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Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2016
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Significant Accounting Policies | S IGNIFICANT A CCOUNTING P OLICIES General The Companies make certain estimates and assumptions in preparing their Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with GAAP. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues, expenses and cash flows for the periods presented. Actual results may differ from those estimates. The Companies' Consolidated Financial Statements include, after eliminating intercompany transactions and balances, the accounts of their respective majority-owned subsidiaries and non-wholly-owned entities in which they have a controlling financial interest. For certain partnership structures, income is allocated based on the liquidation value of the underlying contractual arrangements. NRG’s ownership interest in Four Brothers and Three Cedars, as well as Terra Nova Renewable Partners' 33% interest in certain of Dominion's merchant solar projects, is reflected as noncontrolling interest in Dominion’s Consolidated Financial Statements. See Note 3 for further information on these transactions. The Companies report certain contracts, instruments and investments at fair value. See Note 6 for further information on fair value measurements. Dominion maintains pension and other postretirement benefit plans. Virginia Power and Dominion Gas participate in certain of these plans. See Note 21 for further information on these plans. Certain amounts in the 2015 and 2014 Consolidated Financial Statements and footnotes have been reclassified to conform to the 2016 presentation for comparative purposes. The reclassifications did not affect the Companies' net income, total assets, liabilities, equity or cash flows, except for the reclassification of debt issuance costs. Amounts disclosed for Dominion are inclusive of Virginia Power and/or Dominion Gas, where applicable. Operating Revenue Operating revenue is recorded on the basis of services rendered, commodities delivered or contracts settled and includes amounts yet to be billed to customers. Dominion and Virginia Power collect sales, consumption and consumer utility taxes and Dominion Gas collects sales taxes; however, these amounts are excluded from revenue. Dominion's customer receivables at December 31, 2016 and 2015 included $631 million and $462 million, respectively, of accrued unbilled revenue based on estimated amounts of electricity and natural gas delivered but not yet billed to its utility customers. Virginia Power's customer receivables at December 31, 2016 and 2015 included $349 million and $333 million, respectively, of accrued unbilled revenue based on estimated amounts of electricity delivered but not yet billed to its customers. Dominion Gas' customer receivables at December 31, 2016 and 2015 included $134 million and $98 million, respectively, of accrued unbilled revenue based on estimated amounts of natural gas delivered but not yet billed to its customers. The primary types of sales and service activities reported as operating revenue for Dominion are as follows:
• | Regulated electric sales consist primarily of state-regulated retail electric sales, and federally-regulated wholesale electric sales and electric transmission services;
• | Nonregulated electric sales consist primarily of sales of electricity at market-based rates and contracted fixed rates, and associated derivative activity;
• | Regulated gas sales consist primarily of state- and FERC-regulated natural gas sales and related distribution services and associated derivative activity;
• | Nonregulated gas sales consist primarily of sales of natural gas production at market-based rates and contracted fixed prices, sales of gas purchased from third parties, gas trading and marketing revenue and associated derivative activity;
• | Gas transportation and storage consists primarily of FERC-regulated sales of transmission and storage services. Also included are state-regulated gas distribution charges to retail distribution service customers opting for alternate suppliers and sales of gathering services; and
• | Other revenue consists primarily of sales of NGL production and condensate, extracted products and associated derivative activity. Other revenue also includes miscellaneous service revenue from electric and gas distribution operations, sales of energy-related products and services from Dominion's retail energy marketing operations and gas processing and handling revenue.
The primary types of sales and service activities reported as operating revenue for Virginia Power are as follows:
• | Regulated electric sales consist primarily of state-regulated retail electric sales and federally-regulated wholesale electric sales and electric transmission services; and
• | Other revenue consists primarily of miscellaneous service revenue from electric distribution operations and miscellaneous revenue from generation operations, including sales of capacity and other commodities.
The primary types of sales and service activities reported as operating revenue for Dominion Gas are as follows:
• | Regulated gas sales consist primarily of state- and FERC-regulated natural gas sales and related distribution services;
• | Nonregulated gas sales consist primarily of sales of natural gas production at market-based rates and contracted fixed prices and sales of gas purchased from third parties. Revenue from sales of gas production is recognized based on actual volumes of gas sold to purchasers and is reported net of royalties;
• | Gas transportation and storage consists primarily of FERC-regulated sales of transmission and storage services. Also included are state-regulated gas distribution charges to retail distribution service customers opting for alternate suppliers and sales of gathering services;
• | NGL revenue consists primarily of sales of NGL production and condensate, extracted products and associated derivative activity; and
• | Other revenue consists primarily of miscellaneous service revenue, gas processing and handling revenue.
Electric Fuel, Purchased Energy and Purchased Gas-Deferred Costs Where permitted by regulatory authorities, the differences between Dominion's and Virginia Power's actual electric fuel and purchased energy expenses and Dominion's and Dominion Gas' purchased gas expenses and the related levels of recovery for these expenses in current rates are deferred and matched against recoveries in future periods. The deferral of costs in excess of current period fuel rate recovery is recognized as a regulatory asset, while rate recovery in excess of current period fuel expenses is recognized as a regulatory liability. Of the cost of fuel used in electric generation and energy purchases to serve utility customers, approximately 84% is currently subject to deferred fuel accounting, while substantially all of the remaining amount is subject to recovery through similar mechanisms. Virtually all of Dominion Gas', Cove Point's, Questar Gas' and Hope's natural gas purchases are either subject to deferral accounting or are recovered from the customer in the same accounting period as the sale. Income Taxes A consolidated federal income tax return is filed for Dominion and its subsidiaries, including Virginia Power and Dominion Gas' subsidiaries. In addition, where applicable, combined income tax returns for Dominion and its subsidiaries are filed in various states; otherwise, separate state income tax returns are filed. Although Dominion Gas is disregarded for income tax purposes, a provision for income taxes is recognized to reflect the inclusion of its business activities in the tax returns of its parent, Dominion. Virginia Power and Dominion Gas participate in intercompany tax sharing agreements with Dominion and its subsidiaries. Current income taxes are based on taxable income or loss and credits determined on a separate company basis. Under the agreements, if a subsidiary incurs a tax loss or earns a credit, recognition of current income tax benefits is limited to refunds of prior year taxes obtained by the carryback of the net operating loss or credit or to the extent the tax loss or credit is absorbed by the taxable income of other Dominion consolidated group members. Otherwise, the net operating loss or credit is carried forward and is recognized as a deferred tax asset until realized. Effective January 2016, deferred tax liabilities and assets are classified as noncurrent in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. For prior years, the Companies presented deferred taxes in either the current or noncurrent sections of the Consolidated Balance Sheets based on the classification of the related financial accounting assets or liabilities, or, for items such as operating loss carryforwards, the period in which the deferred taxes were expected to reverse. Accounting for income taxes involves an asset and liability approach. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are provided, representing future effects on income taxes for temporary differences between the bases of assets and liabilities for financial reporting and tax purposes. Accordingly, deferred taxes are recognized for the future consequences of different treatments used for the reporting of transactions in financial accounting and income tax returns. The Companies establish a valuation allowance when it is more-likely-than-not that all, or a portion, of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. Where the treatment of temporary differences is different for rate-regulated operations, a regulatory asset is recognized if it is probable that future revenues will be provided for the payment of deferred tax liabilities. The Companies recognize positions taken, or expected to be taken, in income tax returns that are more-likely-than-not to be realized, assuming that the position will be examined by tax authorities with full knowledge of all relevant information. If it is not more-likely-than-not that a tax position, or some portion thereof, will be sustained, the related tax benefits are not recognized in the financial statements. Unrecognized tax benefits may result in an increase in income taxes payable, a reduction of income tax refunds receivable or changes in deferred taxes. Also, when uncertainty about the deductibility of an amount is limited to the timing of such deductibility, the increase in income taxes payable (or reduction in tax refunds receivable) is accompanied by a decrease in deferred tax liabilities. Except when such amounts are presented net with amounts receivable from or amounts prepaid to tax authorities, noncurrent income taxes payable related to unrecognized tax benefits are classified in other deferred credits and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and current payables are included in accrued interest, payroll and taxes on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Companies recognize interest on underpayments and overpayments of income taxes in interest expense and other income, respectively. Penalties are also recognized in other income. Dominion's, Virginia Power's and Dominion Gas' interest and penalties were immaterial in 2016, 2015 and 2014. At December 31, 2016, Virginia Power had an income tax-related affiliated receivable of $112 million, comprised of $122 million of federal income taxes due from Dominion net of $10 million for state income taxes due to Dominion. Dominion Gas also had an affiliated receivable of $11 million due from Dominion, representing $10 million of federal income taxes and $1 million of state income taxes. The net affiliated receivables are expected to be refunded by Dominion. In addition, Virginia Power's Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2016 included $2 million of noncurrent federal income taxes payable, $6 million of state income taxes receivable and $13 million of noncurrent state income taxes receivable. Dominion Gas’ Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2016 included $1 million of noncurrent federal income taxes payable, $1 million of state income taxes receivable and $7 million of noncurrent state income taxes payable. At December 31, 2015, Virginia Power's Consolidated Balance Sheet included a $296 million affiliated receivable, representing excess federal income tax payments expected to be refunded, $9 million of federal income taxes payable for prior years, less than $1 million of state income taxes payable, $10 million of state income taxes receivable, $14 million of noncurrent state income taxes receivable and $2 million of noncurrent state income taxes payable. In March 2016, Virginia Power received a $300 million refund of its 2015 income tax payments. At December 31, 2015, Dominion Gas' Consolidated Balance Sheet included $91 million of affiliated receivables, representing excess federal income tax payments expected to be refunded and the benefit of utilizing a subsidiary’s tax loss to offset taxable income in Dominion’s consolidated tax return, less than $1 million of state income taxes payable, $4 million of state income taxes receivable and $22 million of noncurrent state income taxes payable. In March 2016, Dominion Gas received a $92 million refund for its 2015 income tax payments and benefit of a subsidiary’s tax loss. Investment tax credits are recognized by nonregulated operations in the year qualifying property is placed in service. For regulated operations, investment tax credits are deferred and amortized over the service lives of the properties giving rise to the credits. Production tax credits are recognized as energy is generated and sold. Cash and Cash Equivalents Current banking arrangements generally do not require checks to be funded until they are presented for payment. The following table illustrates the checks outstanding but not yet presented for payment and recorded in accounts payable for the Companies:
Year Ended December 31, | 2016 | 2015
(millions) |  |
Dominion | $24 | $27
Virginia Power | 11 | 11
Dominion Gas | 9 | 7
For purposes of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, cash in banks and temporary investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less. Derivative Instruments Dominion uses derivative instruments such as physical and financial forwards, futures, swaps, options and FTRs to manage the commodity, interest rate and foreign currency exchange rate risks of its business operations. Virginia Power uses derivative instruments such as physical and financial forwards, futures, swaps, options and FTRs to manage commodity and interest rate risks. Dominion Gas uses derivative instruments such as physical and financial forwards, futures and swaps to manage commodity, interest rate and foreign currency exchange rate risks. All derivatives, except those for which an exception applies, are required to be reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. Derivative contracts representing unrealized gain positions and purchased options are reported as derivative assets. Derivative contracts representing unrealized losses and options sold are reported as derivative liabilities. One of the exceptions to fair value accounting, normal purchases and normal sales, may be elected when the contract satisfies certain criteria, including a requirement that physical delivery of the underlying commodity is probable. Expenses and revenues resulting from deliveries under normal purchase contracts and normal sales contracts, respectively, are included in earnings at the time of contract performance. The Companies do not offset amounts recognized for the right to reclaim cash collateral or the obligation to return cash collateral against amounts recognized for derivative instruments executed with the same counterparty under the same master netting arrangement. Dominion had margin assets of $82 million and $16 million associated with cash collateral at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Dominion's margin liabilities associated with cash collateral at December 31, 2016 or 2015 were immaterial. Virginia Power’s and Dominion Gas’ margin assets and liabilities associated with cash collateral were immaterial at December 31, 2016 and 2015. See Note 7 for further information about derivatives. To manage price risk, the Companies hold certain derivative instruments that are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes. However, to the extent the Companies do not hold offsetting positions for such derivatives, they believe these instruments represent economic hedges that mitigate their exposure to fluctuations in commodity prices. As part of Dominion’s strategy to market energy and manage related risks, it formerly managed a portfolio of commodity-based financial derivative instruments held for trading purposes. Dominion used established policies and procedures to manage the risks associated with price fluctuations in these energy commodities and used various derivative instruments to reduce risk by creating offsetting market positions. In the second quarter of 2013, Dominion commenced a repositioning of its producer services business. The repositioning was completed in the first quarter of 2014 and resulted in the termination of natural gas trading and certain energy marketing activities. Statement of Income Presentation:
• | Derivatives Held for Trading Purposes: All income statement activity, including amounts realized upon settlement, is presented in operating revenue on a net basis.
• | Derivatives Not Held for Trading Purposes: All income statement activity, including amounts realized upon settlement, is presented in operating revenue, operating expenses, interest and related charges or other income based on the nature of the underlying risk.
Changes in the fair value of derivative instruments result in the recognition of regulatory assets or regulatory liabilities for jurisdictions subject to cost-based rate regulation. Realized gains or losses on the derivative instruments are generally recognized when the related transactions impact earnings. D ERIVATIVE I NSTRUMENTS D ESIGNATED AS H EDGING I NSTRUMENTS The Companies designate a portion of their derivative instruments as either cash flow or fair value hedges for accounting purposes. For all derivatives designated as hedges, the Companies formally document the relationship between the hedging instrument and the hedged item, as well as the risk management objective and the strategy for using the hedging instrument. The Companies assess whether the hedging relationship between the derivative and the hedged item is highly effective at offsetting changes in cash flows or fair values both at the inception of the hedging relationship and on an ongoing basis. Any change in the fair value of the derivative that is not effective at offsetting changes in the cash flows or fair values of the hedged item is recognized currently in earnings. Also, the Companies may elect to exclude certain gains or losses on hedging instruments from the assessment of hedge effectiveness, such as gains or losses attributable to changes in the time value of options or changes in the difference between spot prices and forward prices, thus requiring that such changes be recorded currently in earnings. Hedge accounting is discontinued prospectively for derivatives that cease to be highly effective hedges. For derivative instruments that are accounted for as fair value hedges or cash flow hedges, the cash flows from the derivatives and from the related hedged items are classified in operating cash flows. Cash Flow Hedges-A majority of the Companies' hedge strategies represents cash flow hedges of the variable price risk associated with the purchase and sale of electricity, natural gas, NGLs and other energy-related products. The Companies also use interest rate swaps to hedge their exposure to variable interest rates on long-term debt as well as foreign currency swaps to hedge their exposure to interest payments denominated in Euros. For transactions in which the Companies are hedging the variability of cash flows, changes in the fair value of the derivatives are reported in AOCI, to the extent they are effective at offsetting changes in the hedged item. Any derivative gains or losses reported in AOCI are reclassified to earnings when the forecasted item is included in earnings, or earlier, if it becomes probable that the forecasted transaction will not occur. For cash flow hedge transactions, hedge accounting is discontinued if the occurrence of the forecasted transaction is no longer probable. Dominion entered into interest rate derivative instruments to hedge its forecasted interest payments related to planned debt issuances in 2014. These interest rate derivatives were designated by Dominion as cash flow hedges prior to the formation of Dominion Gas. For the purposes of the Dominion Gas financial statements, the derivative balances, AOCI balance, and any income statement impact related to these interest rate derivative instruments entered into by Dominion have been, and will continue to be, included in the Dominion Gas' Consolidated Financial Statements as the forecasted interest payments related to the debt issuances now occur at Dominion Gas. Fair Value Hedges-Dominion also uses fair value hedges to mitigate the fixed price exposure inherent in certain firm commodity commitments and commodity inventory. In addition, Dominion has designated interest rate swaps as fair value hedges on certain fixed rate long-term debt to manage interest rate exposure. For fair value hedge transactions, changes in the fair value of the derivative are generally offset currently in earnings by the recognition of changes in the hedged item's fair value. Hedge accounting is discontinued if the hedged item no longer qualifies for hedge accounting. See Note 6 for further information about fair value measurements and associated valuation methods for derivatives. See Note 7 for further information on derivatives. Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment is recorded at lower of original cost or fair value, if impaired. Capitalized costs include labor, materials and other direct and indirect costs such as asset retirement costs, capitalized interest and, for certain operations subject to cost-of-service rate regulation, AFUDC and overhead costs. The cost of repairs and maintenance, including minor additions and replacements, is generally charged to expense as it is incurred. In 2016, 2015 and 2014, Dominion capitalized interest costs and AFUDC to property, plant and equipment of $159 million, $100 million and $80 million, respectively. In 2016, 2015 and 2014, Virginia Power capitalized AFUDC to property, plant and equipment of $21 million, $30 million and $39 million, respectively. In 2016, 2015 and 2014, Dominion Gas capitalized AFUDC to property, plant and equipment of $8 million, $1 million and $1 million, respectively. Under Virginia law, certain Virginia jurisdictional projects qualify for current recovery of AFUDC through rate adjustment clauses. AFUDC on these projects is calculated and recorded as a regulatory asset and is not capitalized to property, plant and equipment. In 2016, 2015 and 2014, Virginia Power recorded $31 million, $19 million and $8 million of AFUDC related to these projects, respectively. For property subject to cost-of-service rate regulation, including Virginia Power electric distribution, electric transmission, and generation property, Dominion Gas natural gas distribution and transmission property, and for certain Dominion natural gas property, the undepreciated cost of such property, less salvage value, is generally charged to accumulated depreciation at retirement. Cost of removal collections from utility customers not representing AROs are recorded as regulatory liabilities. For property subject to cost-of-service rate regulation that will be abandoned significantly before the end of its useful life, the net carrying value is reclassified from plant-in-service when it becomes probable it will be abandoned. For property that is not subject to cost-of-service rate regulation, including nonutility property, cost of removal not associated with AROs is charged to expense as incurred. The Companies also record gains and losses upon retirement based upon the difference between the proceeds received, if any, and the property's net book value at the retirement date. Depreciation of property, plant and equipment is computed on the straight-line method based on projected service lives. The Companies' average composite depreciation rates on utility property, plant and equipment are as follows:
Year Ended December 31, | 2016 | 2015 | 2014
(percent) |  |  |
Dominion |  |  |
Generation | 2.83 | 2.78 | 2.66
Transmission | 2.47 | 2.42 | 2.38
Distribution | 3.02 | 3.11 | 3.12
Storage | 2.29 | 2.42 | 2.39
Gas gathering and processing | 2.66 | 3.19 | 2.81
General and other | 4.12 | 3.67 | 3.62
Virginia Power |  |  |
Generation | 2.83 | 2.78 | 2.66
Transmission | 2.36 | 2.33 | 2.34
Distribution | 3.32 | 3.33 | 3.34
General and other | 3.49 | 3.40 | 3.29
Dominion Gas |  |  |
Transmission | 2.43 | 2.46 | 2.40
Distribution | 2.55 | 2.45 | 2.47
Storage | 2.19 | 2.44 | 2.40
Gas gathering and processing | 2.58 | 3.20 | 2.82
General and other | 4.54 | 4.72 | 5.77
In 2014, Virginia Power made a one-time adjustment to depreciation expense as ordered by the Virginia Commission. This adjustment resulted in an increase of $38 million ($23 million after-tax) in depreciation and amortization expense in Virginia Power’s Consolidated Statements of Income. Capitalized costs of development wells and leaseholds are amortized on a field -by-field basis using the unit-of-production method and the estimated proved developed or total proved gas and oil reserves, at a rate of $2.08 per mcfe in 2016. Dominion's nonutility property, plant and equipment is depreciated using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives:
Asset | Estimated Useful Lives
Merchant generation-nuclear | 44 years
Merchant generation-other | 15-36 years
Nonutility gas gathering and processing | 3-50 years
General and other | 5-59 years
Depreciation and amortization related to Virginia Power's and Dominion Gas' nonutility property, plant and equipment and exploration and production properties was immaterial for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, except for Dominion Gas’ nonutility gas gathering and processing properties which are depreciated using the straight-line method over estimated useful lives between 10 and 50 years. Nuclear fuel used in electric generation is amortized over its estimated service life on a units-of-production basis. Dominion and Virginia Power report the amortization of nuclear fuel in electric fuel and other energy-related purchases expense in their Consolidated Statements of Income and in depreciation and amortization in their Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Long-Lived and Intangible Assets The Companies perform an evaluation for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of long-lived assets or intangible assets with finite lives may not be recoverable. A long-lived or intangible asset is written down to fair value if the sum of its expected future undiscounted cash flows is less than its carrying amount. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives. See Note 6 for a discussion of impairments related to certain long-lived assets. Regulatory Assets and Liabilities The accounting for Dominion's and Dominion Gas' regulated gas and Virginia Power's regulated electric operations differs from the accounting for nonregulated operations in that they are required to reflect the effect of rate regulation in their Consolidated Financial Statements. For regulated businesses subject to federal or state cost-of-service rate regulation, regulatory practices that assign costs to accounting periods may differ from accounting methods generally applied by nonregulated companies. When it is probable that regulators will permit the recovery of current costs through future rates charged to customers, these costs that otherwise would be expensed by nonregulated companies are deferred as regulatory assets. Likewise, regulatory liabilities are recognized when it is probable that regulators will require customer refunds through future rates or when revenue is collected from customers for expenditures that have yet to be incurred. Generally, regulatory assets and liabilities are amortized into income over the period authorized by the regulator. The Companies evaluate whether or not recovery of their regulatory assets through future rates is probable and make various assumptions in their analyses. The expectations of future recovery are generally based on orders issued by regulatory commissions, legislation or historical experience, as well as discussions with applicable regulatory authorities and legal counsel. If recovery of a regulatory asset is determined to be less than probable, it will be written off in the period such assessment is made. Asset Retirement Obligations The Companies recognize AROs at fair value as incurred or when sufficient information becomes available to determine a reasonable estimate of the fair value of future retirement activities to be performed, for which a legal obligation exists. These amounts are generally capitalized as costs of the related tangible long-lived assets. Since relevant market information is not available, fair value is estimated using discounted cash flow analyses. Periodically, the Companies evaluate the key assumptions underlying their AROs including estimates of the amounts and timing of future cash flows associated with retirement activities. AROs are adjusted when significant changes in these assumptions are identified. Dominion and Dominion Gas report accretion of AROs and depreciation on asset retirement costs associated with their natural gas pipeline and storage well assets as an adjustment to the related regulatory liabilities when revenue is recoverable from customers for AROs. Virginia Power reports accretion of AROs and depreciation on asset retirement costs associated with decommissioning its nuclear power stations as an adjustment to the regulatory liability for certain jurisdictions. Additionally, Virginia Power reports accretion of AROs and depreciation on asset retirement costs associated with certain prospective rider projects as an adjustment to the regulatory asset for certain jurisdictions. Accretion of all other AROs and depreciation of all other asset retirement costs are reported in other operations and maintenance expense and depreciation expense, respectively, in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Debt Issuance Costs The Companies defer and amortize debt issuance costs and debt premiums or discounts over the expected lives of the respective debt issues, considering maturity dates and, if applicable, redemption rights held by others. Effective January 2016, deferred debt issuance costs were recorded as a reduction in long-term debt in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Such costs had previously been recorded as an asset in other current assets and other deferred charges and other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Amortization of the issuance costs is reported as interest expense. Unamortized costs associated with redemptions of debt securities prior to stated maturity dates are generally recognized and recorded in interest expense immediately. As permitted by regulatory authorities, gains or losses resulting from the refinancing of debt allocable to utility operations subject to cost-based rate regulation are deferred and amortized over the lives of the new issuances. Investments M ARKETABLE E QUITY AND D EBT S ECURITIES Dominion accounts for and classifies investments in marketable equity and debt securities as trading or available-for-sale securities. Virginia Power classifies investments in marketable equity and debt securities as available-for-sale securities.
• | Trading securities include marketable equity and debt securities held by Dominion in rabbi trusts associated with certain deferred compensation plans. These securities are reported in other investments in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value with net realized and unrealized gains and losses included in other income in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
• | Available-for-sale securities include all other marketable equity and debt securities, primarily comprised of securities held in the nuclear decommissioning trusts. These investments are reported at fair value in nuclear decommissioning trust funds in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Net realized and unrealized gains and losses (including any other-than-temporary impairments) on investments held in Virginia Power's nuclear decommissioning trusts are recorded to a regulatory liability for certain jurisdictions subject to cost-based regulation. For all other available-for-sale securities, including those held in Dominion's merchant generation nuclear decommissioning trusts, net realized gains and losses (including any other-than-temporary impairments) are included in other income and unrealized gains and losses are reported as a component of AOCI, after-tax.
In determining realized gains and losses for marketable equity and debt securities, the cost basis of the security is based on the specific identification method. N ON-M ARKETABLE I NVESTMENTS The Companies account for illiquid and privately held securities for which market prices or quotations are not readily available under either the equity or cost method. Non-marketable investments include:
• | Equity method investments when the Companies have the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over the investee. Dominion's investments are included in investments in equity method affiliates and Virginia Power's investments are included in other investments in their Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Companies record equity method adjustments in other income in the Consolidated Statements of Income including: their proportionate share of investee income or loss, gains or losses resulting from investee capital transactions, amortization of certain differences between the carrying value and the equity in the net assets of the investee at the date of investment and other adjustments required by the equity method.
• | Cost method investments when Dominion and Virginia Power do not have the ability to exercise significant influence over the investee. Dominion's and Virginia Power's investments are included in other investments and nuclear decommissioning trust funds.
O THER-T HAN-T EMPORARY I MPAIRMENT Dominion and Virginia Power periodically review their investments to determine whether a decline in fair value should be considered other-than-temporary. If a decline in fair value of any security is determined to be other-than-temporary, the security is written down to its fair value at the end of the reporting period. Decommissioning Trust Investments-Special Considerations
• | The recognition provisions of the FASB's other-than-temporary impairment guidance apply only to debt securities classified as available-for-sale or held-to-maturity, while the presentation and disclosure requirements apply to both debt and equity securities.
• | Debt Securities- Using information obtained from their nuclear decommissioning trust fixed-income investment managers, Dominion and Virginia Power record in earnings any unrealized loss for a debt security when the manager intends to sell the debt security or it is more-likely-than-not that the manager will have to sell the debt security before recovery of its fair value up to its cost basis. If that is not the case, but the debt security is deemed to have experienced a credit loss, Dominion and Virginia Power record the credit loss in earnings and any remaining portion of the unrealized loss in AOCI. Credit losses are evaluated primarily by considering the credit ratings of the issuer, prior instances of non-performance by the issuer and other factors.
• | Equity securities and other investments- Dominion's and Virginia Power's method of assessing other-than-temporary declines requires demonstrating the ability to hold individual securities for a period of time sufficient to allow for the anticipated recovery in their market value prior to the consideration of the other criteria mentioned above. Since Dominion and Virginia Power have limited ability to oversee the day-to-day management of nuclear decommissioning trust fund investments, they do not have the ability to ensure investments are held through an anticipated recovery period. Accordingly, they consider all equity and other securities as well as non-marketable investments held in nuclear decommissioning trusts with market values below their cost bases to be other-than-temporarily impaired.
Inventories Materials and supplies and fossil fuel inventories are valued primarily using the weighted-average cost method. Stored gas inventory is valued using the weighted-average cost method, except for East Ohio gas distribution operations, which are valued using the LIFO method. Under the LIFO method, current stored gas inventory was valued at $13 million and $24 million at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. Based on the average price of gas purchased during 2016 and 2015, the cost of replacing the current portion of stored gas inventory exceeded the amount stated on a LIFO basis by $55 million and $109 million, respectively. Gas Imbalances Natural gas imbalances occur when the physical amount of natural gas delivered from, or received by, a pipeline system or storage facility differs from the contractual amount of natural gas delivered or received. Dominion and Dominion Gas value these imbalances due to, or from, shippers and operators at an appropriate index price at period end, subject to the terms of its tariff for regulated entities. Imbalances are primarily settled in-kind. Imbalances due to Dominion from other parties are reported in other current assets and imbalances that Dominion and Dominion Gas owe to other parties are reported in other current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Goodwill Dominion and Dominion Gas evaluate goodwill for impairment annually as of April 1 and whenever an event occurs or circumstances change in the interim that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. New Accounting Standards Revenue Recognition In May 2014, the FASB issued revised accounting guidance for revenue recognition from contracts with customers. The core principle of this revised accounting guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The amendments in this update also require disclosure of the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. For the Companies, the revised accounting guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning January 1, 2018. The Companies have completed their preliminary evaluations of the impact of this guidance and, pending evaluation of the items discussed below, expect no significant impact on their results of operations. Now that their preliminary evaluations are complete, the Companies will expand the scope of their assessment to include all contracts with customers. In addition, the Companies are considering certain issues that could potentially change the accounting for certain transactions. Among the issues being considered are accounting for contributions in aid of construction, recognition of revenue when collectability is in question, recognition of revenue in contracts with variable consideration, accounting for alternative revenue programs, and the capitalization of costs to acquire new contracts. The Companies plan on applying the standard using the modified retrospective method as opposed to the full retrospective method. Financial Instruments In January 2016, the FASB issued revised accounting guidance for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments. Most notably the update revises the accounting for equity securities, except for those accounted for under the equity method of accounting or resulting in consolidation, by requiring equity securities to be measured at fair value with the changes in fair value recognized in net income. However, an entity may measure equity investments that do not have a readily determinable fair value at cost minus impairment, if any, plus changes from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. The guidance also simplifies the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values, revises the presentation of financial assets and liabilities and amends certain disclosure requirements associated with the fair value of financial instruments. The guidance is effective for the Companies’ interim and annual reporting periods beginning January 1, 2018, with a cumulative-effect adjustment to the balance sheet. Amendments related to equity securities without readily determinable fair values are to be applied prospectively to such investments that exist as of the date of adoption. Net realized and unrealized gains and losses (including any other-than-temporary impairments) on equity securities subject to cost-based regulation will not be impacted by the adoption of this standard. For all other available for sale equity securities, unrealized gains and losses currently recorded through other comprehensive income will be recognized in net income upon the adoption of this standard. Leases In February 2016, the FASB issued revised accounting guidance for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leasing arrangements. The update requires that a liability and corresponding right-of-use asset are recorded on the balance sheet for all leases, including those leases currently classified as operating leases, while also refining the definition of a lease. In addition lessees will be required to disclose key information about the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leasing arrangements. Lessor accounting remains largely unchanged. The guidance is effective for the Companies’ interim and annual reporting periods beginning January 1, 2019, although it can be early adopted, with a modified retrospective approach, which requires lessees and lessors to recognize and measure leases at the beginning of the earliest period presented for leases that commenced prior to the date of adoption. The Companies are currently in the preliminary stages of evaluating the impact of this guidance on their financial position and plan to complete their initial assessment in 2017. The Companies expect to elect the practical expedients, which would require no reassessment of whether existing contracts are or contain leases as well as no reassessment of lease classification for existing leases. While the Companies cannot quantify the impact until their assessment is complete, the Companies believe the adoption could have a material impact to the Companies’ financial position. Derecognition and Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets In February 2017, the FASB issued revised accounting guidance clarifying the scope of asset derecognition guidance and accounting for partial sales of nonfinancial assets. The guidance is effective for Dominion’s interim and annual reporting periods beginning January 1, 2018, and Dominion may elect to apply the update under the full retrospective method or the modified retrospective method. Dominion is currently evaluating the impacts of the revised accounting guidance on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

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