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Equity (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2015
Equity [Abstract] |
Share activity | Activity in the number of shares of common stock and treasury stock was as follows (in millions):
| Common Stock |  | Treasury Stock
Balance as of December 31, 2012 | 673 |  |  | (121 | )
Transactions in connection with stock-based compensation plans: |  |  |
Stock issuances | — |  |  | 6 |
Stock purchases | — |  |  | (6 | )
Stock purchases under purchase program | — |  |  | (17 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2013 | 673 |  |  | (138 | )
Transactions in connection with stock-based compensation plans: |  |  |
Stock issuances | — |  |  | 4 |
Stock purchases | — |  |  | (2 | )
Stock purchases under purchase program | — |  |  | (23 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2014 | 673 |  |  | (159 | )
Transactions in connection with stock-based compensation plans: |  |  |
Stock issuances | — |  |  | 4 |
Stock purchases | — |  |  | (3 | )
Stock purchases under purchase program | — |  |  | (42 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2015 | 673 |  |  | (200 | )
Income tax effects related to components of other comprehensive income (loss) | The tax effects allocated to each component of other comprehensive income (loss) were as follows (in millions):
| Before-Tax Amount |  | Tax Expense (Benefit) |  | Net Amount
Year Ended December 31, 2015: |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | $ | (606 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (606 | )
Pension and other postretirement benefits: |  |  |  |  |
Gain (loss) arising during the year related to: |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial gain | 50 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 35 |
Prior service cost | (22 | ) |  | (8 | ) |  | (14 | )
Amounts reclassified into income related to: |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss | 62 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 40 |
Prior service credit | (40 | ) |  | (14 | ) |  | (26 | )
Curtailment and settlement | 7 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 5 |
Net gain on pension and other postretirement benefits | 57 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 40 |
Other comprehensive loss | $ | (549 | ) |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | (566 | )
| Before-Tax Amount |  | Tax Expense (Benefit) |  | Net Amount
Year Ended December 31, 2014: |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | $ | (407 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (407 | )
Pension and other postretirement benefits: |  |  |  |  |
Loss arising during the year related to: |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss | (471 | ) |  | (162 | ) |  | (309 | )
Prior service cost | (1 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | — |
Amounts reclassified into income related to: |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss | 34 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 22 |
Prior service credit | (40 | ) |  | (14 | ) |  | (26 | )
Curtailment and settlement | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Net loss on pension and other postretirement benefits | (475 | ) |  | (165 | ) |  | (310 | )
Derivative instruments designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |
Net loss arising during the year | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1 | )
Net loss reclassified into income | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Net gain on cash flow hedges | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Other comprehensive loss | $ | (881 | ) |  | $ | (164 | ) |  | $ | (717 | )
Year Ended December 31, 2013: |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | $ | (98 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (98 | )
Pension and other postretirement benefits: |  |  |  |  |
Gain arising during the year related to: |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial gain | 367 |  |  | 125 |  |  | 242 |
Plan amendments | 371 |  |  | 130 |  |  | 241 |
Amounts reclassified into income related to: |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss | 57 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 37 |
Prior service credit | (33 | ) |  | (12 | ) |  | (21 | )
Settlement | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Net gain on pension and other postretirement benefits | 763 |  |  | 263 |  |  | 500 |
Derivative instruments designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |
Net loss arising during the year | (4 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (2 | )
Net loss reclassified into income | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Net loss on cash flow hedges | (2 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (1 | )
Other comprehensive income | $ | 663 |  |  | $ | 262 |  |  | $ | 401 |
Changes in components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component, net of tax, were as follows (in millions):
| Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment |  | Defined Benefit Plan Items |  | Gains and (Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges |  | Total
Balance as of December 31, 2012 | $ | 665 |  |  | $ | (558 | ) |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 108 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | (98 | ) |  | 483 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 383 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | 17 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 18 |
Net other comprehensive income (loss) | (98 | ) |  | 500 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 401 |
Separation of retail business | (159 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (159 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2013 | 408 |  |  | (58 | ) |  | — |  |  | 350 |
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications | (407 | ) |  | (309 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (717 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Net other comprehensive loss | (407 | ) |  | (310 | ) |  | — |  |  | (717 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2014 | 1 |  |  | (368 | ) |  | — |  |  | (367 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | (606 | ) |  | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | (585 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | 19 |  |  | — |  |  | 19 |
Net other comprehensive income (loss) | (606 | ) |  | 40 |  |  | — |  |  | (566 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2015 | $ | (605 | ) |  | $ | (328 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (933 | )
Gains (losses) reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | Gains (losses) reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and into net income were as follows (in millions):
Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Components |  |  |  | Affected Line Item in the Statement of Income
| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |
Amortization of items related to defined benefit pension plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss |  | $ | (62 | ) |  | $ | (34 | ) |  | $ | (57 | ) |  | (a)
Prior service credit |  | 40 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 33 |  |  | (a)
Curtailment and settlement |  | (7 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (a)
|  | (29 | ) |  | 3 |  |  | (25 | ) |  | Total before tax
|  | 10 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 8 |  |  | Tax (expense) benefit
|  | $ | (19 | ) |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (17 | ) |  | Net of tax
Losses on cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commodity contracts |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | Cost of sales
|  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | Total before tax
|  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | Tax benefit
|  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | Net of tax
Total reclassifications for the year |  | $ | (19 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (18 | ) |  | Net of tax
_________________________
(a) | These accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost, as further discussed in Note 13. Net periodic benefit cost is reflected in operating expenses and general and administrative expenses.

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