was within the following ranges for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

|  | Ranges in per cent |
Type of fund |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Money market funds |  |  | 2% to 3% |  |  |  | 2% to 3% |
Fixed income funds |  |  | 13% to 14% |  |  |  | 14% to 15% |
Balanced funds |  |  | 22% to 23% |  |  |  | 22% to 23% |
Equity funds |  |  | 61% to 62% |  |  |  | 60% to 62% |

Money market funds consist of investments that have a term to maturity of less than one year. Fixed income funds primarily consist of investments in fixed grade income securities and may contain smaller investments in diversified equities or high-yield bonds. Relative to fixed income funds, balanced funds consist of fixed income securities and a larger equity investment component. The types of equity funds available to policyholders range from low volatility equity funds to aggressive equity funds. Equity funds invest in a varying mix of Canadian, U.S. and global equities.
The underlying investments of the segregated funds consist of both individual securities and mutual funds (collectively “net assets”), some of which may be structured entities. The carrying value and change in segregated funds net assets are as follows. Fair value related information of segregated funds is disclosed in note 4(g).
Segregated funds net assets

As at December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Investments at market value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and short-term securities |  | $ | 4,280 |  |  | $ | 3,955 |
Debt securities |  |  | 15,270 |  |  |  | 18,651 |
Equities |  |  | 15,499 |  |  |  | 16,844 |
Mutual funds |  |  | 308,707 |  |  |  | 354,882 |
Other investments |  |  | 4,293 |  |  |  | 4,613 |
Accrued investment income |  |  | 1,680 |  |  |  | 2,340 |
Other assets and liabilities, net |  |  | (796 | ) |  |  | (1,089 | )
Total segregated funds net assets |  | $ | 348,933 |  |  | $ | 400,196 |
Composition of segregated funds net assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Held by policyholders |  | $ | 348,562 |  |  | $ | 399,788 |
Held by the Company |  |  | 371 |  |  |  | 408 |
Total segregated funds net assets |  | $ | 348,933 |  |  | $ | 400,196 |

Changes in segregated funds net assets

For the years ended December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Net policyholder cash flows |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits from policyholders |  | $ | 42,427 |  |  | $ | 44,548 |
Net transfers to general fund |  |  | (1,267 | ) |  |  | (732 | )
Payments to policyholders |  |  | (46,333 | ) |  |  | (52,182 | )
|  |  | (5,173 | ) |  |  | (8,366 | )
Investment related |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and dividends |  |  | 21,900 |  |  |  | 24,092 |
Net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) |  |  | (78,017 | ) |  |  | 21,549 |
|  |  | (56,117 | ) |  |  | 45,641 |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management and administration fees |  |  | (3,886 | ) |  |  | (4,115 | )
Impact of changes in foreign exchange rates |  |  | 13,913 |  |  |  | (773 | )
|  |  | 10,027 |  |  |  | (4,888 | )
Net additions (deductions) |  |  | (51,263 | ) |  |  | 32,387 |
Segregated funds net assets, beginning of year |  |  | 400,196 |  |  |  | 367,809 |
Segregated funds net assets, end of year |  | $ | 348,933 |  |  | $ | 400,196 |

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Segregated funds assets may be exposed to a variety of financial and other risks. These risks are primarily mitigated by investment guidelines that are actively monitored by professional and experienced portfolio advisors. The Company is not exposed to these risks beyond the liabilities related to the guarantees associated with certain variable life and annuity products included in segregated funds. Accordingly, the Company’s exposure to loss from segregated fund products is limited to the value of these guarantees.
These guarantees are recorded within the Company’s insurance contract liabilities. Assets supporting these guarantees are recognized in invested assets according to their investment type.
Note 24 Information Provided in Connection with Investments in Deferred Annuity Contracts and
Signature
Notes Issued or Assumed by John Hancock Life Insurance Company (U.S.A.)
The following condensed consolidated financial information, presented in accordance with IFRS, and the related disclosure have been included in these Consolidated Financial Statements with respect to JHUSA in compliance with Regulation
S-X
and Rule
12h-5
of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”). These financial statements are incorporated by reference in certain of the MFC and its subsidiaries registration statements that are described below and relate to MFC’s guarantee of certain securities to be issued by its subsidiaries.
JHUSA maintains a book of deferred annuity contracts that feature a market value adjustment, some of which are registered with the Commission. The deferred annuity contracts may contain variable investment options along with fixed investment period options, or may offer only fixed investment period options. The fixed investment period options enable the participant to invest fixed amounts of money for fixed terms at fixed interest rates, subject to a market value adjustment if the participant desires to terminate a fixed investment period before its maturity date. The annuity contract provides for the market value adjustment to keep the parties whole with respect to the fixed interest bargain for the entire fixed investment period. These fixed investment period options that contain a market value adjustment feature are referred to as “MVAs”.
JHUSA has sold medium-term notes to retail investors under its
Signature
Notes program.
Effective December 31, 2009, John Hancock Variable Life Insurance Company (the “Variable Company”) and John Hancock Life Insurance Company (the “Life Company”) merged with and into JHUSA. In connection with the mergers, JHUSA assumed the Variable Company’s rights and obligations with respect to the MVAs issued by the Variable Company and the Life Company’s rights and obligations with respect to the
Signature
Notes issued by the Life Company.
MFC fully and unconditionally guaranteed the payment of JHUSA’s obligations under the MVAs and under the
Signature
Notes (including the MVAs and
Signature
Notes assumed by JHUSA in the merger), and such MVAs and the
Signature
Notes were registered with the Commission. The
Signature
Notes and MVAs assumed or issued by JHUSA are collectively referred to in this note as the “Guaranteed Securities”. JHUSA is, and each of the Variable Company and the Life Company was, a wholly owned subsidiary of MFC.
MFC’s guarantees of the Guaranteed Securities are unsecured obligations of MFC and are subordinated in right of payment to the prior payment in full of all other obligations of MFC, except for other guarantees or obligations of MFC which by their terms are designated as ranking equally in right of payment with or subordinate to MFC’s guarantees of the Guaranteed Securities.
The laws of the State of New York govern MFC’s guarantees of the
Signature
Notes issued or assumed by JHUSA and the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts govern MFC’s guarantees of the MVAs issued or assumed by JHUSA. MFC has consented to the jurisdiction of the courts of New York and Massachusetts. However, because a substantial portion of MFC’s assets are located outside the United States, the assets of MFC located in the United States may not be sufficient to satisfy a judgment given by a federal or state court in the United States to enforce the subordinate guarantees. In general, the federal laws of Canada and the laws of the Province of Ontario, where MFC’s principal executive offices are located, permit an action to be brought in Ontario to enforce such a judgment provided that such judgment is subsisting and unsatisfied for a fixed sum of money and not void or voidable in the United States and a Canadian court will render a judgment against MFC in a certain dollar amount, expressed in Canadian dollars, subject to customary qualifications regarding fraud, violations of public policy, laws limiting the enforcement of creditor’s rights and applicable statutes of limitations on judgments. There is currently no public policy in effect in the Province of Ontario that would support avoiding the recognition and enforcement in Ontario of a judgment of a New York or Massachusetts court on MFC’s guarantees of the
Signature
Notes issued or assumed by JHUSA or a Massachusetts court on guarantees of the MVAs issued or assumed by JHUSA.
MFC is a holding company. MFC’s assets primarily consist of investments in its subsidiaries. MFC’s cash flows primarily consist of dividends and interest payments from its operating subsidiaries, offset by expenses and shareholder dividends and MFC stock repurchases. As a holding company, MFC’s ability to meet its cash requirements, including, but not limited to, paying any amounts due under its guarantees, substantially depends upon dividends from its operating subsidiaries.
These subsidiaries are subject to certain regulatory restrictions under laws in Canada, the United States and certain other countries, which may limit their ability to pay dividends or make contributions or loans to MFC. For example, some of MFC’s subsidiaries are subject to restrictions prescribed by the ICA on their ability to declare and pay dividends. The restrictions related to dividends imposed by the ICA are described in note 13.
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6
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In the United States, insurance laws in Michigan, New York, and Massachusetts, the jurisdictions in which certain of MFC’s U.S. insurance company subsidiaries are domiciled, impose general limitations on the payment of dividends and other upstream distributions or loans by these insurance subsidiaries. These limitations are described in note 13.
In Asia, the insurance laws of the jurisdictions in which MFC operates either provide for specific restrictions on the payment of dividends or other distributions or loans by subsidiaries or impose solvency or other financial tests, which could affect the ability of subsidiaries to pay dividends in certain circumstances.
There can be no assurance that any current or future regulatory restrictions in Canada, the United States or Asia will not impair MFC’s ability to meet its cash requirements, including, but not limited to, paying any amounts due under its guarantees.
The following condensed consolidated financial information, presented in accordance with IFRS, reflects the effects of the mergers and is provided in compliance with Regulation
S-X
and in accordance with Rule
12h-5
of the Commission.
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Financial Position

As at December 31, 2022 |  | MFC (Guarantor) |  |  | JHUSA (Issuer) |  |  | Other subsidiaries |  |  | Consolidation adjustments |  |  | Consolidated MFC |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Invested assets |  | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | 116,463 |  |  | $ | 297,996 |  |  | $ | (521 | ) |  | $ | 414,001 |
Investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries |  |  | 67,209 |  |  |  | 8,819 |  |  |  | 22,053 |  |  |  | (98,081 | ) |  |  | – |
Reinsurance assets |  |  | – |  |  |  | 61,511 |  |  |  | 12,137 |  |  |  | (25,936 | ) |  |  | 47,712 |
Other assets |  |  | 334 |  |  |  | 9,456 |  |  |  | 48,135 |  |  |  | (19,259 | ) |  |  | 38,666 |
Segregated funds net assets |  |  | – |  |  |  | 173,417 |  |  |  | 177,361 |  |  |  | (2,216 | ) |  |  | 348,562 |
Total assets |  | $ | 67,606 |  |  | $ | 369,666 |  |  | $ | 557,682 |  |  | $ | (146,013 | ) |  | $ | 848,941 |
Liabilities and equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance contract liabilities |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 156,205 |  |  | $ | 241,830 |  |  | $ | (26,630 | ) |  | $ | 371,405 |
Investment contract liabilities |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1,418 |  |  |  | 1,830 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 3,248 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 451 |  |  |  | 20,159 |  |  |  | 55,304 |  |  |  | (18,923 | ) |  |  | 56,991 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 6,234 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 6,234 |
Capital instruments |  |  | 4,860 |  |  |  | 614 |  |  |  | 648 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 6,122 |
Segregated funds net liabilities |  |  | – |  |  |  | 173,417 |  |  |  | 177,361 |  |  |  | (2,216 | ) |  |  | 348,562 |
Shareholders’ and other equity holders’ equity |  |  | 56,061 |  |  |  | 17,853 |  |  |  | 80,391 |  |  |  | (98,244 | ) |  |  | 56,061 |
Participating policyholders’ equity |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (1,346 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (1,346 | )
Non-controlling interests |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1,664 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1,664 |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 67,606 |  |  | $ | 369,666 |  |  | $ | 557,682 |  |  | $ | (146,013 | ) |  | $ | 848,941 |

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Financial Position

As at December 31, 2021 |  | MFC (Guarantor) |  |  | JHUSA (Issuer) |  |  | Other subsidiaries |  |  | Consolidation adjustments |  |  | Consolidated MFC |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Invested assets |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 116,705 |  |  | $ | 310,679 |  |  | $ | (364 | ) |  | $ | 427,098 |
Investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries |  |  | 68,655 |  |  |  | 9,107 |  |  |  | 20,788 |  |  |  | (98,550 | ) |  |  | – |
Reinsurance assets |  |  | – |  |  |  | 63,838 |  |  |  | 11,309 |  |  |  | (30,568 | ) |  |  | 44,579 |
Other assets |  |  | 211 |  |  |  | 18,085 |  |  |  | 49,956 |  |  |  | (22,074 | ) |  |  | 46,178 |
Segregated funds net assets |  |  | – |  |  |  | 204,493 |  |  |  | 197,220 |  |  |  | (1,925 | ) |  |  | 399,788 |
Total assets |  | $ | 68,944 |  |  | $ | 412,228 |  |  | $ | 589,952 |  |  | $ | (153,481 | ) |  | $ | 917,643 |
Liabilities and equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance contract liabilities |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 166,535 |  |  | $ | 257,044 |  |  | $ | (31,304 | ) |  | $ | 392,275 |
Investment contract liabilities |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1,227 |  |  |  | 1,890 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 3,117 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 899 |  |  |  | 21,806 |  |  |  | 50,836 |  |  |  | (21,809 | ) |  |  | 51,732 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 4,882 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 4,882 |
Capital instruments |  |  | 4,755 |  |  |  | 579 |  |  |  | 1,646 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 6,980 |
Segregated funds net liabilities |  |  | – |  |  |  | 204,493 |  |  |  | 197,220 |  |  |  | (1,925 | ) |  |  | 399,788 |
Shareholders’ and other equity holders’ equity |  |  | 58,408 |  |  |  | 17,588 |  |  |  | 80,855 |  |  |  | (98,443 | ) |  |  | 58,408 |
Participating policyholders’ equity |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (1,233 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (1,233 | )
Non-controlling interests |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1,694 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1,694 |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 68,944 |  |  | $ | 412,228 |  |  | $ | 589,952 |  |  | $ | (153,481 | ) |  | $ | 917,643 |

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Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income

For the year ended December 31, 2022 |  | MFC (Guarantor) |  |  | JHUSA (Issuer) |  |  | Other subsidiaries |  |  | Consolidation adjustments |  |  | Consolidated MFC |
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross premiums |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 7,924 |  |  | $ | 37,041 |  |  | $ | (863 | ) |  | $ | 44,102 |
Premiums ceded to reinsurers |  |  | – |  |  |  | (2,561 | ) |  |  | (4,662 | ) |  |  | 974 |  |  |  | (6,249 | )
Net premium income |  |  | – |  |  |  | 5,363 |  |  |  | 32,379 |  |  |  | 111 |  |  |  | 37,853 |
Net investment income (loss) |  |  | 554 |  |  |  | (9,714 | ) |  |  | (19,446 | ) |  |  | (1,264 | ) |  |  | (29,870 | )
Other revenue |  |  | (36 | ) |  |  | 281 |  |  |  | 7,871 |  |  |  | 1,048 |  |  |  | 9,164 |
Total revenue |  |  | 518 |  |  |  | (4,070 | ) |  |  | 20,804 |  |  |  | (105 | ) |  |  | 17,147 |
Contract benefits and expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net benefits and claims |  |  | – |  |  |  | (8,505 | ) |  |  | (1,572 | ) |  |  | 778 |  |  |  | (9,299 | )
Commissions, investment and general expenses |  |  | 42 |  |  |  | 3,099 |  |  |  | 13,798 |  |  |  | (1,034 | ) |  |  | 15,905 |
Other expenses |  |  | 440 |  |  |  | 264 |  |  |  | 939 |  |  |  | 151 |  |  |  | 1,794 |
Total contract benefits and expenses |  |  | 482 |  |  |  | (5,142 | ) |  |  | 13,165 |  |  |  | (105 | ) |  |  | 8,400 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 1,072 |  |  |  | 7,639 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 8,747 |
Income tax (expense) recovery |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | (23 | ) |  |  | (1,574 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (1,565 | )
Income (loss) after income taxes |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | 1,049 |  |  |  | 6,065 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 7,182 |
Equity in net income (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries |  |  | 7,226 |  |  |  | 997 |  |  |  | 2,046 |  |  |  | (10,269 | ) |  |  | – |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 7,294 |  |  | $ | 2,046 |  |  | $ | 8,111 |  |  | $ | (10,269 | ) |  | $ | 7,182 |
Net income (loss) attributed to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-controlling interests |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | (1 | )
Participating policyholders |  |  | – |  |  |  | (236 | ) |  |  | 125 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (111 | )
Shareholders and other equity holders |  |  | 7,294 |  |  |  | 2,282 |  |  |  | 7,987 |  |  |  | (10,269 | ) |  |  | 7,294 |
|  | $ | 7,294 |  |  | $ | 2,046 |  |  | $ | 8,111 |  |  | $ | (10,269 | ) |  | $ | 7,182 |

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income

For the year ended December 31, 2021 |  | MFC (Guarantor) |  |  | JHUSA (Issuer) |  |  | Other subsidiaries |  |  | Consolidation adjustments |  |  | Consolidated MFC |
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross premiums |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 7,782 |  |  | $ | 37,563 |  |  | $ | (1,001 | ) |  | $ | 44,344 |
Premiums ceded to reinsurers |  |  | – |  |  |  | (3,243 | ) |  |  | (3,031 | ) |  |  | 995 |  |  |  | (5,279 | )
Net premium income |  |  | – |  |  |  | 4,539 |  |  |  | 34,532 |  |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | 39,065 |
Net investment income (loss) |  |  | 530 |  |  |  | 3,779 |  |  |  | 8,440 |  |  |  | (1,125 | ) |  |  | 11,624 |
Other revenue |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | 2,042 |  |  |  | 9,605 |  |  |  | (548 | ) |  |  | 11,132 |
Total revenue |  |  | 563 |  |  |  | 10,360 |  |  |  | 52,577 |  |  |  | (1,679 | ) |  |  | 61,821 |
Contract benefits and expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net benefits and claims |  |  | – |  |  |  | 6,478 |  |  |  | 28,467 |  |  |  | 877 |  |  |  | 35,822 |
Commissions, investment and general expenses |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 3,451 |  |  |  | 14,419 |  |  |  | (1,436 | ) |  |  | 16,446 |
Other expenses |  |  | 390 |  |  |  | 212 |  |  |  | 1,946 |  |  |  | (1,120 | ) |  |  | 1,428 |
Total contract benefits and expenses |  |  | 402 |  |  |  | 10,141 |  |  |  | 44,832 |  |  |  | (1,679 | ) |  |  | 53,696 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  | 161 |  |  |  | 219 |  |  |  | 7,745 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 8,125 |
Income tax (expense) recovery |  |  | (28 | ) |  |  | 115 |  |  |  | (1,300 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (1,213 | )
Income (loss) after income taxes |  |  | 133 |  |  |  | 334 |  |  |  | 6,445 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 6,912 |
Equity in net income (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries |  |  | 6,972 |  |  |  | 1,218 |  |  |  | 1,552 |  |  |  | (9,742 | ) |  |  | – |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 7,105 |  |  | $ | 1,552 |  |  | $ | 7,997 |  |  | $ | (9,742 | ) |  | $ | 6,912 |
Net income (loss) attributed to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-controlling interests |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 255 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 255 |
Participating policyholders |  |  | – |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | (448 | ) |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | (448 | )
Shareholders |  |  | 7,105 |  |  |  | 1,556 |  |  |  | 8,190 |  |  |  | (9,746 | ) |  |  | 7,105 |
|  | $ | 7,105 |  |  | $ | 1,552 |  |  | $ | 7,997 |  |  | $ | (9,742 | ) |  | $ | 6,912 |

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Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows

For the year ended December 31, 2022 |  | MFC (Guarantor) |  |  | JHUSA (Issuer) |  |  | Other subsidiaries |  |  | Consolidation adjustments |  |  | Consolidated MFC |
Operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 7,294 |  |  | $ | 2,046 |  |  | $ | 8,111 |  |  | $ | (10,269 | ) |  | $ | 7,182 |
Adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in net income of unconsolidated subsidiaries |  |  | (7,226 | ) |  |  | (997 | ) |  |  | (2,046 | ) |  |  | 10,269 |  |  |  | – |
Increase (decrease) in insurance contract liabilities |  |  | – |  |  |  | (20,032 | ) |  |  | (13,381 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (33,413 | )
Increase (decrease) in investment contract liabilities |  |  | – |  |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 41 |
(Increase) decrease in reinsurance assets excluding coinsurance transactions |  |  | – |  |  |  | 6,869 |  |  |  | (6,710 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 159 |
Amortization of (premium) discount on invested assets |  |  | – |  |  |  | 46 |  |  |  | (78 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (32 | )
Other amortization |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 125 |  |  |  | 404 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 538 |
Net realized and unrealized (gains) losses and impairment on assets |  |  | (36 | ) |  |  | 15,150 |  |  |  | 32,156 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 47,270 |
Gain on U.S. variable annuity reinsurance transaction (pre-tax) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (1,026 | ) |  |  | (44 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (1,070 | )
Gain on derecognition of Joint Venture interest during Manulife TEDA acquisition (pre-tax) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (95 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (95 | )
Deferred income tax expense (recovery) |  |  | (33 | ) |  |  | 294 |  |  |  | 470 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 731 |
Stock option expense |  |  | – |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 5 |
Cash provided by (used in) operating activities before undernoted items |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 2,516 |  |  |  | 18,792 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 21,316 |
Dividends from unconsolidated subsidiary |  |  | 6,200 |  |  |  | 399 |  |  |  | 734 |  |  |  | (7,333 | ) |  |  | – |
Cash decrease due to U.S. variable annuity reinsurance transaction |  |  | – |  |  |  | (1,263 | ) |  |  | (114 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (1,377 | )
Changes in policy related and operating receivables and payables |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | 2,805 |  |  |  | (5,054 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (2,204 | )
Cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  |  | 6,253 |  |  |  | 4,457 |  |  |  | 14,358 |  |  |  | (7,333 | ) |  |  | 17,735 |
Investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases and mortgage advances |  |  | – |  |  |  | (28,798 | ) |  |  | (82,970 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (111,768) |
Disposals and repayments |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 23,505 |  |  |  | 69,901 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 93,407 |
Changes in investment broker net receivables and payables |  |  | – |  |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | (56 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (67 | )
Net cash increase (decrease) from sale (purchase) of subsidiary |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (182 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (182 | )
Investment in common shares of subsidiaries |  |  | (2,479 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2,479 |  |  |  | – |
Capital contribution to unconsolidated subsidiaries |  |  | – |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | – |
Return of capital from unconsolidated subsidiaries |  |  | – |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  | – |
Notes receivable from parent |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 415 |  |  |  | (415 | ) |  |  | – |
Notes receivable from subsidiaries |  |  | 46 |  |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (39 | ) |  |  | – |
Cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  |  | (2,432 | ) |  |  | (5,293 | ) |  |  | (12,892 | ) |  |  | 2,007 |  |  |  | (18,610 | )
Financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Issue of long-term debt, net |  |  | 946 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 946 |
Redemption of capital instruments |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (1,000 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (1,000 | )
Secured borrowings |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 437 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 437 |
Change in repurchase agreements and securities sold but not yet purchased |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (551 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (551 | )
Changes in deposits from Bank clients, net |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1,703 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1,703 |
Lease payments |  |  | – |  |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | (115 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (120 | )
Shareholders’ dividends and other equity distributions |  |  | (2,787 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (2,787 | )
Common shares repurchased |  |  | (1,884 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (1,884 | )
Common shares issued, net |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 2,479 |  |  |  | (2,479 | ) |  |  | 23 |
Preferred shares and other equity issued, net |  |  | 990 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 990 |
Preferred shares redeemed, net |  |  | (711 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (711 | )
Contributions from (distributions to) non-controlling interests, net |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (51 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (51 | )
Dividends paid to parent |  |  | – |  |  |  | (734 | ) |  |  | (6,599 | ) |  |  | 7,333 |  |  |  | – |
Capital contributions by parent |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | – |
Return of capital to parent |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | – |
Notes payable to parent |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (39 | ) |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | – |
Notes payable to subsidiaries |  |  | (415 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 415 |  |  |  | – |
Cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  |  | (3,838 | ) |  |  | (739 | ) |  |  | (3,754 | ) |  |  | 5,326 |  |  |  | (3,005 | )
Cash and short-term securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Increase (decrease) during the year |  |  | (17 | ) |  |  | (1,575 | ) |  |  | (2,288 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (3,880 | )
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and short-term securities |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 225 |  |  |  | 358 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 585 |
Balance, beginning of year |  |  | 78 |  |  |  | 3,565 |  |  |  | 18,287 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 21,930 |
Balance, end of year |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | 2,215 |  |  |  | 16,357 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 18,635 |
Cash and short-term securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross cash and short-term securities |  |  | 78 |  |  |  | 4,087 |  |  |  | 18,429 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 22,594 |
Net payments in transit, included in other liabilities |  |  | – |  |  |  | (522 | ) |  |  | (142 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (664 | )
Net cash and short-term securities, beginning of year |  |  | 78 |  |  |  | 3,565 |  |  |  | 18,287 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 21,930 |
End of year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross cash and short-term securities |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | 2,614 |  |  |  | 16,476 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 19,153 |
Net payments in transit, included in other liabilities |  |  | – |  |  |  | (399 | ) |  |  | (119 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (518 | )
Net cash and short-term securities, end of year |  | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | 2,215 |  |  | $ | 16,357 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 18,635 |
Supplemental disclosures on cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest received |  | $ | 512 |  |  | $ | 4,050 |  |  | $ | 8,732 |  |  | $ | (1,161 | ) |  | $ | 12,133 |
Interest paid |  |  | 424 |  |  |  | 118 |  |  |  | 1,867 |  |  |  | (1,161 | ) |  |  | 1,248 |
Income taxes paid |  |  | – |  |  |  | 124 |  |  |  | 1,114 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1,238 |

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Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows

For the year ended December 31, 2021 |  | MFC (Guarantor) |  |  | JHUSA (Issuer) |  |  | Other subsidiaries |  |  | Consolidation adjustments |  |  | Consolidated MFC |
Operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 7,105 |  |  | $ | 1,552 |  |  | $ | 7,997 |  |  | $ | (9,742 | ) |  | $ | 6,912 |
Adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in net income of unconsolidated subsidiaries |  |  | (6,972 | ) |  |  | (1,218 | ) |  |  | (1,552 | ) |  |  | 9,742 |  |  |  | – |
Increase (decrease) in insurance contract liabilities |  |  | – |  |  |  | (562 | ) |  |  | 11,281 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 10,719 |
Increase (decrease) in investment contract liabilities |  |  | – |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 44 |
(Increase) decrease in reinsurance assets excluding coinsurance transactions |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1,544 |  |  |  | (790 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 754 |
Amortization of (premium) discount on invested assets |  |  | – |  |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | 124 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 181 |
Other amortization |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 124 |  |  |  | 389 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 529 |
Net realized and unrealized (gains) losses and impairment on assets |  |  | 62 |  |  |  | 1,533 |  |  |  | 3,229 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 4,824 |
Deferred income tax expense (recovery) |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 190 |  |  |  | (351 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (127 | )
Stock option expense |  |  | – |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 9 |
Cash provided by (used in) operating activities before undernoted items |  |  | 245 |  |  |  | 3,268 |  |  |  | 20,332 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 23,845 |
Dividends from unconsolidated subsidiary |  |  | 5,000 |  |  |  | 489 |  |  |  | 742 |  |  |  | (6,231 | ) |  |  | – |
Changes in policy related and operating receivables and payables |  |  | (22 | ) |  |  | 424 |  |  |  | (1,092 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (690 | )
Cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  |  | 5,223 |  |  |  | 4,181 |  |  |  | 19,982 |  |  |  | (6,231 | ) |  |  | 23,155 |
Investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases and mortgage advances |  |  | – |  |  |  | (31,746 | ) |  |  | (89,219 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (120,965 | )
Disposals and repayments |  |  | – |  |  |  | 27,194 |  |  |  | 69,534 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 96,728 |
Changes in investment broker net receivables and payables |  |  | – |  |  |  | (202 | ) |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (186 | )
Investment in common shares of subsidiaries |  |  | (3,700 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 3,700 |  |  |  | – |
Net cash flows from acquisition and disposal of subsidiaries and businesses |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (19 | )
Capital contribution to unconsolidated subsidiaries |  |  | – |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | – |
Return of capital from unconsolidated subsidiaries |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | – |
Notes receivable from parent |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (129 | ) |  |  | 129 |  |  |  | – |
Notes receivable from subsidiaries |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | – |
Cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  |  | (3,713 | ) |  |  | (4,754 | ) |  |  | (19,817 | ) |  |  | 3,842 |  |  |  | (24,442 | )
Financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Redemption of long-term debt |  |  | (1,250 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (1,250 | )
Redemption of capital instruments |  |  | (468 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (350 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (818 | )
Secured borrowings |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 26 |
Change in repurchase agreements and securities sold but not yet purchased |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 186 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 186 |
Changes in deposits from Bank clients, net |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (164 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (164 | )
Lease payments |  |  | – |  |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | (117 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (124 | )
Shareholders’ dividends and other equity distributions |  |  | (2,500 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (2,500 | )
Contributions from (distributions to) non-controlling interests, net |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (13 | )
Common shares issued, net |  |  | 51 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 3,700 |  |  |  | (3,700 | ) |  |  | 51 |
Preferred shares and other equity issued, net |  |  | 3,171 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 3,171 |
Preferred shares redeemed, net |  |  | (612 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (612 | )
Dividends paid to parent |  |  | – |  |  |  | (742 | ) |  |  | (5,489 | ) |  |  | 6,231 |  |  |  | – |
Capital contributions by parent |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | – |
Return of capital to parent |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | – |
Notes payable to parent |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | – |
Notes payable to subsidiaries |  |  | 129 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | (129 | ) |  |  | – |
Cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  |  | (1,479 | ) |  |  | (749 | ) |  |  | (2,208 | ) |  |  | 2,389 |  |  |  | (2,047 | )
Cash and short-term securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Increase (decrease) during the year |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | (1,322 | ) |  |  | (2,043 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (3,334 | )
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and short-term securities |  |  | – |  |  |  | (20 | ) |  |  | (299 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (319 | )
Balance, beginning of year |  |  | 47 |  |  |  | 4,907 |  |  |  | 20,629 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 25,583 |
Balance, end of year |  |  | 78 |  |  |  | 3,565 |  |  |  | 18,287 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 21,930 |
Cash and short-term securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross cash and short-term securities |  |  | 47 |  |  |  | 5,213 |  |  |  | 20,907 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 26,167 |
Net payments in transit, included in other liabilities |  |  | – |  |  |  | (306 | ) |  |  | (278 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (584 | )
Net cash and short-term securities, beginning of year |  |  | 47 |  |  |  | 4,907 |  |  |  | 20,629 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 25,583 |
End of year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross cash and short-term securities |  |  | 78 |  |  |  | 4,087 |  |  |  | 18,429 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 22,594 |
Net payments in transit, included in other liabilities |  |  | – |  |  |  | (522 | ) |  |  | (142 | ) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (664 | )
Net cash and short-term securities, end of year |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 3,565 |  |  | $ | 18,287 |  |  | $ | – |  |  | $ | 21,930 |
Supplemental disclosures on cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest received |  | $ | 499 |  |  | $ | 4,112 |  |  | $ | 7,847 |  |  | $ | (1,082 | ) |  | $ | 11,376 |
Interest paid |  |  | 396 |  |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 1,594 |  |  |  | (1,082 | ) |  |  | 981 |
Income taxes paid (refund) |  |  | – |  |  |  | (118 | ) |  |  | 689 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 571 |

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2022 Annual Report | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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Note 25 Significant accounting policies in accordance with IFRS 9 and IFRS 17
As discussed in note 2 “Accounting and Reporting Changes”, the Company adopted IFRS 9 (“Financial Instruments”) and IFRS 17 (“Insurance Contracts”) as a replacement of IAS 39 and IFRS 4 effective January 1, 2023. The Consolidated Financial Statements starting from January 1, 2023, and any required comparatives, will be prepared in accordance with the new standards. This note outlines the Company’s accounting policies on invested assets, derivatives and hedging instruments that are in accordance with IFRS 9, as well as the accounting policies on insurance contract liabilities and reinsurance contract assets that are in accordance with IFRS 17. Refer to note 2 for adoption impacts of IFRS 9 and IFRS 17.
Invested assets
Invested assets are recognized initially at fair value plus, in the case of investments not at FVTPL, directly attributable transaction costs. Invested assets that are considered financial instruments are classified as fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVOCI”), fair value through profit or loss (“FVTPL”) or as amortized cost. The Company determines the classification of its financial assets at initial recognition.
The classification of invested assets which are financial instruments depends on their contractual terms and the Company’s business model for managing the assets.
The Company assesses the contractual terms of the assets to determine whether their contractual terms give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest (“SPPI”) on the principal amount outstanding. Only debt instruments may have SPPI cash flows. The most significant elements of interest within a lending arrangement are typically the consideration for the time value of money and credit risk. To make the SPPI assessment, the Company applies judgment and considers relevant factors such as prepayment and redemption rights, conversion features, and subordination of the instrument to other instruments of the issuer. Contractual terms that introduce a more than de minimis exposure to risks of not collecting principal or interest would not meet the SPPI test.
Debt instruments which qualify as having SPPI cash flows are classified as amortized cost or FVOCI based on the business model under which they are held. If held within a business model whose objective is to hold the assets in order to collect contractual cash flows, they are classified as amortized cost. If held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling the assets, they are classified as FVOCI. In either case, the company may designate them as FVTPL in order to reduce accounting mismatches with FVTPL liabilities they support. Debt instruments which fail the SPPI test are required to be measured at FVTPL. To identify the business model financial assets are held within, considerations include the business purpose of the portfolio holding them, the risks that are being managed and the business activities which manage the risks, the basis on which performance of the portfolio is being evaluated, and the frequency and significance of sales activity within the portfolio.
Realized and unrealized gains and losses on debt instruments classified as FVTPL and realized gains and losses on debt instruments held at amortized cost and FVOCI are recognized in investment income immediately. Unrealized gains and losses on FVOCI debt securities are recorded in OCI, except for unrealized gains and losses on foreign currency translation which are included in income.
Investments in equity which are financial instruments are not subject to the SPPI test and are accounted for as FVTPL unless the option to designate them as FVOCI is taken.
Valuation methods for the Company’s invested assets are described above in note 1(c). All fair value valuations are performed in accordance with IFRS 13 “Fair Value Measurement”. Disclosure of financial instruments carried at fair value within the three levels of the fair value hierarchy and disclosure of the fair value for financial instruments not carried at fair value on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position are presented in note 4. Fair value valuations are performed by the Company and by third-party service providers. When third-party service providers are engaged, the Company performs a variety of procedures to corroborate pricing information. These procedures may include, but are not limited to, inquiry and review of valuation techniques, inputs to the valuation and vendor controls reports.
Cash and short-term securities comprise of cash, current operating accounts, overnight bank and term deposits, and fixed income securities held for meeting short-term cash commitments. Short-term securities are carried at fair value. Short-term securities are comprised of investments due to mature within one year of the date of purchase. Commercial paper and discount notes are classified as Level 2 because these securities are typically not actively traded. Net payments in transit and overdraft bank balances are included in other liabilities.
Debt securities are carried at fair value or amortized cost. Debt securities are generally valued by independent pricing vendors using proprietary pricing models incorporating current market inputs for similar instruments with comparable terms and credit quality (matrix pricing). The significant inputs include, but are not limited to, yield curves, credit risks and spreads, prepayment rates and volatility of these inputs. These debt securities are classified as Level 2 but can be Level 3 if significant inputs are market unobservable.
Public equities are comprised of common and preferred equities and are carried at fair value. Public equities are generally classified as Level 1, as fair values are normally based on quoted market prices. Realized and unrealized gains and losses on equities designated as FVTPL are recognized in investment income immediately. Unrealized gains and losses on equity securities designated as FVOCI are

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recorded in OCI and are never reclassified to investment income. Upon sale of an FVOCI equity security, related AOCI is reclassified to retained earnings. The Company’s risk management policies and procedures related to equities can be found in the denoted components of the “Risk Management and Risk Factors” section of the MD&A.
Mortgages are classified as Level 3 for fair value purposes due to the lack of market observability of certain significant valuation inputs.
The Company accounts for insured and uninsured mortgage securitizations as secured financing transactions since the criteria for sale accounting are not met. For these transactions, the Company continues to recognize the mortgages and records a liability in other liabilities for the amounts owed at maturity. Interest income from these mortgages and interest expense on the borrowings are recorded using the effective interest rate method.
Private placements, which include corporate loans for which there is no active market, are generally classified as Level 2 for fair value disclosure purposes or as Level 3 if significant inputs are market unobservable.
Loans to Manulife Bank of Canada (“Manulife Bank” or “Bank”) clients are carried at amortized cost and are classified as Level 2 for fair value disclosure purposes.
Interest income is recognized on debt securities, mortgages, private placements, policy loans and loans to Bank clients as it accrues and is calculated using the effective interest rate (“EIR”) method. Premiums, discounts, and transaction costs are amortized over the life of the underlying investment using the effective yield method for all debt securities as well as mortgages and private placements.
The Company records purchases and sales of invested assets on a trade date basis. Loans originated by the Company are recognized on a settlement date basis.
Real estate consists of both own use and investment property. Own use property is carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses, or at revalued amount which is the fair value as at the most recent revaluation date minus accumulated amortization and any accumulated impairment losses. Depreciation is calculated based on the cost of an asset less its residual value and is recognized in income on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life ranging from 30 to 60 years. Impairment losses are recorded in income to the extent the recoverable amount is less than the carrying amount. Own use property is classified as Level 3 for fair value disclosure purposes.
Own use real estate properties which are underlying items for insurance contracts with direct participating features are measured at fair value as if they were investment properties, as permitted by IFRS 17.
An investment property is a property held to earn rental income, for capital appreciation, or both. Investment properties are measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in income. Fair value of own use properties and investment properties is determined using the same processes. Fair value for properties is determined using external appraisals that are based on the highest and best use of the property. The valuation techniques include discounted cash flows, the direct capitalization method as well as comparable sales analysis and include both observable and unobservable inputs. Inputs include existing and assumed tenancies, market data from recent comparable transactions, future economic outlook and market risk assumptions, capitalization rates and internal rates of return. Investment properties are classified as Level 3 for fair value disclosure purposes.
When a property changes from own use to investment property, any gain or loss arising on the remeasurement of the property to fair value at the date of transfer is recognized in OCI, to the extent that it is not reversing a previous impairment loss. Reversals of impairment losses are recognized in income. When a property changes from investment property to own use, the property’s deemed cost for subsequent accounting is its fair value as at the date of change in use.
Other invested assets include private equity investments and property investments held in infrastructure and timber, as well as in agriculture and oil and gas sectors. Private equity investments are accounted for as associates or joint ventures using the equity method (as described in note 1(d) above) or are classified as FVTPL and carried at fair value. Timber and agriculture properties are measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in income, except for buildings, equipment and bearer plants which are measured at amortized cost. The fair value of other invested assets is determined using a variety of valuation techniques as described in note
4
. Other invested assets that are measured or disclosed at fair value are classified as Level 3.
Other invested assets also include investments in leveraged leases, which are accounted for using the equity method. The carrying value under the equity method reflects the amortized cost of the lease receivable and related non-recourse debt using the effective yield method.
Expected Credit Loss Impairment
The expected credit loss (“ECL”) impairment allowance model applies to invested assets which are debt instruments and measured at FVOCI or amortized cost. ECL allowances are measured under four probability-weighted macroeconomic scenarios, which measure the difference between all contractual cash flows that are due to the Company in accordance with the contract and all the cash flows that the Company expects to receive, discounted at the original EIR. This process includes consideration of past events, current market conditions and reasonable supportable information about future economic conditions. Forward-looking macroeconomic variables used within the estimation models represent variables that are the most closely related with credit losses in the relevant portfolio.
The estimation and measurement of impairment losses requires significant judgment. These estimates are driven by many elements, changes in which can result in different levels of allowances. Elements include the estimation of the amount and timing of future cash flows, the Company’s criteria for assessing if there has been a significant increase in credit risk (“SICR”), the selection of forward-looking
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macroeconomic scenarios and their probability weights, the application of expert credit judgment in the development of the models, inputs and, when applicable, overlay adjustments. It is the Company’s process to regularly review its models in the context of actual loss experience and adjust when necessary. The Company has implemented formal policies, procedures, and controls over all significant impairment processes.
The Company’s definitions of default and credit-impaired are based on quantitative and qualitative factors. A financial instrument is considered to be in default when significant payments of interest, principal or fees are past due for more than 90 days, unless remedial arrangements with the issuer are in place. A financial instrument may be credit impaired as a result of one or more loss events that occurred after the date of initial recognition of the instrument and the loss event has a negative impact on the estimated future cash flows of the instrument. This includes events that indicate or include: significant financial difficulty of the counterparty; a breach of contract; for economic or contractual reasons relating to the counterparty’s financial difficulty, concessions are granted that would not otherwise be considered; it is becoming probable that the counterparty will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganization; the disappearance of an active market for that financial asset because of the counterparty’s financial difficulties; or the counterparty is considered to be in default by any of the major rating agencies such as S&P, Moody’s and
Fitch.
The ECL calculations include the following elements:

• |  | Probability of default (“PD”), is an estimate of the likelihood of default over a given time horizon.

• |  | Loss given default (“LGD”), is an estimate of the loss arising on a future default. This is based on the difference between the contractual cash flows due and those that the Company expects to receive, including from collateral. It is based on credit default studies performed based on internal credit experience.

• |  | Exposure at default (“EAD”), is an estimate of the exposure at a future default date, considering both the period of exposure and the amount of exposure at a given reporting date. The EADs are determined by modelling the range of possible exposure outcomes at various points in time, corresponding to the multiple economic scenarios. The probabilities are then assigned to each economic scenario based on the outcome of the models.

The Company measures ECLs using a three-stage approach:

• |  | Stage 1 comprises all performing financial instruments that have not experienced an SICR since initial recognition. The determination of SICR varies by product and considers the relative change in the risk of default since origination. 12-month ECLs are recognized for all Stage 1 financial instruments.

• |  | 12-month ECLs represent the portion of lifetime ECLs that result from default events possible within 12 months of the reporting date. These expected 12-month default probabilities are applied to a forecast EAD, multiplied by the expected LGD, and discounted by the original EIR. This calculation is made for each of four macroeconomic scenarios.

• |  | Stage 2 comprises all performing financial instruments that have experienced an SICR since original recognition or have become 30 days in arrears for principal or interest payments, whichever happens first. When assets move to Stage 2, full lifetime ECLs are recognized, which represent ECLs that result from all possible default events over the remaining lifetime of the financial instrument. The mechanics are consistent with Stage 1, except PDs and LGDs are estimated over the remaining lifetime of the instrument instead of over the coming year. In subsequent reporting periods, if the credit risk of a financial instrument improves such that there is no longer a SICR compared to credit risk at initial recognition, the financial instrument will migrate back to Stage 1 and 12-month ECLs will be recognized; and

• |  | Stage 3 comprises financial instruments identified as credit-impaired. Similar to Stage 2 assets, full lifetime ECLs are recognized for Stage 3 financial instruments, but the PD is set at 100%. A Stage 3 ECL is calculated using the unpaid principal balance multiplied by LGD which reflects the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and its discounted expected future cash flows.

Interest income is calculated based on the gross carrying amount for both Stage 1 and 2 exposures. Interest income on Stage 3 financial instruments is determined by applying the EIR to the amortized cost of the instrument, which represents the gross carrying amount adjusted for any credit loss allowance.
For Stage 1 and Stage 2 exposures, an ECL is generated for each individual exposure; however, the relevant parameters are modelled on a collective basis with all collective parameters captured by the individual security level. The exposures are grouped into smaller homogeneous portfolios, based on a combination of internal and external characteristics, such as origination details, balance history, sector, geographic location, and credit history. Stage 3 ECLs are either individually or collectively assessed, depending on the nature of the instrument and impairment.
In assessing whether credit risk has increased significantly, the risk of default occurring is compared over the remaining expected life from the reporting date and as of the date of initial recognition. The assessment varies by product and risk segment. The assessment incorporates internal credit risk ratings and a combination of security-specific and portfolio-level assessments, including the incorporation of forward-looking macroeconomic data. The assessment of SICR considers both absolute and relative thresholds. If contractual payments are more than 30 days past due, the credit risk is automatically deemed to have increased significantly since initial recognition.

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When estimating ECLs, the four probability-weighted macroeconomic scenarios are considered. Economic forward-looking inputs include stock price indices (“SPI”), unemployment rates (“UEs”), oil prices and the 7-10 year BBB US Corporate Index. Application of each input varies by product. Depending on their usage in the models, macroeconomic inputs are projected at the country, province, or more granular level. Each macroeconomic scenario used includes a projection of all relevant macroeconomic variables for a five-year period, subsequently reverting to long-run averages. In order to achieve an unbiased estimate, economic data used in the models is supplied by an external source. This information is compared to other publicly available forecasts, and the scenarios are assigned a probability weighting based on statistical analysis and management judgment.
The inputs and models used for calculating ECLs may not always capture all characteristics of the market at the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Changes in the required ECL allowance are recorded in the provision for credit losses in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Invested assets are written off, either partially or in full, against the related allowance for credit losses when there is no realistic prospect of recovery in respect of those amounts. This is considered a (partial) derecognition of the financial asset. In subsequent periods, any recoveries of amounts previously written off are credited to the provision for credit losses.
Derivative and hedging instruments
The Company uses derivative financial instruments (“derivatives”) including swaps, forward and futures agreements, and options to manage current and anticipated exposures to changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, commodity prices and equity market prices, and to replicate permissible investments. Derivatives embedded in other financial instruments are separately recorded as derivatives when their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the host instrument, the terms of the embedded derivative are the same as those of a standalone derivative and the host instrument itself is not recorded at FVTPL. Derivatives which are separate financial instruments are recorded at fair value, and those with unrealized gains reported as derivative assets and those with unrealized losses reported as derivative liabilities.
A determination is made for each derivative as to whether to apply hedge accounting. Where hedge accounting is not applied, changes in the fair value of derivatives are recorded in investment income.
Where the Company has elected to apply hedge accounting, a hedging relationship is designated and documented at inception. Hedge effectiveness is evaluated at inception and throughout the term of the hedge. Hedge accounting is only applied when the Company expects that the risk management objective will be met and the hedging relationship will qualify for hedge accounting requirements both at inception and throughout the hedging period. The assessment of hedge effectiveness is performed at the end of each reporting period prospectively. When it is determined that the risk management objective is no longer met, a hedging relationship is no longer effective, or the hedging instrument or the hedged item ceased to exist, the Company discontinues hedge accounting prospectively. In such cases, if the derivatives are not sold or terminated, any subsequent changes in fair value of the derivatives are recognized in investment income.
For derivatives that are designated as hedging instruments, changes in fair value are recorded according to the nature of the risks being hedged, as discussed below.
In a fair value hedging relationship, changes in fair value of the hedging instruments are recorded in investment income, offsetting changes in fair value of the hedged items attributable to the hedged risk, which would otherwise not be carried at fair value through profit or loss. Hedge ineffectiveness is recognized in total investment results and arises from differences between changes in the fair values of hedging instruments and hedged items. When hedge accounting is discontinued, the carrying value of the hedged item is no longer adjusted and the cumulative fair value adjustments are amortized to total investment results over the remaining term of the hedged item unless the hedged item ceased to exist, at which time the balance is recognized immediately in total investment results.
In a cash flow hedging relationship, the effective portion of the change in the fair value of the hedging instrument is recorded in OCI while the ineffective portion is recognized in total investment results. Gains and losses in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) are recognized in income during the same periods that the variability in the hedged cash flows or the hedged forecasted transactions are recognized in income. The reclassifications from AOCI are made to total investment results, except for total return swaps that hedge stock-based compensation awards, which are reclassified to general expenses.
Gains and losses on cash flow hedges in AOCI are reclassified immediately to total investment results when the hedged item ceased to exist or the forecasted transaction is no longer expected to occur. When a hedge is discontinued, but the hedged forecasted transaction is expected to occur, the amounts in AOCI are reclassified to total investment results in the periods during which variability in the cash flows hedged or the hedged forecasted transaction is recognized in income.
In a net investment in foreign operations hedging relationship, gains and losses relating to the effective portion of the hedge are recorded in OCI. Gains and losses in AOCI are recognized in income during the periods when gains or losses on the underlying hedged net investment in foreign operations are recognized in income upon disposal of the foreign operation.
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Insurance contract liabilities and reinsurance contract assets
Classification and separation of components
Most contracts issued by the Company are considered insurance, investment, or service contracts. Contracts under which the Company accepts significant insurance risk from a policyholder are classified as insurance contracts in the Consolidated Financial Statements. A contract is considered to have significant insurance risk if, and only if, an insured event could cause an insurer to pay additional amounts that are significant in any single scenario, excluding scenarios that lack commercial substance. The additional amounts refer to the present value of amounts that exceed those that would be payable if no insured event had occurred. Contracts held by the Company under which it transfers significant insurance risk related to underlying insurance contracts to other parties are classified as reinsurance contracts. Both insurance and reinsurance contracts are accounted for in accordance with IFRS 17 “Insurance Contracts”. Contracts under which the Company does not accept significant insurance risk are either classified as investment contracts or considered service contracts and are accounted for in accordance with IFRS 9 “Financial Instruments” or IFRS 15 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”, respectively.
Insurance contracts are classified as direct participation contracts or contracts without direct participation features based on specific criteria. Insurance contracts with direct participation features are insurance contracts that are substantially investment-related service contracts under which an entity promises an investment return based on underlying items. They are viewed as creating an obligation to pay policyholders an amount that is equal to the fair value of the underlying items, less a variable fee for service.
At inception of insurance and reinsurance contracts, the Company analyses whether they contain the following components that should be separated and accounted for under other IFRS standards: derivatives embedded within insurance contracts that are required to be separated (IFRS 9); cash flows relating to distinct investment components (IFRS 9); and promises to transfer distinct goods or distinct non-insurance services (IFRS 15). Investment components of an insurance (or reinsurance held) contract represent cash flows paid (received) in all circumstances regardless of whether an insurance event has occurred or not. Investment components are distinct if they are not interrelated with insurance component cash flows and if they could be issued on a standalone basis. The Company applies IFRS 17 to all remaining components of the insurance and reinsurance contracts.
There are three measurement models that insurance contracts can be measured under: the variable fee approach (“VFA”), the general measurement model (“GMM”) and the premium allocation approach (“PAA”). For insurance contracts with direct participation features such as participating life insurance contracts, unit linked type contracts, and variable annuity contracts the Company applies the VFA measurement model. For many group benefits contracts that have a one-year (or shorter) term of coverage, the Company generally applies the PAA measurement model. For the remainder of the Company’s insurance contracts the GMM measurement model is applied.
Level of aggregation/unit of account
Insurance contracts are aggregated into portfolios of insurance contracts which are managed together and are subject to similar risks. The Company has defined portfolios by considering various factors such as legal entities, measurement model, major product line and type of insurance risk. The portfolios of insurance contracts are further grouped into annual cohorts and by expected profitability at inception into one of three categories: onerous contracts, contracts with no significant risk of becoming onerous and other remaining contracts. Onerous contracts are those contracts that at initial inception, the Company expects to generate net outflow, without considering investment returns or the benefit of any reinsurance held.
Initial recognition and subsequent measurement
The Company includes in the measurement of a group of insurance contracts all future cash flows within the boundary of the contracts in the group. Cash flows are within the boundary of an insurance contract if they arise from substantive rights and obligations that exist during the reporting period and in which the Company can compel the policyholder to pay the premiums or has a substantive obligation to provide services to the policyholder. A substantive obligation to provide services ends when:

• |  | The Company has the practical ability to reassess the risks of the particular policyholder and as a result, can set a price or level of benefits that fully reflects those risks, or

• |  | The Company has the practical ability to reassess the risks of the portfolio of insurance contracts that contain the contract and, as a result, can set a price or level of benefits that fully reflects the risk of that portfolio, and the pricing of the premiums up to the date when the risks are reassessed does not take into account the risks that relate to periods after the reassessment date.

The Company recognizes groups of insurance contracts that it issues from the earliest of the following:

• |  | The beginning of the coverage period of the group of contracts,

• |  | The date when the first payment from a policyholder in the group is due or when the first payment is received if there is no due date, and

• |  | For a group of onerous contracts, as soon as facts and circumstances indicate that the group is onerous.

Insurance contracts measured under the VFA and the GMM measurement model
At initial recognition, the Company measures a group of insurance contracts as the total of: (a) fulfilment cash flows, which comprise of estimates of future cash flows, adjusted to reflect the time value of money and financial risks, and a risk adjustment for non-financial risk; and (b) a contractual service margin (“CSM”), which represents the unearned profit the Company will recognize as it provides service under the insurance contracts. For reinsurance contracts, the CSM represents the reinsurance gain or cost at initial recognition.

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In determining the fulfilment cash flows, the Company uses estimates and assumptions considering a range of scenarios which have commercial substance and give a good representation of possible outcomes. The Company’s CSM is a component of the insurance asset or liability for the group of insurance contracts and results in no income at initial recognition. The unit of account for CSM is on a group of contracts basis consistent with the level of aggregation specified above. If the fulfilment cash flows are allocated to the group of insurance contracts, any previously recognized insurance acquisition cash flows and any cash flows arising from the contracts at the date of initial recognition in total are a net outflow, then the group of contracts is considered to be onerous. A loss from onerous insurance contracts is recognized in profit and loss immediately. The Company establishes the groups at initial recognition and may add contracts to the groups after the end of a reporting period, however, the Company does not reassess the composition of the groups subsequently.
In the subsequent periods, the carrying amount of a group of insurance contracts at each reporting date is the sum of the liability for remaining coverage (“LRC”) and the liability for incurred claims (“LIC”). The LRC comprises the fulfilment cash flows that relate to services to be provided in the future and any remaining CSM at that date. The LIC comprises the fulfilment cash flows for incurred claims and expenses that have not yet been paid. The fulfilment cash flows at the reporting dates are measured using the current estimates of expected cash flows and current discount rates.
The carrying amount of CSM at end of the reporting period is adjusted to reflect the following changes under the GMM for contracts without direct participation features: (a) effect of new contracts added to the group; (b) interest accreted on the carrying amount of CSM, measured at locked-in rate; (c) effect of any currency exchange differences on the CSM; (d) changes in fulfilment cash flows that relate to future services (non-financial), except for loss component; and (e) recognition of insurance revenue for services provided in the year. The CSM is recognized into insurance revenue over the duration of the group of insurance contracts based on the respective coverage units. The locked-in discount rate is the weighted average of the rates applicable at the date of initial recognition of contracts that joined a group over a 12-month period. The discount rate used for accretion of interest on the CSM is determined using the bottom-up approach.
The changes in fulfilment cash flows relating to future services (non-financial) that adjust the CSM comprise of:

• |  | Experience adjustments that arise from the difference between the premium receipts (and any related cash flows such as insurance acquisition cash flows and insurance premium taxes) and the expected amounts at the beginning of the period. Differences related to premiums received (or due) related to current or past services are recognized immediately in profit or loss while differences related to premiums received (or due) for future services are adjusted against the CSM.

• |  | Changes in estimates of the present value of future cash flows in the LRC, except those relating to the time value of money and changes in financial risk that are recognized in profit or loss and OCI.

• |  | Differences between any investment component expected to become payable in the period and the actual investment component that becomes payable in the period. Those differences are determined by comparing (i) the actual investment component that becomes payable in the period with (ii) the payment in the period that was expected at the start of the period plus any insurance finance income or expenses related to that expected payment before it becomes payable. The same applies to a policyholder loan that becomes repayable.

• |  | Changes in the risk adjustment for non-financial risk that relate to future service.

A loss is created when there is an increase in fulfilment cash flows that exceeds the carrying amount of the CSM. Once a change in fulfilment cash flows reduces CSM to nil, the excess establishes a loss which is recognized in profit and loss immediately. Any subsequent decrease in the fulfilment cash flows will reverse the losses previously recognized in profit or loss. Any remaining loss will be released based on a systematic allocation of subsequent changes relating to future service in the fulfilment cash flows (refer to Presentation and Disclosure below).
For contracts with direct participation features under the VFA measurement model, the cash flows impacting policyholders and shareholders are treated differently. The change in the policyholders’ share of the fair value of underlying items does not impact CSM. The change in the effect of the time value of money and financial risk not arising from the underlying items, such as financial guarantees, adjust the CSM. The change in fulfilment cash flows that do not vary with the return of underlying items and that do not relate to future service does not impact CSM consistent with the GMM. In contrast, under the VFA measurement model, the change in the amount of shareholders’ share of the fair value of underlying items does impact CSM, except to the extent that the Company has elected the risk mitigation option. The Company uses derivatives, non-derivative financial instruments measured at fair value through profit or loss, and reinsurance contracts to mitigate the financial risk arising from interest rate guarantees in certain contracts with direct participation features. Under the risk mitigation option, the Company recognizes changes in the shareholders’ share of the underlying items and the changes in fulfilment cash flows in profit or loss or OCI instead of adjusting CSM. For groups of insurance contracts applying the VFA measurement model, in addition to those conditions (both loss recognition and reversal) previously described for groups of contracts applying the GMM, a loss in profit or loss is also recognized when declines in the shareholder’s share of fair value of underlying items exceeds the carrying value of CSM. Any subsequent increase in the shareholder’s share of fair value of underlying items will reverse the losses previously recognized in profit or loss.
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Reinsurance contracts measured under the GMM measurement model
The measurement of reinsurance contracts follows the same principles as the GMM, with the following exceptions or modifications specified in this section below. Reinsurance contracts held and assumed cannot use the VFA measurement model.
The Company recognizes a group of reinsurance contracts held it has entered into from the earliest of the following:

• |  | The beginning of the coverage period of the group of reinsurance contracts held. However, the Company delays the recognition of a group of reinsurance contracts held that provide proportionate coverage until the date when any underlying insurance contract is initially recognized, if that date is later than the beginning of the coverage period of the group of reinsurance contracts held, and

• |  | The date the Company recognizes an onerous group of underlying insurance contracts if the Company entered into the related reinsurance contract held in the group of reinsurance contracts held at or before that date.

At initial recognition, the Company recognizes any net gain or net cost as a CSM in the consolidated statement of financial position, with some exceptions. If any net cost of obtaining a reinsurance contract relates to an insured event that occurred before initial recognition of any insurance contract, it is recognized immediately in profit or loss. In addition, if the underlying insurance contracts are in an onerous position, the Company is allowed to recognize a reinsurance gain immediately in profit or loss for the portion of claims that the Company expects to recover from the reinsurance, if the reinsurance held was entered into prior to or at the same time as the onerous contract. Consequently, a loss-recovery is created and adjusted for the group of reinsurance contracts. This determines the amounts that are subsequently presented in profit or loss as reversals of recoveries of losses from the reinsurance contracts and are excluded from the allocation of reinsurance premiums paid. The Company adjusts the loss-recovery to reflect changes in the loss of an onerous group of underlying insurance contracts. The carrying amount of the loss-recovery must not exceed the portion of the carrying amount of the loss of the onerous group of underlying insurance contracts that the Company expects to recover from the group of reinsurance contracts (refer to Presentation and Disclosure below).
Measurement of reinsurance contract cash flows is consistent with the underlying insurance contracts, but with an adjustment for any risk of non-performance by the reinsurer. The risk adjustment for non-financial risk is the amount of risk being transferred by the Company to the reinsurer.
Subsequently, the carrying amount of a group of reinsurance contracts at each reporting date is the sum of the asset for remaining coverage and the asset for incurred claims. The asset for remaining coverage comprises: (a) the fulfilment cash flows that relate to services that will be received under the contracts in future periods and (b) any remaining CSM at that date.
Insurance and reinsurance contracts measured under the PAA measurement model
The Company applies the PAA to all insurance contracts it issues and reinsurance contracts that it holds if the coverage period of the contract is one year or less; or the coverage period is longer than one year and the measurement of the LRC for the contracts under the PAA does not differ materially from the measurement that would be produced applying the GMM approach under possible future scenarios.
For insurance contracts, generally, the LRC is measured as the premium received at initial recognition minus any insurance acquisition cash flows at that date. There is no allowance for time value of money as the premiums are received within one year of the coverage period. Subsequently, the Company measures the carrying amount of the LRC at the end of each reporting period as: (a) the LRC balance at beginning of the period; plus (b) premium received in the period; minus (c) directly attributable acquisition costs net of related amortization (unless expensed as incurred); minus (d) amount recognized as insurance revenue for the period; minus (e) investment component paid or transferred to the LIC. The amount recognized as insurance revenue for the period is typically based on the passage of time. For the Company’s property and casualty reinsurance business, the expected pattern of release of risk during the coverage period differs significantly from the passage of time and as such the amount recognized as insurance revenue is on the basis of the expected timing of incurred service expenses.
Under the PAA measurement method, entities are permitted to either defer directly attributable acquisition costs to future periods for a group of contracts that are one year or less, or recognize the costs in profit or loss as incurred. This election can be made at the level of each group of insurance contracts. For most of the PAA products such as Canadian Group Benefit, some Canadian Affinity products, and some Asia short-term individual and group products, the Company has elected to defer directly attributable acquisition costs to future periods. Where directly attributable acquisition costs are deferred, insurance acquisition cash flows are allocated to the group of insurance contracts, in which the Company expects to recover the acquisition costs. Insurance acquisition costs arising before the recognition of the related group of contracts are recognized as an asset or contra insurance contract liability as part of the same portfolio that the related group of contracts is expected to be included. When facts and circumstances indicate the asset maybe impaired, the Company conducts impairment tests. If the asset is impaired, an impairment loss will be recognized in profit or loss.
If at any time during the coverage period, facts and circumstances indicate that a group of contracts is onerous, the Company will recognize a loss in profit or loss and an increase in the LRC to the extent that the current estimate of the fulfilment cash flows that relate to remaining coverage (including the risk adjustment for non-financial risk) exceed the carrying amount of the LRC.
The Company estimates the LIC as the fulfilment cash flows related to incurred claims. The Company does not adjust the future cash flows for the time value of money, except when claims are expected to settle more than one year after the actual claim occurs.

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For reinsurance contracts held applying the PAA, the Company measures them on the same basis as insurance contracts that it issues, adapted to reflect the features of reinsurance contracts held that differ from insurance contracts issued. If a loss-recovery is created for a group of reinsurance contracts measured under the PAA, the Company adjusts the carrying amount of the asset for remaining coverage instead of adjusting the CSM.
Derecognition of insurance contracts
The Company derecognizes insurance contracts when the rights and obligations relating to the contract are extinguished (i.e., discharged, cancelled, or expired) or the contract is modified such that the modification results in a change in the measurement model, or the applicable standard for measuring a component of the contract. In such cases, the Company derecognizes the initial contract and recognizes the modified contract as a new contract.
Presentation and Disclosure
The Company presents the carrying amount of portfolios of insurance contracts that are in a net asset or liability position, and portfolios of reinsurance contracts that are in a net asset or liability position separately in the consolidated statements of financial position.
The Company separately presents the insurance service results, which comprises of insurance revenue and insurance service expenses, from investment results, which comprises of insurance finance income or expenses in the consolidated statements of income. The standard allows the option on whether to disaggregate the changes in risk adjustment between insurance service results and insurance finance income. The Company elected to disaggregate the change in risk adjustment for non-financial risk between the insurance service expenses and insurance finance income or expenses.
The insurance revenue depicts the performance of insurance services and excludes investment components. For the GMM and the VFA contracts, the insurance revenue represents the change in the LRC relating to services for which the Company expects to receive consideration, comprising of: (a) expected claims and other insurance expenses; (b) changes in risk adjustment for non-financial risk; (c) release of CSM based on coverage units; and (d) portion of premiums that relate to recovering of insurance acquisition cash flows. For contracts measured under the PAA, the insurance revenue for each period is the amount of expected premium receipts for providing services in the period.
The insurance service expenses arising from insurance contracts are recognized in profit or loss generally as they are incurred and excludes repayment of investment components. The insurance service expenses comprise of: (a) incurred claims and other insurance service expenses; (b) losses on onerous contracts and reversal of such losses; (c) adjustments to LIC; (d) amortization of insurance acquisition cash flows; and (e) impairment losses on assets for insurance acquisition cash flows, if any, and reversals of such impairment losses.
The amortization of insurance acquisition cash flows is equal to the recovery of insurance acquisition cash flows in insurance revenue for contracts measured under the GMM. For contracts measured under the PAA with deferred acquisition cash flows, the Company amortizes insurance acquisition cash flows over the duration of the group of insurance contracts based on the respective coverage units.
Net expenses from reinsurance contracts comprise of allocation of reinsurance premiums paid and the amounts expected to be recovered from reinsurers. Reinsurance cash flows that are contingent on claims on the underlying contracts are treated as part of the claims expected to be recovered from reinsurers, whereas reinsurance cash flows that are not contingent on claims on the underlying contracts (for example, some types of ceding commissions) are treated as a reduction in reinsurance premiums paid. For reinsurance contracts measured under the GMM, the allocation of reinsurance premiums paid represents the total of the changes in the asset for remaining coverage that relate to services for which the Company expects to pay consideration. For reinsurance contracts measured under the PAA, the allocation of reinsurance premiums paid is the amount of expected premium payments for receiving services in the period.
Insurance finance income or expenses comprise the change in the carrying amount of the group of insurance contracts arising from: (a) the effect of the time value of money and changes in the time value of money; and (b) the effect of financial risk and changes in financial risk.
The Company disaggregates insurance finance income or expenses on insurance contracts issued for most of its group of insurance contracts measured under the GMM between profit or loss and OCI. The impact of changes in market interest rates on the value of the life insurance and related reinsurance assets and liabilities are reflected in OCI in order to minimize accounting mismatches between the accounting for insurance assets and liabilities and supporting financial assets. The impacts from differences between current period rates and locked-in rates are presented in OCI.
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The Company’s invested assets which are debt instruments (including bonds, private placements, mortgages, and loans) backing the groups of insurance contracts measured under the GMM are predominantly measured at FVOCI. As a result, the effect of the time value of money for the groups of insurance contracts and supporting fixed maturity assets are reflected in profit or loss and the effect of financial risk and changes in financial risk is reflected in OCI.
The systematic allocation of expected total insurance finance income or expenses depends on whether changes in assumptions that relate to financial risk have a substantial effect on the amount paid to the policyholder.

• |  | For groups of insurance contracts for which changes in assumptions that relate to financial risk do not have a substantial effect on the amounts paid to the policyholder, the Company systematically allocates expected total insurance finance income or expenses over the duration of the group of contracts to profit or loss using discount rates determined on initial recognition of the group of contracts.

• |  | For groups of insurance contracts for which changes in assumptions that relate to financial risk have a substantial effect on the amounts paid to the policyholders, the Company systematically allocates expected total insurance finance income or expenses over the duration of the group of contracts to profit or loss using an allocation that is based on the amounts credited in the period and expected to be credited in future periods for fulfilment cash flows, and using the discount rates determined on initial recognition of the group of contracts for contractual service margin.

In the event of transfer of a group of insurance contracts or derecognition of an insurance contract, the Company reclassifies any amounts that were previously recognized in OCI to profit or loss as insurance income finance or expense. There are no changes in the basis of disaggregation of insurance finance expenses between profit or loss and OCI in the period.
The Company groups contracts that are onerous at initial recognition separately from contracts in the same portfolio that are not onerous at initial recognition. Groups that were not onerous at initial recognition can also subsequently become onerous if assumptions and experience changes. The Company has established a loss component of the LRC for any onerous group representing the future losses recognized.
A loss component represents a notional record of the losses attributable to each group of onerous insurance contracts (or contracts profitable at inception that have become onerous). The loss component is released based on a systematic allocation of the subsequent changes relating to future service in the fulfilment cash flows to: (i) the loss component; and (ii) the LRC excluding the loss component. The loss component is also updated for subsequent changes relating to future service in estimates of the fulfilment cash flows and the risk adjustment for non-financial risk. The systematic allocation of subsequent changes to the loss component results in the total amounts allocated to the loss component being equal to zero by the end of the coverage period of a group of contracts (since the loss component will have been occurred in the form of incurred claims). The Company uses the proportion on initial recognition to determine the systematic allocation of subsequent changes in future cash flows between the loss component and the liability for remaining coverage excluding the loss component.
For reinsurance contracts, when the Company recognizes a loss on initial recognition of an onerous group of underlying insurance contracts or when further onerous underlying insurance contracts are added to a group, the Company establishes a loss-recovery component of the asset for remaining coverage for a group of reinsurance contracts held representing the recovery of losses.
Where a loss component has been set up subsequent to initial recognition of a group of underlying insurance contracts, the portion of income that has been recognized from related reinsurance contracts held is disclosed as a loss-recovery component.
Where a loss-recovery component has been set up at initial recognition or subsequently, the Company adjusts the loss-recovery component to reflect changes in the loss component of an onerous group of underlying insurance contracts.
The carrying amount of the loss-recovery component must not exceed the portion of the carrying amount of the loss component of the onerous group of underlying insurance contracts that the Company expects to recover from the group of reinsurance contracts. On this basis, the loss-recovery component recognized at initial recognition is reduced to zero in line with reductions in the onerous group of underlying insurance contracts and is nil when the loss component of the onerous group of underlying insurance contracts is nil.
Note 26 Comparatives
Certain comparative amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation.

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