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Operating, Selling and General (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
OPERATING, SELLING AND GENERAL  
Schedule of operating, selling and general

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    

($ millions)

 
2018

 
2017

 

 

 

(restated – note 5)

 

Contract services(1)

 

4 552

 

3 551

 

Employee costs(1)

 

3 263

 

3 290

 

Materials

 
765

 
706

 

Energy

 

1 095

 

1 121

 

Equipment rentals and leases

 
360

 
279

 

Travel, marketing and other

 
538

 
241

 

 

 

10 573

 

9 188

 

 

   

(1)          The company incurred $8.3 billion of contract services and employee costs for the year ended December 31, 2018 (2017 – $7.3 billion), of which $7.8 billion (2017 – $6.8 billion) was recorded in Operating, Selling and General expense and $0.5 billion was recorded as Property, Plant and Equipment (2017 – $0.5 billion). Employee costs include salaries, benefits and share-based compensation.