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Property and Equipment, net
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]  
Property and Equipment, net
Property and Equipment, net
The following table presents our major categories of property and equipment, net:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
(in millions)
Data processing equipment and software
$
526

 
$
626

Furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements
274

 
279

Total property and equipment
800

 
905

Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization
(424
)
 
(505
)
Total property and equipment, net
$
376

 
$
400


Depreciation and amortization expense for property and equipment was $101 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, $96 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 and $88 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in depreciation and amortization expense in 2018 and 2017 was primarily due to additional expense associated with assets and software placed in service. These amounts are included in depreciation and amortization expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
There were no impairments of property and equipment recorded in 2018. In 2017, we recorded a pre-tax, non-cash property and equipment asset impairment charge of $9 million primarily related to the write-off of capitalized software and hardware equipment associated with our 2017 and 2016 acquisitions. This charge is included in merger and strategic initiatives expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income for 2017.
As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we did not own any real estate properties.