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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - CAD ($) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended
--- | ---
Dec. 31, 2023 | Dec. 31, 2022
Operating activities |  |
Net income (loss) | $ 5,607 | $ (1,979)
Adjustments: |  |
Increase (decrease) in net insurance contract liabilities (note 7) | 10,697 | 5,016
Increase (decrease) in investment contract liabilities | 435 | 399
(Increase) decrease in reinsurance contract assets excluding reinsurance transaction noted below (note 7) | 974 | 710
Amortization of (premium) discount on invested assets | (141) | (131)
Contractual service margin ("CSM") amortization | (1,998) | (1,993)
Other amortization | 581 | 519
Net realized and unrealized (gains) losses and impairment on assets | (2,845) | 13,660
Deferred income tax expenses (recoveries) | 470 | (1,994)
Stock option expense | 2 | 5
Gain on U.S. variable annuity reinsurance transaction (pre-tax) (note 7) |  | (1,070)
Gain on derecognition of joint venture interest during Manulife Fund Management Co., Ltd. acquisition (pre-tax) (notes 3 & 6) |  | (95)
Cash provided by operating activities before undernoted items | 13,782 | 13,047
Changes in policy related and operating receivables and payables | 6,641 | 4,958
Cash decrease due to U.S. variable annuity reinsurance transaction (note 7) |  | (1,377)
Cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 20,423 | 16,628
Investing activities |  |
Purchases and mortgage advances | (84,021) | (111,558)
Disposals and repayments | 70,281 | 93,407
Change in investment broker net receivables and payables | 21 | (67)
Net cash increase (decrease) from sale (purchase) of subsidiaries | (1) | (182)
Cash provided by (used in) investing activities | (13,720) | (18,400)
Financing activities |  |
Change in repurchase agreements and securities sold but not yet purchased | (693) | 346
Issue of long-term debt (note 10) |  | 946
Issue of capital instruments, net (note 11) | 1,194 | 0
Redemption of capital instruments (note 11) | (600) | (1,000)
Secured borrowing from securitization transactions | 537 | 437
Change in deposits from Bank clients, net | (895) | 1,703
Lease payments | (98) | (120)
Shareholders' dividends and other equity distributions | (2,972) | (2,787)
Contributions from (distributions to) non-controlling interests, net | (14) | (51)
Common shares repurchased (note 12) | (1,595) | (1,884)
Common shares issued, net (note 12) | 94 | 23
Preferred shares and other equity issued, net (note 12) |  | 990
Preferred shares redeemed, net (note 12) |  | (711)
Cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (5,042) | (2,108)
Cash and short-term securities |  |
Increase (decrease) during the year | 1,661 | (3,880)
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and short-term securities | (412) | 585
Net cash and short-term securities, beginning of year | 18,635 | 21,930
Net cash and short-term securities, end of year | 19,884 | 18,635
Cash and short-term securities |  |
Gross cash and short-term securities, beginning of year | 19,153 | 22,594
Net payments in transit, included in other liabilities, beginning of year | (518) | (664)
Net cash and short-term securities, beginning of year | 18,635 | 21,930
Gross cash and short-term securities, end of year | 20,338 | 19,153
Net payments in transit, included in other liabilities, end of year | (454) | (518)
Net cash and short-term securities, end of year | 19,884 | 18,635
Supplemental disclosures on cash flow information |  |
Interest received | 12,768 | 11,873
Interest paid | 1,548 | 955
Income taxes paid | $ 436 | $ 1,238

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