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Equity (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2017
Equity [Abstract] |
Share activity | Activity in the number of shares of common stock and treasury stock was as follows (in millions):
| Common Stock |  | Treasury Stock
Balance as of December 31, 2014 | 673 |  |  | (159 | )
Transactions in connection with stock-based compensation plans | — |  |  | 1 |
Stock purchases under purchase program | — |  |  | (42 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2015 | 673 |  |  | (200 | )
Transactions in connection with stock-based compensation plans | — |  |  | 1 |
Stock purchases under purchase program | — |  |  | (23 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2016 | 673 |  |  | (222 | )
Transactions in connection with stock-based compensation plans | — |  |  | 1 |
Stock purchases under purchase program | — |  |  | (19 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2017 | 673 |  |  | (240 | )
Income tax effects related to components of other comprehensive income (loss) | The tax effects allocated to each component of other comprehensive income (loss) were as follows (in millions):
| Before-Tax Amount |  | Tax Expense (Benefit) |  | Net Amount
Year Ended December 31, 2017: |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | $ | 514 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 514 |
Pension and other postretirement benefits: |  |  |  |  |
Loss arising during the year related to: |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss | (79 | ) |  | (29 | ) |  | (50 | )
Prior service cost | (4 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (3 | )
Miscellaneous loss | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | (3 | )
Amounts reclassified into income related to: |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss | 50 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 32 |
Prior service credit | (36 | ) |  | (13 | ) |  | (23 | )
Curtailment and settlement loss | 4 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |
Net loss on pension and other postretirement benefits | (65 | ) |  | (21 | ) |  | (44 | )
Other comprehensive income | $ | 449 |  |  | $ | (21 | ) |  | $ | 470 |
| Before-Tax Amount |  | Tax Expense (Benefit) |  | Net Amount
Year Ended December 31, 2016: |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | $ | (415 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (415 | )
Pension and other postretirement benefits: |  |  |  |  |
Gain (loss) arising during the year related to: |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss | (110 | ) |  | (34 | ) |  | (76 | )
Miscellaneous gain | — |  |  | (8 | ) |  | 8 |
Amounts reclassified into income related to: |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss | 48 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 30 |
Prior service credit | (36 | ) |  | (13 | ) |  | (23 | )
Net loss on pension and other postretirement benefits | (98 | ) |  | (37 | ) |  | (61 | )
Other comprehensive loss | $ | (513 | ) |  | $ | (37 | ) |  | $ | (476 | )
Year Ended December 31, 2015: |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | $ | (606 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (606 | )
Pension and other postretirement benefits: |  |  |  |  |
Gain (loss) arising during the year related to: |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial gain | 50 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 35 |
Prior service cost | (22 | ) |  | (8 | ) |  | (14 | )
Amounts reclassified into income related to: |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss | 62 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 40 |
Prior service credit | (40 | ) |  | (14 | ) |  | (26 | )
Curtailment and settlement loss | 7 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 5 |
Net gain on pension and other postretirement benefits | 57 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 40 |
Other comprehensive loss | $ | (549 | ) |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | (566 | )
Changes in components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component, net of tax, were as follows (in millions):
| Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment |  | Defined Benefit Plan Items |  | Total
Balance as of December 31, 2014 | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (368 | ) |  | $ | (367 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | (606 | ) |  | 21 |  |  | (585 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | 19 |  |  | 19 |
Net other comprehensive income (loss) | (606 | ) |  | 40 |  |  | (566 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2015 | (605 | ) |  | (328 | ) |  | (933 | )
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications | (416 | ) |  | (68 | ) |  | (484 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 7 |
Net other comprehensive loss | (416 | ) |  | (61 | ) |  | (477 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2016 | (1,021 | ) |  | (389 | ) |  | (1,410 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | 514 |  |  | (56 | ) |  | 458 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | 12 |
Net other comprehensive income (loss) | 514 |  |  | (44 | ) |  | 470 |
Balance as of December 31, 2017 | $ | (507 | ) |  | $ | (433 | ) |  | $ | (940 | )
Gains (losses) reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | Gains (losses) reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive loss and into net income were as follows (in millions):
Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Components |  |  |  | Affected Line Item in the Statement of Income
| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |
Amortization of items related to defined benefit pension plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss |  | $ | (50 | ) |  | $ | (48 | ) |  | $ | (62 | ) |  | (a)
Prior service credit |  | 36 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 40 |  |  | (a)
Curtailment and settlement |  | (4 | ) |  | — |  |  | (7 | ) |  | (a)
|  | (18 | ) |  | (12 | ) |  | (29 | ) |  | Total before tax
|  | 6 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 10 |  |  | Tax benefit
Total reclassifications for the year |  | $ | (12 | ) |  | $ | (7 | ) |  | $ | (19 | ) |  | Net of tax
_________________________
(a) | These accumulated other comprehensive loss components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost, as further discussed in Note 12. Net periodic benefit cost is reflected in operating expenses (excluding depreciation and amortization expense) and general and administrative expenses (excluding depreciation and amortization expense).

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