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Stock-Based Compensation

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Note 15 Stock-Based Compensation

(a) Stock options

The Company grants stock options under its Executive Stock Option Plan (“ESOP”) to selected individuals. The options provide the holder the right to purchase MFC common shares at an exercise price equal to the higher of the prior day, prior

five-day

or prior

ten-day

average closing market price of the shares on the Toronto Stock Exchange on the date the options are granted. The options vest over a period not exceeding four years and expire not more than 10 years from the grant date. Effective with the 2015 grant, options may only be exercised after the fifth-year anniversary. A total of 73,600,000 common shares have been reserved for issuance under the ESOP.

Options outstanding


	2022					2021
For the years ended December 31,	Number of options (in millions)			Weighted average exercise price		Number of options (in millions)			Weighted average exercise price
Outstanding, January 1		21		$	22.09		24		$	21.74
Granted		–			–		–			–
Exercised		(1	)		16.15		(3	)		18.34
Expired		–			24.63		–			24.73
Forfeited		–			23.96		–			23.96
Outstanding, December 31		20		$	22.42		21		$	22.09
Exercisable, December 31		10		$	20.91		8		$	18.94


	Options outstanding						Options exercisable
For the year ended December 31, 2022	Number of options (in millions)		Weighted average exercise price		Weighted average remaining contractual life (in years)		Number of options (in millions)		Weighted average exercise price		Weighted average remaining contractual life (in years)
$12.64—$20.99		4	$	17.42		2.91		4	$	17.42		2.91
$21.00—$24.83		16	$	23.58		4.94		6	$	23.08		2.95
Total		20	$	22.42		4.56		10	$	20.91		2.93

No stock options were granted in 2022 or 2021.

Compensation expense related to stock options was $5 for the year ended December 31, 2022 (2021 – $9).

(b) Deferred share units

In 2000, the Company granted deferred share units (“DSUs”) on a

one-time

basis to certain employees under the ESOP. These DSUs vest over a three-year period and each DSU entitles the holder to receive one common share on retirement or termination of employment. When dividends are paid on common shares, holders of DSUs are deemed to receive dividends at the same rate, payable in the form of additional DSUs. The number of these DSUs outstanding was 166,000 as at December 31, 2022 (2021 – 188,000).

In addition, for certain employees and pursuant to the Company’s deferred compensation program, the Company grants DSUs under the Restricted Share Units (“RSUs”) Plan which entitle the holder to receive payment in cash equal to the value of the same number of common shares plus credited dividends on retirement or termination of employment. In 2022, the Company granted 30,000 DSUs to certain employees which vest after 36 months (2021 – 34,000). In 2022, 106,000 DSUs (2021 – 26,000) were granted to certain employees who elected to defer receipt of all or part of their annual bonus. These DSUs vested immediately.

Under the Stock Plan for

Non-Employee

Directors, each eligible director may elect to receive his or her annual director’s retainer and fees in DSUs (which vest immediately) or common shares in lieu of cash. In 2022, 116,000 DSUs (2021 – 101,000) were issued under this arrangement. Upon termination of the Board service, an eligible director who has elected to receive DSUs will be entitled to receive cash equal to the value of the DSUs accumulated in his or her account, or at his or her direction, an equivalent number of common shares. The Company is allowed to issue up to one million common shares under this plan after which awards may be settled using shares purchased in the open market.

The fair value of 252,000 DSUs issued during the year was $24.15 per unit as at December 31, 2022 (2021 – 161,000 at $24.11 per unit).


For the years ended December 31, Number of DSUs (in thousands)	2022			2021
Outstanding, January 1		2,079			2,169
Issued		252			161
Reinvested		126			100
Redeemed		(75	)		(345	)
Forfeitures and cancellations		(9	)		(6	)
Outstanding, December 31		2,373			2,079

Of the DSUs outstanding as at December 31, 2022, 166,000 (2021 – 188,000) entitle the holder to receive common shares, 977,000 (2021 – 840,000) entitle the holder to receive payment in cash and 1,230,000 (2021 – 1,051,000) entitle the holder to receive payment in cash or common shares, at the option of the holder.

Compensation expense related to DSUs was $7 for the year ended December 31, 2022 (2021 – $6

)

The carrying and fair value of the DSUs liability as at December 31, 2022 was $53 (2021 – $46) and was included in other liabilities.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, 8.6 million RSUs (2021 – 6.8 million) and 1.7 million PSUs (2021 – 1.5 million) were granted to certain eligible employees under MFC’s Restricted Share Unit Plan. The fair value of the RSUs and PSUs granted during the year was $24.15 per unit as at December 31, 2022 (2021 – $24.11 per unit). Each RSU and PSU entitles the holder to receive payment equal to the market value of one common share, plus credited dividends, at the time of vesting, subject to any performance conditions.

RSUs and PSUs granted in March 2022 will vest after 36 months from their grant date and the related compensation expense is recognized over this period, unless the employee is eligible to retire at the time of grant or will be eligible to retire during the vesting period, in which case the cost is recognized at the grant date or over the period between the grant date and the date on which the employee is eligible to retire, respectively. Compensation expense related to RSUs and PSUs was $158 and $23, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2022 (2021 – $135 and $31, respectively).

The carrying and fair value of the RSUs and PSUs liability as at December 31, 2022 was $388 (2021 – $362) and was included in other liabilities.

(d) Global share ownership plan

The Company’s Global Share Ownership Plan allows qualifying employees to apply up to five per cent of their annual base earnings toward the purchase of common shares. The Company matches a percentage of the employee’s eligible contributions up to a maximum amount. The Company’s contributions vest immediately. All contributions are used to purchase common shares in the open market on behalf of participating employees.