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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM | 10-K |

| ☒ |  | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the Fiscal Year Ended | December 31, 2020 |
OR |
| ☐ |  | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the Transition Period from_______________________to_______________________ |

Commission File No. | 1-32525

AMERIPRISE FINANCIAL, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

| Delaware |  | 13-3180631 |
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

| 1099 Ameriprise Financial Center |  | Minneapolis |  | Minnesota |  | 55474 |
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

| Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: | (612) | 671-3131 |

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol |  | Name of each exchange on which registered |
Common Stock (par value $.01 per share) | AMP | New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act | None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. | Yes | ☒ | No | ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. | Yes | ☐ | No | ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. | Yes | ☒ | No | ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). | Yes | ☒ | No | ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large Accelerated Filer | ☒ | Non-accelerated Filer | ☐ | Accelerated Filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐ | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. | ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. | ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). | Yes | ☐ | No | ☒

The aggregate market value, as of June 30, 2020, of voting shares held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $18.1 billion.

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.
| Class |  | Outstanding at February 12, 2021 |
Common Stock (par value $.01 per share) | 116,752,287 shares

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Part III: Portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on April 28, 2021 (“Proxy Statement”).

AMERIPRISE FINANCIAL, INC.
FORM 10-K
INDEX

PART I. |
| Item 1. Business | 3
| Item 1A. Risk Factors | 18
| Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments | 29
| Item 2. Properties | 30
| Item 3. Legal Proceedings | 30
| Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 30
PART II. |
| Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 31
| Item 6. Selected Financial Data | 32
| Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 33
| Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 72
| Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 79
| Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 161
| Item 9A. Controls and Procedures | 161
| Item 9B. Other Information | 162
PART III. |
| Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 162
| Item 11. Executive Compensation | 165
| Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 165
| Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 165
| Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 165
PART IV. |
| Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 166
| Item 16. Form 10-K Summary | 168
| Signatures | 169
| Schedule I - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant | 171

2

PART I.
Item 1. Business
Overview
Ameriprise Financial is a diversified financial services company with a 125-year history of providing solutions to help clients confidently achieve their financial objectives. Ameriprise Financial, Inc. is a holding company incorporated in Delaware that primarily engages in business through its subsidiaries. Accordingly, references to “Ameriprise,” “Ameriprise Financial,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” may refer to Ameriprise Financial, Inc. exclusively, to our entire family of companies, or to one or more of our subsidiaries.
We are a long-standing leader in financial planning and advice offering a broad range of products and services designed to achieve individual and institutional clients’ financial objectives. Our strategy is centered on helping our clients confidently achieve their goals by providing holistic advice and by managing and protecting their assets and income. We utilize two go-to-market approaches in carrying out this strategy: Wealth Management and Asset Management.
Wealth Management
Our Advice & Wealth Management business is the primary growth engine of Ameriprise with a significant market opportunity. We are in a compelling position to capitalize on significant demographic and market trends driving increased demand for financial advice and solutions. In the U.S., the ongoing transition of baby boomers into retirement, as well as Generation X and Millennials planning for retirement, continues to drive demand for financial advice and solutions. The amount of investable assets held by mass affluent and affluent households (our primary target market) is growing and now accounts for over half of U.S. investable assets. We define mass affluent and affluent as households with investable assets of more than $100,000, and we are increasingly focused on those with $500,000 to $5,000,000 in investable assets.
We are an industry-leading wealth manager with a differentiated advice value proposition. Our network of approximately 10,000 financial advisors (our “advisors”) is the primary channel through which we carry out our wealth management activities. Our capabilities are centered on establishing long-term personal relationships between our clients and our advisors. Through our affiliated advisors, we offer financial planning and advice, as well as banking and full-service brokerage services, primarily to retail clients.
We design products and services as solutions for our clients’ cash and liquidity, asset accumulation, income, protection, and estate and wealth transfer needs. The financial solutions we offer through our advisors also include other providers’ products as well as our own products and services. We distribute our own life and disability income insurance, as well as variable and structured variable annuity products through our advisor channel.
Our advisor force is among the largest in the industry and is central to how we serve our clients. We support our advisors with an integrated technology platform, training, leadership and marketing programs to assist them in serving their clients and growing their practices. Our nationally recognized brand combined with these programs and other support creates a compelling value proposition for financial advisors across the financial services industry. This is evidenced by our strong advisor retention and satisfaction and our ability to attract and retain experienced and productive advisors. We continuously invest in, develop, and refine capabilities and tools designed to maximize advisor productivity and client satisfaction.
Asset Management
Our global asset management capabilities, represented by the Columbia Threadneedle Investments® brand, offer a broad spectrum of investment advice and products to individual, institutional and high net worth investors. These investment products are primarily offered through third parties, though we also provide our asset management products through our advisor network. Our underlying asset management philosophy is rooted in delivering consistently strong, competitive investment performance. The quality and breadth of our asset management capabilities are demonstrated by 108 of our mutual funds globally are rated as four- and five-star funds by Morningstar.
We are positioned to continue to grow our assets under management and strengthen our asset management offerings to existing and new clients. We benefit from key strategic relationships we have established and have a strong institutional presence. Our asset management capabilities are designed to address mature markets in the U.S. and Europe as well as expanding into new global and emerging markets. In the past few years, we have expanded beyond our traditional strengths in the U.S. and the United Kingdom (“U.K.”). to serve more clients and gather assets in Continental Europe, Asia, Australia and New Zealand, the Middle East, South America and Africa. We continue to pursue opportunities to leverage the collective capabilities of our global asset management business in order to enhance our investment solutions and to develop new solutions that are responsive to client demand in an increasingly complex and competitive marketplace.
History and Development
Our company has a more than 125-year history of providing solutions to help clients confidently achieve their financial objectives. Our earliest predecessor company, Investors Syndicate, was founded in 1894 to provide face-amount certificates to consumers. In 1983, our company was formed as a Delaware corporation in connection with American Express’ acquisition of IDS Financial
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Services from Alleghany Corporation. We changed our name to “American Express Financial Corporation” (“AEFC”) and began marketing our products and services under the American Express brand in 1994. In 2005, AEFC spun off from American Express to form Ameriprise Financial, Inc.
We have grown both organically in the products and services we provide, as well as inorganically through strategic acquisitions. This has allowed us to significantly enhance the scale, performance, and product offerings of our brokerage, financial planning, retail mutual funds and institutional asset management business in order to best serve our clients. Some of our acquisitions include Threadneedle Asset Management Holdings, H&R Block Financial Advisors, Inc., J. & W. Seligman & Co. Incorporated, Columbia Management, Emerging Global Advisors, LLC, Investment Professionals, Inc., and Lionstone Partners, Inc.
In order to focus our resources and advance our corporate strategy, we have divested or reinsured some of our businesses, including most recently on October 1, 2019, when we completed the sale of our Ameriprise Auto and Home Insurance business to American Family Insurance Mutual Holding Company (American Family Insurance) and in March 2019 when we reinsured approximately $1.7 billion of fixed annuity policies.
In May 2019, we received regulatory approvals and converted Ameriprise National Trust Bank to Ameriprise Bank, FSB to expand the products and services we can provide directly to our customers. At that time, Ameriprise Financial became a savings and loan holding company that is subject to regulation, supervision and examination by the Board of Governors for the Federal Reserve System (“FRB”), and Ameriprise Financial elected to be classified as a financial holding company subject to applicable regulation under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended.
Our Integrated Model and Shift in Business Mix
The financial results from the businesses underlying our go-to-market approaches are reflected in our operating segments:
•Advice & Wealth Management;
•Asset Management;
•Retirement & Protection Solutions; and
•Corporate & Other.
As a diversified financial services firm, we believe our ability to gather assets is best measured by our aggregate assets under management and administration metric. At December 31, 2020, we had $1.1 trillion in assets under management and administration compared to $973 billion as of December 31, 2019. For a more detailed discussion of assets under management and administration, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in Part II, Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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We continue to execute on our strategy to shift our business mix toward lower capital, fee-based business. The following chart shows our current business mix represented by the contributions of each segment to our pretax adjusted operating earnings (excluding Corporate & Other segment) as well as a historical comparison.
Our Principal Brands
Our diversified products and services are offered through our brands:

| We use the Ameriprise Financial® brand as our enterprise brand, as well as the name of our advisor network and certain of our retail products and services.
| Our global Columbia Threadneedle Investments® brand represents the combined capabilities, resources and reach of Columbia Management Investment Advisers, LLC (“Columbia Management”) and Threadneedle. The foreign operations of Ameriprise Financial, Inc. are conducted primarily through Threadneedle Asset Management Holdings Sàrl and Ameriprise Asset Management Holdings Singapore (Pte.) and their respective subsidiaries (collectively, “Threadneedle”).
| We use our RiverSource® brand for our annuity and protection products issued by RiverSource Life Insurance Company (“RiverSource Life”) and RiverSource Life Insurance Co. of New York (“RiverSource Life of NY” and, together with RiverSource Life, the RiverSource Life companies”).

Our Segments - Advice & Wealth Management
We provide financial planning and advice, as well as full-service brokerage services, primarily to retail clients through our financial advisors. These services are centered on long-term, personal relationships between our advisors and our clients and focus on helping clients confidently achieve their financial goals. Our financial advisors provide a distinctive, holistic approach to financial planning and have access to a broad selection of both affiliated and non-affiliated products to help clients meet their financial needs and goals.
A significant portion of revenues in this segment are fee-based and driven by the level of client assets, which is impacted by both market movements and net asset flows. We also earn net investment income on owned assets from Ameriprise Certificate Company and Ameriprise Bank, both wholly owned subsidiaries of Ameriprise, and we earn financial planning fees as well as transaction and other fees. In addition, this segment earns revenue from distribution fees for providing non-affiliated products and intersegment revenues from distribution fees for providing our affiliated products and services to our retail clients. Intersegment expenses for this segment include investment management services provided by our Asset Management segment. All intersegment activity is eliminated in our consolidated results.
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Our Financial Advisor Platform
With approximately 10,000 advisors, we are a top five branded advisor platform in the U.S. market where we provide our services. Advisors can choose to affiliate with us in multiple ways as noted below, and each option offers different levels of support and compensation.
We offer the following products and services through our Advice & Wealth Management segment:
•Financial planning and advice services to provide personalized financial planning and financial solutions for which we charge fees and may receive sales commissions for selling products that aid in the client’s plan.
•Discretionary and non-discretionary investment advisory accounts for which we receive fees based on the assets held in that account, as well as related fees or costs associated with the underlying securities held in that account.
•Brokerage products and services for retail and institutional clients.
•Mutual fund offerings from our own Columbia Management family as well as approximately 160 unaffiliated mutual fund families, representing more than 2,200 mutual funds on our brokerage platform for which mutual fund families and other companies generally pay us a portion of the revenue generated from sales of those funds, administrative fees, and fees from the ongoing management attributable to our clients’ ownership in the fund.
•Insurance and annuities products from both RiverSource Life companies as well as certain third parties, and we receive a portion of the revenue generated from the sale of unaffiliated products and certain administrative fees.
•Cash management and banking products including broker sweep programs, cash management accounts, credit cards, margin loans and pledged asset lines of credit.
•Face-Amount Certificates through the Ameriprise Certificate Company, a wholly owned subsidiary and our earnings are based on the difference between the interest rates credited to certificate holders and the interest earned on the cash invested.
Our Segments - Asset Management
Through Columbia Threadneedle Investments, we provide investment management, advice and products to retail, high net worth and institutional clients on a global scale.
Columbia Management primarily provides products and services in the U.S. and Threadneedle primarily provides products and services internationally. Additional subsidiaries are also included in our Asset Management segment such as Lionstone Partners, LLC, the U.S. investment adviser for certain private funds and investment products focused on real estate.
Revenues in the Asset Management segment are primarily earned based on managed asset balances, which are impacted by market movements, net asset flows, asset allocation and product mix. We may also earn performance fees from certain accounts where investment performance meets or exceeds certain pre-identified targets. At December 31, 2020, our Asset Management segment had $547 billion in worldwide managed assets.
Our Asset Management segment also provides intercompany asset management services for Ameriprise Financial subsidiaries. The fees for such services are reflected within the Asset Management segment results through intersegment transfer pricing. Intersegment expenses for this segment include distribution expenses for services provided by our Advice & Wealth Management and Retirement & Protection Solutions segments. All intersegment activity is eliminated in our consolidated results.
Managed assets include external client assets and owned assets. Managed external client assets include client assets for which we provide investment management services, such as the assets of the Columbia Threadneedle Investments fund families and the assets of
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institutional clients. Managed external client assets also include assets managed by sub-advisers we select. Our external client assets are not reported on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, although certain investment funds marketed to investors may be consolidated at certain times. See Note 2 and Note 5 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on consolidation principles and details regarding the consolidated collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”). Managed owned assets include certain assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets (such as the assets of the general account and the variable product funds held in the separate accounts of our life insurance subsidiaries) for which the Asset Management segment provides management services and receives management fees. For additional details regarding our assets under management and administration, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in Part II, Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Investment Management Capabilities and Products
The investment management activities of Columbia Threadneedle Investments are conducted through specialized investment management teams located around the globe, including Boston, Chicago, Houston, London, Los Angeles, Menlo Park, Minneapolis, New York, Portland and Singapore.
Our investment management capabilities and products span a broad range of asset classes and investment styles to meet a variety of client needs. Looking at the type of the $547 billion in assets we manage, we have approximately 55% in equity, 36% in fixed income, 8% in alternatives, hybrids and other and 1% in money market.
We offer or make available the following products and services through our Asset Management segment:
•U.S. Registered Funds to the Columbia Management family of funds including retail mutual funds, exchange-listed exchange-traded funds and U.S. closed-end funds and variable insurance trust funds (“VIT Funds”) on which we earn management fees for managing the assets of the Columbia Management family of mutual funds based on the underlying value of the assets and service fees.
•Non-U.S. funds through Threadneedle include different risk-return options across regions, markets, asset classes and product structures, which include retail funds that are similar to U.S. mutual funds (such as Undertakings for the Collective Investment in Transferable Securities (“UCITS”) funds organized as Luxembourg-based investment companies with variable capital (“SICAVs”).
•Institutional and retail separately managed accounts for a range of clients, including pension, profit-sharing, employee savings, sovereign wealth funds and endowment funds, accounts of large- and medium-sized businesses and governmental clients, as well as the accounts of high net worth individuals and smaller institutional clients, including tax-exempt and not-for-profit organizations for which we receive management and performance-related fees.
•Other separately managed accounts, including those offered through models that represent assets under advisement.
•Management of owned assets such as assets held in the general account of our RiverSource Life companies, Ameriprise Certificate Company, and Ameriprise Bank.
•Management of CLOs, which includes providing collateral management services to special purpose vehicles which primarily invest in syndicated bank loans and issue multiple tranches of securities collateralized by the assets to provide investors with various maturity and credit risk characteristics for which we earn fees based on the value of assets and performance-based fees.
•Private funds where we provide investment management and related services to private, pooled investment vehicles organized as limited partnerships, limited liability companies, or non-U.S. entities for which we may receive fees based on the value of the assets or performance-based fees.
•Collective funds and separately managed accounts sponsored by Ameriprise Trust Company (“ATC”) and offered to certain qualified institutional clients such as retirement, pension, and profit-sharing plans for which it receives management fees.
•Sub-advised accounts for certain U.S. and non-U.S. funds, private banking individually managed accounts, common trust funds, and other portfolios sponsored or advised by other firms for which we earn management fees and possibly performance-based fees.
Distribution
We maintain distribution teams and capabilities that support the sales, marketing, and support of the products and services of our global asset management business. These distribution activities are generally organized into two major categories: retail distribution and institutional/high net worth distribution.
Retail Distribution
Columbia Management funds are sold through both our Advice & Wealth Management segment and through unaffiliated third-party financial intermediaries. Fees and reimbursements paid to such intermediaries may vary based on sales, redemptions, asset values, asset allocation, product mix, and marketing and support activities provided by the intermediary. Intersegment distribution expenses for services provided by our Advice & Wealth Management segment are eliminated in our consolidated results. Columbia Management Investment Distributors, Inc. acts as the principal underwriter and distributor of our Columbia Management family of funds. Pursuant to distribution agreements with the funds, we offer and sell fund shares on a continuous basis and pay certain costs associated with the marketing and selling of shares. We earn commissions for distributing the Columbia Management funds through
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sales charges on certain classes of shares and distribution (12b-1) and servicing-related fees based on a percentage of fund assets and receive intersegment allocation payments. This revenue is impacted by overall asset levels and mix of the funds.
Threadneedle funds are sold primarily through financial intermediaries and institutions, including banks, life insurance companies, independent financial advisers, wealth managers and platforms offering a variety of investment products. Threadneedle also distributes directly to certain clients. Various Threadneedle affiliates serve as the distributors of these fund offerings and are authorized to engage in such activities in numerous countries across Europe, the Middle East, the Asia-Pacific region and Africa. Certain Threadneedle fund offerings, such as its EU UCITS products, may be distributed on a cross-border basis while others are distributed exclusively in local markets.
Institutional and High Net Worth Distribution
We offer separately managed account services and certain funds to high net worth clients and to a variety of institutional clients, including pension plans, employee savings plans, foundations, sovereign wealth funds, endowments, corporations, banks, trusts, governmental entities, high net worth individuals and not-for-profit organizations. We provide investment management services for insurance companies, including our insurance subsidiaries. We also provide a variety of services for our institutional clients that sponsor retirement plans. We have dedicated institutional sales teams that market directly to such institutional clients. We concentrate on establishing strong relationships with both institutional clients as well as leading global and national consultancy firms across North America, Europe, the Middle East, Asia, New Zealand and Australia.
Our Segments - Retirement & Protection Solutions
RiverSource solutions help deliver on the Ameriprise client experience and Confident Retirement approach. We offer clients various annuities, life insurance, and disability insurance options to meet their needs or current stage in life—whether that is covering essentials, ensuring lifestyle, preparing for the unexpected or leaving a legacy. RiverSource seeks to partner with our advisors to address clients’ goals and long-term needs at a differentiated level and provide a strong risk profile given the clients our advisors serve.
Annuities
We provide RiverSource variable annuity products to individual clients to help individuals address their asset accumulation and income goals through our advisors. Our advisor network is the only distributor of RiverSource annuity products, although advisors can offer fixed and variable annuities from selected unaffiliated insurers as well.
Revenues for our variable annuity products are primarily earned as fees based on a contractholder’s benefit base, contract value or separate account values, which is impacted by both market movements and net asset flows. We also earn net investment income on general account assets supporting reserves for immediate annuities with a non-life contingent feature, structured variable annuities, for certain guaranteed benefits offered with variable annuities, and on capital supporting the business. We also earn investment income on any fixed investment option within our variable annuity products. In addition, we receive fees charged on assets allocated to our separate accounts to cover administrative costs and a portion of the management fees from the underlying investment accounts in which assets are invested. Revenues for our immediate annuities with a life contingent feature are earned as premium revenue. Intersegment revenues for this segment reflect fees paid by our Asset Management segment for marketing support and other services provided in connection with the availability of VIT Funds previously discussed. Intersegment expenses for this segment include distribution expenses for services provided by our Advice & Wealth Management segment, as well as expenses for investment management services provided by our Asset Management segment. All intersegment activity is eliminated in our consolidated results.
Protection
We provide a variety of products to address the protection and risk management needs of our retail clients, including life and disability income insurance. Though our advisors may also offer insurance products of unaffiliated carriers, we offer RiverSource insurance products exclusively through our advisors. The primary sources of revenues for our protection business are premiums, fees and charges we receive to assume insurance-related risk. We earn net investment income on owned assets supporting insurance reserves and capital supporting the business. We also receive fees based on the level of the RiverSource Life companies’ separate account assets supporting variable universal life investment options. The protection products earn intersegment revenues from fees paid by our Asset Management segment for marketing support and other services provided in connection with the availability of VIT Funds under the variable universal life contracts. Intersegment expenses for the protection products include distribution expenses for services provided by our Advice & Wealth Management segment, as well as expenses for investment management services provided by our Asset Management segment. All intersegment activity is eliminated in our consolidated results.
RiverSource Insurance Products
Through the RiverSource Life companies and our Retirement & Protection Solutions segment we offer the following products:
•Structured Variable Annuities use the performance of an underlying equity market index to determine earnings, up to either a cap or floor.
•Variable Annuities provides returns linked to underlying investments of the contractholder’s choice of certain funds, as well as additional benefits, such as guaranteed minimum death benefits and guaranteed living benefits.
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•Variable Universal Life insurance provides life insurance coverage along with investment returns linked to underlying investment accounts of the policyholder’s choice.
•Universal Life Insurance credits interest at fixed interest rates. Universal Life Insurance may also contain product features that credit interest at a rate linked to an underlying equity market index.
•Term Life Insurance provides a death benefit, but it does not accumulate cash value.
•Disability Income Insurance provides monthly benefits to individuals who are unable to earn income either at their occupation at time of disability or at any suitable occupation for premium payments that are guaranteed not to change.
We also offer our clients various riders and alternatives. Our sales of RiverSource individual life insurance in 2020, as measured by scheduled annual premiums, lump sum and excess premiums and single premiums, consisted of approximately 40% universal life, 56% variable universal life and 4% term life.
Reinsurance
We reinsure a portion of the insurance risks associated with our currently offered life and disability income products (as well as previously sold fixed annuity and long-term care products included in our Corporate & Other segment) through reinsurance agreements with unaffiliated reinsurance companies. We use reinsurance to limit losses, reduce exposure to large and catastrophic risks, and provide additional capacity for future growth. To manage exposure to losses from reinsurer insolvencies, we evaluate the financial condition of reinsurers prior to entering into new reinsurance treaties and on a periodic basis during the terms of the treaties. Our insurance companies remain primarily liable as the direct insurers on all risks reinsured. See Note 7 and Note 8 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on reinsurance. At a general level, we reinsure all or part of the following (with the closed blocks in our Corporate & Other segment):

Product |  | Reinsurance Type
Term Life |  | Coinsurance
UL & VUL |  | Yearly Renewable Term
Fixed Annuity (closed block in Corporate & Other) |  | Coinsurance
Long Term Care (closed block in Corporate & Other) |  | Coinsurance
Disability Income |  | Coinsurance

Our Segments - Corporate & Other
Our Corporate & Other segment consists of closed block of business and net investment income or loss on corporate level assets, including excess capital held in our subsidiaries and other unallocated equity and other revenues as well as unallocated corporate expenses.
Closed Block Long Term Care Insurance
Prior to December 31, 2002, the RiverSource Life companies underwrote stand-alone long term care (“LTC”) insurance. We discontinued offering LTC insurance as of December 31, 2002. A large majority of our closed block LTC is comprised of nursing home indemnity LTC or comprehensive reimbursement LTC. Generally, our policyholders are eligible for LTC benefits if they become cognitively impaired or unable to perform certain activities of daily living.
Nursing home indemnity LTC policies provide a predefined daily benefit if the insured is confined to a nursing home, subject to various maximum benefit periods, regardless of actual expenses of the policyholder. Our older generation nursing home indemnity LTC policies were primarily written between 1989 through 1999 and represent half of our policies.
Comprehensive reimbursement LTC policies provide a predefined maximum daily benefit if the insured is confined to a nursing home and covers a variety of LTC expenses including assisted living, home and community care, adult day care and similar placement programs, subject to various maximum total benefit payment pools, on a cost-reimbursement basis. Our second generation comprehensive reimbursement LTC policies were written from 1997 until 2002.
Our closed block LTC was sold on a guaranteed renewable basis which allows us to re-price in force policies, subject to regulatory approval. Premium rates for LTC policies vary by age, benefit period, elimination period, home care coverage and benefit increase option. Premium rates are based on assumptions concerning morbidity, mortality, persistency, administrative expenses, investment income and profit. We develop our assumptions based on our own claims and persistency experience. In line with the market, we have pursued nationwide premium rate increases for many years and expect to continue to pursue rate increases over the next several years. In general, since very little of our LTC business is subject to rate stability regulation, we have historically followed a policy of pursuing smaller, more frequent increases in order to align policyholder and historic shareholder objectives, but have recently pursued larger increases as an additional method to manage the LTC business. We also provide policyholders with options to reduce their coverage to lessen or eliminate the additional financial outlay that would otherwise result.
For existing LTC policies, RiverSource Life has continued ceding 50% of the risk on a coinsurance basis to subsidiaries of Genworth Financial, Inc. (“Genworth”) and retains the remaining risk. For RiverSource Life of NY, this reinsurance arrangement applies for 1996 and later issues only. Under these agreements, we have the right, but never the obligation, to recapture some, or all, of the risk ceded to Genworth.
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For more information regarding LTC, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Corporate and Other” included in Part II, Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Closed Block Fixed Annuities
In 2020, we stopped new sales of fixed annuities and moved the Fixed Annuities and Fixed Indexed Annuities business to the Corporate & Other segment as a closed block. These segment reporting changes align with the way our CEO, who is our chief operating decision maker, began assessing the performance of our reportable segments and other business activities effective in the third quarter of 2020. Certain prior period amounts have been revised to conform to the current presentation.
Competition
We operate in a highly competitive global industry. As a diversified financial services firm, we compete directly with a variety of financial institutions, including registered investment advisors, securities brokers, asset managers, banks and insurance companies. We directly compete for the provision of products and services to clients, as well as for our financial advisors and investment management personnel. Certain of our competitors offer web-based or mobile-based financial services and discount brokerage services, usually with lower levels of service, to individual clients.
Our Advice & Wealth Management segment competes with securities broker-dealers, independent broker-dealers, financial planning firms, registered investment advisors, insurance companies and other financial institutions to attract and retain financial advisors and clients. Competitive factors influencing our ability to attract and retain financial advisors include compensation structures, brand recognition and reputation, product offerings, and technology and service capabilities and support. Further, our financial advisors compete for clients with a range of other advisors, broker-dealers and direct channels. This includes wirehouses, regional broker-dealers, independent broker-dealers, insurers, banks, asset managers, registered investment advisers and direct distributors. Competitive factors influencing our ability to attract and retain clients include quality of advice provided, price, reputation, advertising and brand recognition, product offerings, technology offerings and service quality.
Our Asset Management segment competes on a global basis to acquire and retain managed and administered assets against a substantial number of firms, including those in the categories listed above. Competitive factors influencing our performance in this industry include investment performance, product offerings and innovation, product ratings, fee structures, advertising, service quality, brand recognition, reputation and the ability to attract and retain investment personnel. Furthermore, changes in investment preferences or investment management strategy (for example, “active” or “passive” investing styles), client interest in funds with particular environmental, social, or governance practices, client or regulatory requirements on use of client commissions for research, and downward pressure on fees present various challenges to our business and may favor different competitors that focus more on “passive” investing styles. The impact of these factors on our business may vary from country to country and certain competitors may have certain competitive advantage in certain jurisdictions. As an example, the implementation of the terms of the British exit from the European Union (“EU”) (commonly known as “Brexit”) and other regulatory or political impacts may ultimately favor certain types of asset managers in the EU over non-EU firms.
Competitors of our Retirement & Protection Solutions segment consist of both stock and mutual insurance companies. Competitive factors affecting the sale of variable annuity and insurance products include distribution capabilities, price, product features, hedging capability, investment performance, commission structure, perceived financial strength and financial strength ratings, claims-paying ratings, service, advertising, brand recognition and financial strength ratings from rating agencies such as A.M. Best.
Human Capital Management
Ameriprise Financial has a strong values-driven and inclusive culture that is the foundation of all that we do. While our individual business lines serve different client needs, we share a common vision and core set of values that drives our business and how we work with clients and each other. Our values are the following:
•Client focused;
•Integrity always;
•Excellence in all we do; and
•Respect for the individuals and for the communities in which we live and work.
We aspire to provide an excellent employee and advisor experience for our approximately 12,300 employees (which includes over 2,000 employee advisors and over 10,300 corporate employees) and 7,800 franchise advisors. We are committed to investing in our human capital programs and services to ensure a highly competitive employee value proposition. We aim to attract, retain, engage, and develop a diverse, high performing workforce with a best-in-class development curriculum, strong leadership and comprehensive employee benefits and wellness programs. In 2020:
•We continued to generate strong employee engagement, including in our annual engagement survey where our results exceeded external benchmarks. 93% of employees participated in our survey and we received 89% favorable scores in both employee engagement and leadership effectiveness.
•87% of our employees participated in development training, with an average of 11.4 training hours per employee.
•We retained 96% of our high performing employees.
•The retention rate among affiliated advisors who have been with us for more than 10 years is 95%.
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•We have also continued to attract experienced, productive advisors, with 336 experienced advisors moving their practices to Ameriprise in 2020 and approximately 1,700 in the last 5 years.
Our diversity and inclusion vision is to foster a diverse and inclusive workforce so that everyone at Ameriprise feels like they can belong, grow, and contribute in a culture that unleashes their potential. This includes ensuring meaningful dialogue between leaders and employees on current diversity and inclusion topics, leveraging programs to attract, retain and advance diverse talent, and continuing to evolve our leadership development curriculum and training for employees and advisors. Our focus on fostering a diverse and inclusive culture is also reflected in our clear policies and practices to promote a safe, inclusive and respectful workplace. Our 13 business resource networks engage over 9,000 participants globally each year to promote cultural awareness and community involvement while providing employees and advisors with wellness and career development resources.
Importantly, our compensation programs are designed to drive a high-performing workforce with deliberate alignment of rewards with client and shareholder success. Weighing both individual goal achievement (the “what”) and leadership performance (the “how”) is critical to driving strong business results and engaging, motivating and retaining our employees.
Ameriprise was well prepared to manage through the unexpected pandemic and its associated impacts because of the strategic investments and actions we have taken over many years. From the start, our priority was serving our clients, as well as the health and safety of the Ameriprise employees. As we navigated through this challenging environment, our balance sheet strength and risk management foundation were keys to our success.
We remain focused on protecting the health and safety of our employees and advisors through a variety of strategic actions, including:
•Effective business continuity planning and strong technology infrastructure enabled a rapid transition to work-from-home for approximately 95% of our workforce
•Implemented comprehensive safety protocols across all locations for those who needed access to our offices
•Provided proactive and frequent updates to employees, advisors, and clients regarding support available during remote environment
•Significantly increased engagement through successfully transitioning to virtual recruiting, onboarding and development for employees and advisors
•Quickly developed and implemented leader resources to effectively lead engaged and productive virtual teams in a remote work environment
•Emphasized existing and new virtual benefit resources to support all aspects of employee well-being (i.e. physical, emotional, social and financial)
•Expanded our employee assistance program resources to non-employee advisors.
•We are committed to ensuring safe return to the workplace through a phased approach informed by local requirements with focus on employee safety while supporting business needs
In addition, our CEO and Executive Leadership Team, in alignment with the Board of Directors, have worked diligently to position the company to “emerge stronger” from the COVID-19 pandemic. Through the challenges over this past year, we have grown as a company, from how we support and engage our clients and our workforce, and we are continuing to find ways to innovate, change, adapt and modernize in all aspects of our business.
Intellectual Property
We rely on a combination of contractual rights and copyright, trademark, patent and trade secret laws to establish and protect our intellectual property. In the U.S. and other jurisdictions, we have established and registered, or filed applications to register, certain trademarks and service marks that we consider important to the marketing of our products and services, including but not limited to Ameriprise Financial, Threadneedle, RiverSource and Columbia Threadneedle Investments. We have in the past and will continue to establish and protect our intellectual property.
Enterprise Risk Management
Enterprise risk management and our risk management program is an important component in how we manage our business. All subsidiaries of Ameriprise must comply with Ameriprise’s enterprise risk management policy and framework, which: (i) establishes a structure for effective enterprise risk management, including oversight and governance; (ii) delineates key constituent roles and responsibilities; and (iii) imposes a number of core risk management processes. The enterprise risk management policy is designed to manage risks that may impact Ameriprise, including capital, credit, market, liquidity, operational, strategic, reputational, legal and compliance, and product. The enterprise risk management policy is supported by underlying risk policies at each Ameriprise business unit that provide further detail on the business unit’s risk governance, appetite, and tolerance.
Regulation
Virtually all aspects of our business, including the activities of the parent company and our subsidiaries, are subject to various federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations. These laws and regulations provide broad regulatory, administrative and enforcement powers to supervisory agencies and other bodies, including U.S. federal and state regulatory and law enforcement agencies, foreign government agencies or regulatory bodies and U.S. and foreign securities exchanges. The costs of complying with such laws and
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regulations can be significant, and the consequences for the failure to comply may include civil or criminal charges, fines, censure, the suspension of individual employees, restrictions on or prohibitions from engaging in certain lines of business (or in certain states or countries), revocation of certain registrations and reputational damage. We have made and expect to continue to make significant investments in our compliance and supervision processes, enhancing policies, procedures and oversight to monitor our compliance with the numerous legal and regulatory requirements applicable to our business.
We operate in a highly scrutinized regulatory environment and it remains subject to change. Regulatory developments, both in and outside of the U.S., have resulted or are expected to result in greater regulatory oversight and internal compliance obligations for firms across the financial services industry. In addition, we continue to see enhanced legislative and regulatory interest regarding retirement investing and fiduciary initiatives, as well as cybersecurity, responsible information, financial crime and privacy matters, and we will continue to closely review and monitor any legislative or regulatory proposals and changes. States continue to add new complexity to the patchwork of laws already in existence relating to privacy and cybersecurity and we are expecting similar new laws this year in multiple states. The same complexity resulting from multiple standards exists for retirement investing where individual states and federal regulators continue to propose or enact their own rules. These legal and regulatory changes have impacted and may in the future impact how we are regulated and how we operate and govern our businesses.
The discussion and overview set forth below provides a general framework of the primary laws and regulations impacting our businesses. Certain of our subsidiaries may be subject to one or more elements of this regulatory framework depending on the nature of their business, the products and services they provide and the geographic locations in which they operate. To the extent the discussion includes references to statutory and regulatory provisions, it is qualified in its entirety by reference to these statutory and regulatory provisions and is current only as of the date of this report.
In addition to the regulators summarized above, we are also subject to regulation by self-regulatory organizations such as the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”), various federal and state securities, insurance and financial regulators (such as regulatory agencies and bodies like the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the U.S. Department of Labor (“DOL”)) in the U.S. and in
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foreign jurisdictions (such as the European Securities and Markets Authority and the national financial regulator for each European country) where we do business.
Advice & Wealth Management Regulation
Certain of our subsidiaries are registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) as broker-dealers under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”) and with certain states, the District of Columbia and other U.S. territories. Our broker-dealer subsidiaries are also members of self-regulatory organizations, including FINRA, and are subject to the regulations of these organizations. The SEC and FINRA have stringent rules with respect to the net capital requirements (which includes rules around customer protection) and the marketing and trading activities of broker-dealers. Our broker-dealer subsidiaries, as well as our financial advisors and other personnel, must obtain all required state and FINRA licenses and registrations to engage in the securities business and take certain steps to maintain such registrations in good standing. SEC regulations also impose notice requirements and capital limitations on the payment of dividends by a broker-dealer to a parent.
Our financial advisors are representatives of a dual registrant, meaning it is registered both as an investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (“Advisers Act”) and as a broker-dealer. Our advisors are subject to various regulations that impact how they operate their practices, including those related to supervision, sales methods, trading practices, record-keeping and financial reporting. In addition, because our independent contractor advisor platform is structured as a franchise system, we are also subject to Federal Trade Commission and state franchise requirements. As noted earlier, we continue to see enhanced legislative and regulatory interest regarding retirement investing and financial advisors, including proposed rules, regulatory priorities or general discussions around transparency and disclosure in advisor compensation and recruiting, identifying and managing conflicts of interest and enhanced data collection.
The SEC’s Regulation Best Interest became effective on June 30, 2020. Regulation Best Interest requires a broker-dealer to act in the best interest of a retail customer when making a recommendation to that customer of any securities transaction or investment strategy involving securities. Furthermore, several states have either issued their own best interest or fiduciary rules or are considering doing so and those rules may be limited to certain types of products (e.g. insurance and annuities, financial planning, etc.) or may broadly cover all recommendations made by financial advisors. The DOL has finalized its voluntary exemption for providing investment advice to retirement account clients and has reinstated prior guidance for determining who is an investment advice fiduciary under pension regulations. The Certified Financial Planner Board updated its professional standards of conduct to include a fiduciary standard that will apply to financial advisors who hold a Certified Financial Planner designation. Currently, Ameriprise has approximately 4,100 financial advisors who hold a Certified Financial Planner designation. Considering the various fiduciary rules and regulations that continue to be proposed, finalized, and sometimes withdrawn or amended, we continue to exert significant efforts to evaluate and prepare to comply with each rule.
Other agencies, exchanges and self-regulatory organizations of which certain of our broker-dealer subsidiaries are members, and subject to applicable rules and regulations of, include the Commodities Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) and the National Futures Association (“NFA”). Certain subsidiaries may also be registered as insurance agencies and may be subject to the regulations described in the following sections.
Asset Management Regulation
U.S. Regulation
In the U.S., certain of our asset management subsidiaries are registered as investment advisers under the Advisers Act and are subject to regulation by the SEC. The Advisers Act imposes numerous obligations on registered investment advisers, including fiduciary duties, disclosure obligations and record-keeping, and operational and marketing restrictions. Our registered investment advisers may also be subject to certain obligations of the Investment Company Act based on their status as investment advisers to U.S. registered investment companies that we, or third parties, sponsor. As noted earlier, we continue to see enhanced legislative and regulatory interest regarding financial services in the U.S. through rules, regulatory priorities or general discussion. This trend is especially true globally where regulators remain active, including in Europe. Any future regulation could potentially require new approaches which increase our regulatory burdens and costs.
Many aspects of the regulation that applies to our Advice & Wealth Management segment also apply to our Asset Management segment. For example, Columbia Management Investment Distributors, Inc. is registered as a broker-dealer for the limited purpose of acting as the principal underwriter and distributor for Columbia Management funds and other products. Additionally, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”), the SEC’s best interest standards, state and other fiduciary or best interest rules, as well as other similar standards and any rulemaking from the DOL would be relevant to our global asset management business. We continue to review and analyze the potential impact of these regulations across each of our business lines.
In addition, certain of our asset management subsidiaries are registered with the CFTC as a commodity trading advisor and commodity pool operator and are also members of the NFA. In this regard, we are subject to additional registration and reporting requirements with respect to certain registered investment companies and other pooled vehicles that use or trade in futures, swaps and other derivatives that are subject to CFTC regulation.
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Non-U.S. Regulation
U.K. Regulation
Outside of the U.S., Columbia Threadneedle Investments is authorized to conduct its financial services business in the U.K. under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000. Threadneedle is currently regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”) and the Prudential Regulation Authority (“PRA”). FCA and PRA rules impose certain capital, operational and compliance requirements and allow for disciplinary action in the event of noncompliance. As with the U.S. regulatory environment, we continue to see enhanced legislative and regulatory interest regarding financial services. Key U.K. regulatory developments and trends include the following:
•Brexit. The trade and cooperation agreement between the U.K. and EU does not include cross-border financial services. As a result, our U.K. asset management business is no longer able to market its services into the EU on a passporting basis and must now comply with local EU and country requirements as a non-EU firm, which includes leveraging our Luxembourg-based management company affiliate to provide services and marketing to EU clients and investors.
•Operational Resilience. U.K. regulators have published proposals to improve the “operational resilience” of the U.K. financial systems and firms and these new rules will be phased in from 2021.
•Financial Resilience. EU and U.K. regulators will revise the prudential regime applying to asset managers. This will be phased in from 2021 over a five-year period.
Having withdrawn from the EU, the U.K. and others will need to negotiate the terms of multiple new relationships, which will take some time. The full impact of Brexit and its related consequences remain uncertain, including with respect to ongoing negotiations between the U.K. and EU on financial services and new trade agreements with global trading partners. We continue to actively monitor the dynamic Brexit situation and political activity around Brexit.
We have an established fund range domiciled in Luxembourg (both UCITS and Alternative Investment Funds) along with a Luxembourg-based management company, and Columbia Threadneedle Investments has expanded the regulated permissions of the Luxembourg management company to perform fund management, administration and distribution functions. Therefore, we are well placed to continue to serve investors in the EU. We have replicated, and will continue to replicate, appropriate funds from our U.K.-based open-ended investment company (“OEIC”) range within our Luxembourg SICAV platform. We have a well-resourced and experienced product development team with the capacity to ensure the needs of our clients are met in an efficient and transparent manner. As a result of our expansion of regulated permissions in Luxembourg, we expect to have greater engagement with the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (“CSSF”), as the primary regulator of our Luxembourg business and its EU branches and funds.
Pan-European and Other Non-U.S. Regulation
In addition to the above, certain of our asset management subsidiaries and branches are required to comply with pan-European directives as issued by the European Commission and adopted by EU member states. Certain of these directives have impacted and will continue to impact our global asset management business. For example, certain of our asset management subsidiaries are required to comply with the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (“MiFID II”), Markets in Financial Instruments Regulation (“MiFIR”), Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive (“AIFMD”), European Market Infrastructure Regulation (“EMIR”) and the Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities Directives (“UCITS”). These requirements impact the way we manage assets and place, settle and report on trades for our clients, as well as market to clients and prospects. EMIR provides a framework for the regulation of over the counter and exchange-traded derivative markets. Similar to the developments in the U.S., we continue to see enhanced legislative and regulatory interest regarding financial services through international markets, including in the U.K. and EU where we have a substantial asset management business. These international rules, proposed rules, regulatory priorities or general discussions may impact us directly or indirectly, including as a regulated entity or as a service provider to, or a business receiving services from or engaging in transactions with, regulated entities. In addition to regulations noted in this section, within the EU and the U.K. we have been and will continue to address regulatory reforms or structural changes including but not limited to: enhanced regulatory focus and specific EU regulations on sustainable finance and environmental, social and governance (ESG); Senior Manager and Certification Regime; Solvency II; Packaged Retail and Insurance-based Investment Products; Market Abuse Regulation; Transparency Directive II; Fifth Money Laundering Directive; EU Benchmarks Regulation; Money Market Fund Regulation; Shareholder Rights Directive; Securitisation Regulation; and Criminal Finance Act. In addition, although the U.K. has now left the EU, the U.K. regulators may choose to implement future EU regulations and apply them in the U.K. potentially with significant variation from the EU regulations and potentially increasing the complexity and costs for our compliance.
The EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) sought to harmonize data protection legislation and introduced changes in areas such as: (i) governance and oversight, (ii) processing of personal data, (iii) enhancements around consent and data subject rights, and (iv) international data transfers. GDPR is a step change in the way personal data is regulated in Europe and outside of Europe to the extent that goods or services are being marketed to EU citizens and their personal information is collected and processed in the course of that interaction. We are mindful of other upcoming regulatory changes (including those arising from Brexit) and the impact data privacy regulations will have on our current business model post-Brexit.
In Singapore, our asset management subsidiary Threadneedle Investments Singapore (Pte.) Ltd. (“Threadneedle Singapore”) is regulated by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (“MAS”) under the Securities and Futures Act. Threadneedle Singapore holds a
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capital markets services license with MAS, and employees of Threadneedle Singapore engaging in regulated activities are required to be licensed. MAS rules impose certain capital, operational and compliance (including Senior Manager) requirements and allow for disciplinary action in the event of noncompliance.
Threadneedle companies and activities are also subject to other local country regulations and regulators in Europe, Dubai, Hong Kong, the U.S., South Korea, South America and Australia. Additionally, many of our subsidiaries, including Columbia Management, are also subject to foreign, state and local laws with respect to advisory services that are currently offered and provided by these subsidiaries, including services provided to government pension plans.
Other Securities Regulation
Ameriprise Certificate Company is regulated as an investment company under the Investment Company Act. As a registered investment company, Ameriprise Certificate Company must observe certain governance, disclosure, record-keeping, operational and marketing requirements. Ameriprise Certificate Company pays dividends to the parent company and is subject to capital requirements under applicable law and understandings with the SEC and the Minnesota Department of Commerce (Banking Division).
Ameriprise Trust Company is primarily regulated by the Minnesota Department of Commerce (Banking Division) and is subject to capital adequacy requirements under Minnesota law. It is prohibited from accepting deposits or making personal or commercial loans. As a provider of products and services to tax-qualified retirement plans and IRAs, certain aspects of our business, including the activities of our trust company, fall within the compliance oversight of the DOL and the Department of Treasury, particularly regarding the enforcement of ERISA, and the tax reporting requirements applicable to such accounts. Ameriprise Trust Company, as well as our investment adviser subsidiaries, may be subject to ERISA, and the regulations thereunder, insofar as they act as a “fiduciary” under ERISA with respect to certain ERISA clients.
Retirement & Protection Solutions Regulation
Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to supervision and regulation by states and other territories where they are domiciled or otherwise licensed to do business. The primary purpose of this regulation and supervision is to protect the interests of contract holders and policyholders. In general, state insurance laws and regulations govern standards of solvency, capital requirements, the licensing of insurers and their agents, premium rates, policy forms, the nature of and limitations on investments, periodic reporting requirements and other matters. In addition, state regulators conduct periodic examinations into insurer market conduct and compliance with insurance and securities laws. The Minnesota Department of Commerce, and the New York State Department of Financial Services (the “Domiciliary Regulators”) regulate certain of the RiverSource Life companies. In addition to being regulated by their Domiciliary Regulators, our RiverSource Life companies are regulated by each of the insurance regulators in the states where each is authorized to transact business. Financial regulation of our RiverSource Life companies is extensive, and their financial transactions (such as intercompany dividends and investment activity) may be subject to pre-approval and/or continuing evaluation by the Domiciliary Regulators.
Aspects of the regulation applicable to our Advice & Wealth Management segment also apply to our Retirement & Protection Solutions segment. For example, RiverSource Distributors is registered as a broker-dealer for the limited purpose of acting as the principal underwriter and/or distributor for our RiverSource annuities and insurance products sold through Ameriprise Financial Services, LLC (“AFS”) and third-party channels. Additionally, ERISA, the SEC’s best interest standards, state and other fiduciary or best interest rules, as well as other similar standards and any rulemaking from the DOL are relevant to the our insurance and annuities business. We continue to review and analyze the potential impact of these regulations across each of our business lines.
All states require participation in insurance guaranty associations, which assess fees (subject to statutory limits) to insurance companies in order to fund claims of policyholders and contract holders of insolvent insurance companies. These assessments are generally based on a member insurer’s proportionate share of all premiums written by member insurers in the state during a specified period prior to an insurer’s insolvency. See Note 26 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding guaranty association assessments.
Certain variable annuity and variable life insurance contracts offered by the RiverSource Life companies, and certain separate accounts supporting such contracts, constitute and are registered as securities under the Securities Act of 1933 and as investment companies under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. As such, these products are subject to regulation by the SEC and FINRA.
The Federal Insurance Office (“FIO”) within the U.S. Department of Treasury does not have substantive regulatory responsibilities, though it is tasked with monitoring the insurance industry and the effectiveness of its regulatory framework in addition to providing periodic reports to the President and Congress. We monitor the FIO’s activity to identify and assess emerging regulatory priorities with potential application to our business.
Each of our insurance subsidiaries is subject to risk-based capital (“RBC”) requirements designed to assess the adequacy of an insurance company’s total adjusted capital in relation to its investment, insurance and other risks. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) has established RBC standards that all state insurance departments have adopted. The RBC requirements are used by the NAIC and state insurance regulators to identify companies that merit regulatory actions designed to
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protect policyholders. The NAIC RBC report is completed as of December 31 and filed annually, along with the statutory financial statements.
Our RiverSource Life companies are subject to various levels of regulatory intervention if their total adjusted statutory capital falls below defined RBC action levels. At the “company action level,” defined as total adjusted capital level between 100% and 75% of the RBC requirement, an insurer must submit a plan for corrective action with its primary state regulator. The level of regulatory intervention is greater at lower levels of total adjusted capital relative to the RBC requirement. RiverSource Life and RiverSource Life of NY maintain capital levels well in excess of the company action level required by state insurance regulators as noted below as of December 31, 2020:

Entity |  | Company Action Level RBC |  | Total Adjusted Capital |  | % of Company Action Level RBC
|  | (in millions, except percentages)
RiverSource Life |  | $ | 993 |  |  | $ | 5,021 |  |  | 506 | %
RiverSource Life of NY |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 323 |  |  | 770 | %

Ameriprise Financial, as a direct and indirect owner of its insurance subsidiaries, is subject to the insurance holding company laws of Minnesota and New York (the states where its insurance subsidiaries are domiciled). These laws generally require insurance holding companies to register with the insurance department of the insurance company’s state of domicile and to provide certain financial and other information about the operations of the companies within the holding company structure.
As part of its Solvency Modernization Initiative, in 2010 the NAIC adopted revisions to its Insurance Holding Company System Regulatory Act (“Holding Company Act”) to enhance insurer group supervision and create a new Risk Management and Own Risk and Solvency Assessment (“ORSA”) Model Act. The Holding Company Act revisions focus on the overall insurance holding company system, establish a framework of regulator supervisory colleges, enhancements to corporate governance, and require the annual filing of an Enterprise Risk Management Report. The ORSA Model Act requires that an insurer create and file, annually, its Own Risk Solvency Assessment, which is a complete self-assessment of its risk management functions and capital adequacy. These laws were enacted by the domiciliary states of RiverSource Life: Minnesota and New York. We completed and filed these reports as required by the laws and regulations of those states.
Federal Banking and Financial Holding Company Regulation
Ameriprise Bank is subject to regulation by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”), which is the primary regulator of federal savings banks, and by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) in its role as insurer of Ameriprise Bank's deposits. As a federally chartered savings bank, Ameriprise Bank is subject to numerous rules and regulations governing all aspects of the banking business, including lending practices and transactions with affiliates. Ameriprise Bank is also subject to specific capital rules and limits on capital distributions, including payment of dividends. If Ameriprise Bank's capital falls below certain levels, the OCC would be required to take remedial actions and could take other actions, including imposing further limits on dividends or business activities. In addition, an array of Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”), fair lending and other consumer protection laws and regulations apply to Ameriprise Bank.
As the controlling company of Ameriprise Bank, Ameriprise Financial is a savings and loan holding company that is subject to regulation, supervision, and examination by the FRB. Ameriprise Financial has elected to be classified as a financial holding company subject to applicable regulation under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 (the “Bank Holding Company Act”). Further, FRB regulation and supervisory oversight of Ameriprise Financial includes examinations, regular financial reporting, and prudential standards, such as capital, liquidity risk management, and parameters for business conduct and internal governance.
Under the Bank Holding Company Act, bank holding companies and their banking subsidiaries are generally limited to the business of banking and activities closely related or incidental to banking. As a financial holding company we may engage in activities that are financial in nature, incidental to an activity that is financial in nature, or complementary to a financial activity and that do not pose a substantial risk to the safety and soundness of depository institutions or the financial system generally. We may not, however, directly or indirectly acquire the ownership or control of more than 5% of any class of voting shares, or substantially all of the assets, of either a bank holding company (or a bank) without the prior approval of the FRB or of a non-financial company absent an available exemption.
In order to maintain Ameriprise’s status as a financial holding company, Ameriprise Bank, as Ameriprise’s sole insured depository institution subsidiary, must remain “well-capitalized” and “well-managed” under applicable regulations, and must receive at least a “satisfactory” rating in its most recent examination under the CRA. In addition, Ameriprise, as a financial holding company, must remain “well-capitalized” and “well-managed” in order to maintain its status as a financial holding company. Failure to meet one or more of these requirements would mean, depending on the violation and any agreement then reached with the FRB, Ameriprise Financial could not undertake new activities, continue certain activities or make acquisitions other than those generally permissible for bank holding companies until such violation is cured.
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After a conformance period that ends in May 2021, we will be subject to what is commonly referred to as the Volcker Rule. The Volcker Rule prohibits “banking entities,” including us and our affiliates, from engaging in certain “proprietary trading” activities, as defined in the Volcker Rule, subject to exemptions for underwriting, market-making-related activities, asset management, risk-mitigating hedging and certain other activities. The Volcker Rule also prohibits certain investments and relationships by banking entities with “covered funds,” with a number of exemptions and exclusions. It also requires banking entities to have comprehensive compliance programs reasonably designed to ensure and monitor compliance with the Volcker Rule.
The FRB proposed a new capital framework termed the “Building Block Approach” in September 2019 for savings and loan holding companies like Ameriprise that are significantly engaged in insurance activities (“ISLHCs”). In general, under the proposed rule ISLHCs would be required to aggregate state-based insurance capital requirements with banking capital requirements for non-insurance businesses to satisfy specific minimum total requirements and hold an additional capital conservation buffer.
Additional Parent Company Regulation and Other Regulation
Ameriprise Financial is a publicly traded company that is subject to SEC and New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) rules and regulations regarding public disclosure, financial reporting, internal controls and corporate governance. The adoption of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the implementation of the Dodd-Frank Act significantly enhanced those rules and regulations.
We have operations in a number of geographical regions outside of the U.S. As such, we continuously monitor developments in EU legislation, as well as in the other markets in which we operate, to ensure that we comply with all applicable legal requirements, including EU directives applicable to financial institutions as implemented in the various member states. Because of the mix of business activities we conduct, we assess the impact of, and monitor our status under, the EU Financial Conglomerates Directive, which contemplates global supervision and prudential regulation of certain financial conglomerates involved in banking, insurance and investment activities.
In 2017, the FCA, announced that London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) is to be phased out and secured agreement with panel banks to continue to submit to LIBOR until the end of 2021. All currencies, except U.S. Dollar, are expected to cease publication on December 31, 2021, and U.S. Dollar LIBOR will cease publication in June 2023. We are reviewing products and documents that rely on LIBOR and plan to migrate them to an alternate rate.
Privacy, Environmental and Anti-Money Laundering Laws
Many aspects of our business are subject to comprehensive legal requirements concerning the use and protection of personal information, including client and employee information, from a multitude of different functional regulators and law enforcement bodies. This includes rules adopted pursuant to the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (“HIPAA”), the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (“HITECH”) Act, an ever increasing number of state laws and regulations such as the New York State Department of Financial Services’ Cybersecurity Requirements for Financial Services Companies, the California Consumer Privacy Act, EU data protection legislation as implemented in the respective EU member states, and data protection rules in other regions in which we operate outside the U.S. and the EU (including GDPR). We have also implemented policies and procedures, including a cybersecurity incident response manual, in response to such requirements. We continue our efforts to safeguard the data entrusted to us in accordance with applicable laws and our internal data protection policies, including taking steps to reduce the potential for identity theft or other improper use or disclosure of personal information, while seeking to collect only the data that is necessary to properly achieve our business objectives and best serve our clients.
As the owner and operator of real property, we are subject to federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations. We periodically conduct environmental reviews on our own real estate as well as investment real estate to assess and ensure our compliance with these laws and regulations.
The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act, commonly referred to as the USA Patriot Act, was enacted in October 2001. It substantially broadened existing anti-money laundering legislation and the extraterritorial jurisdiction of the U.S. In response, we enhanced our existing anti-money laundering programs and developed new procedures and programs, including enhancing our “know your customer” and “due diligence” programs. In addition, we will continue to comply with anti-money laundering legislation in the U.K. derived from applicable EU directives and international initiatives adopted in other jurisdictions in which we conduct business.
Exchange Act Reports and Additional Information
We maintain an Investor Relations website at ir.ameriprise.com. Investors can also access the website through our main website at ameriprise.com by clicking on the “Investor Relations” link located at the bottom of our homepage (ameriprise.com). We use our Investor Relations website to announce financial and other information to investors and to make available SEC filings, press releases, public conference calls and webcasts. Investors and others interested in the company are encouraged to visit the Investor Relations website from time to time, as information is continuously updated and posted. Additionally, users can sign up to receive automatic notifications when new materials are posted. The information found on the website is not incorporated by reference into this report or in any other report or document we furnish or file with the SEC.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors
Our operations and financial results are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including those described below, that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations and could cause the trading price of our common stock to decline. We believe that the following information identifies the material factors affecting our company based on the information we currently know. However, the risks and uncertainties our company faces are not limited to those described below. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe to be immaterial may also adversely affect our business.
Market Risks
The COVID-19 pandemic creates significant risks and uncertainties for our business.
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (“COVID-19”) pandemic has created and continues to create significant and pervasive societal, economic and market disruption globally. In particular, financial markets have seen increased volatility and significant changes to the value of investments. If the value of assets under management decreases, our revenue and operating results could be substantially impacted. While portions of world economies have been differently impacted by the pandemic, there is still significant uncertainty around the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic impacts our business, results of operations, and financial condition depends on current and future developments. These developments are highly uncertain, including the scope, duration and severity of the pandemic, success of worldwide vaccination efforts, possible mutations of COVID-19 or similar diseases, the effectiveness of our remote working and our ongoing phased office reopenings, the measures that may be taken by various governmental authorities in response to the outbreak (such as legislative action, stimulus, quarantines and travel restrictions, effectiveness of health care, and new or interim regulation), the actions of third parties in response to the pandemic, and the possible further impacts on the global economy. It is unclear when we will have a sustained recovery and what that recovery will look like, so we seek to effectively manage our risks, but our ability to do so is subject to the inherent limitations of obtaining timely, reliable analysis in an ever-changing situation. No assurance can be given that the steps we have taken will continue to be effective or appropriate.
Starting in the end of the first quarter of 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic impacted, and will likely continue to impact, each of our business segments. Consumer demand, client investing decisions in light of ongoing economic uncertainty, our fee and investment income, our owned asset values, and our credit reserve and other financial or actuarial assumptions and reserve calculations have been, and may further be, negatively impacted from a decline and volatility of asset prices, sustained reduction in interest rates, nonperformance credit spreads, credit deterioration, decreased liquidity in trading markets and other economic and market effects of the global pandemic. Though we have navigated the first months of the pandemic, we continue to actively monitor the potential direct and indirect impacts that the COVID-19 pandemic may have on our segments. The most significant impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the operational and financial results of our core business segments include:
•In our Advice & Wealth Management segment, the significant and ongoing impact of reduced interest rates, and the fee income impact from volatile equity markets and transactional client activity driven by client investing decisions from ongoing economic uncertainty;
•In our Asset Management segment, volatile average equity markets and changes in consumer demand and client investing decisions in light of ongoing economic uncertainty; and
•In our Retirement & Protection Solutions segment, the significant reduction in interest rates and the impact of volatile equity market levels on spread and fee income and the associated deferred acquisition cost amortization as well as changes in consumer demand and the operating environment that altered our mix of sales and product offerings.
If these conditions continue or worsen, we could experience volatility and uncertainty in volumes, uncertainty in availability and price levels of financial assets and hedges, reduced client activity and fees, increased mortality and morbidity in our insurance policyholder base, increased constraints and costs of capital, possible impacts to our credit ratings and other negative impacts on our financial position.
COVID-19 has had wide-reaching impacts, making many decisions, interactions and transactions more complex. The COVID 19 pandemic may also affect the ability of our suppliers, distributors, vendors, reinsurers and other counterparties to provide products and services and otherwise fulfill their commitments to us.
Our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by market fluctuations and by economic, political and other factors.
Our financial condition and results of operations may be materially affected by market fluctuations and by economic and other factors. Such factors, which can be global, regional, national or local in nature, include: (i) the COVID-19 pandemic, or any variation thereof; (ii) political, social, economic and market conditions; (iii) the availability and cost of capital; (iv) the level and volatility of equity prices, commodity prices and interest rates, currency values and other market indices; (v) technological changes and events; (vi) U.S. and foreign government fiscal and tax policies; (vii) U.S. and foreign government ability, real or perceived, to avoid defaulting on government securities; (viii) the availability and cost of credit; (ix) inflation; (x) investor sentiment and confidence in the financial markets; (xi) terrorism and armed conflicts; and (xii) natural disasters such as weather catastrophes and widespread health emergencies. Furthermore, changes in consumer economic variables, such as the number and size of personal bankruptcy filings, the rate of unemployment, decreases in property values, and the level of consumer confidence and consumer debt, may substantially affect
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consumer loan levels and credit quality, which, in turn, could impact client activity in all of our businesses. These factors also may have an impact on our ability to achieve our strategic objectives.
Declines and volatility in U.S. and global market conditions (such as that from COVID-19) have impacted our businesses in the past, are impacting us now and may do so again. Our businesses have been, and in the future may be, adversely affected by U.S. and global capital market and credit crises, the repricing of credit risk, equity market volatility and decline and stress or recession in the U.S. and global economies generally. Each of our segments operates in these markets with exposure for us and our clients in securities, loans, derivatives, alternative investments, seed capital and other commitments. It is difficult to predict when, how long and to what extent the aforementioned adverse conditions will exist, which of our markets, products and businesses will be directly affected and to what extent our clients may seek to bring claims arising out of investment performance that is affected by these conditions. As a result, these factors could materially adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.
These factors will also impact client behavior. Market downturns, stagnation, and volatility may cause, and have caused, individual investors to limit or decrease their participation in global markets negatively impacting our retail business and/or our product sales. Market conditions, regulatory actions, tax laws, and our competitive industry environment are among the reasons current shareholders in our mutual funds, OEICs, SICAVs, unit trusts and investment trusts, contractholders in our annuity products and policyholders in our protection products may opt to withdraw cash values for those products (or for certain protection products, to reduce their withdrawal activity). If we are unable to offer appropriate product alternatives which encourage customers to continue purchasing in the face of actual or perceived market volatility, our sales and management fee revenues could decline.
Downturns and volatility in markets (including equity, fixed income, real estate, infrastructure and other markets) have had, and may in the future have, an adverse effect on the revenues and returns from our asset management services, retail advisory accounts, variable annuity contracts and banking products. Because the profitability of these products and services depends on fees related primarily to the value of assets under management, declines in the markets will reduce our revenues because the value of the investment assets we manage will be reduced. In addition, a significant portion of our revenue is derived from investment management agreements with the Columbia Management family of mutual funds which are terminable on 60 days’ notice. Although some contracts governing investment management services are subject to termination for failure to meet performance benchmarks, institutional and individual clients can terminate their relationships with us or our financial advisors at will or on relatively short notice. Further, a number of the products and services we make available to our clients are those offered by third parties and negative perceptions of these financial products and services (or the financial industry in general) may impact the number of withdrawals and redemptions or reduce purchases made by our clients, which would adversely impact the levels of our assets under management. Our clients can also reduce the aggregate amount of managed assets or shift their funds to other types of accounts with different rate structures, for any number of reasons, including investment performance, changes in prevailing interest rates, changes in investment preferences or investment management strategy (for example, “active” or “passive” investing styles), changes in our (or our advisors’) reputation in the marketplace, changes in client or relationship management, loss of key investment management personnel and financial market performance. This reduction in managed assets, and the associated decrease in revenues and earnings, could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Most of our variable annuity products contain guaranteed minimum death benefits and guaranteed minimum withdrawal and accumulation benefits. Decline or volatility in equity and/or bond markets could result in guaranteed minimum benefits being higher than what current account values would support, which would adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Although we have hedged a portion of the guarantees for the variable annuity contracts to mitigate the financial loss of equity and/or bond market declines or volatility, there can be no assurance that such a decline or volatility would not materially impact the profitability of certain products or product lines or our financial condition or results of operations. Further, the cost of hedging our liability for these guarantees has increased as a result of low interest rates and volatility in the equity markets as well as broad-based market and regulatory-driven changes in the collateral requirements of hedge trading counterparties. In addition, heightened volatility (and the transition away from LIBOR as a widely accepted interest rate reference) creates greater uncertainty for future hedging effectiveness.
Changes in interest rates and prolonged periods of low interest rates and even negative interest rates may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Certain of our insurance, annuity, investment products and banking products are sensitive to interest rate fluctuations (inclusive of changes in credit spreads), which could cause future impacts associated with such fluctuations to differ from our historical costs. In addition, interest rate fluctuations (and impacts from volatility or low interest rates on changes in credit spreads) could result in fluctuations in the valuation of certain minimum guaranteed benefits contained in some of our variable annuity products. Although we typically hedge to mitigate some of the effect of such fluctuations, significant changes in interest rates (or prolonged periods of low interest rates) could have a material adverse impact on the profitability of certain products or product lines or our results of operations.
Interest rate fluctuations also could have an adverse effect on the results of our investment portfolio. During periods of declining market interest rates or stagnancy of low interest rates, the interest we receive on variable interest rate investments decreases and we are forced to reinvest the cash we receive as interest or return of principal on our investments in lower-yielding high-grade instruments or in lower-credit instruments to maintain comparable returns. Issuers of certain callable fixed income securities also may decide to
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prepay their obligations in order to borrow at lower market rates, which increases the risk that we may have to reinvest the cash proceeds of these securities in lower-yielding or lower-credit instruments.
During these periods, our spread may be reduced or could become negative, primarily because some of our products have guaranteed minimum crediting rates. Due to the long-term nature of the liabilities associated with certain of our businesses, such as long term care and universal life with secondary guarantees as well as fixed annuities and guaranteed benefits on variable annuities, sustained declines in or stagnancy of low long-term interest rates may subject us to reinvestment risks and increased hedging costs. In addition, reduced or negative spreads may require us to accelerate amortization of deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”), which would increase our expenses and reduce our net earnings in the period where we accelerate amortization of DAC. The pattern of DAC amortization is impacted by the use of certain assumptions, including interest margins, mortality rates, persistency rates, maintenance expense levels and customer asset value growth rates for variable products. We periodically review and, where appropriate, adjust our assumptions.
During periods of increasing market interest rates, we may offer higher crediting rates on interest-sensitive products, such as universal life insurance, fixed annuities and face-amount certificates, and we may increase crediting rates on in force products to keep these products competitive (which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations). Because yields on invested assets may not increase as quickly as current interest rates, we may have to accept a lower spread and thus lower profitability or face a decline in sales and greater loss of existing contracts and related assets. In addition, increases in market interest rates may cause increased policy surrenders, withdrawals from life insurance policies and annuity contracts and requests for policy loans, as policyholders and contractholders seek to shift assets to products with perceived higher returns. This process may lead to an earlier than expected outflow of cash from our business. These withdrawals and surrenders may require investment assets to be sold at a time when the prices of those assets are lower because of the increase in market interest rates, which may result in investment losses. Also, increases in market interest rates may result in extension of certain cash flows from structured mortgage assets. An increase in policy surrenders and withdrawals also may require us to accelerate amortization of DAC or other intangibles or cause an impairment of goodwill, which would increase our expenses and reduce our net earnings in the period.
Adverse capital and credit market conditions or a downgrade in our credit ratings may significantly affect our ability to meet liquidity needs, our access to capital and our cost of capital.
Volatility, uncertainty and disruption in the capital and credit markets may decrease available liquidity, which we may need to pay our expenses and dividends. If the market conditions hinder our availability to obtain capital, our business could suffer.
Our liquidity needs are satisfied primarily through our reserves and the cash generated by our operations. We believe the level of cash and securities we maintain, combined with expected cash inflows from investments and operations, is adequate to meet anticipated short-term and long-term payment obligations. In the event current resources are insufficient to satisfy our needs, we may access financing sources such as bank debt. Additional financing depends on a variety of factors such as market conditions, the general availability of credit, the volume of trading activities, the overall availability of credit to the financial services industry, our credit ratings and credit capacity, actions by our regulators, and perceptions held by shareholders, customers or lenders.
Further, the financial strength ratings which various rating organizations publish as a measure of an insurance company’s ability to meet contractholder and policyholder obligations, are important to maintain public confidence in our products, our competitive position, and the ability to market our products. Any future downgrade in our financial strength ratings, or the announced potential for a downgrade, could have a significant adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations in many ways, including: (i) reducing new sales of insurance and annuity products and investment products; (ii) adversely affecting our relationships with our advisors and third-party distributors of our products; (iii) materially increasing the number or amount of policy surrenders and withdrawals by contractholders and policyholders; (iv) requiring us to reduce prices for many of our products and services to remain competitive; and (v) adversely affecting our ability to obtain reinsurance or obtain reasonable pricing on reinsurance.
Ratings agencies have and may continue to increase the frequency and scope of their credit reviews, adjust upward the capital and other requirements employed in the rating organizations’ models for maintenance of ratings levels (including adjusting the framework under which they view our Company’s business mix that drives these requirements), or downgrade ratings applied to particular classes of securities or types of institutions, and our ratings could be changed at any time and without any notice by the rating organizations.
Market conditions or decisions by our ratings agencies that hinder our access to capital may limit our ability to satisfy statutory capital targets, generate fee income and market-related revenue to meet liquidity needs and access the capital necessary to grow our business. As such, we may be forced to delay raising capital, issue different types of capital than we would otherwise, less effectively deploy such capital, or bear an unattractive cost of capital which could decrease our profitability and significantly reduce our financial flexibility.
Business Risks
Intense competition and the economics of changes in our product revenue mix and distribution channels could negatively impact our ability to maintain or increase our market share and profitability.
Our businesses operate in intensely competitive industries, including broker-dealers, banks, asset managers, insurers and other financial institutions, some of which have a larger market share, more desirable technology, less regulation or greater financial resources than we do. Furthermore, our competitors may be better able to address trends, structural changes, or movement of assets
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resulting from industry changes in response to the uncertain regulatory environment in the U.S. and around the world. We could experience lower sales, higher costs, or other developments that could negatively impact our results of operations.
A drop in our investment performance as compared to that of our competitors could negatively impact our revenues and profitability.
Investment performance is a key competitive factor for our retail and institutional asset management products and services. Strong investment performance helps to ensure the retention of our products and services by our clients and creates new sales of products and services. It may also result in higher ratings by ratings services such as Morningstar or Lipper, which may compound the foregoing effects. Strong investment performance and its effects are important elements to our stated goals of growing assets under management and greater economies of scale.
There can be no assurance as to how future investment performance will compare to our competitors or that historical performance will be indicative of future returns. Any drop or perceived drop in investment performance as compared to our competitors could cause a decline in sales of our mutual funds and other investment products, an increase in redemptions and the termination of institutional asset management relationships. These impacts may reduce our aggregate amount of assets under management and reduce management fees. Poor investment performance could also adversely affect our ability to expand the distribution of our products through unaffiliated third parties. Further, any drop in market share of mutual funds sales by our advisors may further reduce profits as sales of other companies’ mutual funds are less profitable than sales of our proprietary funds.
We face intense competition in attracting and retaining key talent.
Our continued success depends to a substantial degree on our ability to attract and retain qualified people in a very competitive market. We are dependent on our network of advisors to drive growth and results in our wealth management business and for a significant portion of the sales of our products and the recruiting environment for financial advisors is highly competitive. In addition, the investment performance of our asset management products and services and the retention of our products and services by our clients are dependent upon the strategies and decisions of our portfolio managers and analysts. From time to time there are regulatory-driven or other trends and developments within the industry, such as changes around the Protocol for Broker Recruiting, that could potentially impact the dynamics between us and our competitors. If we are unable to attract and retain qualified individuals or our recruiting and retention costs increase significantly, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely impacted.
The impairment, negative performance or default by other financial institutions or other third parties could adversely affect us.
We have exposure to many different industries and counterparties, and we routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including broker-dealers, commercial banks, investment banks, hedge funds, insurers, reinsurers, investment funds and other institutions. The operations of U.S. and global financial services institutions are interconnected and a decline in the financial condition of one or more financial services institutions may expose us to credit losses or defaults, limit our access to liquidity or otherwise disrupt the operations of our businesses. While we regularly assess our exposure to different industries and counterparties, the performance and financial strength of specific institutions are subject to rapid change, the timing and extent of which cannot be known.
Many transactions with and investments in the products and securities of other financial institutions expose us to credit risk in the event of default of our counterparty. With respect to secured transactions, our credit risk may be exacerbated when the collateral we hold cannot be realized upon or is liquidated at prices insufficient to recover the full amount of the loan or derivative exposure. We also have exposure to financial institutions in the form of unsecured debt instruments, derivative transactions (including with respect to derivatives hedging our exposure on variable annuity contracts with guaranteed benefits), reinsurance, repurchase and underwriting arrangements and equity investments Any such losses or impairments to the carrying value of these assets could materially and adversely impact our business and results of operations.
Issuers of the fixed maturity securities that we own may default on principal and interest payments. Some of our fixed maturity securities may have ratings below investment-grade. Default-related declines in the value of our fixed maturity securities portfolio or consumer credit holdings could cause our net earnings to decline and could also cause us to contribute capital to some of our regulated subsidiaries, which may require us to obtain funding during periods of unfavorable market conditions.
Capital and credit market volatility can exacerbate, and has exacerbated, the risk of third-party defaults, bankruptcy filings, foreclosures, legal actions and other events that may limit the value of or restrict our access and our clients’ access to cash and investments. Although we are not required to do so, we have elected in the past, and we may elect in the future, to compensate clients for losses incurred in response to such events, provide clients with temporary credit or liquidity or other support related to products that we manage, or provide credit liquidity or other support to the financial products we manage. If we elect to provide additional support, we could incur losses from the support we provide and incur additional costs, including financing costs, in connection with the support. These losses and additional costs could be material and could adversely impact our results of operations. If we were to take such actions we may also restrict or otherwise utilize our corporate assets, limiting our flexibility to use these assets for other purposes, and may be required to raise additional capital.
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We may not be able to maintain our unaffiliated third-party distribution channels and the sale of unaffiliated products may diminish sales of our own products.
We distribute certain of our investment products through unaffiliated third-party advisors and financial institutions. Maintaining and deepening relationships with these unaffiliated distributors is an important part of our growth strategy, as strong third-party distribution arrangements enhance our ability to market our products and to increase our assets under management, revenues and profitability. Access to distribution channels is subject to intense competition due to the large number of competitors and products in the investment advisory and annuities industries as well as regulatory and consumer trends driving escalating compliance, disclosure and risk management requirements for distributors. Relationships with our distributors are subject to periodic negotiation that may result in increased distribution costs and/or reductions in the amount of our products marketed.
As a result, there can be no assurance that the distribution relationships we have established will continue. Any such reduction in access to third-party distributors may have a material adverse effect on our ability to market our products and to generate revenue in our Asset Management segments. Further, any increase in the costs to distribute our products or reduction in the type or amount of products made available for sale may have a material effect on our revenues and profitability.
The sale of third-party products to our clients (and additional openings of our advisor network to products of unaffiliated insurance companies and asset managers) may lower sales of our companies’ own products, lead to higher surrenders or redemptions, or other developments which might not be fully offset by higher distribution revenues or other benefits, possibly resulting in an adverse effect on our results of operations.
Our valuation of fixed maturity and equity securities may include methodologies, estimations and assumptions which are subject to differing interpretations and could result in changes to investment valuations that may materially adversely impact our results of operations or financial condition.
Fixed maturity, equity, trading securities and short-term investments, which are reported at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, represent the majority of our total cash and invested assets. The determination of fair values by management in the absence of quoted market prices is based on valuation methodologies, securities we deem to be comparable, and assumptions deemed appropriate given the circumstances. The fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on available market information and judgments about financial instruments, including estimates of the timing and amounts of expected future cash flows and the credit standing of the issuer or counterparty. Factors considered in estimating fair value include: coupon rate, maturity, estimated duration, call provisions, sinking fund requirements, credit rating, industry sector of the issuer, current interest rates and credit spreads, and quoted market prices of comparable securities. The use of different methodologies and assumptions may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts.
During periods of market disruption, including periods of significantly rising or high interest rates and rapidly widening credit spreads or illiquidity, it may be difficult to value certain of our securities. There may be certain asset classes that were in active markets with significant observable data that become illiquid due to the financial environment. In such cases, the valuation of certain securities may require additional subjectivity and management judgment. As such, valuations may include inputs and assumptions that are less observable and may require greater estimation as well as valuation methods that are more sophisticated, which may result in values less than the value at which the investments may be ultimately sold. Further, rapidly changing and unexpected credit and equity market conditions could materially impact the valuation of securities as reported within our consolidated financial statements and the period-to-period changes in value could vary significantly. Decreases in value may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.
The determination of the amount of allowances taken on certain loans and investments is subject to management’s evaluation and judgment and could materially impact our results of operations or financial position.
The determination of the amount of allowances vary by investment type and is based upon our periodic evaluation and assessment of inherent and known risks associated with the respective asset class.
Management uses its best judgment in evaluating the cause of the decline in the estimated fair value of the security and in assessing the prospects for recovery. Inherent in management’s evaluation of the security are assumptions and estimates about the operations of the issuer and its future earnings potential. The determination of the amount of allowances on loans is based upon the asset’s expected life, considering past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable economic forecasts. Such evaluations and assessments are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available. Historical trends may not be indicative of future impairments or allowances.
Some of our investments are relatively illiquid.
We invest a portion of our owned assets in certain privately placed fixed income securities, mortgage loans, and limited partnership interests, all of which are relatively illiquid. These asset classes represented 11.7% of the carrying value of our investment portfolio as of December 31, 2020. If we require significant amounts of cash on short notice in excess of our normal cash requirements, we may have difficulty selling these investments in a timely manner or be forced to sell them for an amount less than we would otherwise have been able to realize, or both, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
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The elimination of LIBOR may adversely affect the interest rates on, and value of, certain derivatives and floating rate securities we hold, the activities we conduct, and any other assets or liabilities, the value of which is tied to LIBOR.
The elimination of LIBOR and transition to alternative reference rates may have an adverse impact on the value of, return on and trading markets for a broad array of financial products, including any LIBOR-based securities, loans and derivatives that are included in our financial assets and liabilities. U.S. Dollar LIBOR is anticipated to be phased out by June 30, 2023, and replaced by the Secured Overnight Financing Rate, and all other LIBOR currencies are anticipated to be phased out by December 31, 2021. There will be significant work required to transition to the new benchmark rates and implement necessary changes to our systems, processes and models. This may impact our existing transaction data, products, systems, operations, valuation and financial risk management processes. In addition, LIBOR may perform differently during the phase-out period than in the past which could result in lower interest payments and a reduction in the value of certain assets. Accordingly, it is difficult to predict the full impact of the transition away from LIBOR on various derivatives, floating rate securities and other securities we hold, the activities we conduct in our various businesses, and any other assets or liabilities (as well as contractual rights and obligations), the value of which is tied to LIBOR. The value or profitability of these products and instruments, and our costs of operations, may be adversely affected until new reference rates and fallbacks for both legacy and new products, instruments and contracts are commercially accepted.
Insurance Risks
The failure of other insurers could require us to pay higher assessments to state insurance guaranty funds.
Our insurance companies are required by law to be members of the guaranty fund association in every state where they are licensed to do business. In the event of insolvency of one or more unaffiliated insurance companies, our insurance companies could be adversely affected by the requirement to pay assessments to the guaranty fund associations. Uncertainty and volatility in the U.S. economy and financial markets in recent years, plus the repercussions of a heightened regulatory environment, have weakened or may weaken the financial condition of numerous insurers, including insurers currently in receiverships, increasing the risk of triggering guaranty fund assessments.
If the counterparties to our reinsurance arrangements default or otherwise fail to fulfill their obligations, we may be exposed to risks we had sought to mitigate, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
We use reinsurance to mitigate certain of our risks. Reinsurance does not relieve us of our direct liability to our policyholders and contractholders, even when the reinsurer is liable to us. Accordingly, we bear credit and performance risk with respect to our reinsurers, including Commonwealth Annuity and Life Insurance Company and Genworth Life Insurance Company. In July 2016, we finalized various confidential enhancements with Genworth Life Insurance Company that have been shared, in the normal course of regular reviews, with our Domiciliary Regulators and rating agencies. A reinsurer’s insolvency or its inability or unwillingness to make payments under the terms of our reinsurance agreement could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
If our reserves for future policy benefits and claims or for future certificate redemptions and maturities are inadequate, we may be required to increase our reserve liabilities, which would adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
We establish reserves as estimates of our liabilities to provide for future obligations under our insurance policies, annuities and investment certificate contracts. Reserves do not represent an exact calculation of the liability but, rather, are estimates of contract benefits and related expenses we expect to incur over time. The assumptions and estimates we make in establishing reserves require certain judgments about future experience and, therefore, are inherently uncertain. We cannot determine with precision the actual amounts that we will pay for contract benefits, the timing of payments, or whether the assets supporting our stated reserves will increase to the levels we estimate before payment of benefits or claims. We monitor our reserve levels continually. If we were to conclude that our reserves are insufficient to cover actual or expected contract benefits, we would be required to increase our reserves and incur income statement charges for the period in which we make the determination, which would adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Our insurance profitability relies on our assumptions including those regarding morbidity rates, mortality rates and benefit utilization as well as the future persistency of our insurance policies and annuity contracts.
We set prices for RiverSource Life disability insurance (and historically LTC insurance) as well as some annuity products based upon expected claim payment patterns, derived from assumptions we make about our policyholders and contractholders, including expenses, fees, investment returns, and morbidity and mortality rates. The long-term profitability of these products depends upon how our actual experience compares with our pricing assumptions. Actual experience can differ from our assumptions for many reasons over the time an insurance product is held and it remains to be seen how the COVID-19 pandemic will impact our assumptions. If mortality rates are higher than our pricing assumptions, we could be required to make greater payments under our life insurance policies and annuity contracts with guaranteed minimum death benefits than we have projected.
The prices and profitability of our life insurance and deferred annuity products are based in part upon assumptions related to persistency (the probability that a policy or contract will remain in force from one period to the next). For most of our life insurance and deferred annuity products, actual persistency that is lower than our persistency assumptions could have an adverse impact on profitability, especially in the early years of a policy or contract because we would be required to accelerate the amortization of expenses we deferred in connection with the acquisition of the policy or contract.
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For our LTC insurance and universal life insurance policies with secondary guarantees (as well as variable annuities with guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits), actual persistency that is higher than our persistency assumptions could have a negative impact on profitability. If these policies remain in force longer than we assumed, we could be required to make greater benefit payments than we had anticipated when we priced or partially reinsured these products.
The risk that our claims experience may differ significantly from our pricing assumptions is particularly significant for our LTC insurance products notwithstanding our ability to implement future price increases with regulatory approvals. Though we discontinued offering LTC products in 2003, LTC insurance policies provide for long-duration coverage and, therefore, our actual claims experience will emerge over many years. Our ability to forecast future claim rates for LTC insurance is more limited than life insurance. We have sought to moderate these uncertainties to some extent by partially reinsuring LTC policies at the time the policies were underwritten and limiting our present stand-alone LTC insurance offerings to policies underwritten fully by unaffiliated third-party insurers, and we have also implemented rate increases and provided reduced benefit options on certain in force policies.
Because our assumptions regarding persistency experience are inherently uncertain, reserves for future policy benefits and claims may prove to be inadequate if actual persistency experience is different from those assumptions. Although some of our products permit us to increase premiums during the life of the policy or contract, we cannot guarantee that these increases would be sufficient to maintain profitability. Additionally, some of these pricing changes require regulatory approval, which may not be forthcoming. Moreover, many of our products do not permit us to increase premiums or limit those increases during the life of the policy or contract, while premiums on certain other products (primarily LTC insurance) may not be increased without prior regulatory approval. Significant deviations in experience from pricing expectations regarding persistency could have an adverse effect on the profitability of our products.
Operations Risks
A failure to protect our reputation could adversely affect our businesses.
Our reputation is one of our most important assets. Our ability to attract and retain customers, investors, employees and advisors is highly dependent upon external perceptions of our company. Damage to our reputation could cause significant harm to our business and prospects. Reputational damage may arise from numerous sources including litigation or regulatory actions, failing to deliver minimum standards of service and quality, compliance failures, any perceived or actual weakness in our financial strength or liquidity, clients’ or potential clients’ perceived failure of how we address certain political, social or environmental topics, technological, cybersecurity, or other security breaches (including attempted or inadvertent breaches) resulting in improper disclosure of client or employee personal information, unethical or improper behavior and the misconduct or error of our employees, advisors and counterparties. Additionally, a failure to develop new products and services, or successfully manage associated operational risks, could harm our reputation and potentially expose us to additional costs, or negative public relations or social media campaigns. Any negative incidents can quickly erode trust and confidence, particularly if they result in adverse mainstream and social media publicity, governmental investigations or litigation. Adverse developments with respect to our industry may also, by association, negatively impact our reputation or result in greater regulatory or legislative scrutiny or litigation against us.
Misconduct by our employees and advisors may be difficult to detect and deter and may damage our reputation. Misconduct or errors by our employees and advisors could result in violations of law, regulatory sanctions and/or serious reputational or financial harm. Misconduct or errors can occur in each of our businesses. We cannot always deter misconduct by our employees and advisors, and the precautions we take to prevent and detect this activity may not be effective in all cases. Preventing and detecting misconduct among our franchisee advisors who are not employees of our company presents additional challenges and could have an adverse effect on our business. Our reputation depends on our continued identification of and mitigation against conflicts of interest. We have procedures and controls that are designed to identify, address and appropriately disclose perceived conflicts of interest, though our reputation could be damaged if we fail, or appear to fail, to address conflicts of interest appropriately.
In addition, the SEC and other federal and state regulators, as well as foreign regulators, have increased their scrutiny of potential conflicts of interest. It is possible that potential or perceived conflicts could give rise to litigation or enforcement actions. Also, it is possible that the regulatory scrutiny of, and litigation in connection with, conflicts of interest will make our clients less willing to enter into transactions in which such a conflict may occur, which would adversely affect our businesses.
Our operational systems and networks (as well as those of our franchise advisors) are subject to evolving cybersecurity or other technological risks, which could result in the disclosure of confidential information, loss of our proprietary information, damage to our reputation, additional costs to us, regulatory penalties and other adverse impacts.
Our business is reliant upon internal and third-party-controlled and operated technology systems and networks to process, transmit and store information, including our clients’ and advisors’ personal information, as well as our proprietary information, and to conduct many of our business activities and transactions. Maintaining the security and integrity of this information and these systems and networks, and appropriately responding to any cybersecurity and privacy incidents (including attempts), is critical to the success of our business operations, including our reputation, the retention of our advisors and clients, and to the protection of our proprietary information and our clients’ personal information. To date, we have not experienced any material breaches of or interference with our centrally controlled systems and networks. However, we routinely face and address such evolving threats and have been able to detect
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and respond to these incidents to date without a material loss of client financial assets or information through the use of ongoing monitoring and continual improvement of our security capabilities and incident response manual.
We and our advisors, as well as our service providers, have also been threatened by phishing and spear phishing scams, social engineering attacks, account takeovers, introductions of malware, attempts at electronic break-ins, and the submission of fraudulent payment requests. The number of attempted phishing attacks has increased substantially every year, which is expected to continue. Attempted or successful breaches or interference by third parties or by insiders that may occur in the future could have a material adverse impact on our business, reputation, financial condition or results of operations.
On a corporate basis, various regulations, and in some cases contractual obligations, require us to establish and maintain corporate policies and technical and operational measures designed to protect sensitive client, employee, contractor and vendor information, and to respond to cybersecurity incidents. We have established policies and implemented such technical and operational measures ourselves and have in place policies that require our franchisee advisors who control locally their own technology operations to do the same. Changes in our business or technological advancements may also require corresponding changes in our systems, networks and data security and response measures. While accessing our products and services, our customers may use computers and other devices that sit outside of our security control environment. In addition, the ever-increasing reliance on technology systems and networks and the occurrence and potential adverse impact of attacks on such systems and networks (including in recent well-publicized security breaches at other companies), both generally and in the financial services industry, have enhanced government and regulatory scrutiny of the measures taken by companies to protect against cybersecurity threats. As these threats, and government and regulatory oversight of associated risks, continue to evolve, we may be required to expend additional resources to enhance or expand upon the technical and operational security and response measures we currently maintain or that we allow franchise advisors to maintain and control locally.
Despite the measures we have taken and may in the future take to address and mitigate cybersecurity, privacy and technology risks, we cannot be certain that our systems and networks will not be subject to successful attacks, breaches or interference. Nor can we be certain that franchise advisors will comply with our policies and procedures in this regard, or that clients will engage in safe online practices. Furthermore, human error occurs from time to time and such mistakes can lead to the inadvertent disclosure of sensitive information. Any such event may result in operational disruptions, as well as unauthorized access to or the disclosure or loss of, our proprietary information or client, employee, vendor, or advisor personal information, which in turn may result in legal claims, regulatory scrutiny and liability, reputational damage, the incurrence of costs to respond to, eliminate, or mitigate further exposure, the loss of clients or advisors, or other damage to our business. While we maintain cyber liability insurance that provides both third-party liability and first-party liability coverages, it may not protect us against all cybersecurity-related losses. Furthermore, we may be subject to indemnification costs and liability to third parties if we breach any confidentiality or security obligations regarding vendor data or for losses related to the data. In addition, the trend toward broad consumer and general-public notification of such incidents could exacerbate the harm to our business, reputation, financial condition or results of operations in the event of a breach. Even if we successfully protect our technology infrastructure and the confidentiality of sensitive data and conduct appropriate incident response, we may incur significant expenses in connection with our responses to any such attacks, as well as the adoption, implementation and maintenance of appropriate security measures. In addition, our regulators may seek to hold our company responsible for the acts, mistakes or omissions of our franchise advisors even where they procure and control much of the physical office space and technology infrastructure they use to operate their businesses locally.
Protection from system interruptions and operating errors is important to our business. If we experience a sustained interruption to our telecommunications or data processing systems, or other failure in operational execution, it could harm our business.
Operating errors and system or network interruptions could delay and disrupt our operations. Interruptions could be caused by mistake or other operational failures by service provider staff, employee or advisor error or malfeasance, interference by third parties, including hackers, our implementation of new technology, or maintenance of existing technology. Our financial, accounting, data processing or other operating systems and facilities may fail to operate or report data properly, experience connectivity disruptions or otherwise become disabled as a result of events that are wholly or partially beyond our control, adversely affecting our ability to process transactions or provide products and services to our clients. Further, we cannot control the execution of any business continuity or incident response plans implemented by our service providers or our franchise advisors.
We rely on third-party service providers and vendors for certain communications, technology and business functions and other services, and we face the risk of their operational failure (including, without limitation, failure caused by an inaccuracy, untimeliness or other deficiency in data reporting), technical or security failures, termination or capacity constraints of any of the clearing agents, exchanges, clearing houses or other third-party service providers that we use to facilitate or are component providers to our securities transactions and other product manufacturing and distribution activities. These risks are heightened by our deployment in response to both investor interest and evolution in the financial markets of increasingly sophisticated products. Any such failure, termination or constraint or flawed execution or response could adversely impact our ability to effect transactions, service our clients, manage our exposure to risk, or otherwise achieve desired outcomes.
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Risk management policies and procedures may not be fully effective in identifying or mitigating risk exposure in all market environments, new products, vendors, or against all types of risk, including employee and financial advisor misconduct.
Our policies and procedures to identify, monitor and manage risks may not be fully effective in mitigating our risk exposure in all market environments or against all types of risk. Many of our methods of managing risk and the associated exposures are based upon our use of observed historical experience or expectations about future experience (e.g. market behavior, client/policyholder behavior, mortality, etc.) or statistics based on historical models. Experience may not emerge as expected and during periods of market volatility, or due to unforeseen events, the historically-derived experience and correlations may not be valid. As a result, these methods and models may not predict future exposures accurately, which could be significantly greater than what our models indicate. Further some controls are manual and are subject to inherent limitations. This could cause us to incur investment losses or cause our hedging and other risk management strategies to be ineffective. Other risk management methods depend upon the evaluation of information regarding markets, clients, catastrophe occurrence or other matters that are publicly available or otherwise accessible to us, which may not always be accurate, complete, up-to-date or properly evaluated.
Our financial performance also requires us to develop, effectively manage, and market new products and services that appropriately anticipate or respond to changes in the industry and evolving client demands. The development and introduction of new products and services, including the creation of Asset Management products with a focus on environmental, social and governance matters, require continued innovative effort and may require significant time, resources, and ongoing support. Substantial risk and uncertainties are associated with the introduction of new products and services, including the implementation of new and appropriate operational controls and procedures, shifting client and market preferences, the introduction of competing products or services and compliance with regulatory requirements.
Management of operational, legal and regulatory risks requires, among other things, policies and procedures to record properly and verify a large number of transactions and events, and these policies and procedures may not be fully effective in mitigating our risk exposure in all market environments or against all types of risk, including those associated with our key vendors. Insurance and other traditional risk-shifting tools may be held by or available to us in order to manage certain exposures, but they are subject to terms such as deductibles, coinsurance, limits and policy exclusions, as well as risk of counterparty denial of coverage, default or insolvency.
As a holding company, we depend on the ability of our subsidiaries to transfer funds to us to pay dividends and to meet our obligations.
We act as a holding company for our subsidiaries, through which substantially all of our operations are conducted. Dividends from our subsidiaries and permitted payments to us under our intercompany arrangements with our subsidiaries are our principal sources of cash to pay shareholder dividends and to meet our other financial obligations. These obligations include our operating expenses and interest and principal on our borrowings. If the cash we receive from our subsidiaries pursuant to dividend payment and intercompany arrangements is insufficient for us to fund any of these obligations, we may be required to raise cash through the incurrence of additional debt, the issuance of additional equity or the sale of assets. If any of this happens, it could adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.
Insurance, banking and securities laws and regulations, including the FRB’s 2019 proposal for a new capital framework for ISLHCs, termed the “Building Block Approach” and the NAIC’s “Group Capital Calculation” represents an insurance-focused capital framework, may regulate the ability of many of our subsidiaries (such as our insurance, banking and brokerage subsidiaries and our face-amount certificate company) to pay dividends or make other permitted payments. Additionally, the rating organizations effectively impose various capital requirements on our company and our insurance company subsidiaries in order for us to maintain our ratings and the ratings of our insurance subsidiaries We must manage our business within the expectations of the patchwork of regulations and capital expectations from these parties. As asset values decline or other financial drivers to our business worsen, our and our subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends or make other permitted payments can be reduced. Additionally, the various asset classes held by our subsidiaries, and used in determining required capital levels, are weighted differently or are restricted as to the proportion in which they may be held depending upon their liquidity, credit risk and other factors. The regulatory capital requirements and dividend-paying ability of our subsidiaries may also be affected by a change in the mix of products sold by such subsidiaries. Further, the capital requirements imposed upon our subsidiaries may be impacted by heightened regulatory or rating organization scrutiny and intervention, which could negatively affect our and our subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends or make other permitted payments. Additionally, in the past we have found it necessary and advisable to provide support to certain of our subsidiaries in order to maintain adequate capital for regulatory or other purposes and we may provide such support in the future. The provision of such support could adversely affect our excess capital, liquidity, and the dividends or other permitted payments received from our subsidiaries.
The operation of our business in foreign markets and our investments in non-U.S. denominated securities and investment products subjects us to exchange rate and other risks in connection with international operations and earnings and income generated overseas.
While we are a U.S.-based company, a portion of our business operations occurs outside of the U.S. and some of our investments are not denominated in U.S. dollars. As a result, we are exposed to certain foreign currency exchange risks that could reduce U.S. dollar equivalent earnings as well as negatively impact our general account and other proprietary investment portfolios. Appreciation of the U.S. dollar could unfavorably affect net income from foreign operations, the value of non-U.S. dollar denominated investments and investments in foreign subsidiaries. In comparison, depreciation of the U.S. dollar could positively affect our net income from foreign
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operations and the value of non-U.S. dollar denominated investments, though such depreciation could also diminish investor, creditor and rating organizations’ perceptions of our company compared to peer companies that have a relatively greater proportion of foreign operations or investments.
In addition, conducting and increasing our international operations subjects us to new risks that, generally, we have not faced in the U.S., including: (i) potentially adverse tax consequences, including the complexities of foreign value added tax systems and restrictions on the repatriation of earnings; (ii) the localization of our solutions and related costs; (iii) the burdens of complying with a wide variety of foreign laws and different legal standards, including laws and regulations; and (iv) social and economic situations outside of the U.S. The occurrence of any one of these risks could negatively affect our international business and, consequently, our results of operations generally. Additionally, operating in international markets also requires significant management attention and financial resources and we cannot be certain these operations will produce desired levels of revenues or profitability.
In particular, the full impact of Brexit remains uncertain. The impact of Brexit in the near- and long-term is still unknown and could have additional adverse effects on economies, financial markets, currencies and asset valuations around the world, including the value of the Columbia Threadneedle Investments funds’ portfolio investments.
The occurrence of natural or man-made disasters and catastrophes could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
The occurrence of natural disasters and catastrophes, including earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, tornadoes, fires, blackouts, severe winter weather, explosions, pandemic disease (such as COVID-19) and man-made disasters, including acts of terrorism, riots, civil unrest including large-scale protests, insurrections and military actions, could adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition. Such disasters and catastrophes may damage our facilities, preventing our service providers, employees and financial advisors from performing their roles, or otherwise disturbing our ordinary business operations and by impacting insurance claims, as described below. These impacts could be particularly severe to the extent they affect access to physical facilities, the physical well-being of large numbers of our employees, our computer-based data processing, transmission, storage and retrieval systems and destroy or release valuable data. Such disasters and catastrophes may also impact us indirectly by changing the condition and behaviors of our customers, business counterparties and regulators, as well as by causing declines or volatility in the economic and financial markets.
The potential effects of natural and man-made disasters and catastrophes on certain of our businesses include but are not limited to the following: (i) a catastrophic loss of life may materially increase the amount of or accelerate the timing in which benefits are paid under our insurance policies; (ii) an increase in claims and any resulting increase in claims reserves caused by a disaster may harm the financial condition of our reinsurers, thereby impacting the cost and availability of reinsurance and the probability of default on reinsurance recoveries; (iii) widespread unavailability of staff; and (iv) declines and volatility in the financial markets that may decrease the value of our assets under management and administration, which could harm our financial condition and reduce our management fees.
Legal, Regulatory and Tax Risks
Legal and regulatory actions are inherent in our businesses and could result in financial losses or harm our businesses.
We are, and in the future may be, subject to legal and regulatory actions in the ordinary course of our operations, both domestically and internationally. Actions brought against us may result in awards, settlements, penalties, injunctions or other adverse results, including reputational damage. In addition, we may incur significant expenses in connection with our defense against such actions regardless of their outcome. Various regulatory and governmental bodies have the authority to review our products and business practices and those of our employees and independent financial advisors and to bring regulatory or other legal actions against us if, in their view, our practices, or those of our employees or advisors, are improper. Pending legal and regulatory actions include proceedings relating to aspects of our businesses and operations that are specific to us and proceedings that are typical of the industries and businesses in which we operate. Some of these proceedings have been brought on behalf of various alleged classes of complainants.
Our businesses are regulated heavily, and changes to the laws and regulations applicable to our businesses may have an adverse effect on our operations, reputation and financial condition.
Virtually all aspects of our business, including the activities of our parent company and our various subsidiaries, are subject to various federal, state and international laws and regulations. For a discussion of the regulatory framework in which we operate, see “Business - Regulation” included in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Compliance with these applicable laws and regulations is time-consuming and personnel-intensive, and we have invested and will continue to invest substantial resources to ensure compliance by our parent company and our subsidiaries, directors, officers, employees, registered representatives and agents. Further, any future legislation or changes to the laws and regulations applicable to our businesses, as well as changes to the interpretation and enforcement of such laws and regulations, may affect our operations and financial condition. Legislation could require changes to our business operations or our regulatory reporting relationships. Such changes may impact our business operations and profitability, increase our costs of doing business, increase compliance costs as well as have a material effect on fee rates, interest rates and foreign exchange rates, which could materially impact our products, services, investments, results of operations, products and liquidity in ways that we cannot predict. Ongoing changes to regulation and oversight of the financial industry may produce
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results, the full impact of which cannot be immediately ascertained as government intervention could distort customary and expected commercial behavior.
Certain examples of legislative and regulatory changes that may impact our businesses are described below. Some of the changes could present operational challenges and increase costs. Ultimately the complexities and increased costs of legislative and regulatory changes could have an impact on our ability to offer cost-effective and innovative products to our clients.
Regulation of Products and Services: Any mandated reductions or restructuring of the fees we charge for our products and services resulting from regulatory initiatives or proceedings could reduce our revenues and/or earnings. For example, the DOL could propose changes to regulations that define our advisors’ relationships with their clients, such as requiring a fiduciary relationship between our advisors and clients.
Insurance Regulation: Changes in the state regulatory requirements applicable to our insurance companies that are made for the benefit of the consumer sometimes lead to additional expense for the insurer and, thus, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Further, we cannot predict the effect that proposed federal legislation may have on our businesses or competitors, such as the option of federally chartered insurers, a mandated federal systemic risk regulator, future initiatives of the FIO within the Department of the Treasury or by any of the Domiciliary Regulators, the NAIC or the International Association of Insurance Supervisors with respect to insurance holding company supervision, capital standards or systemic risk regulation. As discussed earlier, the NAIC’s Group Capital calculation and the FRB’s 2019 proposal for a new capital framework for ISLHCs, would create new capital requirements (even if there are any refinements to the proposal) which could potentially impact the way we structure our capital or manage our business.
International Regulation: Potential measures taken by foreign and international authorities regarding anti-bribery, the nationalization or expropriation of assets, the imposition of limits on foreign ownership of local companies, increased environmental sustainability or governance requirements, changes in laws (including tax laws and regulations) and in their application or interpretation, imposition of large fines, political instability, dividend limitations, price controls, changes in applicable currency, currency exchange controls, or other restrictions that prevent us from transferring funds from these operations out of the countries in which they operate or converting local currencies we hold to U.S. dollars or other currencies may negatively affect our business.
Employment Regulation: A portion of our advisor force consists of independent contractors. Legislative or regulatory action that redefines the criteria for determining whether a person is an employee or an independent contractor could materially impact our industry and our relationships with our advisors, their staff, and our business, resulting in an adverse effect on our results or operations.
Privacy and Data: Our business is subject to comprehensive legal requirements concerning the use and protection of personal information, including client and employee information, from a multitude of different functional regulators and law enforcement bodies. This regulatory framework is rapidly changing through an ever-increasing patchwork of state laws and regulation and international developments like GDPR. Further developments could negatively impact our business and operations.
As a Savings and Loan Holding Company, we are subject to supervision by the FRB and various prudential standards that may limit our activities and strategies.
Ameriprise Financial is subject to ongoing supervision by the FRB, including supervision and prudential standards, certain capital requirements, stress-testing, resolution planning, information security and privacy, and certain risk management requirements. Further, as a financial holding company, our activities are limited to those that are financial in nature, incidental to a financial activity or, with FRB approval, complementary to a financial activity. Our broker-dealers and bank subsidiary are limited in their ability to lend or transact with affiliates and are subject to minimum regulatory capital and other requirements, as well as limitations on their ability to use funds deposited with them in brokerage or bank accounts to fund their businesses. These requirements may hinder our ability to access funds from our subsidiaries. We may also become subject to a prohibition or limitations on our ability to pay dividends or repurchase our common stock. The federal banking regulators, including the OCC, the FRB and the FDIC, as well as the SEC (through FINRA) have the authority and under certain circumstances, the obligation, to limit or prohibit dividend payments and stock repurchases by the banking organizations they supervise, including Ameriprise and its bank subsidiaries. Any changes to regulations or changes to the supervisory approach may also result in increased compliance costs to the extent we are required to modify our existing compliance policies, procedures and practices.
Compliance with bank holding company laws and regulations, including the Volcker Rule, impacts the structure and availability of certain of our products and services and our costs in providing those products and services. Costs of compliance may be driven by how these laws and regulations and the scale of Ameriprise Bank evolves over the course of time.
Failure to meet one or more of these requirements could, depending on the violation, limit Ameriprise’s ability to undertake new activities, continue certain activities, or make acquisitions other than those permitted generally for bank holding companies. Execution of our business strategies also may require certain regulatory approvals or consents, which may include approvals of the FRB and other domestic and non-U.S. regulatory authorities. These regulatory authorities may impose conditions on the activities or transactions contemplated by our business strategies which may impact negatively our ability to realize fully the expected benefits of certain opportunities.
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Changes in corporate tax laws and regulations and changes in the interpretation of such laws and regulations, as well as adverse determinations regarding the application of such laws and regulations, could adversely affect our earnings and could make some of our products less attractive to clients.
We are subject to the income tax laws of the U.S., its states and municipalities and those of the foreign jurisdictions in which we have significant business operations. We must make judgments and interpretations about the application of these inherently complex tax laws when determining the provision for income taxes and must also make estimates about when in the future certain items affect taxable income in the various tax jurisdictions. In addition, changes to the Internal Revenue Code, administrative rulings or court decisions could increase our provision for income taxes and reduce our earnings.
Many of the products we issue or on which our businesses are based (including both insurance products and non-insurance products) receive favorable treatment under current U.S. federal income or estate tax law. Changes in U.S. federal income or estate tax law could reduce or eliminate the tax advantages of certain of our products and thus make such products less attractive to clients or cause a change in client demand and activity.
We may not be able to protect our intellectual property and may be subject to infringement claims.
We rely on a combination of contractual rights and copyright, trademark, patent and trade secret laws to establish and protect our intellectual property. Although we use a broad range of measures to protect our intellectual property rights, third parties may infringe or misappropriate our intellectual property or attempt to use the same to defraud others. We may have to litigate to enforce and protect our brand and reputation, copyrights, trademarks, patents, trade secrets and know-how, or to determine their scope, validity or enforceability, which represents a diversion of resources that may be significant in amount and may not prove successful. The loss of intellectual property protection or the inability to secure or enforce the protection of our intellectual property assets could have a material adverse effect on our business and our ability to compete.
We also may be subject to costly litigation in the event that another party alleges our operations or activities infringe upon or constitute misappropriation of such other party’s intellectual property rights. Third parties may have, or may eventually be issued, patents or other protections that could be infringed by our products, methods, processes or services or could otherwise limit our ability to offer certain product features. Any party that holds such a patent could make a claim of infringement against us. The threat of patent litigation from non-practicing entities is increasing for financial services firms like ours. We have successfully resolved all such cases to date but may not always be able to do so without significant financial impact. We may also be subject to claims by third parties for breach of copyright, trademark, license usage rights, or misappropriation of trade secret rights. Any such claims and any resulting litigation could result in significant liability for damages. If we were found to have infringed or misappropriated a third-party patent or other intellectual property rights, we could incur substantial liability, and in some circumstances could be enjoined from providing certain products or services to our customers or utilizing and benefiting from certain methods, processes, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets or licenses, or alternatively could be required to enter into costly licensing arrangements with third parties, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Changes in and the adoption of accounting standards could have a material impact on our financial statements
Our accounting policies are fundamental to how we record and report our results of operations and financial condition. We prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), the SEC and other regulators often change the financial accounting and reporting standards governing the preparation of our financial statements. These changes are sometimes difficult to predict and could impose additional governance, internal control and disclosure demands. In some cases, we could be required to apply a new or revised standard retroactively, resulting in our restating prior period financial statements. As an example, in August 2018, the FASB updated the accounting standard related to long-duration insurance and annuity contracts that will be effective January 1, 2023, that is expected to result in significant changes to how we account for and report our insurance and annuity contracts (both in-force and new business), including updating assumptions used to measure the liability for future policy benefits for traditional and limited-payment contracts, measurement of market risk benefits and amortization of DAC. It is possible that accounting changes could have a material effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
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Item 2. Properties
We operate our business from two principal locations, both of which are located in Minneapolis, Minnesota: the Ameriprise Financial Center, an 959,000 square foot building that we lease, and our Client Service Center, an 871,000 square foot building, that we own. Generally, we lease the premises we occupy in other locations, including the 38,000 square foot executive offices that we lease in New York City and branch offices for our employee advisors throughout the U.S.
Our principal leases are in the following locations:
•Columbia Threadneedle Investments leased offices in Boston containing approximately 130,000 square feet and in 2021 will be moving to newly leased office space, leases approximately 66,000 square feet of a shared building in London (as well as a second location in Swindon, U.K.), approximately 39,000 square feet of a shared building in New York and also leases property in a number of other cities to support its global operations; and
•Las Vegas, Nevada (supporting aspects of our Advice & Wealth Management businesses) and Gurugram and Noida India (supporting our broader business in the U.S.).
We believe that the facilities owned or occupied by our company suit our needs and are well maintained.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
For a discussion of material legal proceedings, see Note 26 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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PART II.
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Our common stock trades principally on The New York Stock Exchange under the trading symbol AMP. As of February 12, 2021, we had approximately 12,587 common shareholders of record. Information regarding our equity compensation plans can be found in Part III, Item 12 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Information comparing the cumulative total shareholder return on our common stock to the cumulative total return for certain indices is set forth under the heading “Performance Graph” provided in our 2020 Annual Report to Shareholders and is furnished herewith.
We are primarily a holding company and, as a result, our ability to pay dividends in the future will depend on receiving dividends from our subsidiaries. For information regarding our ability to pay dividends, see the information set forth under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources” contained in Part II, Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Share Repurchases
The following table presents the information with respect to purchases made by or on behalf of Ameriprise Financial, Inc. or any “affiliated purchaser” (as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Exchange Act), of our common stock during the fourth quarter of 2020:

|  | (a) |  | (b) |  | (c) |  | (d)
Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1) |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (1)
October 1 to October 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Share repurchase program (1) |  | 664,282 |  |  | $ | 165.57 |  |  | 664,282 |  |  | $ | 2,544,289,196 |
Employee transactions (2) |  | 30,390 |  |  | $ | 165.52 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
November 1 to November 30, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Share repurchase program (1) |  | 552,397 |  |  | $ | 180.63 |  |  | 552,397 |  |  | $ | 2,444,510,759 |
Employee transactions (2) |  | 614,904 |  |  | $ | 177.93 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
December 1 to December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Share repurchase program (1) |  | 874,248 |  |  | $ | 190.97 |  |  | 874,248 |  |  | $ | 2,277,553,764 |
Employee transactions (2) |  | 110,296 |  |  | $ | 191.87 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
Totals |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Share repurchase program (1) |  | 2,090,927 |  |  | $ | 180.17 |  |  | 2,090,927 |  |  |
Employee transactions (2) |  | 755,590 |  |  | $ | 179.47 |  |  | N/A |  |
|  | 2,846,517 |  |  |  |  | 2,090,927 |  |  |

N/A Not applicable.
(1) In February 2019, our Board of Directors authorized a repurchase up to $2.5 billion of our common stock through March 31, 2021. In August 2020, our Board of Directors authorized an expenditure of up to $2.5 billion for the repurchase of our common stock through September 30, 2022. The share repurchase program does not require the purchase of any minimum number of shares, and depending on market conditions and other factors, these purchases may be commenced or suspended at any time without prior notice. Acquisitions under the share repurchase program may be made in the open market, through privately negotiated transactions or block trades or other means.
(2) Includes restricted shares withheld pursuant to the terms of awards under the Company’s share-based compensation plans to offset tax withholding obligations that occur upon vesting and release of restricted shares. The value of the restricted shares withheld is the closing price of common stock of Ameriprise Financial, Inc. on the date the relevant transaction occurs. Also includes shares withheld pursuant to the net settlement of Non-Qualified Stock Option (“NQSO”) exercises to offset tax withholding obligations that occur upon exercise and to cover the strike price of the NQSO. The value of the shares withheld pursuant to the net settlement of NQSO exercises is the closing price of common stock of Ameriprise Financial, Inc. on the day prior to the date the relevant transaction occurs.
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Item 6. Selected Financial Data
The following table sets forth selected consolidated financial information derived from our Consolidated Financial Statements as of December 31, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and for the five-year period ended December 31, 2020. The selected financial data presented below should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes included elsewhere in this report and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” On January 1, 2018, we retrospectively applied the new accounting standard for revenue recognition to each reporting period presented in the financial statements.

| Years Ended December 31,
2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
(in millions, except per share data)
Income Statement Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total net revenues | $ | 11,899 |  |  | $ | 12,967 |  |  | $ | 12,835 |  |  | $ | 12,132 |  |  | $ | 11,800 |
Total expenses | 10,068 |  |  | 10,735 |  |  | 10,351 |  |  | 9,918 |  |  | 10,209 |
Net income | $ | 1,534 |  |  | $ | 1,893 |  |  | $ | 2,098 |  |  | $ | 1,480 |  |  | $ | 1,313 |
Earnings Per Share Attributable to Ameriprise Financial, Inc. Common Shareholders:
Basic | $ | 12.39 |  |  | $ | 14.12 |  |  | $ | 14.41 |  |  | $ | 9.60 |  |  | $ | 7.90 |
Diluted | 12.20 |  |  | 13.92 |  |  | 14.20 |  |  | 9.44 |  |  | 7.81 |
Cash Dividends Declared Per Common Share | $ | 4.09 |  |  | $ | 3.81 |  |  | $ | 3.53 |  |  | $ | 3.24 |  |  | $ | 2.92 |
| December 31,
2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
(in millions)
Balance Sheet Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments (1) | $ | 41,031 |  |  | $ | 37,915 |  |  | $ | 35,825 |  |  | $ | 35,925 |  |  | $ | 35,834 |
Separate account assets | 92,611 |  |  | 87,488 |  |  | 77,925 |  |  | 87,368 |  |  | 80,210 |
Total assets | 165,883 |  |  | 151,828 |  |  | 137,216 |  |  | 147,480 |  |  | 139,831 |
Policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims | 33,992 |  |  | 30,512 |  |  | 30,124 |  |  | 29,904 |  |  | 30,202 |
Separate account liabilities | 92,611 |  |  | 87,488 |  |  | 77,925 |  |  | 87,368 |  |  | 80,210 |
Customer deposits | 17,641 |  |  | 14,430 |  |  | 11,545 |  |  | 10,303 |  |  | 10,036 |
Long-term debt (1) | 2,831 |  |  | 3,097 |  |  | 2,867 |  |  | 2,891 |  |  | 2,917 |
Short-term borrowings | 200 |  |  | 201 |  |  | 201 |  |  | 200 |  |  | 200 |
Total liabilities | 160,016 |  |  | 146,099 |  |  | 131,628 |  |  | 141,485 |  |  | 133,542 |
Total Ameriprise Financial, Inc. shareholders’ equity | 5,867 |  |  | 5,729 |  |  | 5,588 |  |  | 5,995 |  |  | 6,289 |

(1) Represents amounts before consolidated investment entities, as reported on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis of our consolidated financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the “Forward-Looking Statements,” our Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes that follow and the “Consolidated Five-Year Summary of Selected Financial Data” and the “Risk Factors” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. References to “Ameriprise Financial,” “Ameriprise,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Ameriprise Financial, Inc. exclusively, to our entire family of companies, or to one or more of our subsidiaries.
Overview
Ameriprise is a diversified financial services company with a 125-year history of providing financial solutions. We are a long-standing leader in financial planning and advice with $1.1 trillion in assets under management and administration as of December 31, 2020. We offer a broad range of products and services designed to achieve individual and institutional clients’ financial objectives. For additional discussion of our businesses, see Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (‘‘COVID-19’’) pandemic presents ongoing significant economic and societal disruption and market volatility, which has had and will continue to have ongoing impacts to our business and operating environment driven by a low interest rate environment, significant volatility in the equity markets and the potential associated implications to client behavior. There are no reliable estimates of how long the pandemic will last, how many people are likely to be affected by it, or its impact on the overall economy.
We continue to implement comprehensive strategies to navigate the operating environment spurred by the pandemic. During the first quarter, we implemented a work-from-home protocol for virtually all of our employee population, restricted business travel, and provided resources for complying with the guidance from the World Health Organization, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and governments. We have begun a thoughtful phased reopening of our office locations while complying with applicable health agencies’ guidelines and governmental orders. We continue to operate successfully and satisfy elevated customer service volumes in this unique time - client service and the health and safety of our clients, advisors and employees remain our priorities while our employees and advisors have various work arrangements. The pandemic strategy we have employed is flexible and scalable, recognizing this pandemic is widespread and occurs in multiple waves, affecting different communities at different times with varying levels of severity.
There was significant economic volatility during 2020 and our results of operations continue to be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. There is still uncertainty surrounding the magnitude, duration, speed and reach of the ongoing global pandemic, success of worldwide vaccination efforts, as well as the impact of actions that have been or could be taken by governmental authorities, clients or other third parties. While we have successfully adapted to a virtual work environment and deployed numerous adaptive business strategies so far this year, we believe the pandemic and its accompanying impact on the global financial markets and on our operations and financial results may cause results not to be comparable to previous years. The results presented in this report are not necessarily indicative of future operating results. For further information regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and any potentially material effects, see Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K - “Risk Factors”.
The products and services we provide retail clients and, to a lesser extent, institutional clients, are the primary source of our revenues and net income. Revenues and net income are significantly affected by investment performance and the total value and composition of assets we manage and administer for our retail and institutional clients as well as the distribution fees we receive from other companies. These factors, in turn, are largely determined by overall investment market performance and the depth and breadth of our individual client relationships.
Financial markets and macroeconomic conditions have had and will continue to have a significant impact on our operating and performance results. In addition, the business, political and regulatory environments in which we operate are subject to elevated uncertainty and substantial, frequent change. Accordingly, we expect to continue focusing on our key strategic objectives and obtaining operational and strategic leverage from our core capabilities. The success of these and other strategies may be affected by the factors discussed in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K - “Risk Factors” - and other factors as discussed herein.
Equity price, credit market and interest rate fluctuations can have a significant impact on our results of operations, primarily due to the effects they have on the asset management and other asset-based fees we earn, the value of deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”) and deferred sales inducement costs (“DSIC”) assets, the values of liabilities for guaranteed benefits associated with our variable annuities and the values of derivatives held to hedge these benefits and the “spread” income generated on our fixed deferred annuities, fixed insurance, fixed portion of variable annuities and variable insurance contracts and deposit products.
Earnings, as well as adjusted operating earnings, will be negatively impacted by the ongoing low interest rate environment should it continue. In addition to continuing spread compression in our interest sensitive product lines, a sustained low interest rate environment may result in increases to our reserves and changes in various rate assumptions we use to amortize DAC and DSIC, which may negatively impact our adjusted operating earnings. For additional discussion on our interest rate risk, see Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”
In the third quarter, we updated our market-related assumptions and implemented model changes related to our living benefit valuation. In addition, we conducted our annual review of life insurance and annuity valuation assumptions relative to current
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experience and management expectations including modeling changes. These aforementioned changes are collectively referred to as unlocking. We also reviewed our active life future policy benefit reserve adequacy for our long term care (“LTC”) business in the third quarter. See our Consolidated and Segment Results of Operations sections for the pretax impacts on our revenues and expenses attributable to unlocking and LTC loss recognition.
During the third quarter of 2020, as we continue to reposition the business and implement strategies focusing on product features and sales, the composition of our reportable segments changed from five to four segments. The Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) now manages the Annuities and Protection business as one operating segment, referred to as Retirement & Protection Solutions. The Retirement & Protection Solutions segment will include Retirement Solutions (Variable Annuities and Payout Annuities) and Protection Solutions (Life and Disability Insurance). In addition, we moved the Fixed Annuities and Fixed Indexed Annuities (collectively “FA”) business to the Corporate & Other segment as a closed block. These segment reporting changes align with the way our CODM began assessing the performance of our reportable segments and other business activities effective in the third quarter of 2020. Certain prior period amounts have been revised to conform to the current presentation. These changes have no impact on previously reported consolidated balance sheets or statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders equity, or cash flows.
On October 1, 2019, we completed the sale of our Ameriprise Auto & Home Insurance business (“AAH”) to American Family Insurance Mutual Holding Company (American Family Insurance). See Note 19 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the sale of AAH. This sale is consistent with our focus on our core growth areas of Advice & Wealth Management and Asset Management.
In 2018, we made the strategic decision to expand the banking products and services we can provide directly to our clients, and commenced the process to convert Ameriprise National Trust Bank into a federal savings bank with the capabilities to offer FDIC insured deposits and a range of lending products. We completed that process, received regulatory approvals and converted Ameriprise National Trust Bank to a federal savings bank in May 2019.
We consolidate certain variable interest entities for which we provide asset management services. These entities are defined as consolidated investment entities (“CIEs”). While the consolidation of the CIEs impacts our balance sheet and income statement, our exposure to these entities is unchanged and there is no impact to the underlying business results. For further information on CIEs, see Note 5 to our Consolidated Financial Statements. The results of operations of the CIEs are reflected in the Corporate & Other segment. On a consolidated basis, the management fees we earn for the services we provide to the CIEs and the related general and administrative expenses are eliminated and the changes in the fair value of assets and liabilities related to the CIEs, primarily syndicated loans and debt, are reflected in net investment income. We include the fees from these entities in the management and financial advice fees line within our Asset Management segment.
While our Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), management believes that adjusted operating measures, which exclude net realized investment gains or losses, net of the related DSIC and DAC amortization, unearned revenue amortization and the reinsurance accrual; the market impact on non-traditional long-duration products (including variable and fixed deferred annuity contracts and universal life (“UL”) insurance contracts), net of hedges and the related DSIC and DAC amortization, unearned revenue amortization and the reinsurance accrual; mean reversion related impacts (the impact on variable annuity and variable universal life (“VUL”) products for the difference between assumed and updated separate account investment performance on DAC, DSIC, unearned revenue amortization, reinsurance accrual and additional insurance benefit reserves); the market impact of hedges to offset interest rate changes on unrealized gains or losses for certain investments; gain or loss on disposal of a business that is not considered discontinued operations; integration and restructuring charges; income (loss) from discontinued operations; and the impact of consolidating CIEs, best reflect the underlying performance of our core operations and facilitate a more meaningful trend analysis. Management uses these non-GAAP measures to evaluate our financial performance on a basis comparable to that used by some securities analysts and investors. Also, certain of these non-GAAP measures are taken into consideration, to varying degrees, for purposes of business planning and analysis and for certain compensation-related matters. Throughout our Management’s Discussion and Analysis, these non-GAAP measures are referred to as adjusted operating measures. These non-GAAP measures should not be viewed as a substitute for U.S. GAAP measures.
It is management’s priority to increase shareholder value over a multi-year horizon by achieving our on-average, over-time financial targets.
Our financial targets are:
•Adjusted operating earnings per diluted share growth of 12% to 15%, and
•Adjusted operating return on equity excluding accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) of over 30%.
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The following tables reconcile our GAAP measures to adjusted operating measures:

|  | Per Diluted Share
| Years Ended December 31, |  | Years Ended December 31,
2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
(in millions, except per share amounts)
Net income | $ | 1,534 |  |  | $ | 1,893 |  |  | $ | 12.20 |  |  | $ | 13.92 |
Less: Net realized investment gains (losses) (1) | (10) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (0.08) |  |  | (0.03) |
Add: Market impact on non-traditional long-duration products (1) | 375 |  |  | 591 |  |  | 2.98 |  |  | 4.35 |
Add: Mean reversion related impacts (1) | (87) |  |  | (57) |  |  | (0.69) |  |  | (0.42) |
Add: Market impact of hedges on investments (1) | — |  |  | 35 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.26 |
Less: Gain on disposal of business (1) | — |  |  | 213 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.57 |
Add: Integration/restructuring charges (1) | 4 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 0.03 |  |  | 0.12 |
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to CIEs | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 0.02 |  |  | 0.01 |
Tax effect of adjustments (2) | (63) |  |  | (79) |  |  | (0.50) |  |  | (0.58) |
Adjusted operating earnings | $ | 1,770 |  |  | $ | 2,190 |  |  | $ | 14.08 |  |  | $ | 16.10 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 123.8 |  |  | 134.1 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted | 125.7 |  |  | 136.0 |  |  |  |  |

(1) Pretax adjusted operating adjustments.
(2) Calculated using the statutory tax rate of 21%.
The following table reconciles net income to adjusted operating earnings and the five-point average of quarter-end equity to adjusted operating equity:

| Years Ended December 31,
2020 |  | 2019
(in millions)
Net income | $ | 1,534 |  |  | $ | 1,893 |
Less: Adjustments (1) | (236) |  |  | (297) |
Adjusted operating earnings | $ | 1,770 |  |  | $ | 2,190 |
Total Ameriprise Financial, Inc. shareholders’ equity | $ | 6,171 |  |  | $ | 5,837 |
Less: AOCI, net of tax | 301 |  |  | 122 |
Total Ameriprise Financial, Inc. shareholders’ equity, excluding AOCI | 5,870 |  |  | 5,715 |
Less: Equity impacts attributable to CIEs | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Adjusted operating equity | $ | 5,869 |  |  | $ | 5,714 |

Return on equity, excluding AOCI | 26.1 | % |  | 33.1 | %
Adjusted operating return on equity, excluding AOCI (2) | 30.2 | % |  | 38.3 | %

(1) Adjustments reflect the sum of after-tax net realized investment gains/losses, net of DSIC and DAC amortization, unearned revenue amortization and the reinsurance accrual; the market impact on non-traditional long-duration products (including variable and fixed deferred annuity contracts and UL insurance contracts), net of hedges and related DSIC and DAC amortization, unearned revenue amortization and the reinsurance accrual; mean reversion related impacts; the market impact of hedges to offset interest rate changes on unrealized gains or losses for certain investments; gain or loss on disposal of a business that is not considered discontinued operations; integration and restructuring charges; income (loss) from discontinued operations; and net income (loss) from consolidated investment entities. After-tax is calculated using the statutory tax rate of 21%.
(2) Adjusted operating return on equity, excluding AOCI is calculated using adjusted operating earnings in the numerator and Ameriprise Financial shareholders’ equity, excluding AOCI and the impact of consolidating investment entities using a five-point average of quarter-end equity in the denominator. After-tax is calculated using the statutory rate of 21%.
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Critical Accounting Estimates
The accounting and reporting policies that we use affect our Consolidated Financial Statements. Certain of our accounting and reporting policies are critical to an understanding of our consolidated results of operations and financial condition and, in some cases, the application of these policies can be significantly affected by the estimates, judgments and assumptions made by management during the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements. The accounting and reporting policies and estimates we have identified as fundamental to a full understanding of our consolidated results of operations and financial condition are described below. See Note 2 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further information about our accounting policies.
Valuation of Investments
The most significant component of our investments is our Available-for-Sale securities, which we carry at fair value within our Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 15 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for discussion of the fair value of our Available-for-Sale securities. Financial markets are subject to significant movements in valuation and liquidity, which can impact our ability to liquidate and the selling price that can be realized for our securities and increases the use of judgment in determining the estimated fair value of certain investments.
Deferred Acquisition Costs
See Note 2 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for discussion of our DAC accounting policy.
Non-Traditional Long-Duration Products
For our non-traditional long-duration products (including variable, structured variable and fixed deferred annuity contracts, UL and VUL insurance products), our DAC balance at any reporting date is based on projections that show management expects there to be estimated gross profits (“EGPs”) after that date to amortize the remaining balance. These projections are inherently uncertain because they require management to make assumptions about financial markets, mortality levels and contractholder and policyholder behavior over periods extending well into the future. Projection periods used for our annuity products are typically 30 to 50 years and for our UL insurance products 50 years or longer.
EGPs vary based on persistency rates (assumptions at which contractholders and policyholders are expected to surrender, make withdrawals from and make deposits to their contracts), mortality levels, client asset value growth rates (based on equity and bond market performance), variable annuity benefit utilization and interest margins (the spread between earned rates on invested assets and rates credited to contractholder and policyholder accounts). Changes in these assumptions can be offsetting and we are unable to predict their movement or offsetting impact over time. When assumptions are changed, the percentage of EGPs used to amortize DAC might also change. A change in the required amortization percentage is applied retrospectively; an increase in amortization percentage will result in a decrease in the DAC balance and an increase in DAC amortization expense, while a decrease in amortization percentage will result in an increase in the DAC balance and a decrease in DAC amortization expense. The effect on the DAC balance that would result from the realization of unrealized gains (losses) on securities is recognized with an offset to accumulated other comprehensive income on the consolidated balance sheet.
The client asset value growth rates are the rates at which variable annuity and VUL insurance contract values invested in separate accounts are assumed to appreciate in the future. The rates used vary by equity and fixed income investments. The long-term client asset value growth rates are based on assumed gross annual returns of 9% for equity funds and 5.4% for fixed income funds. We typically use a five-year mean reversion process as a guideline in setting near-term equity fund growth rates based on a long-term view of financial market performance as well as recent actual performance. The suggested near-term equity fund growth rate is reviewed quarterly to ensure consistency with management’s assessment of anticipated equity market performance.
A decrease of 100 basis points in separate account fund growth rate assumptions is likely to result in an increase in DAC amortization and an increase in benefits and claims expense for variable annuity and VUL insurance contracts. The following table presents the estimated impact to current period pretax income:

| Estimated Impact to Pretax Income (1)
DAC Amortization | Benefits and Claims Expense | Total
(in millions)
Decrease in future near- and long-term fixed income fund growth returns by 100 basis points | $ | (37) |  |  | $ | (71) |  |  | $ | (108) |
Decrease in future near-term equity fund growth returns by 100 basis points | $ | (33) |  |  | $ | (50) |  |  | $ | (83) |
Decrease in future long-term equity fund growth returns by 100 basis points | (21) |  |  | (32) |  |  | (53) |
Decrease in future near- and long-term equity fund growth returns by 100 basis points | $ | (54) |  |  | $ | (82) |  |  | $ | (136) |

(1) An increase in the above assumptions by 100 basis points would result in an increase to pretax income for approximately the same amount.
An assessment of sensitivity associated with changes in any single assumption would not necessarily be an indicator of future results.
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Traditional Long-Duration Products
For our traditional long-duration products (including traditional life and disability income (“DI”) insurance products), our DAC balance at any reporting date is based on projections that show management expects there to be adequate premiums after the date to amortize the remaining balance. These projections are inherently uncertain because they require management to make assumptions over periods extending well into the future. These assumptions include interest rates, persistency rates and mortality and morbidity rates and are not modified (unlocked) unless recoverability testing determines that reserves are inadequate. Projection periods used for our traditional life insurance are up to 30 years. Projection periods for our DI products are up to 45 years. We may experience accelerated amortization of DAC if policies terminate earlier than projected or a slower rate of amortization of DAC if policies persist longer than projected.
For traditional life and DI insurance products, the assumptions provide for adverse deviations in experience and are revised only if management concludes experience will be so adverse that DAC are not recoverable. If management concludes that DAC are not recoverable, DAC are reduced to the amount that is recoverable based on best estimate assumptions.
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
We establish reserves to cover the benefits associated with non-traditional and traditional long-duration products. Non-traditional long-duration products include variable and structured variable annuity contracts, fixed annuity contracts and UL and VUL policies. Traditional long-duration products include term life, whole life, DI and LTC insurance products.
Guarantees accounted for as insurance liabilities include guaranteed minimum death benefits (“GMDB”), gain gross-up (“GGU”), guaranteed minimum income benefit (“GMIB”) and the life contingent benefits associated with guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit (“GMWB”). In addition, UL and VUL policies with product features that result in profits followed by losses are accounted for as insurance liabilities.
Guarantees accounted for as embedded derivatives include guaranteed minimum accumulation benefit (“GMAB”) and the non-life contingent benefits associated with GMWB. In addition, the portion of structured variable annuities, indexed annuities and IUL policies allocated to the indexed account is accounted for as an embedded derivative.
The establishment of reserves is an estimation process using a variety of methods, assumptions and data elements. If actual experience is better than or equal to the results of the estimation process, then reserves should be adequate to provide for future benefits and expenses. If actual experience is worse than the results of the estimation process, additional reserves may be required.
Non-Traditional Long-Duration Products, including Embedded Derivatives
UL and VUL
A portion of our UL and VUL policies have product features that result in profits followed by losses from the insurance component of the contract. These profits followed by losses can be generated by the cost structure of the product or secondary guarantees in the contract. The secondary guarantee ensures that, subject to specified conditions, the policy will not terminate and will continue to provide a death benefit even if there is insufficient policy value to cover the monthly deductions and charges. The liability for these future losses is determined using actuarial models to estimate the death benefits in excess of account value and recognizing the excess over the estimated life based on expected assessments (e.g. cost of insurance charges, contractual administrative charges, similar fees and investment margin). Significant assumptions made in projecting future benefits and assessments relate to client asset value growth rates, mortality, persistency and investment margins and are consistent with those used for DAC valuation for the same contracts. See Note 12 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding the liability for contracts with secondary guarantees.
Variable Annuities
We have approximately $86 billion of variable annuity account value that has been issued over a period of more than fifty years. The diversified variable annuity block consists of $31 billion of account value with no living benefit guarantees and $55 billion of account value with living benefit guarantees, primarily GMWB provisions. The business is predominately issued through the Ameriprise Financial® advisor network. The majority of the variable annuity contracts offered by us contain GMDB provisions. We also offer variable annuities with death benefit provisions that gross up the amount payable by a certain percentage of contract earnings which are referred to as GGU benefits. In addition, we offer contracts with GMWB and GMAB provisions and, until May 2007, we offered contracts containing GMIB provisions. See Note 12 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of our variable annuity contracts.
In determining the liabilities for GMDB, GGU, GMIB and the life contingent benefits associated with GMWB, we project these benefits and contract assessments using actuarial models to simulate various equity market scenarios. Significant assumptions made in projecting future benefits and assessments relate to customer asset value growth rates, mortality, persistency, benefit utilization and investment margins and are consistent with those used for DAC valuation for the same contracts. As with DAC, management reviews, and where appropriate, adjusts its assumptions each quarter. Unless management identifies a material deviation over the course of quarterly monitoring, management reviews and updates these assumptions annually in the third quarter of each year.
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Regarding the exposure to variable annuity living benefit guarantees, the source of behavioral risk is driven by changes in policyholder surrenders and utilization of guaranteed withdrawal benefits. We have extensive experience studies and analysis to monitor changes and trends in policyholder behavior. A significant volume of company-specific policyholder experience data is available and provides management with the ability to regularly analyze policyholder behavior. On a monthly basis, actual surrender and benefit utilization experience is compared to expectations. Experience data includes detailed policy information providing the opportunity to review impacts of multiple variables. The ability to analyze differences in experience, such as presence of a living benefit rider, existence of surrender charges, and tax qualifications provide us an effective approach in quickly detecting changes in policyholder behavior.
At least annually, we perform a thorough policyholder behavior analysis to validate the assumptions included in our benefit reserve, embedded derivative and DAC balances. The variable annuity assumptions and resulting reserve computations reflect multiple policyholder variables. Differentiation in assumptions by policyholder age, existence of surrender charges, guaranteed withdrawal utilization, and tax qualification are examples of factors recognized in establishing management’s assumptions used in reserve calculations. The extensive data derived from our variable annuity block informs management in confirming previous assumptions and revising the variable annuity behavior assumptions. Changes in assumptions are governed by a review and approval process to ensure an appropriate measurement of all impacted financial statement balances.
See the table in the previous discussion of “Deferred Acquisition Costs” for the estimated impact to benefits and claims expense related to variable annuity and VUL insurance contracts resulting from a decrease of 100 basis points in separate account fund growth rate assumptions.
Embedded Derivatives
The fair value of embedded derivatives related to GMAB and the non-life contingent benefits associated with GMWB provisions fluctuate based on equity, interest rate and credit markets which can cause these embedded derivatives to be either an asset or a liability. The fair value of embedded derivatives related to structured variable annuities, indexed annuities and IUL fluctuate based on equity markets and interest rates and is a liability. In addition, embedded derivatives are impacted by an estimate of our nonperformance risk adjustment. This estimate includes a spread over the LIBOR swap curve as of the balance sheet date. As our estimate of this spread over LIBOR widens or tightens, the liability will decrease or increase.
Additionally, our Corporate Actuarial Department calculates the fair value of the embedded derivatives on a monthly basis. During this process, control checks are performed to validate the completeness of the data. Actuarial management approves various components of the valuation along with the final results. The change in the fair value of the embedded derivatives is reviewed monthly with senior management.
See Note 15 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding the fair value measurement of embedded derivatives.
Traditional Long-Duration Products
Liabilities for unpaid amounts on reported DI and LTC claims include any periodic or other benefit amounts due and accrued, along with estimates of the present value of obligations for continuing benefit payments. These unpaid amounts are calculated using anticipated claim continuance rates based on established industry tables, adjusted as appropriate for our experience. The discount rates used to calculate present values are based on average interest rates earned on assets supporting the liability for unpaid amounts.
Liabilities for estimates of benefits that will become payable on future claims on term life, whole life and DI policies are based on the net level premium and LTC policies are based on a gross premium valuation reflecting management’s current best estimate assumptions. Net level premium includes anticipated premium payments, mortality and morbidity rates, policy persistency and interest rates earned on assets supporting the liability. Gross premium valuation includes expected premium rate increases, benefit reductions, morbidity rates, policy persistency and interest rates earned on assets supporting the liability. Anticipated mortality and morbidity rates are based on established industry mortality and morbidity tables, with modifications based on our experience. Anticipated premium payments and persistency rates vary by policy form, issue age, policy duration and certain other pricing factors.
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
We use derivative instruments to manage our exposure to various market risks. All derivatives are recorded at fair value. The fair value of our derivative instruments is determined using either market quotes or valuation models that are based upon the net present value of estimated future cash flows and incorporate current market observable inputs to the extent available.
For further details on the types of derivatives we use and how we account for them, see Note 2, Note 15 and Note 17 to our Consolidated Financial Statements. For discussion of our market risk exposures and hedging program and related sensitivity testing, see Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
For information regarding recent accounting pronouncements and their expected impact on our future consolidated results of operations and financial condition, see Note 3 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Sources of Revenues and Expenses
Management and Financial Advice Fees
Management and financial advice fees relate primarily to fees earned from managing mutual funds, private funds, separate account and wrap account assets and institutional investments, as well as fees earned from providing financial advice, administrative services (including transfer agent and administration fees earned from providing services to retail mutual funds) and other custodial services. Management and financial advice fees include performance-based incentive management fees, which we may receive on certain management contracts. Management and financial advice fees also include mortality and expense risk fees.
Distribution Fees
Distribution fees primarily include point-of-sale fees (such as mutual fund front-end sales loads) and asset-based fees (such as 12b-1 distribution and shareholder service fees). Distribution fees also include amounts received under marketing support arrangements for sales of mutual funds and other companies’ products, such as through our wrap accounts, as well as surrender charges on annuities and UL and VUL insurance.
Net Investment Income
Net investment income primarily includes interest income on fixed maturity securities classified as Available-for-Sale, mortgage loans, policy loans, margin loans, pledged asset lines of credit, other investments, cash and cash equivalents and investments of CIEs; the changes in fair value of trading securities, certain derivatives and certain assets and liabilities of CIEs; the pro rata share of net income or loss on equity method investments; and realized gains and losses on the sale of investments and changes for the allowance for credit losses.
Premiums, policy and contract charges
Premiums include premiums on traditional life, DI and LTC insurance and immediate annuities with a life contingent feature and are net of reinsurance premiums. Additionally, prior to the sale of AAH on October 1, 2019, premiums included earned premiums from auto and home insurance products. Policy and contract charges include variable annuity rider charges and UL and VUL insurance charges, which consist of cost of insurance charges (net of reinsurance premiums and cost of reinsurance for UL and VUL insurance products) and administrative charges.
Other Revenues
Other revenues primarily include the accretion on the fixed annuities reinsurance deposit receivable and other miscellaneous revenues.
For discussion of our accounting policies on revenue recognition, see Note 2 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Banking and Deposit Interest Expense
Banking and deposit interest expense primarily includes interest expense related to investment certificates and banking deposits. The changes in fair value of stock market certificate embedded derivatives and the derivatives hedging stock market certificates are included within banking and deposit interest expense.
Distribution Expenses
Distribution expenses primarily include compensation paid to our financial advisors, registered representatives, third-party distributors and wholesalers. The portion of these costs which are incremental and direct to the acquisition of a new or renewal insurance policy or annuity contract issued by the RiverSource Life companies are deferred. The amounts capitalized and amortized are based on actual distribution costs. The majority of these costs, such as advisor and wholesaler compensation, vary directly with the level of sales. Distribution expenses also include marketing support and other distribution and administration related payments made to affiliated and unaffiliated distributors of products provided by our affiliates. The majority of these expenses vary with the level of sales, or assets held, by these distributors, and the remainder is fixed. Distribution expenses also include wholesaling costs.
Interest Credited to Fixed Accounts
Interest credited to fixed accounts represents amounts earned by contractholders and policyholders on fixed account values associated with UL and VUL insurance and annuity contracts. The changes in fair value of fixed deferred indexed annuity and IUL embedded derivatives and the derivatives hedging these products are also included within interest credited to fixed accounts.
Benefits, Claims, Losses and Settlement Expenses
Benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses consist of amounts paid and changes in liabilities held for anticipated future benefit payments under insurance policies and annuity contracts, along with costs to process and pay such amounts. Amounts are net of benefit payments recovered or expected to be recovered under reinsurance contracts. Benefits under variable annuity guarantees include the changes in fair value of GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives and the derivatives hedging these benefits, as well as the changes in fair value of derivatives hedging GMDB provisions. The changes in fair value of structured variable annuity embedded derivatives and the derivatives hedging this product, as well as the amortization of DSIC are also included in benefits, claims losses and settlement expenses.
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Amortization of DAC
Direct sales commissions and other costs capitalized as DAC are amortized over time. For annuity and UL/VUL contracts, DAC are amortized based on projections of EGPs over amortization periods equal to the approximate life of the business. For other insurance products, DAC are generally amortized as a percentage of premiums over amortization periods equal to the premium-paying period.
Interest and Debt Expense
Interest and debt expense primarily includes interest on corporate debt and CIE debt, the impact of interest rate hedging activities and amortization of debt issuance costs.
General and Administrative Expense
General and administrative expense includes compensation, share-based awards and other benefits for employees (other than employees directly related to distribution, such as financial advisors), professional and consultant fees, information technology, facilities and equipment, advertising and promotion, legal and regulatory and corporate related expenses.
Assets Under Management and Administration
Assets under management (“AUM”) include external client assets for which we provide investment management services, such as the assets of the Columbia Threadneedle Investments funds, institutional clients and clients in our advisor platform held in wrap accounts as well as assets managed by sub-advisors selected by us. AUM also includes certain assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets for which we provide investment management services and recognize management fees in our Asset Management segment, such as the assets of the general account and the variable product funds held in the separate accounts of our life insurance subsidiaries and CIEs.
Assets under administration (“AUA”) include assets for which we provide administrative services such as client assets invested in other companies’ products that we offer outside of our wrap accounts. These assets include those held in clients’ brokerage accounts. We generally record revenues received from administered assets as distribution fees. We do not exercise management discretion over these assets and do not earn a management fee. These assets are not reported on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. AUA also includes certain assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets for which we do not provide investment management services and do not recognize management fees, such as investments in non-affiliated funds held in the separate accounts of our life insurance subsidiaries.
AUM and AUA do not include assets under advisement, for which we provide advisory services such as model portfolios but do not have full discretionary investment authority.
The following table presents detail regarding our AUM and AUA:

| December 31, |  | Change
2020 |  | 2019
(in billions) |  |
Assets Under Management and Administration |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Advice & Wealth Management AUM | $ | 376.8 |  |  | $ | 315.2 |  |  | $ | 61.6 |  |  | 20 | %
Asset Management AUM | 546.6 |  |  | 494.2 |  |  | 52.4 |  |  | 11 |
Eliminations | (37.4) |  |  | (31.3) |  |  | (6.1) |  |  | (19) |
Total Assets Under Management | 886.0 |  |  | 778.1 |  |  | 107.9 |  |  | 14 |
Total Assets Under Administration | 216.1 |  |  | 195.3 |  |  | 20.8 |  |  | 11 |
Total AUM and AUA | $ | 1,102.1 |  |  | $ | 973.4 |  |  | $ | 128.7 |  |  | 13 | %

Total AUM increased $107.9 billion, or 14%, to $886.0 billion as of December 31, 2020 compared to $778.1 billion as of December 31, 2019 due to a $61.6 billion increase in Advice & Wealth Management AUM driven by wrap account net inflows and market appreciation and a $52.4 billion increase in Asset Management AUM driven by market appreciation and continued improvement in net flows, partially offset by retail fund distributions. See our segment results of operations discussion for additional information on changes in our AUM.
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Consolidated Results of Operations
Year Ended December 31, 2020 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2019
The following table presents our consolidated results of operations:

| Years Ended December 31, |  | Change
2020 |  | 2019
(in millions) |  |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management and financial advice fees | $ | 7,368 |  |  | $ | 7,015 |  |  | $ | 353 |  |  | 5 | %
Distribution fees | 1,661 |  |  | 1,919 |  |  | (258) |  |  | (13) |
Net investment income | 1,251 |  |  | 1,463 |  |  | (212) |  |  | (14) |
Premiums, policy and contract charges | 1,395 |  |  | 2,224 |  |  | (829) |  |  | (37) |
Other revenues | 283 |  |  | 269 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 5 |
Gain on disposal of business | — |  |  | 213 |  |  | (213) |  |  | NM
Total revenues | 11,958 |  |  | 13,103 |  |  | (1,145) |  |  | (9) |
Banking and deposit interest expense | 59 |  |  | 136 |  |  | (77) |  |  | (57) |
Total net revenues | 11,899 |  |  | 12,967 |  |  | (1,068) |  |  | (8) |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Distribution expenses | 4,059 |  |  | 3,810 |  |  | 249 |  |  | 7 |
Interest credited to fixed accounts | 644 |  |  | 669 |  |  | (25) |  |  | (4) |
Benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses | 1,806 |  |  | 2,576 |  |  | (770) |  |  | (30) |
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs | 277 |  |  | 179 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 55 |
Interest and debt expense | 162 |  |  | 214 |  |  | (52) |  |  | (24) |
General and administrative expense | 3,120 |  |  | 3,287 |  |  | (167) |  |  | (5) |
Total expenses | 10,068 |  |  | 10,735 |  |  | (667) |  |  | (6) |
Pretax income | 1,831 |  |  | 2,232 |  |  | (401) |  |  | (18) |
Income tax provision | 297 |  |  | 339 |  |  | (42) |  |  | (12) |
Net income | $ | 1,534 |  |  | $ | 1,893 |  |  | $ | (359) |  |  | (19) | %

NM Not Meaningful.
Overall
Pretax income decreased $401 million, or 18%, to $1.8 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $2.2 billion for the prior year. The following impacts were significant drivers of the year-over-year change in pretax income:
•The unfavorable impact of unlocking and LTC loss recognition was $454 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $16 million for the prior year.
•A negative impact of $384 million in the Advice & Wealth Management segment from lower short-term interest rates.
•A gain of $213 million recognized on the sale of AAH in the prior year.
•The market impact on non-traditional long-duration products (including variable and fixed deferred annuity contracts and UL insurance contracts), net of hedges and the related DSIC and DAC amortization, unearned revenue amortization and the reinsurance accrual was an expense of $375 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to an expense of $591 million for the prior year.
•A positive impact from higher average equity markets compared to the prior year. Our average weighted equity index (“WEI”), which is a proxy for equity movements on AUM, increased 7% for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the prior year. The average S&P 500 index was 10% higher for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the prior year. The disconnect between the increase in the WEI and S&P 500 was larger than usual, primarily due to the outperformance of the S&P 500 compared to international and small cap indices.
•The market impact of hedges on investments was nil for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to an expense of $35 million for the prior year.
•A decrease in impairments of our investment in affordable housing partnerships, which was $2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $35 million for the prior year.
•The mean reversion related impact was a benefit of $87 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to a benefit of $57 million for the prior year.
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The following table presents the total pretax impacts on our revenues and expenses attributable to unlocking and LTC loss recognition for the years ended December 31:

Pretax Increase (Decrease) |  | 2020 |  | 2019
|  | (in millions)
Premiums, policy and contract charges |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | 5 |
Total revenues |  | (1) |  |  | 5 |
Benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses: |  |  |  |
LTC unlocking and loss recognition |  | 141 |  |  | 8 |
Unlocking impact, excluding LTC |  | 212 |  |  | (1) |
Total benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses |  | 353 |  |  | 7 |
Amortization of DAC |  | 100 |  |  | 14 |
Total expenses |  | 453 |  |  | 21 |
Pretax income (1) |  | $ | (454) |  |  | $ | (16) |

(1) Includes a $12 million net expense and $4 million net benefit related to the market impact on non-traditional long-duration products for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, which is excluded from adjusted operating earnings. Refer to Results of Operations by Segment for the impact to pretax adjusted operating earnings attributable to unlocking and LTC loss recognition.
The primary drivers of the unfavorable unlocking impact excluding LTC in 2020 were consistent with the prior year and include the following items:
•Updates to our interest rate assumptions resulted in a higher expense in 2020 compared to the prior year.
•Lower surrenders assumptions on variable annuities with living benefit guarantees resulted in a higher expense in 2020 compared to the prior year.
•Changes in equity market volatility and correlation assumptions on variable annuities resulted in a lower benefit in 2020 compared to the prior year.
The primary drivers of the unfavorable LTC unlocking and loss recognition in 2020 were consistent to the prior year and include the following items:
•Updates to our interest rates assumptions resulted in a higher expense in 2020 compared to the prior year.
•Assumptions regarding morbidity, mortality and persistency were more in line with experience and resulted in a lower expense in 2020 compared to the prior year.
•Approved and expected premium rate increases and benefit reductions resulted in a lower benefit in 2020 compared to the prior year.
The total unfavorable impact of updates to our interest rate assumptions noted above for unlocking and LTC loss recognition was $405 million. This non-cash unfavorable impact was primarily driven by the reduction of our ultimate 10-year Treasury rate assumption from 5% to 3.5% due to recent interest rate trends and extending the grading period from three years to 6.5 years with no grading in 2020.
Net Revenues
Net revenues decreased $1.1 billion, or 8%, to $11.9 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $13.0 billion for the prior year.
Management and financial advice fees increased $353 million, or 5%, to $7.4 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $7.0 billion for the prior year primarily due to higher wrap account net inflows and higher average equity markets, partially offset by lower performance fees.
Distribution fees decreased $258 million, or 13%, to $1.7 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $1.9 billion for the prior year primarily due to $317 million of lower fees on off-balance sheet brokerage cash due to a decrease in short-term interest rates, partially offset by higher average equity markets.
Net investment income decreased $212 million, or 14% to $1.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $1.5 billion for the prior year primarily due to the following impacts:
•The unfavorable impact of lower interest rates, including lower short-term interest rates on the investment portfolio supporting the certificate and on-balance sheet brokerage cash products.
•The unfavorable impact of fixed annuity net outflows and the fixed annuities reinsurance transaction.
•A decrease of $45 million due to the prior year sale of AAH.
•The favorable market impact of hedges on investments of $35 million in the prior year.
•A decrease of $17 million in net investment income of CIEs.
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•The favorable impact of higher average invested assets related to the bank, offset by lower average certificate balances.
•Lower impairments of our investment in affordable housing partnerships.
Premiums, policy and contract charges decreased $829 million, or 37%, to $1.4 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $2.2 billion for the prior year primarily reflecting the sale of AAH. Premiums in the prior year included $827 million from AAH.
Gain on disposal of business of $213 million for the prior year was recognized on the sale of AAH, net of an affinity partner payment of $100 million.
Banking and deposit interest expense decreased $77 million, or 57%, to $59 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $136 million for the prior year due to lower average crediting rates on certificates and lower average certificate balances.
Expenses
Total expenses decreased $667 million, or 6%, to $10.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $10.7 billion for the prior year.
Distribution expenses increased $249 million, or 7%, to $4.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $3.8 billion for the prior year reflecting higher advisor compensation primarily due to an increase in wrap account balances driven by higher net inflows and higher average equity markets.
Interest credited to fixed accounts decreased $25 million, or 4%, to $644 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $669 million for the prior year primarily reflecting the following items:
•A $49 million decrease in expense from the unhedged nonperformance credit spread risk adjustment on IUL benefits. The unfavorable impact of the nonperformance credit spread was $18 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to an unfavorable impact of $67 million for the prior year.
•A $22 million increase in expense from other market impacts on IUL benefits, net of hedges, which was a benefit of $32 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to a benefit of $54 million for the prior year. The increase in expense was primarily due to an increase in the IUL embedded derivative, which is reflecting higher option costs.
Benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses decreased $770 million, or 30%, to $1.8 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $2.6 billion for the prior year primarily reflecting the following items:
•A $517 million decrease in expense from the unhedged nonperformance credit spread risk adjustment on variable annuity guaranteed benefits driven by an increase in the undiscounted embedded derivative liability. The favorable impact of the nonperformance credit spread was $342 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to an unfavorable impact of $175 million for the prior year. As the estimate of the nonperformance credit spread over the LIBOR swap curve tightens or widens, the embedded derivative liability will increase or decrease. As the embedded derivative liability on which the nonperformance credit spread is applied increases (decreases), the impact of the nonperformance credit spread is favorable (unfavorable) to expense.
•A $254 million increase in expense from other market impacts on variable annuity guaranteed benefits, net of hedges in place to offset those risks and the related DSIC amortization. This increase was the result of an unfavorable $1.6 billion change in the market impact on variable annuity guaranteed living benefits reserves, partially offset by a favorable $1.3 billion change in the market impact on derivatives hedging the variable annuity guaranteed benefits and a favorable $2 million change in the DSIC offset. The main market drivers contributing to these changes are summarized below:
•Equity market impact on the variable annuity guaranteed living benefits liability net of the impact on the corresponding hedge assets resulted in a higher expense for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the prior year.
•Volatility impact on the variable annuity guaranteed living benefits liability net of the impact on the corresponding hedge assets resulted in a higher expense for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the prior year.
•Interest rate impact on the variable annuity guaranteed living benefits liability net of the impact on the corresponding hedge assets resulted in a benefit for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to an expense in the prior year.
•Other unhedged items, including the difference between the assumed and actual underlying separate account investment performance, fixed income credit exposures, transaction costs and various contractholder behavioral items, were a net unfavorable impact compared to the prior year.
•The impact of unlocking excluding LTC was an expense of $212 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to a benefit of $1 million for the prior year. The unlocking impact for 2020 primarily reflected a higher unfavorable impact from updates to our interest rate assumptions and lower surrenders on variable annuities with living benefit guarantees partially offset by a lower benefit from changes in equity market volatility and correlation assumptions on variable annuities compared to the prior year.
•Our annual review of LTC active life future policy benefit reserve adequacy in 2020 resulted in unlocking and loss recognition of $141 million compared to $8 million in the prior year. The unlocking and loss recognition in 2020 was primarily due to a higher unfavorable impact from updates to our interest rates assumptions, a lower unfavorable impact from lesser changes to
43

assumptions regarding morbidity, mortality and persistency and a lower benefit from approved and expected premium rate increases and benefit reductions compared to the prior year.
•A $719 million decrease in auto and home expenses reflecting the prior year sale of AAH.
•The mean reversion related impact was a benefit of $53 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to a benefit of $26 million for the prior year.
•A $49 million decrease in reserves for immediate annuities with a life contingent feature primarily due to lower sales. This impact is offset by a decrease in premiums.
Amortization of DAC increased $98 million, or 55%, to $277 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $179 million for the prior year primarily reflecting the following items:
•The impact of unlocking in 2020 was an expense of $100 million compared to an expense of $14 million in the prior year period. The unlocking impact in 2020 primarily reflected a higher unfavorable impact from updates to our interest rate assumptions and lower surrenders on variable annuities with living benefit guarantees compared to the prior year.
•The DAC offset to the market impact on non-traditional long-duration products was a benefit of $5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to a benefit of $82 million for the prior year.
•A $43 million decrease in auto and home expenses reflecting the prior year sale of AAH.
Interest and debt expense decreased $52 million, or 24%, to $162 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $214 million for the prior year primarily due to a decrease in interest expense of CIEs, as well as lower levels of corporate debt and lower interest rates.
General and administrative expense decreased $167 million, or 5%, to $3.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $3.3 billion for the prior year primarily reflecting a $90 million decrease in auto and home expenses reflecting the prior year sale of AAH, lower performance fee compensation, disciplined expense management and reengineering.
Income Taxes
Our effective tax rate was 16.2% for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to 15.2% for the prior year. See Note 24 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for additional discussion on income taxes.
Results of Operations by Segment
Year Ended December 31, 2020 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2019
Adjusted operating earnings is the measure of segment profit or loss management uses to evaluate segment performance. Adjusted operating earnings should not be viewed as a substitute for GAAP pretax income. We believe the presentation of segment adjusted operating earnings as we measure it for management purposes enhances the understanding of our business by reflecting the underlying performance of our core operations and facilitating a more meaningful trend analysis. See Note 28 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on the presentation of segment results and our definition of adjusted operating earnings.
The following table presents summary financial information by segment:

| Years Ended December 31,
2020 |  | 2019
(in millions)
Advice & Wealth Management |  |  |
Net revenues | $ | 6,675 |  |  | $ | 6,599 |
Expenses | 5,354 |  |  | 5,090 |
Adjusted operating earnings | $ | 1,321 |  |  | $ | 1,509 |
Asset Management |  |  |
Net revenues | $ | 2,891 |  |  | $ | 2,913 |
Expenses | 2,194 |  |  | 2,252 |
Adjusted operating earnings | $ | 697 |  |  | $ | 661 |
Retirement & Protection Solutions |  |  |
Net revenues | $ | 3,094 |  |  | $ | 3,123 |
Expenses | 2,614 |  |  | 2,399 |
Adjusted operating earnings | $ | 480 |  |  | $ | 724 |
Corporate & Other |  |  |
Net revenues | $ | 546 |  |  | $ | 1,477 |
Expenses | 915 |  |  | 1,763 |
Adjusted operating loss | $ | (369) |  |  | $ | (286) |

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The following table presents the segment pretax adjusted operating impacts on our revenues and expenses attributable to unlocking and LTC loss recognition for the years ended December 31:

Segment Pretax Adjusted Operating Increase (Decrease) |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Retirement & Protection Solutions |  | Corporate | Retirement & Protection Solutions |  | Corporate
|  | (in millions)
Premiums, policy and contract charges |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | — |
Total revenues |  | 2 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |
Benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
LTC unlocking and loss recognition |  | — |  |  | 141 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |
Unlocking, excluding LTC |  | 189 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 6 |  |  | (2) |
Total benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses |  | 189 |  |  | 148 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 6 |
Amortization of DAC |  | 108 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 15 |  |  | (2) |
Total expenses |  | 297 |  |  | 144 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 4 |
Pretax income (loss) |  | $ | (295) |  |  | $ | (147) |  |  | $ | (16) |  |  | $ | (4) |

Advice & Wealth Management
The following table presents the changes in wrap account assets and average balances for the years ended December 31:

| 2020 |  | 2019
(in billions)
Beginning balance | $ | 317.5 |  |  | $ | 251.5 |
Net flows | 24.1 |  |  | 17.6 |
Market appreciation (depreciation) and other | 38.4 |  |  | 48.4 |
Ending balance | $ | 380.0 |  |  | $ | 317.5 |
Advisory wrap account assets ending balance (1) | $ | 375.7 |  |  | $ | 314.3 |
Average advisory wrap account assets (2) | $ | 318.3 |  |  | $ | 282.9 |

(1) Advisory wrap account assets represent those assets for which clients receive advisory services and are the primary driver of revenue earned on wrap accounts. Clients may hold non-advisory investments in their wrap accounts that do not incur an advisory fee. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2019, all advisory fee billing is calculated in advance on a monthly basis using point-in-time assets. Prior to the fourth quarter of 2019, some advisory accounts billed in arrears on a quarterly or monthly basis using average daily assets.
(2) Average ending balances are calculated using an average of the prior period’s ending balance and all months in the current period excluding the most recent month for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.
Wrap account assets increased $62.5 billion, or 20%, during the year ended December 31, 2020 due to net inflows of $24.1 billion and market appreciation and other of $38.4 billion. Average advisory wrap account assets increased $35.4 billion, or 13%, compared to the prior year reflecting net inflows and market appreciation.
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The following table presents the results of operations of our Advice & Wealth Management segment on an adjusted operating basis:

| Years Ended December 31, |  | Change
2020 |  | 2019
(in millions) |  |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management and financial advice fees | $ | 4,211 |  |  | $ | 3,841 |  |  | $ | 370 |  |  | 10 | %
Distribution fees | 2,002 |  |  | 2,281 |  |  | (279) |  |  | (12) |
Net investment income | 313 |  |  | 411 |  |  | (98) |  |  | (24) |
Other revenues | 208 |  |  | 202 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 3 |
Total revenues | 6,734 |  |  | 6,735 |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |
Banking and deposit interest expense | 59 |  |  | 136 |  |  | (77) |  |  | (57) |
Total net revenues | 6,675 |  |  | 6,599 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 1 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Distribution expenses | 3,946 |  |  | 3,714 |  |  | 232 |  |  | 6 |
Interest and debt expense | 10 |  |  | 11 |  |  | (1) |  |  | (9) |
General and administrative expense | 1,398 |  |  | 1,365 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 2 |
Total expenses | 5,354 |  |  | 5,090 |  |  | 264 |  |  | 5 |
Adjusted operating earnings | $ | 1,321 |  |  | $ | 1,509 |  |  | $ | (188) |  |  | (12) | %

Our Advice & Wealth Management segment pretax adjusted operating earnings, which exclude net realized investment gains or losses, decreased $188 million, or 12%, to $1.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $1.5 billion for the prior year due to lower interest rates, partially offset by higher average wrap account balances reflecting wrap account net inflows and equity market appreciation. Pretax adjusted operating margin was 19.8% for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to 22.9% for the prior year.
We launched Ameriprise Bank, FSB in the second quarter of 2019. Since then, we have continued to add deposits, with $7.4 billion of cash sweep balances as of December 31, 2020. In the third quarter of 2019, we purchased the existing Ameriprise portfolio of credit card accounts from a third party bank, and in the fourth quarter of 2020, we acquired $224 million in an existing portfolio of brokerage client pledged asset lines of credit that are a 50% participation interest with a third party bank.
Net Revenues
Net revenues exclude net realized investment gains or losses. Net revenues increased $76 million or 1%, to $6.7 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $6.6 billion for the prior year. Adjusted operating net revenue per advisor increased to $674,000 for the year ended December 31, 2020, up 2%, from $664,000 for the prior year.
Management and financial fees increased $370 million, or 10%, to $4.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $3.8 billion for the prior year primarily due to growth in wrap account assets. Average advisory wrap account assets increased $35.4 billion, or 13%, compared to the prior year reflecting net inflows and market appreciation.
Distribution fees decreased $279 million, or 12%, to $2.0 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $2.3 billion for the prior year reflecting $317 million of lower fees on off-balance sheet brokerage cash due to a decrease in short-term interest rates, partially offset by higher average equity markets.
Net investment income decreased $98 million, or 24%, to $313 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $411 million for the prior year primarily due to the unfavorable impact of lower short-term interest rates on the investment portfolio supporting the certificate and on-balance sheet brokerage cash products, as well as lower certificate balances, partially offset by higher average invested assets due to increased bank deposits.
Banking and deposit interest expense decreased $77 million, or 57%, to $59 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $136 million for the prior year primarily due to lower average crediting rates on certificates and lower average certificate balances.
Expenses
Total expenses increased $264 million, or 5%, to $5.4 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $5.1 billion for the prior year.
Distribution expenses increased $232 million, or 6%, to $3.9 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $3.7 billion for the prior year reflecting higher advisor compensation due to wrap account net inflows and market appreciation, as well as investments in recruiting experienced advisors.
General and administrative expense increased $33 million, or 2%, for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the prior year primarily due to bank-related expenses and investments in the business for future growth, partially offset by reengineering.
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Asset Management
The following tables present the mutual fund performance of our retail Columbia Threadneedle Investments funds as of December 31:

Columbia Mutual Fund Rankings in top 2 Lipper Quartiles | 2020 |  | 2019
Domestic Equity | Equal weighted | 1 year | 68 | % |  | 59 | %
|  | 3 year | 61 | % |  | 55 | %
|  | 5 year | 57 | % |  | 48 | %
| Asset weighted | 1 year | 73 | % |  | 75 | %
|  | 3 year | 77 | % |  | 66 | %
|  | 5 year | 78 | % |  | 69 | %
International Equity | Equal weighted | 1 year | 71 | % |  | 100 | %
|  | 3 year | 92 | % |  | 80 | %
|  | 5 year | 92 | % |  | 65 | %
| Asset weighted | 1 year | 61 | % |  | 100 | %
|  | 3 year | 88 | % |  | 86 | %
|  | 5 year | 88 | % |  | 69 | %
Taxable Fixed Income | Equal weighted | 1 year | 76 | % |  | 83 | %
|  | 3 year | 81 | % |  | 81 | %
|  | 5 year | 73 | % |  | 88 | %
| Asset weighted | 1 year | 88 | % |  | 90 | %
|  | 3 year | 91 | % |  | 89 | %
|  | 5 year | 77 | % |  | 90 | %
Tax Exempt Fixed Income | Equal weighted | 1 year | 68 | % |  | 89 | %
|  | 3 year | 74 | % |  | 89 | %
|  | 5 year | 89 | % |  | 94 | %
| Asset weighted | 1 year | 54 | % |  | 93 | %
|  | 3 year | 60 | % |  | 92 | %
|  | 5 year | 67 | % |  | 98 | %
Asset Allocation Funds | Equal weighted | 1 year | 71 | % |  | 64 | %
|  | 3 year | 64 | % |  | 58 | %
|  | 5 year | 75 | % |  | 80 | %
| Asset weighted | 1 year | 94 | % |  | 86 | %
|  | 3 year | 83 | % |  | 88 | %
|  | 5 year | 94 | % |  | 96 | %
Number of funds with 4 or 5 Morningstar star ratings |  | Overall | 53 |  |  | 56 |
|  | 3 year | 38 |  |  | 51 |
|  | 5 year | 49 |  |  | 53 |
Percent of funds with 4 or 5 Morningstar star ratings |  | Overall | 58 | % |  | 54 | %
|  | 3 year | 41 | % |  | 49 | %
|  | 5 year | 54 | % |  | 53 | %
Percent of assets with 4 or 5 Morningstar star ratings |  | Overall | 65 | % |  | 66 | %
|  | 3 year | 47 | % |  | 50 | %
|  | 5 year | 54 | % |  | 59 | %

Mutual fund performance rankings are based on the performance of the Institutional Class for Columbia branded mutual funds. Only funds with Institutional Class shares are included. Prior period rankings have been adjusted to reflect the change in a fund’s investment category to more accurately reflect its investment strategy.
Equal Weighted Rankings in Top 2 Quartiles: Counts the number of funds with above median ranking divided by the total number of funds. Asset size is not a factor.
Asset Weighted Rankings in Top 2 Quartiles: Sums the total assets of the funds with above median ranking divided by total assets of all funds. Funds with more assets will receive a greater share of the total percentage above or below median.
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Threadneedle Retail Fund Rankings in Top 2 Morningstar Quartiles or Above Index Benchmark | 2020 |  | 2019
Equity | Equal weighted | 1 year | 80 | % |  | 87 | %
|  | 3 year | 83 | % |  | 77 | %
|  | 5 year | 75 | % |  | 70 | %
| Asset weighted | 1 year | 86 | % |  | 91 | %
|  | 3 year | 88 | % |  | 79 | %
|  | 5 year | 85 | % |  | 82 | %
Fixed Income | Equal weighted | 1 year | 96 | % |  | 78 | %
|  | 3 year | 96 | % |  | 88 | %
|  | 5 year | 92 | % |  | 96 | %
| Asset weighted | 1 year | 99 | % |  | 75 | %
|  | 3 year | 99 | % |  | 93 | %
|  | 5 year | 96 | % |  | 97 | %
Allocation (Managed) Funds | Equal weighted | 1 year | 89 | % |  | 100 | %
|  | 3 year | 88 | % |  | 75 | %
|  | 5 year | 88 | % |  | 88 | %
| Asset weighted | 1 year | 99 | % |  | 100 | %
|  | 3 year | 99 | % |  | 94 | %
|  | 5 year | 99 | % |  | 98 | %

The performance of each fund is measured on a consistent basis against the most appropriate benchmark — a peer group of similar funds or an index.
Equal weighted: Counts the number of funds with above median ranking (if measured against peer group) or above index performance (if measured against an index) divided by the total number of funds. Asset size is not a factor.
Asset weighted: Sums the assets of the funds with above median ranking (if measured against peer group) or above index performance (if measured against an index) divided by the total sum of assets in the funds. Funds with more assets will receive a greater share of the total percentage above or below median or index.
Aggregated Allocation (Managed) Funds include funds that invest in other funds of the Threadneedle range including those funds that invest in both equity and fixed income.
Aggregated Threadneedle data includes funds on the Threadneedle platform sub-advised by Columbia Management as well as advisors not affiliated with Ameriprise Financial, Inc.
The following table presents managed assets by type:

| December 31, |  | Change |  | Average (1) |  | Change
December 31,
2020 |  | 2019 | 2020 |  | 2019
(in billions) |  |  |  | (in billions) |  |
Equity | $ | 302.6 |  |  | $ | 271.1 |  |  | $ | 31.5 |  |  | 12 | % |  | $ | 259.8 |  |  | $ | 251.5 |  |  | $ | 8.3 |  |  | 3 | %
Fixed income | 196.5 |  |  | 179.2 |  |  | 17.3 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 185.6 |  |  | 171.2 |  |  | 14.4 |  |  | 8 |
Money market | 5.9 |  |  | 5.6 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 5.1 |  |  | 5.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Alternative | 3.6 |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 3 |
Hybrid and other | 38.0 |  |  | 35.2 |  |  | 2.8 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 35.4 |  |  | 33.9 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | 4 |
Total managed assets | $ | 546.6 |  |  | $ | 494.2 |  |  | $ | 52.4 |  |  | 11 | % |  | $ | 489.1 |  |  | $ | 464.8 |  |  | $ | 24.3 |  |  | 5 | %

(1) Average ending balances are calculated using an average of the prior period’s ending balance and all months in the current period.
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The following tables present the changes in global managed assets:

| Years Ended December 31,
2020 |  | 2019
(in billions)
Global Retail Funds |  |  |
Beginning assets | $ | 287.5 |  |  | $ | 247.9 |
Inflows | 64.7 |  |  | 46.9 |
Outflows | (61.9) |  |  | (53.8) |
Net VP/VIT fund flows | (2.9) |  |  | (2.7) |
Net new flows | (0.1) |  |  | (9.6) |
Reinvested dividends | 10.0 |  |  | 9.7 |
Net flows | 9.9 |  |  | 0.1 |
Distributions | (11.6) |  |  | (11.3) |
Market appreciation (depreciation) and other | 35.5 |  |  | 50.3 |
Foreign currency translation (1) | 2.2 |  |  | 0.5 |
Total ending assets | 323.5 |  |  | 287.5 |
Global Institutional |  |  |
Beginning assets | 206.7 |  |  | 182.8 |
Inflows (2) | 27.4 |  |  | 22.7 |
Outflows | (31.6) |  |  | (29.9) |
Net flows | (4.2) |  |  | (7.2) |
Market appreciation (depreciation) and other (3) | 16.9 |  |  | 29.7 |
Foreign currency translation (1) | 3.7 |  |  | 1.4 |
Total ending assets | 223.1 |  |  | 206.7 |
Total managed assets | $ | 546.6 |  |  | $ | 494.2 |
Total net flows | $ | 5.7 |  |  | $ | (7.1) |
Former Parent Company Related (4) |  |  |
Retail net new flows | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | (0.9) |
Institutional net new flows | (3.4) |  |  | (3.4) |
Total net new flows | $ | (2.9) |  |  | $ | (4.3) |

(1) Amounts represent local currency to US dollar translation for reporting purposes.
(2) Includes $1.3 billion of net flows from our recently launched structured variable annuity product.
(3) Includes $3.0 billion and $4.6 billion for the total change in Affiliated General Account Assets, excluding net flows related to our recently launched structured variable annuity product, during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
(4) Former parent company related assets and net new flows are included in the rollforwards above.
The United Kingdom’s (“U.K.”) and the European Union’s (“EU”) trade and cooperation agreement did not include cross-border financial services. As a result, our U.K. asset management business is no longer able to market its services into the EU on a passporting basis and must now comply with local EU and country requirements as a non-EU firm, which includes leveraging our Luxembourg-based management company affiliate to provide services and marketing to EU clients and investors. As a result the full impact of Brexit remains uncertain.
Total segment AUM increased $52.4 billion, or 11%, during the year ended December 31, 2020 driven by market appreciation and net inflows. Net inflows were $5.7 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020, a $12.8 billion improvement compared to the prior year.
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The following table presents the results of operations of our Asset Management segment on an adjusted operating basis:

| Years Ended December 31, |  | Change
2020 |  | 2019
(in millions) |  |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management and financial advice fees | $ | 2,475 |  |  | $ | 2,488 |  |  | $ | (13) |  |  | (1) | %
Distribution fees | 411 |  |  | 408 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |
Net investment income | 3 |  |  | 15 |  |  | (12) |  |  | (80) |
Other revenues | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total revenues | 2,891 |  |  | 2,913 |  |  | (22) |  |  | (1) |
Banking and deposit interest expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total net revenues | 2,891 |  |  | 2,913 |  |  | (22) |  |  | (1) |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Distribution expenses | 945 |  |  | 928 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 2 |
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs | 11 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 22 |
Interest and debt expense | 5 |  |  | 25 |  |  | (20) |  |  | (80) |
General and administrative expense | 1,233 |  |  | 1,290 |  |  | (57) |  |  | (4) |
Total expenses | 2,194 |  |  | 2,252 |  |  | (58) |  |  | (3) |
Adjusted operating earnings | $ | 697 |  |  | $ | 661 |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | 5 | %

Our Asset Management segment pretax adjusted operating earnings, which exclude net realized investment gains or losses, increased $36 million, or 5%, to $697 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $661 million for the prior year primarily due to equity market appreciation and disciplined expense management, partially offset by a $38 million decrease in net performance fees.
Net Revenues
Net revenues, which exclude net realized investment gains or losses, decreased $22 million, or 1%, for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the prior year.
Management and financial advice fees decreased $13 million, or 1%, for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the prior year primarily driven by a $74 million decrease in performance fees, partially offset by higher average equity markets.
Net investment income, which excludes net realized investment gains or losses, decreased $12 million, or 80%, to $3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $15 million for the prior year primarily reflecting an impairment of an investment and lower interest income.
Expenses
Total expenses decreased $58 million, or 3%, to $2.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $2.3 billion for the prior year.
General and administrative expense decreased $57 million, or 4%, to $1.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $1.3 billion for the prior year primarily reflecting disciplined expense management and reengineering and elevated performance fee related compensation in the prior year.
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Retirement & Protection Solutions
The following table presents the results of operations of our Retirement & Protection Solutions segment on an adjusted operating basis:

| Years Ended December 31, |  | Change
2020 |  | 2019
(in millions) |  |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management and financial advice fees | $ | 831 |  |  | $ | 827 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | — | %
Distribution fees | 437 |  |  | 438 |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |
Net investment income | 508 |  |  | 528 |  |  | (20) |  |  | (4) |
Premiums, policy and contract charges | 1,315 |  |  | 1,330 |  |  | (15) |  |  | (1) |
Other revenues | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |
Total revenues | 3,094 |  |  | 3,123 |  |  | (29) |  |  | (1) |
Banking and deposit interest expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total net revenues | 3,094 |  |  | 3,123 |  |  | (29) |  |  | (1) |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Distribution expenses | 455 |  |  | 469 |  |  | (14) |  |  | (3) |
Interest credited to fixed accounts | 394 |  |  | 387 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 2 |
Benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses | 1,131 |  |  | 988 |  |  | 143 |  |  | 14 |
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs | 300 |  |  | 230 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 30 |
Interest and debt expense | 39 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 26 |
General and administrative expense | 295 |  |  | 294 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Total expenses | 2,614 |  |  | 2,399 |  |  | 215 |  |  | 9 |
Adjusted operating earnings | $ | 480 |  |  | $ | 724 |  |  | $ | (244) |  |  | (34) | %

Our Retirement & Protection Solutions segment pretax adjusted operating earnings, which excludes net realized investment gains or losses (net of the related DSIC and DAC amortization, unearned revenue amortization and the reinsurance accrual), the market impact on non-traditional long-duration products (including variable annuity contracts and IUL contracts, net of hedges and the related DSIC and DAC amortization, unearned revenue amortization and the reinsurance accrual) and mean reversion related impacts, decreased $244 million, or 34%, to $480 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $724 million for the prior year.
RiverSource variable annuity account balances increased 7% to $85.8 billion as of December 31, 2020 compared to the prior year due to market appreciation, partially offset by net outflows of $2.1 billion. Variable annuity sales increased 7% to $4.4 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the prior year reflecting a decrease in sales of variable annuities with living benefit guarantees that was more than offset by sales of structured variable annuities launched earlier in 2020. Sales of variable annuities without living benefit guarantees comprised 49% of total variable annuity sales in 2020 compared to 25% in 2019. This trend is expected to continue and meaningfully shift the mix of business away from products with living benefit guarantees over time.
Net Revenues
Net revenues, which exclude net realized investment gains or losses (net of unearned revenue amortization and the reinsurance accrual) and the unearned revenue amortization and reinsurance accrual offset to the market impact on IUL contracts, decreased $29 million, or 1%, for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the prior year.
Net investment income, which excludes net realized investment gains or losses, decreased $20 million, or 4%, to $508 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $528 million for the prior year reflecting lower fixed maturity investment yields.
Premiums, policy and contract charges, which exclude the unearned revenue amortization and reinsurance accrual offset to net realized investment gains or losses and the market impact on IUL contracts, decreased $15 million, or 1%, for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the prior year primarily due to lower sales of immediate annuities with a life contingent feature, partially offset by higher fees from variable annuity guarantee sales in the prior year where the fees start on the first anniversary date and higher average fee rates.
Expenses
Total expenses, which exclude the market impact on non-traditional long-duration products (including variable annuity contracts and IUL contracts), (net of hedges and the related DSIC and DAC amortization), mean reversion related impacts and the DAC and DSIC offset to net realized investment gains or losses, increased $215 million, or 9%, to $2.6 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $2.4 billion for the prior year.
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Distribution expenses decreased $14 million, or 3%, to $455 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $469 million for the prior year primarily reflecting lower insurance sales and annuity product mix.
Benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses, which exclude the market impact on variable annuity contracts (net of hedges and the related DSIC amortization), mean reversion related impacts and the DSIC offset to net realized investment gains or losses, increased $143 million, or 14%, to $1.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $988 million for the prior year primarily due to the impact of unlocking, partially offset by lower sales of immediate annuities with a life contingent feature. The unlocking impact for 2020 was an expense of $189 million compared to an expense of $6 million for the prior year and primarily reflected a higher unfavorable impact from updates to our interest rate assumptions and lower surrenders on variable annuities with living benefit guarantees, partially offset by a lower benefit from changes in equity market volatility and correlation assumptions on variable annuities with living benefit guarantees compared to the prior year.
Amortization of DAC, which excludes mean reversion related impacts, the DAC offset to the market impact on variable annuity contracts and IUL contracts and the DAC offset to net realized investment gains or losses, increased $70 million, or 30%, to $300 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $230 million for the prior year primarily reflecting the impact of unlocking, partially offset by a lower DAC amortization rate which is the result of lower surrenders on variable annuities. The impact of unlocking for 2020 was an expense of $108 million compared to an expense of $15 million in the prior year. The unlocking impact for 2020 primarily reflected a higher unfavorable impact from updates to our interest rate assumptions and lower surrenders on variable annuities with living benefit guarantees compared to the prior year.
Corporate & Other
The following table presents the results of operations of our Corporate & Other segment on an adjusted operating basis:

| Years Ended December 31, |  | Change
2020 |  | 2019
(in millions) |  |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management and financial advice fees | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | NM
Distribution fees | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | (6) |  |  | NM
Net investment income | 377 |  |  | 479 |  |  | (102) |  |  | (21) | %
Premiums, policy and contract charges | 102 |  |  | 931 |  |  | (829) |  |  | (89) |
Other revenues | 70 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 8 |
Total revenues | 549 |  |  | 1,485 |  |  | (936) |  |  | (63) |
Banking and deposit interest expense | 3 |  |  | 8 |  |  | (5) |  |  | (63) |
Total net revenues | 546 |  |  | 1,477 |  |  | (931) |  |  | (63) |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Distribution expenses | (7) |  |  | 4 |  |  | (11) |  |  | NM
Interest credited to fixed accounts | 261 |  |  | 270 |  |  | (9) |  |  | (3) |
Benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses | 344 |  |  | 965 |  |  | (621) |  |  | (64) |
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs | 6 |  |  | 55 |  |  | (49) |  |  | (89) |
Interest and debt expense | 66 |  |  | 78 |  |  | (12) |  |  | (15) |
General and administrative expense | 245 |  |  | 391 |  |  | (146) |  |  | (37) |
Total expenses | 915 |  |  | 1,763 |  |  | (848) |  |  | (48) |
Adjusted operating loss | $ | (369) |  |  | $ | (286) |  |  | $ | (83) |  |  | (29) | %

NM Not Meaningful.
Our Corporate & Other segment pretax adjusted operating loss excludes net realized investment gains or losses, the market impact on fixed deferred annuity contracts (net of hedges and the related DAC amortization), the market impact of hedges to offset interest rate changes on unrealized gains or losses for certain investments, gain or loss on disposal of a business that is not considered discontinued operations, integration and restructuring charges, and the impact of consolidating CIEs. Our Corporate & Other segment pretax adjusted operating loss increased $83 million, or 29%, to $369 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $286 million for the prior year primarily reflecting the unfavorable impact from unlocking and loss recognition, partially offset by disciplined expense management and the favorable impacts from COVID-19 on LTC insurance.
Our Corporate & Other segment includes our closed blocks of LTC insurance and FA business. See below for more details on our closed block of LTC insurance.
Auto and Home pretax adjusted operating earnings were $13 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. We sold AAH on October 1, 2019.
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Net Revenues
Net revenues, which exclude net realized investment gains or losses, the market impact of hedges to offset interest rate changes on unrealized gains or losses for certain investments, gain on disposal of business that is not considered discontinued operations, integration and restructuring charges and revenues attributable to CIEs, decreased $931 million, or 63%, to $546 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $1.5 billion for the prior year. Net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2019 included $881 million from Auto and Home, which was sold in 2019.
Net investment income, which excludes net realized investment gains or losses, the market impact of hedges to offset interest rate changes on unrealized gains or losses for certain investments and net investment income attributable to CIEs, decreased $102 million, or 21%, to $377 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $479 million for the prior year primarily reflecting the sale of AAH and lower average invested assets due to fixed annuity net outflows and lower asset earned rates, partially offset by lower impairments of our investments in affordable housing partnerships.
Premiums, policy and contract charges decreased $829 million, or 89%, to $102 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $931 million for the prior year primarily due to the sale of AAH.
Expenses
Total expenses, which exclude the market impact on fixed deferred annuity contracts (net of hedges and the related DAC amortization), integration and restructuring charges and expenses attributable to CIEs, decreased $848 million, or 48%, to $915 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $1.8 billion for the prior year. Total expenses for the year ended December 31, 2019 included $868 million from Auto and Home reflecting the prior year sale of AAH.
Distribution expenses decreased $11 million to a benefit of $7 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to an expense of $4 million for the prior year reflecting the prior year sale of AAH.
Interest credited to fixed accounts, which exclude the market impact on fixed deferred annuity contracts (net of hedges), decreased $9 million, or 3%, to $261 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $270 million for the prior year due to lower average fixed deferred annuity account balances.
Benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses decreased $621 million, or 64%, to $344 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $965 million for the prior year primarily reflecting the sale of AAH and the impact of COVID-19 on LTC insurance, partially offset by the impact of LTC unlocking and loss recognition and the FA unlocking impact. The impact of COVID-19 resulted in fewer LTC clients entering nursing homes as well as increased mortality-related client terminations. Our annual review of LTC active life future policy benefit reserve adequacy resulted in unlocking and loss recognition of $141 million in 2020 compared to $8 million in the prior year. The unlocking and loss recognition in 2020 was primarily due to a higher unfavorable impact from updates to our interest rates assumptions, a lower unfavorable impact from lesser changes to assumptions regarding morbidity, mortality and persistency and a lower benefit from approved and expected premium rate increases and benefit reductions compared to the prior year.
Amortization of DAC, which excludes the DAC offset to the market impact on fixed deferred annuity contracts, decreased $49 million, or 89%, to $6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $55 million for the prior year reflecting the prior year sale of AAH.
General and administrative expense, which excludes integration and restructuring charges and expenses attributable to CIEs, decreased $146 million, or 37%, to $245 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $391 million for the prior year primarily due to the prior year sale of AAH and lower project expenses.
Closed Block LTC Insurance
As of December 31, 2020, our nursing home indemnity LTC block had approximately $79 million in gross in force annual premium and future policyholder benefits and claim reserves of approximately $1.3 billion, net of reinsurance, which was 53% of GAAP reserves. This block has been shrinking over the last few years given the average attained age is 82 and the average attained age of policyholders on claim is 88. Fifty-four percent of daily benefits in force in this block come from policies that have a lifetime benefit period.
As of December 31, 2020, our comprehensive reimbursement LTC block had approximately $116 million in gross in force annual premium and future policyholder benefits and claim reserves of approximately $1.2 billion, net of reinsurance. This block has higher premiums per policy than the nursing home indemnity LTC policies. The average attained age is 77 and the average attained age of policyholders on claim is 84. Thirty-six percent of daily benefits in force in this block come from policies that have a lifetime benefit period.
We utilize three primary levers to manage our LTC business. First, we have taken an active approach of steadily increasing rates since 2005, with cumulative rate increases of 190% on our nursing home indemnity LTC block and 107% on our comprehensive reimbursement LTC block as of December 31, 2020. Second, we have a reserving process that reflects the policy features and risk characteristics of our blocks. As of December 31, 2020, we had 35,000 policies that were closed with claim activity, as well as 8,000 open claims. We apply this experience to our in force policies, which were 97,000 as of December 31, 2020, at a very granular
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level by issue year, attained age and benefit features. Our statutory reserves are $313 million higher than our GAAP reserves and include margins on key assumptions for morbidity and mortality, as well as $288 million in asset adequacy reserves as of December 31, 2020. Lastly, we have prudently managed our investment portfolio primarily through a liquid, investment grade portfolio that is currently in a net unrealized gain position.
We undertake an extensive review of active life future policy benefit reserve adequacy annually during the third quarter of each year, or more frequently if appropriate, using current best estimate assumptions as of the date of the review. Our annual review process includes an analysis of our key reserve assumptions, including those for morbidity, terminations (mortality and lapses), premium rate increases and investment yields.
Consolidated Results of Operations
Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2018
The following table presents our consolidated results of operations:

| Years Ended December 31, |  | Change
2019 |  | 2018
(in millions) |  |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management and financial advice fees | $ | 7,015 |  |  | $ | 6,776 |  |  | $ | 239 |  |  | 4 | %
Distribution fees | 1,919 |  |  | 1,877 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 2 |
Net investment income | 1,463 |  |  | 1,596 |  |  | (133) |  |  | (8) |
Premiums, policy and contract charges | 2,224 |  |  | 2,467 |  |  | (243) |  |  | (10) |
Other revenues | 269 |  |  | 208 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 29 |
Gain on disposal of business | 213 |  |  | — |  |  | 213 |  |  | NM
Total revenues | 13,103 |  |  | 12,924 |  |  | 179 |  |  | 1 |
Banking and deposit interest expense | 136 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 53 |
Total net revenues | 12,967 |  |  | 12,835 |  |  | 132 |  |  | 1 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Distribution expenses | 3,810 |  |  | 3,637 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 5 |
Interest credited to fixed accounts | 669 |  |  | 674 |  |  | (5) |  |  | (1) |
Benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses | 2,576 |  |  | 2,302 |  |  | 274 |  |  | 12 |
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs | 179 |  |  | 322 |  |  | (143) |  |  | (44) |
Interest and debt expense | 214 |  |  | 245 |  |  | (31) |  |  | (13) |
General and administrative expense | 3,287 |  |  | 3,171 |  |  | 116 |  |  | 4 |
Total expenses | 10,735 |  |  | 10,351 |  |  | 384 |  |  | 4 |
Pretax income | 2,232 |  |  | 2,484 |  |  | (252) |  |  | (10) |
Income tax provision | 339 |  |  | 386 |  |  | (47) |  |  | (12) |
Net income | $ | 1,893 |  |  | $ | 2,098 |  |  | $ | (205) |  |  | (10) | %

NM Not Meaningful.
Overall
Pretax income decreased $252 million, or 10%, to $2.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $2.5 billion for the prior year. The following impacts were significant drivers of the year-over-year change in pretax income:
•The market impact on variable annuity guaranteed benefits (net of hedges and the related DSIC and DAC amortization) was an expense of $579 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to an expense of $31 million for the prior year.
•The market impact of hedges on investments was an expense of $35 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to a benefit of $11 million for the prior year.
•A $49 million unfavorable change in the mark-to-market impact on share-based compensation expenses.
•Higher mark-to-market impact on advisor deferred compensation expense and investments in recruiting experienced advisors.
•An increase in general and administrative expenses for our Advice & Wealth Management segment related to investments in business growth.
•An increase in impairments of our investment in affordable housing partnerships, which was $35 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $7 million for the prior year.
•The cumulative impact of asset management net outflows, partially offset by wrap account net inflows.
•A gain of $213 million recognized on the sale of AAH on October 1, 2019.
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•A positive impact from higher average equity markets and higher average short-term interest rates.
•The mean reversion related impact was a benefit of $57 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to an expense of $33 million for the prior year.
•The unfavorable impact of unlocking and LTC loss recognition was $16 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $53 million for the prior year.
The following table presents the total pretax impacts on our revenues and expenses attributable to unlocking and LTC loss recognition for the years ended December 31:

Pretax Increase (Decrease) |  | 2019 |  | 2018
|  | (in millions)
Premiums, policy and contract charges |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 78 |
Total revenues |  | 5 |  |  | 78 |
Benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses: |  |  |  |
LTC unlocking and loss recognition |  | 8 |  |  | 52 |
Unlocking impact, excluding LTC |  | (1) |  |  | 112 |
Total benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses |  | 7 |  |  | 164 |
Amortization of DAC |  | 14 |  |  | (33) |
Total expenses |  | 21 |  |  | 131 |
Pretax income (1) |  | $ | (16) |  |  | $ | (53) |

(1) Includes a $4 million and $5 million net benefit related to the market impact on variable annuity guaranteed benefits for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, which is excluded from adjusted operating earnings. Refer to Results of Operations by Segment for the impact to pretax adjusted operating earnings attributable to unlocking and LTC loss recognition.
The unfavorable unlocking impact in 2019 primarily reflected the impact from updates to our interest rate assumptions and lower surrenders on annuity contracts with a withdrawal benefit partially offset by a benefit from changes in equity market volatility and correlation assumptions on variable annuities. The unfavorable unlocking impact in the prior year primarily reflected unfavorable mortality experience on UL and VUL insurance products and lower surrender rate assumptions on variable annuities partially offset by the impact from updates to assumptions on utilization of guaranteed withdrawal benefits.
The unfavorable LTC unlocking and loss recognition in 2019 was primarily due to the impact from updates to our interest rates assumptions and changes in morbidity experience partially offset by higher approved and expected premium rate increases and benefit reductions. The unfavorable LTC unlocking and loss recognition in the prior year was primarily due to changes in morbidity experience partially offset by approved, pending and future expected premium rate increases.
The unfavorable impact of updates to our interest rate assumptions noted above for unlocking and LTC loss recognition was $118 million. Based on the significant interest rate dislocation, we extended the grading period one year to reach our ultimate 10-year treasury rate of 5% by assuming rates remain flat for six months and then grade to our long-term rate over the next three years.
Net Revenues
Net revenues increased $132 million, or 1%, to $13.0 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $12.8 billion for the prior year.
Management and financial advice fees increased $239 million, or 4%, to $7.0 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $6.8 billion for the prior year primarily due to higher average equity markets, wrap account net inflows and a $57 million increase in performance fees, partially offset by asset management net outflows and a $27 million negative foreign currency translation impact.
Distribution fees increased $42 million, or 2%, to $1.9 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year reflecting higher average equity markets and higher earnings on brokerage cash due to an increase in average short-term interest rates, partially offset by asset management net outflows.
Net investment income decreased $133 million, or 8%, to $1.5 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $1.6 billion for the prior year primarily due to the following impacts:
•A $46 million unfavorable change in the market impact of hedges on investments.
•A $43 million decrease in net investment income of CIEs.
•Net realized investment losses of $3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to net realized investment gains of $10 million for the prior year.
•Impairments of our investment in affordable housing partnerships of $35 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $7 million for the prior year.
•The unfavorable impact of fixed annuity net outflows and the fixed annuities reinsurance transaction.
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•The favorable impact of higher average invested assets related to the bank and certificates and higher average investment yields related to certificates.
Premiums, policy and contract charges decreased $243 million, or 10%, to $2.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $2.5 billion for the prior year primarily due to the sale of AAH and unlocking, partially offset by an increase in variable annuity guaranteed benefit rider charges and a $7 million expense in the prior year related to a modification of costs within a reinsurance contract. Premiums for the year ended December 31, 2019 included $827 million from Auto and Home for the nine months prior to sale on October 1, 2019 compared to $1.0 billion for the prior year. The impact from unlocking was a $5 million favorable impact compared to a $78 million favorable impact in the prior year. The unlocking impact for 2019 reflected updates to our interest rate assumptions. The primary driver of the unlocking impact for the prior year was higher projected gains on reinsurance contracts resulting from unfavorable mortality experience on UL and VUL insurance products.
Other revenues increased $61 million, or 29%, to $269 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $208 million for the prior year primarily due to accretion on our fixed annuities reinsurance deposit receivable and a $7 million gain on the sale of real estate in the third quarter of 2019.
Gain on disposal of business of $213 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 was recognized on the sale of AAH, net of an affinity partner payment of $100 million.
Banking and deposit interest expense increased $47 million, or 53%, to $136 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $89 million for the prior year due to interest expense on banking deposits, higher average certificate balances and higher average crediting rates on certificates.
Expenses
Total expenses increased $384 million, or 4%, to $10.7 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $10.4 billion for the prior year.
Distribution expenses increased $173 million, or 5%, to $3.8 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $3.6 billion for the prior year reflecting higher advisor compensation due to wrap account net inflows, higher average markets, higher mark-to-market impact on advisor deferred compensation expense and investments in recruiting experienced advisors, partially offset by the impact of asset management net outflows.
Benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses increased $274 million, or 12%, to $2.6 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $2.3 billion for the prior year primarily reflecting the following items:
•A $425 million increase in expense from the unhedged nonperformance credit spread risk adjustment on variable annuity guaranteed benefits. The unfavorable impact of the nonperformance credit spread was $175 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to a favorable impact of $250 million for the prior year. As the estimate of the nonperformance credit spread over the LIBOR swap curve tightens or widens, the embedded derivative liability will increase or decrease. As the embedded derivative liability on which the nonperformance credit spread is applied increases (decreases), the impact of the nonperformance credit spread is favorable (unfavorable) to expense.
•A $228 million increase in expense from other market impacts on variable annuity guaranteed benefits, net of hedges in place to offset those risks and the related DSIC amortization. This increase was the result of a favorable $315 million change in the market impact on variable annuity guaranteed living benefits reserves, an unfavorable $549 million change in the market impact on derivatives hedging the variable annuity guaranteed benefits and a favorable $6 million change in the DSIC offset. The main market drivers contributing to these changes are summarized below:
•Equity market impact on the variable annuity guaranteed living benefits liability net of the impact on the corresponding hedge assets resulted in a higher expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year.
•Interest rate impact on the variable annuity guaranteed living benefits liability net of the impact on the corresponding hedge assets resulted in a higher expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year.
•Volatility impact on the variable annuity guaranteed living benefits liability net of the impact on the corresponding hedge assets resulted in a higher expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year.
•Other unhedged items, including the difference between the assumed and actual underlying separate account investment performance, fixed income credit exposures, transaction costs and various contractholder behavioral items, were a net favorable impact compared to the prior year.
•The impact of unlocking excluding LTC was a benefit of $1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to an expense of $112 million for the prior year. The unlocking impact for 2019 primarily reflected a benefit from changes in equity market volatility and correlation assumptions on variable annuities, partially offset by updates to our interest rate assumptions and lower surrenders on annuity contracts with a withdrawal benefit. The unlocking impact for the prior year primarily reflected unfavorable mortality experience on UL and VUL insurance products and lower surrender rate assumptions on variable annuities, partially offset by a favorable impact from updates to assumptions on utilization of guaranteed withdrawal benefits.
56

•Our annual review of LTC active life future policy benefit reserve adequacy in 2019 resulted in unlocking and loss recognition of $8 million compared to $52 million in the prior year. The unlocking and loss recognition in 2019 was primarily due to the impact from updates to our interest rates assumptions and changes in morbidity experience, partially offset by higher approved and expected premium rate increases and benefit reductions. The unlocking and loss recognition in the prior year was primarily due to changes in morbidity experience, partially offset by approved, pending and future expected premium rate increases.
•A $204 million decrease in auto and home expenses primarily reflecting the sale of AAH.
•The mean reversion related impact was a benefit of $26 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to an expense of $12 million for the prior year.
Amortization of DAC decreased $143 million, or 44%, to $179 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $322 million for the prior year primarily reflecting the following items:
•The DAC offset to the market impact on variable annuity guaranteed benefits was a benefit of $82 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to an expense of $23 million for the prior year.
•The mean reversion related impact was a benefit of $31 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to an expense of $21 million for the prior year.
•A $10 million decrease in auto and home expenses primarily reflecting the sale of AAH.
•A favorable impact from normal year over year experience differences for variable annuities.
•The impact of unlocking in 2019 was an expense of $14 million and reflected updates to our interest rate assumptions, partially offset by a favorable impact from lower surrenders on annuity contracts with a withdrawal benefit. The impact of unlocking in the prior year was a benefit of $33 million and primarily reflected updated mortality assumptions on UL and VUL insurance products and lower surrender rate assumptions on variable annuities, partially offset by an unfavorable impact from updates to assumptions on utilization of guaranteed withdrawal benefits.
Interest and debt expense decreased $31 million, or 13%, to $214 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $245 million for the prior year primarily due to a decrease in interest expense of CIEs.
General and administrative expense increased $116 million, or 4%, to $3.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $3.2 billion for the prior year primarily due to a $49 million unfavorable change in the mark-to-market impact on share-based compensation expenses, a $28 million increase in compensation related to higher performance fees, bank-related expenses, investments in business growth and a $13 million increase in severance, partially offset by a $15 million positive foreign currency translation impact and a $25 million decrease in auto and home expenses primarily reflecting the sale of AAH.
Income Taxes
Our effective tax rate was 15.2% for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 15.5% for the prior year. Net excess tax benefits related to employee share-based payments was a benefit of $15 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $25 million for the prior year. See Note 24 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for additional discussion on income taxes.
57

Results of Operations by Segment
Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2018
The following table presents summary financial information by segment:

| Years Ended December 31,
2019 |  | 2018
(in millions)
Advice & Wealth Management |  |  |
Net revenues | $ | 6,599 |  |  | $ | 6,189 |
Expenses | 5,090 |  |  | 4,800 |
Adjusted operating earnings | $ | 1,509 |  |  | $ | 1,389 |
Asset Management |  |  |
Net revenues | $ | 2,913 |  |  | $ | 3,011 |
Expenses | 2,252 |  |  | 2,283 |
Adjusted operating earnings | $ | 661 |  |  | $ | 728 |
Retirement & Protection Solutions |  |  |
Net revenues | $ | 3,123 |  |  | $ | 3,166 |
Expenses | 2,399 |  |  | 2,445 |
Adjusted operating earnings | $ | 724 |  |  | $ | 721 |
Corporate & Other |  |  |
Net revenues | $ | 1,477 |  |  | $ | 1,742 |
Expenses | 1,763 |  |  | 2,016 |
Adjusted operating loss | $ | (286) |  |  | $ | (274) |

The following table presents the segment pretax adjusted operating impacts on our revenues and expenses attributable to unlocking and LTC loss recognition for the years ended December 31:

Segment Pretax Adjusted Operating Increase (Decrease) |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Retirement & Protection Solutions |  | Corporate | Retirement & Protection Solutions |  | Corporate
|  | (in millions)
Premiums, policy and contract charges |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | — |
Total revenues |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 78 |  |  | — |
Benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
LTC unlocking and loss recognition |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 52 |
Unlocking impact, excluding LTC |  | 6 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 118 |  |  | 1 |
Total benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses |  | 6 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 118 |  |  | 53 |
Amortization of DAC |  | 15 |  |  | (2) |  |  | (40) |  |  | 5 |
Total expenses |  | 21 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 78 |  |  | 58 |
Pretax income (loss) |  | $ | (16) |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (58) |

58

Advice & Wealth Management
The following table presents the changes in wrap account assets and average balances for the years ended December 31:

| 2019 |  | 2018
(in billions)
Beginning balance | $ | 251.5 |  |  | $ | 248.2 |
Net flows | 17.6 |  |  | 21.1 |
Market appreciation (depreciation) and other | 48.4 |  |  | (17.8) |
Ending balance | $ | 317.5 |  |  | $ | 251.5 |
Advisory wrap account assets ending balance (1) | $ | 314.3 |  |  | $ | 249.1 |
Average advisory wrap account assets (2) | $ | 282.9 |  |  | $ | 255.5 |

(1) Advisory wrap account assets represent those assets for which clients receive advisory services and are the primary driver of revenue earned on wrap accounts. Clients may hold non-advisory investments in their wrap accounts that do not incur an advisory fee. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2019, all advisory fee billing is calculated in advance on a monthly basis using point-in-time assets. Prior to the fourth quarter of 2019, some advisory accounts billed in arrears on a quarterly or monthly basis using average daily assets.
(2) Average ending balances are calculated using an average of the prior period’s ending balance and all months in the current period.
Wrap account assets increased $66.0 billion, or 26%, during the year ended December 31, 2019 due to net inflows of $17.6 billion and market appreciation and other of $48.4 billion. Average advisory wrap account assets increased $27.4 billion, or 11%, compared to the prior year reflecting net inflows and market appreciation.
The following table presents the results of operations of our Advice & Wealth Management segment on an adjusted operating basis:

| Years Ended December 31, |  | Change
2019 |  | 2018
(in millions) |  |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management and financial advice fees | $ | 3,841 |  |  | $ | 3,538 |  |  | $ | 303 |  |  | 9 | %
Distribution fees | 2,281 |  |  | 2,241 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 2 |
Net investment income | 411 |  |  | 316 |  |  | 95 |  |  | 30 |
Other revenues | 202 |  |  | 183 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 10 |
Total revenues | 6,735 |  |  | 6,278 |  |  | 457 |  |  | 7 |
Banking and deposit interest expense | 136 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 53 |
Total net revenues | 6,599 |  |  | 6,189 |  |  | 410 |  |  | 7 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Distribution expenses | 3,714 |  |  | 3,521 |  |  | 193 |  |  | 5 |
Interest and debt expense | 11 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 10 |
General and administrative expense | 1,365 |  |  | 1,269 |  |  | 96 |  |  | 8 |
Total expenses | 5,090 |  |  | 4,800 |  |  | 290 |  |  | 6 |
Adjusted operating earnings | $ | 1,509 |  |  | $ | 1,389 |  |  | $ | 120 |  |  | 9 | %

Our Advice & Wealth Management segment pretax adjusted operating earnings, which exclude net realized investment gains or losses, increased $120 million, or 9%, to $1.5 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $1.4 billion for the prior year reflecting wrap account net inflows, average equity market appreciation and higher earnings on brokerage cash, partially offset by higher expenses from continued investments for growth and higher mark-to-market impact on advisor deferred compensation expenses. Pretax adjusted operating margin was 22.9% for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 22.4% for the prior year.
We launched Ameriprise Bank, FSB in the second quarter of 2019 and continued to add deposits during the year, with $3.8 billion of cash sweep balances as of December 31, 2019. In the third quarter of 2019, we purchased the existing Ameriprise portfolio of credit card accounts from a third party bank.
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Net Revenues
Net revenues exclude net realized investment gains or losses. Net revenues increased $410 million, or 7%, to $6.6 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $6.2 billion for the prior year. Adjusted operating net revenue per advisor increased to $664,000 for the year ended December 31, 2019, up 6%, from $624,000 for the prior year.
Management and financial fees increased $303 million, or 9%, to $3.8 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $3.5 billion for the prior year primarily due to growth in wrap account assets. Average advisory wrap account assets increased $29.8 billion, or 12%, compared to the prior year reflecting net inflows and market appreciation.
Distribution fees increased $40 million, or 2%, to $2.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $2.2 billion for the prior year reflecting higher earnings on brokerage cash due to an increase in average short-term interest rates, partially offset by decreased transactional activity and lower sales of variable annuities. We earned 198 basis points on brokerage cash balances for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 164 basis points for the prior year.
Net investment income increased $95 million, or 30%, to $411 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $316 million for the prior year primarily due to higher average invested assets due to the bank and certificates and higher average investment yields.
Banking and deposit interest expense increased $47 million, or 53%, to $136 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $89 million for the prior year due to interest expense on banking deposits, higher average certificate balances and higher average crediting rates on certificates.
Expenses
Total expenses increased $290 million, or 6%, to $5.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $4.8 billion for the prior year.
Distribution expenses increased $193 million, or 5%, to $3.7 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $3.5 billion for the prior year reflecting higher advisor compensation due to wrap account net inflows and market appreciation, higher mark-to-market impact on advisor deferred compensation expense and investments in recruiting experienced advisors, partially offset by decreased transactional activity.
General and administrative expense increased $96 million, or 8%, to $1.4 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $1.3 billion for the prior year primarily due to bank-related expenses and investments in business growth.
Asset Management
The following table presents managed assets by type:

| December 31, |  |  |  | Change |  | Average (1) |  |  |  | Change
|  | December 31, |  |
2019 |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  |
(in billions)
Equity | $ | 271.1 |  |  | $ | 229.0 |  |  |  |  | $ | 42.1 |  |  | 18 | % |  | $ | 251.5 |  |  | $ | 266.4 |  |  |  |  | $ | (14.9) |  |  | (6) | %
Fixed income | 179.2 |  |  | 160.9 |  |  |  |  | 18.3 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 171.2 |  |  | 168.9 |  |  |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | 1 |
Money market | 5.6 |  |  | 5.1 |  |  |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 5.1 |  |  | 5.7 |  |  |  |  | (0.6) |  |  | (11) |
Alternative | 3.1 |  |  | 3.1 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  |  |  | (1.3) |  |  | (30) |
Hybrid and other | 35.2 |  |  | 32.6 |  |  |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 33.9 |  |  | 34.2 |  |  |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | (1) |
Total managed assets | $ | 494.2 |  |  | $ | 430.7 |  |  |  |  | $ | 63.5 |  |  | 15 | % |  | $ | 464.8 |  |  | $ | 479.6 |  |  |  |  | $ | (14.8) |  |  | (3) | %

(1) Average ending balances are calculated using an average of the prior period’s ending balance and all months in the current period.
60

The following tables present the changes in global managed assets:

| Years Ended December 31,
2019 |  | 2018
(in billions)
Global Retail Funds |  |  |
Beginning assets | $ | 247.9 |  |  | $ | 287.8 |
Inflows | 46.9 |  |  | 53.0 |
Outflows | (53.8) |  |  | (67.2) |
Net VP/VIT fund flows | (2.7) |  |  | (3.0) |
Net new flows | (9.6) |  |  | (17.2) |
Reinvested dividends | 9.7 |  |  | 11.6 |
Net flows | 0.1 |  |  | (5.6) |
Distributions | (11.3) |  |  | (13.8) |
Market appreciation (depreciation) and other | 50.3 |  |  | (18.2) |
Foreign currency translation (1) | 0.5 |  |  | (2.3) |
Total ending assets | 287.5 |  |  | 247.9 |
Global Institutional |  |  |
Beginning assets | 182.8 |  |  | 206.8 |
Inflows | 22.7 |  |  | 21.6 |
Outflows | (29.9) |  |  | (37.2) |
Net flows | (7.2) |  |  | (15.6) |
Market appreciation (depreciation) and other (2) | 29.7 |  |  | (4.5) |
Foreign currency translation (1) | 1.4 |  |  | (3.9) |
Total ending assets | 206.7 |  |  | 182.8 |
Total managed assets | $ | 494.2 |  |  | $ | 430.7 |
Total net flows | $ | (7.1) |  |  | $ | (21.2) |
Former Parent Company Related (3) |  |  |
Retail net new flows | $ | (0.9) |  |  | $ | (2.8) |
Institutional net new flows | (3.4) |  |  | (5.2) |
Total net new flows | $ | (4.3) |  |  | $ | (8.0) |

(1) Amounts represent local currency to US dollar translation for reporting purposes.
(2) Includes $4.6 billion and $0.6 billion for the total change in Affiliated General Account Assets during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
(3) Former parent company related assets and net new flows are included in the rollforwards above.
Total segment AUM increased $63.5 billion, or 15%, during the year ended December 31, 2019 driven by market appreciation, partially offset by net outflows and retail fund distributions. Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”) retail net outflows were $3.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 reflecting negative consumer sentiment associated with Brexit and geopolitical concerns in Europe. North America retail net inflows, which include reinvested dividends, were $3.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019, a $5.8 billion improvement compared to the prior year. Global institutional net outflows of $7.2 billion included $3.4 billion of outflows from former parent-related assets.
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The following table presents the results of operations of our Asset Management segment on an adjusted operating basis:

| Years Ended December 31, |  | Change
2019 |  | 2018
(in millions) |  |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management and financial advice fees | $ | 2,488 |  |  | $ | 2,540 |  |  | $ | (52) |  |  | (2) | %
Distribution fees | 408 |  |  | 433 |  |  | (25) |  |  | (6) |
Net investment income | 15 |  |  | 19 |  |  | (4) |  |  | (21) |
Other revenues | 2 |  |  | 19 |  |  | (17) |  |  | (89) |
Total revenues | 2,913 |  |  | 3,011 |  |  | (98) |  |  | (3) |
Banking and deposit interest expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total net revenues | 2,913 |  |  | 3,011 |  |  | (98) |  |  | (3) |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Distribution expenses | 928 |  |  | 961 |  |  | (33) |  |  | (3) |
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs | 9 |  |  | 13 |  |  | (4) |  |  | (31) |
Interest and debt expense | 25 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |
General and administrative expense | 1,290 |  |  | 1,285 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |
Total expenses | 2,252 |  |  | 2,283 |  |  | (31) |  |  | (1) |
Adjusted operating earnings | $ | 661 |  |  | $ | 728 |  |  | $ | (67) |  |  | (9) | %

Our Asset Management segment pretax adjusted operating earnings, which exclude net realized investment gains or losses, decreased $67 million, or 9%, to $661 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $728 million for the prior year primarily due to the cumulative impact of net outflows and a vendor credit of $14 million in the prior year, partially offset by higher average markets and a $29 million increase in net performance fees.
Net Revenues
Net revenues, which exclude net realized investment gains or losses, decreased $98 million, or 3%, to $2.9 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $3.0 billion for the prior year.
Management and financial advice fees decreased $52 million, or 2%, to $2.5 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year driven by cumulative net outflows and a $27 million negative foreign currency translation impact, partially offset by a $57 million increase in performance fees and higher average markets. Our average weighted equity index, which is a proxy for equity movements on AUM, increased 4% for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year.
Distribution fees decreased $25 million, or 6%, to $408 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $433 million for the prior year due to the cumulative impact of net outflows, partially offset by higher average markets.
Other revenues decreased $17 million, or 89%, to $2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $19 million for the prior year due to a $14 million vendor credit in the prior year related to the completion of our front, middle and back-office integration.
Expenses
Total expenses decreased $31 million, or 1%, to $2.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year.
Distribution expenses decreased $33 million, or 3%, to $928 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $961 million for the prior year primarily due to the cumulative impact of net outflows, partially offset by higher average markets.
62

Retirement & Protection Solutions
The following table presents the results of operations of our Retirement & Protection Solutions segment on an adjusted operating basis:

| Years Ended December 31, |  | Change
2019 |  | 2018
(in millions) |  |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management and financial advice fees | $ | 827 |  |  | $ | 839 |  |  | $ | (12) |  |  | (1) | %
Distribution fees | 438 |  |  | 439 |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |
Net investment income | 528 |  |  | 528 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Premiums, policy and contract charges | 1,330 |  |  | 1,360 |  |  | (30) |  |  | (2) |
Other revenues | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total revenues | 3,123 |  |  | 3,166 |  |  | (43) |  |  | (1) |
Banking and deposit interest expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total net revenues | 3,123 |  |  | 3,166 |  |  | (43) |  |  | (1) |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Distribution expenses | 469 |  |  | 476 |  |  | (7) |  |  | (1) |
Interest credited to fixed accounts | 387 |  |  | 379 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 2 |
Benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses | 988 |  |  | 1,060 |  |  | (72) |  |  | (7) |
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs | 230 |  |  | 196 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 17 |
Interest and debt expense | 31 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 7 |
General and administrative expense | 294 |  |  | 305 |  |  | (11) |  |  | (4) |
Total expenses | 2,399 |  |  | 2,445 |  |  | (46) |  |  | (2) |
Adjusted operating earnings | $ | 724 |  |  | $ | 721 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | — | %

Our Retirement & Protection Solutions segment pretax adjusted operating earnings, which exclude net realized investment gains or losses (net of the related DSIC and DAC amortization, unearned revenue amortization and the reinsurance accrual), the market impact on non-traditional long-duration products (including variable annuity contracts and IUL contracts, net of hedges and the related DSIC and DAC amortization, unearned revenue amortization and the reinsurance accrual) and mean reversion related impacts, increased $3 million to $724 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $721 million for the prior year.
RiverSource variable annuity account balances increased 11% to $80.1 billion as of December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year due to equity market appreciation, partially offset by net outflows of $3.2 billion. Variable annuity sales decreased 8% compared to the prior year.
Net Revenues
Net revenues, which exclude net realized investment gains or losses (net of unearned revenue amortization and the reinsurance accrual) and the unearned revenue amortization and reinsurance accrual offset to the market impact on IUL contracts, decreased $43 million, or 1%, to $3.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $3.2 billion for the prior year.
Premiums, policy and contract charges, which exclude the unearned revenue amortization and reinsurance accrual offset to net realized investment gains or losses and the market impact on IUL contracts, decreased $30 million, or 2% to $1.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $1.4 billion for the prior year due to the impact of unlocking, partially offset by higher fees from variable annuity guarantee sales in the prior year where the fees start on the first anniversary date, higher average fee rates and a $7 million expense in the prior year related to a modification of costs within a reinsurance contract.
Expenses
Total expenses, which exclude the market impact on non-traditional long-duration products (including variable annuity contracts and IUL contracts, net of hedges and the related DSIC and DAC amortization), mean reversion related impacts and the DAC and DSIC offset to net realized investment gains or losses, decreased $46 million, or 2%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year.
Benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses, which exclude the market impact on variable annuity contracts (net of hedges and the related DSIC amortization), mean reversion related impacts and the DSIC offset to net realized investment gains or losses, decreased $72 million, or 7%, to $988 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $1.1 billion for the prior year primarily due to the impact of unlocking, partially offset by higher reserve funding driven by the impact of higher variable annuity guaranteed benefit rider charges. The unlocking impact for 2019 was an expense of $6 million and primarily reflected updates to our interest rate assumptions and lower surrenders on annuity contracts with a withdrawal benefit, partially offset by a benefit from changes in equity market volatility and correlation assumptions on variable annuities. The unlocking impact for the prior year was an expense of
63

$118 million and primarily reflected unfavorable mortality experience on UL and VUL insurance products and lower surrender rate assumptions on variable annuities, partially offset by a favorable impact from updates to assumptions on utilization of guaranteed withdrawal benefits.
Amortization of DAC, which excludes mean reversion related impacts, the DAC offset to the market impact on variable annuity contracts and IUL contracts and the DAC offset to net realized investment gains or losses, increased $34 million, or 17%, to $230 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $196 million for the prior year primarily reflecting the impact of unlocking, partially offset by a favorable impact from normal year over year experience differences for variable annuities. The impact of unlocking for 2019 was an expense of $15 million and reflected updates to our interest rate assumptions, partially offset by a favorable impact from lower surrenders on annuity contracts with a withdrawal benefit. The impact of unlocking in the prior year was a benefit of $40 million and primarily reflected updated mortality assumptions on UL and VUL insurance products and lower surrender rate assumptions on variable annuities, partially offset by an unfavorable impact from updates to assumptions on utilization of guaranteed withdrawal benefits.
Corporate & Other
The following table presents the results of operations of our Corporate & Other segment on an adjusted operating basis:

| Years Ended December 31, |  | Change
2019 |  | 2018
(in millions) |  |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management and financial advice fees | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | (20) | %
Distribution fees | 6 |  |  | 7 |  |  | (1) |  |  | (14) |
Net investment income | 479 |  |  | 582 |  |  | (103) |  |  | (18) |
Premiums, policy and contract charges | 931 |  |  | 1,148 |  |  | (217) |  |  | (19) |
Other revenues | 65 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 59 |  |  | NM
Total revenues | 1,485 |  |  | 1,748 |  |  | (263) |  |  | (15) |
Banking and deposit interest expense | 8 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 33 |
Total net revenues | 1,477 |  |  | 1,742 |  |  | (265) |  |  | (15) |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Distribution expenses | 4 |  |  | 14 |  |  | (10) |  |  | (71) |
Interest credited to fixed accounts | 270 |  |  | 282 |  |  | (12) |  |  | (4) |
Benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses | 965 |  |  | 1,235 |  |  | (270) |  |  | (22) |
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs | 55 |  |  | 72 |  |  | (17) |  |  | (24) |
Interest and debt expense | 78 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 26 |
General and administrative expense | 391 |  |  | 351 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 11 |
Total expenses | 1,763 |  |  | 2,016 |  |  | (253) |  |  | (13) |
Operating loss | $ | (286) |  |  | $ | (274) |  |  | $ | (12) |  |  | (4) | %

NM Not Meaningful.
Our Corporate & Other segment pretax adjusted operating loss excludes net realized investment gains or losses, the market impact on fixed deferred annuity contracts (net of hedges and the related DAC amortization), the market impact of hedges to offset interest rate changes on unrealized gains or losses for certain investments, gain or loss on disposal of a business that is not considered discontinued operations, integration and restructuring charges, and the impact of consolidating CIEs. Our Corporate & Other segment pretax adjusted operating loss increased $12 million, or 4%, to $286 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $274 million for the prior year.
Our LTC insurance pretax adjusted operating earnings were nil for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to a pretax adjusted operating loss of $61 million for the prior year. Our annual review of LTC active life future policy benefit reserve adequacy resulted in unlocking and loss recognition of $8 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $52 million in the prior year.
FA business had a pretax adjusted operating earnings of $34 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $30 million for the prior year.
RiverSource fixed deferred annuity account balances declined 5% to $8.3 billion as of December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year as older policies continue to lapse and new sales are limited due to low interest rates. We reinsured approximately 20% of our fixed annuities block during the first quarter of 2019. The reinsurance transaction generated $200 million of excess capital and had a marginal impact on fixed annuity adjusted pretax operating earnings.
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Auto and Home pretax adjusted operating earnings were $13 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to a pretax adjusted operating loss of $10 million for the prior year. We sold AAH on October 1, 2019.
Net Revenues
Net revenues, which exclude net realized investment gains or losses, the market impact of hedges to offset interest rate changes on unrealized gains or losses for certain investments, gain on disposal of business that is not considered discontinued operations, integration and restructuring charges and revenues attributable to CIEs, decreased $265 million, or 15%, to $1.5 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $1.7 billion for the prior year. Net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2019 included $881 million from Auto and Home compared to $1.1 billion for the prior year reflecting the sale of AAH.
Net investment income, which excludes net realized investment gains or losses, the market impact of hedges to offset interest rate changes on unrealized gains or losses for certain investments and net investment income attributable to CIEs, decreased $103 million, or 18%, to $479 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $582 million for the prior year primarily due to a $47 million unfavorable impact related to the fixed annuities reinsurance transaction, approximately $30 million from lower average invested assets due to fixed annuity net outflows and impairments of our investment in affordable housing partnerships. Impairments of our investment in affordable housing partnerships were $35 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $7 million for the prior year.
Premiums, policy and contract charges decreased $217 million, or 19%, to $931 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $1.1 billion for the prior year primarily due to the sale of AAH.
Other revenues increased $59 million to $65 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $6 million for the prior year primarily due to accretion on our fixed annuities reinsurance deposit receivable and a $7 million gain on the sale of real estate in the third quarter of 2019.
Expenses
Total expenses, which exclude the market impact on fixed deferred annuity contracts (net of hedges and the related DAC amortization), integration and restructuring charges and expenses attributable to CIEs, decreased $253 million, or 13%, to $1.8 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $2.0 billion for the prior year. Total expenses for the year ended December 31, 2019 included $868 million from Auto and Home reflecting the sale of AAH.
Distribution expenses decreased $10 million, or 71%, to $4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $14 million for the prior year reflecting the sale of AAH.
Interest credited to fixed accounts, which excludes the market impact on fixed deferred annuity contracts (net of hedges), decreased $12 million, or 4%, to $270 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $282 million for the prior year due to lower average fixed deferred annuity account balances.
Benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses decreased $270 million, or 22%, to $965 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $1.2 billion for the prior year reflecting a decrease in LTC unlocking and loss recognition and the sale of AAH.
Amortization of DAC, which excludes the DAC offset to the market impact on fixed deferred annuity contracts, decreased $17 million, or 24%, to $55 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $72 million for the prior year primarily reflecting the sale of AAH and the impact of unlocking.
Interest and debt expense, which excludes interest expense attributable to CIEs, increased $16 million, or 26%, to $78 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $62 million for the prior year primarily due to interest expense on asset backed securities issued by one of our subsidiaries in the fourth quarter of 2018. This interest expense is eliminated on a consolidated basis.
General and administrative expense, which excludes integration and restructuring charges and expenses attributable to CIEs, increased $40 million, or 11%, to $391 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $351 million for the prior year primarily due to a $33 million unfavorable change in the mark-to-market impact on share-based compensation expenses, investments in growth initiatives and a $13 million increase in severance, partially offset by a $25 million decrease in auto and home expenses primarily reflecting the sale of AAH.
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Fair Value Measurements
We report certain assets and liabilities at fair value; specifically, separate account assets, derivatives, embedded derivatives and most investments and cash equivalents. Fair value assumes the exchange of assets or liabilities occurs in orderly transactions and is not the result of a forced liquidation or distressed sale. We include actual market prices, or observable inputs, in our fair value measurements to the extent available. Broker quotes are obtained when quotes from pricing services are not available. We validate prices obtained from third parties through a variety of means such as: price variance analysis, subsequent sales testing, stale price review, price comparison across pricing vendors and due diligence reviews of vendors. See Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on our fair value measurements.
Fair Value of Liabilities and Nonperformance Risk
Companies are required to measure the fair value of liabilities at the price that would be received to transfer the liability to a market participant (an exit price). Since there is not a market for our obligations of our variable annuity riders, fixed deferred indexed annuities, structured variable annuities, and IUL insurance, we consider the assumptions participants in a hypothetical market would make to reflect an exit price. As a result, we adjust the valuation of variable annuity riders, fixed deferred indexed annuities, structured variable annuities, and IUL insurance by updating certain contractholder assumptions, adding explicit margins to provide for risk, and adjusting the rates used to discount expected cash flows to reflect a market estimate of our nonperformance risk. The nonperformance risk adjustment is based on observable market data adjusted to estimate the risk of our life insurance company subsidiaries not fulfilling these liabilities. Consistent with general market conditions, this estimate resulted in a spread over the LIBOR swap curve as of December 31, 2020. As our estimate of this spread widens or tightens, the liability will decrease or increase. If this nonperformance credit spread moves to a zero spread over the LIBOR swap curve, the reduction to future net income would be approximately $467 million, net of DAC, DSIC, unearned revenue amortization, the reinsurance accrual and income taxes (calculated at the statutory tax rate of 21%), based on December 31, 2020 credit spreads.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview
We maintained substantial liquidity during the year ended December 31, 2020. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, we had $6.8 billion and $3.7 billion, respectively, in cash and cash equivalents excluding CIEs and other restricted cash on a consolidated basis.
At December 31, 2020 and 2019, the parent company had $1.1 billion and $1.8 billion, respectively, in cash, cash equivalents, and unencumbered liquid securities. Liquid securities predominantly include U.S. government agency mortgage back securities. Additional sources of liquidity include a line of credit with an affiliate up to $867 million and an unsecured revolving committed credit facility for up to $750 million that expires in October 2022. Management’s estimate of liquidity available to the parent company in a volatile and uncertain economic environment as of December 31, 2020 was $2.3 billion which includes cash, cash equivalents, unencumbered liquid securities, the line of credit with an affiliate and a portion of the committed credit facility.
Under the terms of the committed credit facility, we can increase the availability to $1.0 billion upon satisfaction of certain approval requirements. Available borrowings under this facility are reduced by any outstanding letters of credit. At December 31, 2020, we had no outstanding borrowings under this credit facility and had $1 million of outstanding letters of credit. Our credit facility contains various administrative, reporting, legal and financial covenants. Compliance with these covenants is not currently impaired by the COVID-19 pandemic, and we remain in compliance with all such covenants at December 31, 2020.
On April 2, 2020, we issued $500 million of unsecured 3.0% senior notes due April 2, 2025 and incurred debt issuance costs of $4 million. Interest payments are due semi-annually in arrears on April 2 and October 2, commencing on October 2, 2020.
The Company repaid $750 million principal amount of its 5.3% senior notes at maturity on March 16, 2020.
In addition, we have access to collateralized borrowings, which may include repurchase agreements and Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) advances. Our subsidiaries, RiverSource Life Insurance Company (“RiverSource Life”), and Ameriprise Bank, FSB are members of the FHLB of Des Moines, which provides access to collateralized borrowings. We had $200 million and $201 million of borrowings from the FHLB, which is collateralized with commercial mortgage backed securities and residential mortgage backed securities, as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. We believe cash flows from operating activities, available cash balances and our availability of revolver borrowings will be sufficient to fund our operating liquidity needs and stress requirements.
On November 3, 2020, S&P Global lowered our issuer credit and senior unsecured debt rating from A with a negative outlook to A-with a stable outlook due to gradual expansion in our non-insurance businesses driving a S&P ratings methodology change. We do not believe this rating change will have a material impact on our access to or cost of capital or otherwise materially impact our liquidity.
We continue to monitor and respond to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Our risk management strategy is designed to provide proactive protection during stress events such as the current pandemic. We believe our process is working as intended, and our liquidity and capital resources have remained a source of balance sheet strength during the twelve months ended December 31, 2020.
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Dividends from Subsidiaries
Ameriprise Financial is primarily a parent holding company for the operations carried out by our wholly-owned subsidiaries. Because of our holding company structure, our ability to meet our cash requirements, including the payment of dividends on our common stock, substantially depends upon the receipt of dividends or return of capital from our subsidiaries, particularly our life insurance subsidiary, RiverSource Life, our face-amount certificate subsidiary, Ameriprise Certificate Company (“ACC”), AMPF Holding Corporation, which is the parent company of our retail introducing broker-dealer subsidiary, Ameriprise Financial Services, LLC (“AFS”) and our clearing broker-dealer subsidiary, American Enterprise Investment Services, Inc. (“AEIS”), our transfer agent subsidiary, Columbia Management Investment Services Corp., our investment advisory company, Columbia Management Investment Advisers, LLC, and Ameriprise International Holdings GmbH, which is the parent company of Threadneedle Asset Management Holdings Sàrl. The payment of dividends by many of our subsidiaries is restricted and certain of our subsidiaries are subject to regulatory capital requirements.
Actual capital and regulatory capital requirements for our wholly owned subsidiaries subject to regulatory capital requirements were as follows:

| Actual Capital |  | Regulatory Capital Requirements
December 31, | December 31,
2020 | 2019 | 2020 | 2019
(in millions)
RiverSource Life (1)(2) | $ | 5,021 |  | $ | 2,924 |  |  | $ | 993 |  | $ | 601 |
RiverSource Life of NY (1)(2) | 323 |  | 235 |  |  | 42 |  | 38 |
ACC (4)(5) | 387 |  | 430 |  |  | 362 |  | 402 |
Threadneedle Asset Management Holdings Sàrl (6) | 445 |  | 287 |  |  | 204 |  | 183 |
Ameriprise Bank, FSB (4)(7) | 658 |  | 300 |  |  | 543 |  | 180 |
AFS (3)(4) | 134 |  | 94 |  |  | # | #
Ameriprise Captive Insurance Company (3) | 41 |  | 48 |  |  | 8 |  | 9 |
Ameriprise Trust Company (3) | 42 |  | 35 |  |  | 37 | 32 |
AEIS (3)(4) | 122 |  | 133 |  |  | 25 | 22 |
RiverSource Distributors, Inc. (3)(4) | 12 |  | 13 |  |  | # | #
Columbia Management Investment Distributors, Inc. (3)(4) | 16 |  | 16 |  |  | # | #

N/A Not applicable.
# Amounts are less than $1 million.
(1) Actual capital is determined on a statutory basis.
(2) Regulatory capital requirement is the company action level and is based on the statutory risk-based capital filing.
(3) Regulatory capital requirement is based on the applicable regulatory requirement, calculated as of December 31, 2020 and 2019.
(4) Actual capital is determined on an adjusted GAAP basis.
(5) ACC is required to hold capital in compliance with the Minnesota Department of Commerce and SEC capital requirements.
(6) Actual capital and regulatory capital requirements are determined in accordance with U.K. regulatory legislation. The regulatory capital requirements at December 31, 2020 represent calculations at September 30, 2020 of the rule based requirements, as specified by FCA regulations.
(7) Regulatory capital requirement is based on minimum requirements for well capitalized banks in accordance with the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”).
In addition to the particular regulations restricting dividend payments and establishing subsidiary capitalization requirements, we take into account the overall health of the business, capital levels and risk management considerations in determining a strategy for payments to our parent holding company from our subsidiaries, and in deciding to use cash to make capital contributions to our subsidiaries.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, the parent holding company received cash dividends or a return of capital from its subsidiaries of $2.1 billion and contributed cash to its subsidiaries of $416 million. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the parent holding company received cash dividends or a return of capital from its subsidiaries of $2.7 billion and contributed cash to its subsidiaries of $368 million.
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The table below presents the historical subsidiary capacity for dividends and other distributions to the parent holding company in each of the years ended December 31:

| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
(in millions)
RiverSource Life (1) | $ | 1,505 |  |  | $ | 1,676 |  |  | $ | 958 |
Ameriprise Bank, FSB | 74 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 4 |
ACC (2) | 97 |  |  | 96 |  |  | 25 |
CMIA | 381 |  |  | 368 |  |  | 395 |
CMIS | 14 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 39 |
Ameriprise International Holdings GmbH | 254 |  |  | 231 |  |  | 446 |
Ameriprise Trust Company | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 6 |
Ameriprise Captive Insurance Company | 48 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 64 |
RiverSource Distributors, Inc. | 12 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 12 |
AMPF Holding Corporation | 1,116 |  |  | 1,092 |  |  | 1,027 |
Total capacity | $ | 3,501 |  |  | $ | 3,600 |  |  | $ | 2,976 |

(1) For RiverSource Life payments in excess of statutory unassigned funds require advance notice to the Minnesota Department of Commerce, RiverSource Life’s primary regulator, and are subject to potential disapproval. In addition, dividends and other distributions whose fair market value, together with that of other dividends or distributions made within the preceding 12 months, exceeds the greater of (1) the previous year’s statutory net gain from operations or (2) 10% of the previous year-end statutory capital and surplus are referred to as “extraordinary dividends.” Extraordinary dividends also require advance notice to the Minnesota Department of Commerce, and are subject to potential disapproval. For dividends exceeding these thresholds, RiverSource Life provided notice to the Minnesota Department of Commerce and received responses indicating that it did not object to the payment of these dividends. Total dividend capacity for RiverSource Life represents dividends paid during year ended December 31 along with any unpaid ordinary dividend capacity, subject to unassigned funds limitation.
(2) The dividend capacity for ACC is based on capital held in excess of regulatory requirements.
The following table presents cash dividends paid or return of capital to the parent holding company, net of cash capital contributions made by the parent holding company for the following subsidiaries for the years ended December 31:

| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
(in millions)
RiverSource Life | $ | 800 |  |  | $ | 1,350 |  |  | $ | 750 |
Ameriprise Bank, FSB | (300) |  |  | (260) |  |  | — |
ACC | 72 |  |  | 69 |  |  | (33) |
CMIA | 324 |  |  | 286 |  |  | 308 |
CMIS | — |  |  | 40 |  |  | — |
Ameriprise International Holdings GmbH (1) | — |  |  | 116 |  |  | 393 |
Ameriprise Advisor Capital, LLC (2) | (102) |  |  | (84) |  |  | 401 |
Ameriprise Captive Insurance Company | 15 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 10 |
AMPF Holding Corporation | 924 |  |  | 920 |  |  | 840 |
Ameriprise Trust Company | (4) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Ameriprise India | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 1,733 |  |  | $ | 2,452 |  |  | $ | 2,669 |

(1) Includes forgiveness of parent holding company debt of $81 million and $195 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
(2) In 2018, the amount includes $351 million from a securitized portfolio of advisor loans which were previously held at Ameriprise Advisor Capital, LLC. The securitization transaction eliminated in consolidation.
In 2009, RiverSource Life established an agreement to protect its exposure to Genworth Life Insurance Company (“GLIC”) for its reinsured LTC. In 2016, substantial enhancements to this reinsurance protection agreement were finalized. The terms of these confidential provisions within the agreement have been shared, in the normal course of regular reviews, with our domiciliary regulator and rating agencies. GLIC is domiciled in Delaware, so in the event GLIC were subjected to rehabilitation or insolvency proceedings, such proceedings would be located in (and governed by) Delaware laws. Delaware courts have a long tradition of respecting commercial and reinsurance affairs, as well as contracts among sophisticated parties. Similar credit protections to what we have with GLIC have been tested and respected in Delaware and elsewhere in the United States, and as a result we believe our credit protections would be respected even in the unlikely event that GLIC becomes subject to rehabilitation or insolvency proceedings in Delaware. Accordingly, while no credit protections are perfect, we believe the correct way to think about the risks represented by our counterparty credit exposure to GLIC is not the full amount of the gross liability that GLIC reinsures, but a much smaller net exposure to GLIC (if any that might exist after taking into account our credit protections). Thus, management believes that our agreement and
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offsetting non LTC legacy arrangements with Genworth will enable RiverSource Life to recover on all net exposure in all material respects in the event of a rehabilitation or insolvency of GLIC.
Dividends Paid to Shareholders and Share Repurchases
We paid regular quarterly dividends to our shareholders totaling $512 million and $518 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. On January 27, 2021, we announced a quarterly dividend of $1.04 per common share. The dividend will be paid on February 26, 2021 to our shareholders of record at the close of business on February 12, 2021.
In February 2019, our Board of Directors authorized us to repurchase up to $2.5 billion of our common stock through March 31, 2021, which was exhausted in the fourth quarter of 2020. In August 2020, our Board of Directors authorized an additional repurchase up to $2.5 billion of our common stock through September 30, 2022. As of December 31, 2020, we had $2.3 billion remaining under this share repurchase authorization. We intend to fund share repurchases through existing working capital, future earnings and other customary financing methods. The share repurchase program does not require the purchase of any minimum number of shares, and depending on market conditions and other factors, these purchases may be commenced or suspended at any time without prior notice. Acquisitions under the share repurchase program may be made in the open market, through privately negotiated transactions or block trades or other means. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we repurchased a total of 8.4 million shares of our common stock at an average price of $158.17 per share.
Cash Flows
Cash flows of CIEs and restricted and segregated cash are reflected in our cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities, investing activities and financing activities. Cash held by CIEs is not available for general use by Ameriprise Financial, nor is Ameriprise Financial cash available for general use by its CIEs. Cash segregated under federal and other regulations is held for the exclusive benefit of our brokerage customers and is not available for general use by Ameriprise Financial.
Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities increased $2.3 billion to $4.6 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $2.3 billion for the prior year primarily reflecting a $865 million increase in cash from changes in brokerage deposits, a $373 million decrease in income taxes paid and an increase in cash collateral related to derivatives, partially offset $624 million decrease in cash from changes in restricted and segregated investments.
Net cash provided by operating activities decreased $256 million to $2.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $2.6 billion for the prior year primarily reflecting a $375 million decrease in cash from changes in restricted and segregated investments, a $264 million decrease in cash from changes in brokerage deposits and a $100 million payment to an affinity partner in connection with the sale of AAH, partially offset by changes in receivables.
Investing Activities
Our investing activities primarily relate to our Available-for-Sale investment portfolio. This activity is significantly affected by the net flows of our investment certificate, banking, fixed annuity and universal life products reflected in financing activities.
Net cash used in investing activities decreased $340 million to $2.9 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $3.2 billion for the prior year primarily reflecting a $1.5 billion increase in proceeds from sales of Available-for-Sale securities, a $1.4 billion increase in proceeds from maturities, sinking fund payments and calls of Available-for-Sale securities, a $391 million decrease in net cash flows related to investments of consolidated investment entities partially offset by a $1.6 billion increase in cash used for purchases of Available-for-Sale securities, $934 million in proceeds from the sale of AAH, net of cash and cash equivalents sold of $204 million, in 2019, a $340 million increase in net cash flows related to deposit receivable and a $134 million increase in net cash flows related to mortgage loans.
Net cash used in investing activities increased $2.6 billion to $3.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $587 million for the prior year primarily due to a $3.6 billion increase in cash used for purchases of Available-for-Sale securities, a $193 million decrease in proceeds from sales of Available-for-Sale securities, a $635 million decrease in net cash flows related to investments of consolidated investment entities, a $251 million decrease in cash related to the fixed annuities reinsurance arrangement and a $138 million decrease to cash related to written options with deferred premiums, partially offset by a $1.5 billion increase in proceeds from maturities, sinking fund payments and calls of Available-for-Sale securities and $934 million in proceeds from the sale of AAH, net of cash and cash equivalents sold of $204 million. See Note 19 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the sale of AAH.
Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities decreased $262 million to $952 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $1.2 billion for the prior year primarily reflecting a $172 million decrease in net cash inflows from banking deposits, a $378 million decrease in cash related to investment certificates due to certificate net outflows, a $450 million increase in senior note repayments, partially offset by a $502 million decrease in share repurchases and a $382 million increase in borrowings by consolidated investment entities.
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Net cash provided by financing activities was $1.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to net cash used in financing activities of $1.3 billion for the prior year primarily reflecting a $3.8 billion increase in net cash inflows from banking deposits, proceeds of $497 million from issuance of debt and a $508 million decrease in net cash outflows related to CIE debt, partially offset by a $1.9 billion decrease in cash related to investment certificates due to certificate net outflows, repayment of $300 million of our senior notes in June 2019 and a $313 million increase in share repurchases.
Contractual Commitments
The contractual obligations identified in the table below include both our on and off-balance sheet transactions that represent material expected or contractually committed future obligations. The table excludes obligations of CIEs as they are not direct obligations of the Company and have recourse only to the assets of the CIEs. Estimated cash payments due by period as of December 31, 2020 were as follows:

| Total |  | 2021 |  | 2022-2023 |  | 2024-2025 |  | 2026 and Thereafter
(in millions)
Balance Sheet |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Senior notes (1) | $ | 2,800 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,250 |  |  | $ | 1,050 |  |  | $ | 500 |
Insurance and annuities (2) | 52,892 |  |  | 2,127 |  |  | 4,140 |  |  | 3,962 |  |  | 42,663 |
Investment certificates (3) | 6,760 |  |  | 6,521 |  |  | 239 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Deferred premium options (4) | 932 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 258 |  |  | 267 |  |  | 254 |
Lease obligations | 298 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 104 |  |  | 73 |  |  | 55 |
Affordable housing and other real estate partnerships (5) | 12 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Off-Balance Sheet |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase obligations (6) | 812 |  |  | 292 |  |  | 304 |  |  | 137 |  |  | 79 |
Interest on senior notes (7) | 325 |  |  | 95 |  |  | 156 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 10 |
Interest on lease obligations | 25 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 3 |
Total | $ | 64,856 |  |  | $ | 9,267 |  |  | $ | 6,463 |  |  | $ | 5,560 |  |  | $ | 43,566 |

(1) See Note 14 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about our long-term debt.
(2) These scheduled payments are represented by reserves of app roximately $34.0 billion a t December 31, 2020 and are based on interest credited, mortality, morbidity, lapse, surrender and premium payment assumptions. The estimated payments are presented gross before reinsurance. The scheduled payments are undiscounted and exceed the corresponding liability at December 31, 2020. Actual payment obligations may differ if experience varies from these assumptions. As of December 31, 2020, the projected period for which cash payments will be made is 40 years. Separate account liabilities have been excluded as associated contractual obligations would be met by separate account assets.
(3) The payments due by year are based on contractual term maturities. However, contractholders have the right to redeem the investment certificates earlier and at their discretion subject to surrender charges, if any. Redemptions are most likely to occur in periods of substantial increases in interest rates.
(4) The fair value of these commitments included on the Consolidated Balance Sheets was $900 million as of December 31, 2020. See Note 17 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about our deferred premium options.
(5) Call dates for the obligations presented are either date or event specific. For date specific obligations, we are required to fund a specific amount on a stated date provided there are no defaults under the agreement. For event specific obligations, we are required to fund a specific amount of its capital commitment when properties in a fund become fully stabilized. For event specific obligations, the estimated call date of these commitments is used in the table above.
(6) Purchase obligations include the minimum contractual amounts by period under contracts that were in effect at December 31, 2020. Many of the purchase agreements giving rise to these purchase obligations include termination clauses that may require payment of termination fees if the agreements are terminated by us without cause prior to their stated expiration; however, the table reflects the amounts to be paid assuming the contracts are not terminated.
(7) Interest on senior notes was estimated based on rates in effect as of December 31, 2020.
In addition to the contractual commitments outlined in the table above, we periodically fund the employees’ defined benefit plans. In 2021, we expect to contribute $15 million to our pension plans and $1 million to our defined benefit postretirement plans. See Note 25 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Total funding commitments related to loans and private funds, which are not included in the table above due to uncertainty with respect to timing of future cash flows, were $18 million and $9 million, respectively, at December 31, 2020. For additional information relating to these contractual commitments, see Note 26 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We provide asset management services to investment entities which are considered to be VIEs, such as CLOs, hedge funds, property funds and other private funds, which are sponsored by us. We consolidate certain CLOs. We have determined that consolidation is not required for hedge funds, property funds and other private funds, which are sponsored by us. Our maximum exposure to loss with respect to our investment in these non-consolidated entities is limited to our carrying value and future funding commitments that are legally binding. Other than future funding commitments that are legally binding, we have no obligation to provide further financial or other support to these investment entities nor have we provided any support to these investment entities. See Note 5 and Note 26 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on our arrangements with these investment entities.
Forward-Looking Statements
This report contains forward-looking statements that reflect management’s plans, estimates and beliefs. Actual results could differ materially from those described in these forward-looking statements. Examples of such forward-looking statements include:
•statements of the Company’s plans, intentions, positioning, expectations, objectives or goals, including those relating to asset flows, mass affluent and affluent client acquisition strategy, client retention and growth of our client base, financial advisor productivity, retention, recruiting and enrollments, the introduction, cessation, terms or pricing of new or existing products and services, acquisition integration, benefits and claims expenses, general and administrative costs, consolidated tax rate, return of capital to shareholders, debt repayment and excess capital position and financial flexibility to capture additional growth opportunities;
•statements of the Company’s position, future performance and ability to pursue business strategy relative to the spread and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the related market, economic, client, governmental and healthcare system response;
•statements about the expected trend in the shift of the variable annuity sales business away from products with living benefit guarantees over time;
•other statements about future economic performance, the performance of equity markets and interest rate variations and the economic performance of the United States and of global markets; and
•statements of assumptions underlying such statements.
The words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “optimistic,” “intend,” “plan,” “aim,” “will,” “may,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “likely,” “forecast,” “on track,” “project,” “continue,” “able to remain,” “resume,” “deliver,” “develop,” “evolve,” “drive,” “enable,” “flexibility,” “scenario,” “case” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements but are not the exclusive means of identifying such statements. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, which could cause actual results to differ materially from such statements.
Such factors include, but are not limited to:
•the impacts on our business of the COVID-19 pandemic and the related economic, client, governmental and healthcare system responses;
•market fluctuations and general economic and political factors, including volatility in the U.S. and global market conditions, client behavior and volatility in the markets for our products;
•changes in interest rates and periods of low interest rates;
•adverse capital and credit market conditions or any downgrade in our credit ratings;
•effects of competition and the economics of changes in our product revenue mix and distribution channels;
•declines in our investment management performance;
•our ability to compete in attracting and retaining talent, including financial advisors;
•impairment, negative performance or default by financial institutions or other counterparties;
•the ability to maintain our unaffiliated third-party distribution channels and the impacts of sales of unaffiliated products;
•changes in valuation of securities and investments included in our assets;
•the determination of the amount of allowances taken on loans and investments;
•the illiquidity of our investments;
•effects of the elimination of LIBOR on, and value of, securities and other assets and liabilities tied to LIBOR;
•failures by other insurers that lead to higher assessments we owe to state insurance guaranty funds;
•failures or defaults by counterparties to our reinsurance arrangements;
•inadequate reserves for future policy benefits and claims or for future redemptions and maturities;
•deviations from our assumptions regarding morbidity, mortality and persistency affecting our insurance profitability;
•changes to our reputation arising from employee or advisor misconduct or otherwise;
•interruptions or other failures in our operating systems and networks, including errors or failures caused by third-party service providers, interference or third-party attacks;
•interruptions or other errors in our telecommunications or data processing systems;
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• identification and mitigation of risk exposure in market environments, new products, vendors and other types of risk;
• ability of our subsidiaries to transfer funds to us to pay dividends;
• changes in exchange rates and other risks in connection with our international operations and earnings and income generated overseas;
• occurrence of natural or man-made disasters and catastrophes;
• legal and regulatory actions brought against us;
• changes to laws and regulations that govern operation of our business;
• supervision by bank regulators and related regulatory and prudential standards as a savings and loan holding company that may limit our activities and strategies;
• changes in corporate tax laws and regulations and interpretations and determinations of tax laws impacting our products; and
• protection of our intellectual property and claims we infringe the intellectual property of others.
Management cautions the reader that the foregoing list of factors is not exhaustive. There may also be other risks that management is unable to predict at this time that may cause actual results to differ materially from those in forward-looking statements. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date on which they are made. Management undertakes no obligation to update publicly or revise any forward-looking statements.
Ameriprise Financial announces financial and other information to investors through the Company’s investor relations website at ir.ameriprise.com, as well as SEC filings, press releases, public conference calls and webcasts. Investors and others interested in the company are encouraged to visit the investor relations website from time to time, as information is updated and new information is posted. The website also allows users to sign up for automatic notifications in the event new materials are posted. The information found on the website is not incorporated by reference into this report or in any other report or document the Company furnishes or files with the SEC.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Market Risk
Our primary market risk exposures are interest rate, equity price, foreign currency exchange rate and credit risk. Equity price and interest rate fluctuations can have a significant impact on our results of operations, primarily due to the effects they have on the asset management and other asset-based fees we earn, the spread income generated on our fixed deferred annuities, fixed insurance, brokerage client cash balances, banking deposits, face-amount certificate products and the fixed portion of our variable annuities and variable insurance contracts, the value of deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”) and deferred sales inducement costs (“DSIC”) assets, the value of liabilities for guaranteed benefits associated with our variable annuities and the value of derivatives held to hedge these benefits.
RiverSource Life has the following variable annuity guarantee benefits: guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (“GMWB”), guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (“GMAB”), guaranteed minimum death benefits (“GMDB”) and guaranteed minimum income benefits (“GMIB”). Each of these benefits guarantees payouts to the annuity holder under certain specific conditions regardless of the performance of the underlying invested assets.
The variable annuity guarantees continue to be managed by utilizing a hedging program which attempts to match the sensitivity of the assets with the sensitivity of the liabilities. This approach works with the premise that matched sensitivities will produce a highly effective hedging result. Our comprehensive hedging program focuses mainly on first order sensitivities of assets and liabilities: Equity Market Level (Delta), Interest Rate Level (Rho) and Volatility (Vega). Additionally, various second order sensitivities are managed. We use various options, swaptions, swaps and futures to manage risk exposures. The exposures are measured and monitored daily, and adjustments to the hedge portfolio are made as necessary.
We have a macro hedge program to provide protection against the statutory tail scenario risk arising from variable annuity reserves on our statutory surplus and to cover some of the residual risks not covered by other hedging activities. We assess the residual risk under a range of scenarios in creating and executing the macro hedge program. As a means of economically hedging these risks, we may use a combination of futures, options, swaps and swaptions. Certain of the macro hedge derivatives used contain settlement provisions linked to both equity returns and interest rates; the remaining are interest rate contracts or equity contracts. The macro hedge program could result in additional earnings volatility as changes in the value of the macro hedge derivatives, which are designed to reduce statutory capital volatility, may not be closely aligned to changes in the variable annuity guarantee embedded derivatives.
To evaluate interest rate and equity price risk we perform sensitivity testing which measures the impact on pretax income from the sources listed below for a 12-month period following a hypothetical 100 basis point increase in interest rates or a hypothetical 10% decline in equity prices. The interest rate risk test assumes a sudden 100 basis point parallel shift in the yield curve, with rates then staying at those levels for the next 12 months. The equity price risk test assumes a sudden 10% drop in equity prices, with equity prices then staying at those levels for the next 12 months. In estimating the values of variable annuity riders, indexed annuities, stock market certificates, indexed universal life (“IUL”) insurance and the associated hedge assets, we assume no change in implied market volatility despite the 10% drop in equity prices.
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The following tables present our estimate of the impact on pretax income from the above defined hypothetical market movements as of December 31, 2020:

Equity Price Decline 10% |  | Equity Price Exposure to Pretax Income |
Before Hedge Impact |  | Hedge Impact |  | Net Impact
|  | (in millions)
Asset-based management and distribution fees (1) |  | $ | (306) |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | (303) |  |
DAC and DSIC amortization (2)(3) |  | (49) |  |  | — |  |  | (49) |  |
Variable annuity riders and structured variable annuities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
GMDB and GMIB (3) |  | (9) |  |  | — |  |  | (9) |  |
GMWB (3) |  | (210) |  |  | 167 |  |  | (43) |  |
GMAB |  | (15) |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |
Structured variable annuities |  | 107 |  |  | (89) |  |  | 18 |  |
DAC and DSIC amortization (4) |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 5 |  |
Variable annuity riders and structured variable annuities: |  | (127) |  |  | 93 |  |  | (29) |  |
Macro hedge program (5) |  | — |  |  | 296 |  |  | 296 |  |
Indexed annuities |  | 5 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 1 |  |
Certificates |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |
IUL insurance |  | 58 |  |  | (47) |  |  | 11 |  |
Total |  | $ | (418) |  |  | $ | 340 |  |  | $ | (73) |  | (6)

Interest Rate Increase 100 Basis Points |  | Interest Rate Exposure to Pretax Income |
Before Hedge Impact |  | Hedge Impact |  | Net Impact
|  | (in millions)
Asset-based management and distribution fees (1) |  | $ | (58) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (58) |  |
Variable annuity riders and structured variable annuities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
GMWB |  | 1,656 |  |  | (2,047) |  |  | (391) |  |
GMAB |  | 25 |  |  | (32) |  |  | (7) |  |
Structured variable annuities |  | (11) |  |  | 34 |  |  | 23 |  |
DAC and DSIC amortization (4) |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 61 |  |
Total variable annuity riders and structured variable annuities |  | 1,670 |  |  | (2,045) |  |  | (314) |  |
Macro hedge program (5) |  | — |  |  | (6) |  |  | (6) |  |
Fixed annuities, fixed insurance and fixed portion of variable annuities and variable insurance products |  | 68 |  |  | — |  |  | 68 |  |
Banking deposits |  | 50 |  |  | — |  |  | 50 |  |
Brokerage client cash balances |  | 230 |  |  | — |  |  | 230 |  |
Indexed annuities |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |
Certificates |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |  |
IUL insurance |  | 17 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 18 |  |
Total |  | $ | 1,991 |  |  | $ | (2,050) |  |  | $ | 2 |  |

N/A Not Applicable.
(1) Excludes incentive income which is impacted by market and fund performance during the period and cannot be readily estimated.
(2) Market impact on DAC and DSIC amortization resulting from lower projected profits.
(3) In estimating the impact to pretax income on DAC and DSIC amortization and additional insurance benefit reserves, our assumed equity asset growth rates reflect what management would follow in its mean reversion guidelines.
(4) Market impact on DAC and DSIC amortization related to variable annuity riders and structured variable annuities is modeled net of hedge impact.
(5) The market impact of the macro hedge program is modeled net of any related impact to DAC and DSIC amortization.
(6) Represents the net impact to pretax income. The estimated net impact to pretax adjusted operating income is $(302) million.
The above results compare to an estimated negative net impact to pretax income of $90 million related to a 10% equity price decline and an estimated positive net impact to pretax income of $37 million related to a 100 basis point increase in interest rates as of December 31, 2019. The change in equity price exposure as of December 31, 2020 compared to prior year-end was driven by variable annuity riders, specifically GMWB, primarily due to changes in market rates.
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Net impacts shown in the above table from GMWB riders result largely from differences between the liability valuation basis and the hedging basis. Liabilities are valued using fair value accounting principles, with risk margins incorporated in contractholder behavior assumptions and with discount rates increased to reflect a current market estimate of our risk of nonperformance specific to these liabilities. Our hedging is based on our determination of economic risk, which excludes certain items in the liability valuation including the nonperformance spread risk.
Actual results could differ materially from those illustrated above as they are based on a number of estimates and assumptions. These include assuming that implied market volatility does not change when equity prices fall by 10% and that the 100 basis point increase in interest rates is a parallel shift of the yield curve. Furthermore, we have not tried to anticipate changes in client preferences for different types of assets or other changes in client behavior, nor have we tried to anticipate all strategic actions management might take to increase revenues or reduce expenses in these scenarios.
The selection of a 100 basis point interest rate increase as well as a 10% equity price decline should not be construed as a prediction of future market events. Impacts of larger or smaller changes in interest rates or equity prices may not be proportional to those shown for a 100 basis point increase in interest rates or a 10% decline in equity prices.
Asset-Based Management and Distribution Fees
We earn asset-based management fees and distribution fees on our assets under management. As of December 31, 2020, the value of our assets under management was $886.0 billion. These sources of revenue are subject to both interest rate and equity price risk since the value of these assets and the fees they earn fluctuate inversely with interest rates and directly with equity prices. We currently only hedge certain equity price risk for this exposure, primarily using futures and swaps. We currently do not hedge any of the interest rate risk for this exposure.
DAC and DSIC Amortization
For annuity and UL/variable universal life (“VUL”) products, DAC and DSIC are amortized on the basis of estimated gross profits (“EGPs”). EGPs are a proxy for pretax income prior to the recognition of DAC and DSIC amortization expense. When events occur that reduce or increase current period EGPs, DAC and DSIC amortization expense is typically reduced or increased as well, somewhat mitigating the impact of the event on pretax income.
Variable Annuity Riders
The total contract value of all variable annuities as of December 31, 2020 was $85.8 billion. These contract values include GMWB and GMAB contracts which were $52.1 billion and $2.3 billion, respectively, as of December 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2020, reserves for GMWB were net liabilities of $3.0 billion and reserves for GMAB were net liabilities of $1 million. The GMWB and GMAB reserves include the fair value of embedded derivatives, which fluctuates based on equity, interest rate and credit markets which can cause these embedded derivatives to be either an asset or a liability. As of December 31, 2020, the reserve for GMDB and GMIB was a net liability of $23 million.
Equity Price Risk
The variable annuity guaranteed benefits guarantee payouts to the annuity holder under certain specific conditions regardless of the performance of the investment assets. For this reason, when equity prices decline, the returns from the separate account assets coupled with guaranteed benefit fees from annuity holders may not be sufficient to fund expected payouts. In that case, reserves must be increased with a negative impact to earnings.
The core derivative instruments with which we hedge the equity price risk of our GMWB and GMAB provisions are longer dated put and call options; these core instruments are supplemented with equity futures and total return swaps. See Note 17 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on our derivative instruments.
Interest Rate Risk
The GMAB and the non-life contingent benefits associated with the GMWB provisions create embedded derivatives which are carried at fair value separately from the underlying host variable annuity contract. Changes in the fair value of the GMWB and GMAB liabilities are recorded through earnings with fair value calculated based on projected, discounted cash flows over the life of the contract, including projected, discounted benefits and fees. Increases in interest rates reduce the fair value of the GMWB and GMAB liabilities. The GMWB and GMAB interest rate exposure is hedged with a portfolio of longer dated put and call options, futures, interest rate swaps and swaptions. We have entered into interest rate swaps according to risk exposures along maturities, thus creating both fixed rate payor and variable rate payor terms. If interest rates were to increase, we would have to pay more to the swap counterparty, and the fair value of our equity puts would decrease, resulting in a negative impact to our pretax income.
Structured Variable Annuities
Structured Variable Annuities offer the contract-holder the ability to allocate premiums to either an account that earns fixed interest (fixed account) or an account that credits interest based on the performance of various equity indices (indexed account) subject to a cap, floor, or buffer. Our earnings are based upon the spread between investment income earned and the credits made to the fixed and indexed accounts of the structured variable annuities. As of December 31, 2020, we had $1.4 billion in liabilities related to structured variable annuities.
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Equity Price Risk
The equity-linked return to investors creates equity price risk as the amount credited depends on changes in equity prices. The equity price risk for structured variable annuities is evaluated together with the variable annuity riders as part of a hedge program using the derivative instruments consistent with our hedging on variable annuity riders.
Interest Rate Risk
The fair value of the embedded derivative associated with structured variable annuities is based on a discounted cash flow approach. Changes in interest rates impact the discounting of the embedded derivative liability. The spread between the investment income earned and amounts credited to contract-holders is also affected by changes in interest rates. These interest rate risks associated with structured variable annuities are not currently hedged.
Fixed Annuities, Fixed Insurance and Fixed Portion of Variable Annuities and Variable Insurance Contracts
Our earnings from fixed deferred annuities, fixed insurance, and the fixed portion of variable annuities and variable insurance contracts are based upon the spread between rates earned on assets held and the rates at which interest is credited to accounts. We primarily invest in fixed rate securities to fund the rate credited to clients. We guarantee an interest rate to the holders of these products. Investment assets and client liabilities generally differ as it relates to basis, repricing or maturity characteristics. Rates credited to clients’ accounts generally reset at shorter intervals than the yield on the underlying investments. Therefore, in an increasing interest rate environment, higher interest rates may be reflected in crediting rates to clients sooner than in rates earned on invested assets, which could result in a reduced spread between the two rates, reduced earned income and a negative impact on pretax income. However, the current low interest rate environment is resulting in interest rates below the level of some of our liability guaranteed minimum interest rates (“GMIRs”). Hence, a modest rise in interest rates would not necessarily result in changes to all the liability credited rates while projected asset purchases would capture the full increase in interest rates. This dynamic would result in widening spreads under a modestly rising rate scenario given the current relationship between the current level of interest rates and the underlying GMIRs on the business. Of the $34.0 billion in policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2020, $21.4 billion is related to liabilities created by these products. We do not hedge this exposure.
As a result of the low interest rate environment, our current reinvestment yields are generally lower than the current portfolio yield. We expect our portfolio income yields to continue to decline in future periods if interest rates remain low. The carrying value and weighted average yield of non-structured fixed maturity securities and commercial mortgage loans that may generate proceeds to reinvest through 2021 due to prepayment, maturity or call activity at the option of the issuer, excluding securities with a make-whole provision, were $4.4 billion and 2.4%, respectively, as of December 31, 2020. In addition, residential mortgage backed securities, which are subject to prepayment risk as a result of the low interest rate environment, totaled $10.0 billion and had a weighted average yield of 1.7% as of December 31, 2020. While these amounts represent investments that could be subject to reinvestment risk, it is also possible that these investments will be used to fund liabilities or may not be prepaid and will remain invested at their current yields. In addition to the interest rate environment, the mix of benefit payments versus product sales as well as the timing and volumes associated with such mix may impact our investment yield. Furthermore, reinvestment activities and the associated investment yield may also be impacted by corporate strategies implemented at management’s discretion. The average yield for investment purchases during the year ended December 31, 2020 was approximately 1.6%.
The reinvestment of proceeds from maturities, calls and prepayments at rates below the current portfolio yield, which may be below the level of some liability GMIRs, will have a negative impact to future operating results. To mitigate the unfavorable impact that the low interest rate environment has on our spread income, we assess reinvestment risk in our investment portfolio and monitor this risk in accordance with our asset/liability management framework. In addition, we may reduce the crediting rates on our fixed products when warranted, subject to guaranteed minimums.
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The following table presents the account values of fixed deferred annuities, fixed insurance, and the fixed portion of variable annuities and variable insurance contracts by range of GMIRs and the range of the difference between rates credited to policyholders and contractholders as of December 31, 2020 and the respective guaranteed minimums, as well as the percentage of account values subject to rate reset in the time period indicated. Rates are reset at our discretion, subject to guaranteed minimums.

| Account Values with Crediting Rates
At Guaranteed Minimum |  | 1-49 bps above Guaranteed Minimum |  | 50-99 bps above Guaranteed Minimum |  | 100-150 bps above Guaranteed Minimum |  | Total
(in billions, except percentages)
Range of Guaranteed Minimum Crediting Rates |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1% - 1.99% | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1.7 |
2% - 2.99% | 0.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.5 |
3% - 3.99% | 7.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7.8 |
4% - 5.00% | 5.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5.5 |
Total | $ | 15.1 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15.5 |
Percentage of Account Values That Reset In: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Next 12 months (1) | 100 | % |  | 86 | % |  | 64 | % |  | 7 | % |  | 98 | %
> 12 months to 24 months (2) | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |
> 24 months (2) | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 1 |
Total | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %

(1) Includes contracts with annual discretionary crediting rate resets and contracts with 12 or less months until the crediting rate becomes discretionary on an annual basis.
(2) Includes contracts with more than 12 months remaining until the crediting rate becomes an annual discretionary rate.
Equity Indexed Annuities
Our equity indexed annuity (“EIA”) product is a single premium annuity issued with an initial term of seven years. The annuity guarantees the contractholder a minimum return of 3% on 90% of the initial premium or end of prior term accumulation value upon renewal plus a return that is linked to the performance of the S&P 500® Index. The equity-linked return is based on a participation rate initially set at between 50% and 90% of the S&P 500® Index, which is guaranteed for the initial seven-year term when the contract is held to full term. As of December 31, 2020, we had $18 million in liabilities related to EIAs. We discontinued new sales of EIAs in 2007.
Equity Price Risk
The equity-linked return to investors creates equity price risk as the amount credited depends on changes in equity prices. To hedge this exposure, we purchase futures, which generate returns to replicate what we must credit to client accounts.
Interest Rate Risk
Most of the proceeds received from EIAs are invested in fixed income securities with the return on those investments intended to fund the 3% guarantee. We earn income from the difference between the return earned on invested assets and the 3% guarantee rate credited to customer accounts. The spread between return earned and amount credited is affected by changes in interest rates. This risk is not currently hedged and was immaterial as of December 31, 2020.
Fixed Index Annuities
The Company’s fixed index annuity product is a fixed annuity that includes an indexed account. The rate of interest credited above the minimum guarantee for funds allocated to the indexed account is linked to the performance of the specific index for the indexed account (subject to a cap). We previously offered S&P 500® Index and MSCI® EAFE Index account options. Both options offered two crediting durations, one-year and two-year. The contractholder could allocate all or a portion of the policy value to a fixed or indexed account. The contractholder could choose to add a GMWB for life rider for an additional fee. As of December 31, 2020, we had $327 million in liabilities related to fixed index annuities.
Equity Price Risk
The equity-linked return to investors creates equity price risk as the amount credited depends on changes in equity prices. Most of the proceeds received from fixed index annuities are invested in fixed income securities. To hedge the equity exposure, a portion of the investment earnings received from the fixed income securities is used to purchase call spreads, options and futures which generate returns to replicate what we must credit to client accounts.
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Interest Rate Risk
As mentioned above, most of the proceeds received from fixed index annuities are invested in fixed income securities with the return on those investments intended to fund the purchase of call spreads. There are two risks relating to interest rates. First, we have the risk that investment returns are such that we do not have enough investment income to purchase the needed call spreads. Second, in the event the policy is surrendered, we pay out a book value surrender amount and there is a risk that we will incur a loss upon having to sell the fixed income securities backing the liability (if interest rates have risen). This risk is not currently hedged.
Banking Deposits and Brokerage Client Cash Balances
We pay interest on banking deposits and certain brokerage client cash balances and have the ability to reset these rates from time to time based on prevailing economic and business conditions. We earn revenue to fund the interest paid from interest-earning assets or fees from off-balance sheet deposits at FDIC insured institutions, which are indexed to short-term interest rates. In general, the change in interest paid lags the change in revenues earned.
Certificate Products
Fixed Rate Certificates
We have interest rate risk from our investment certificates generally ranging in amounts from $1,000 to $2 million with interest crediting rate terms ranging from three to 36 months. We guarantee an interest rate to the holders of these products. Payments collected from clients are primarily invested in fixed income securities to fund the client credited rate with the spread between the rate earned from investments and the rate credited to clients recorded as earned income. Client liabilities and investment assets generally differ as it relates to basis, repricing or maturity characteristics. Rates credited to clients generally reset at shorter intervals than the yield on underlying investments. This exposure is not currently hedged although we monitor our investment strategy and make modifications based on our changing liabilities and the expected interest rate environment. Of the $17.6 billion in customer deposits as of December 31, 2020, $6.3 billion related to reserves for our fixed rate certificate products.
Stock Market Certificates
Stock market certificates are purchased for amounts generally from $1,000 to $2 million for terms of 52 weeks, 104 weeks or 156 weeks, which can be extended to a maximum of 15 years depending on the term. For each term the certificate holder can choose to participate 100% in any percentage increase in the S&P 500® Index up to a maximum return or choose partial participation in any increase in the S&P 500 Index plus a fixed rate of interest guaranteed in advance. If partial participation is selected, the total of equity-linked return and guaranteed rate of interest cannot exceed the maximum return. Liabilities for our stock market certificates are included in customer deposits on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2020, we had $397 million in reserves related to stock market certificates. The equity-linked return to investors creates equity price risk exposure. We seek to minimize this exposure with purchased futures and call spreads that replicate what we must credit to client accounts. This risk continues to be fully hedged. Stock market certificates have some interest rate risk as changes in interest rates affect the fair value of the payout to be made to the certificate holder. This risk is not currently hedged and was immaterial as of December 31, 2020.
Indexed Universal Life
IUL insurance is similar to UL in many regards, although the rate of credited interest above the minimum guarantee for funds allocated to an indexed account is linked to the performance of the specified index for the indexed account (subject to a cap and floor). We offer an S&P 500® Index account option and a blended multi-index account option comprised of the S&P 500 Index, the MSCI® EAFE Index and the MSCI EM Index. Both options offer two crediting durations, one-year and two-year. The policyholder may allocate all or a portion of the policy value to a fixed or any available indexed account. As of December 31, 2020, we had $2.2 billion in liabilities related to the indexed accounts of IUL, with the vast majority in the S&P 500® Index account option.
Equity Price Risk
The equity-linked return to investors creates equity price risk as the amount credited depends on changes in equity prices. Most of the proceeds received from IUL insurance are invested in fixed income securities. To hedge the equity exposure, a portion of the investment earnings received from the fixed income securities is used to purchase call spreads which generate returns to replicate what we must credit to client accounts.
Interest Rate Risk
As mentioned above, most of the proceeds received from IUL insurance are invested in fixed income securities with the return on those investments intended to fund the purchase of call spreads and options. There are two risks relating to interest rates. First, we have the risk that investment returns are such that we do not have enough investment income to purchase the needed call spreads. Second, in the event the policy is surrendered we pay out a book value surrender amount and there is a risk that we will incur a loss upon having to sell the fixed income securities backing the liability (if interest rates have risen). This risk is not currently hedged.
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Foreign Currency Risk
We have foreign currency risk through our net investment in foreign subsidiaries and our operations in foreign countries. We are primarily exposed to changes in British Pounds (“GBP”) related to our net investment in Threadneedle, which was 624 million GBP as of December 31, 2020. Our primary exposure related to operations in foreign countries is to the GBP, the Euro and the Indian Rupee. We monitor the foreign exchange rates that we have exposure to and enter into foreign currency forward contracts to mitigate risk when economically prudent. As of December 31, 2020, the notional value of outstanding contracts and our remaining foreign currency risk related to operations in foreign countries were not material.
Interest Rate Risk on External Debt
The stated interest rate on the $2.8 billion of our senior unsecured notes is fixed. We did not enter into interest rate swap agreements to effectively convert the fixed interest rate on any of the senior unsecured notes to floating interest rates.
Credit Risk
We are exposed to credit risk within our investment portfolio, including our loan portfolio, and through our derivative and reinsurance activities. Credit risk relates to the uncertainty of an obligor’s continued ability to make timely payments in accordance with the contractual terms of the financial instrument or contract. We consider our total potential credit exposure to each counterparty and its affiliates to ensure compliance with pre-established credit guidelines at the time we enter into a transaction which would potentially increase our credit risk. These guidelines and oversight of credit risk are managed through a comprehensive enterprise risk management program that includes members of senior management.
We manage the risk of credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by counterparties by applying disciplined fundamental credit analysis and underwriting standards, prudently limiting exposures to lower-quality, higher-yielding investments, and diversifying exposures by issuer, industry, region and underlying investment type. We remain exposed to occasional adverse cyclical economic downturns during which default rates may be significantly higher than the long-term historical average used in pricing.
We manage our credit risk related to over-the-counter derivatives by entering into transactions with creditworthy counterparties, maintaining collateral arrangements and through the use of master netting arrangements that provide for a single net payment to be made by one counterparty to another at each due date and upon termination. Generally, our current credit exposure on over-the-counter derivative contracts is limited to a derivative counterparty’s net positive fair value of derivative contracts after taking into consideration the existence of netting arrangements and any collateral received. This exposure is monitored and managed to an acceptable threshold level.
The counterparty risk for centrally cleared over-the-counter derivatives is transferred to a central clearing party through contract novation. Because the central clearing party monitors open positions and adjusts collateral requirements daily, we have minimal credit exposure from such derivative instruments.
Exchange-traded derivatives are effected through regulated exchanges that require contract standardization and initial margin to transact through the exchange. Because exchange-traded futures are marked to market and generally cash settled on a daily basis, we have minimal exposure to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by counterparties to such derivative instruments. Other exchange-traded derivatives would be exposed to nonperformance by counterparties for amounts in excess of initial margin requirements only if the exchange is unable to fulfill the contract.
We manage our credit risk related to reinsurance treaties by evaluating the financial condition of reinsurance counterparties prior to entering into new reinsurance treaties. In addition, we regularly evaluate their financial strength during the terms of the treaties. As of December 31, 2020, our largest reinsurance credit risk is related to a LTC coinsurance treaty with life insurance subsidiaries of Genworth Financial, Inc. See Note 8 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on reinsurance.
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Ameriprise Financial, Inc.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Consolidated Financial Statements:

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | 80
Consolidated Statements of Operations — Years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 | 83
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income — Years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 | 84
Consolidated Balance Sheets — December 31, 2020 and 2019 | 85
Consolidated Statements of Equity — Years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 | 86
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows — Years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 | 87
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 89
1. | Basis of Presentation | 89
2. | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 89
3. | Recent Accounting Pronouncements | 99
4. | Revenue from Contracts with Customers | 102
5. | Variable Interest Entities | 106
6. | Investments | 111
7. | Financing Receivables | 114
8. | Reinsurance | 117
9. | Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets | 119
10. | Deferred Acquisition Costs and Deferred Sales Inducement Costs | 119
11. | Policyholder Account Balances, Future Policy Benefits and Claims and Separate Account Liabilities | 120
12. | Variable Annuity and Insurance Guarantees | 122
13. | Customer Deposits | 124
14. | Debt | 125
15. | Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities | 125
16. | Offsetting Assets and Liabilities | 135
17. | Derivatives and Hedging Activities | 137
18. | Leases | 141
19. | Disposal of Business | 142
20. | Share-Based Compensation | 142
21. | Shareholders’ Equity | 145
22. | Earnings per Share | 147
23. | Regulatory Requirements | 147
24. | Income Taxes | 150
25. | Retirement Plans and Profit Sharing Arrangements | 152
26. | Commitments, Guarantees and Contingencies | 156
27. | Related Party Transactions | 157
28. | Segment Information | 158
29. | Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited) | 161

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Ameriprise Financial, Inc.
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Ameriprise Financial, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive income, of equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, including the related notes and financial statement schedules listed in the index appearing under Item 15 (a)(2) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or
80

complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Valuation of the reserves for long term care policies
As described in Note 2 and Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements, the total reserves for long term care policies was $5,722 million as of December 31, 2020, which is included in policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims on the consolidated balance sheet. Liabilities for estimates of benefits that will become payable on future claims on long term care policies are based on a gross premium valuation reflecting management’s current best estimate assumptions. Management utilizes best estimate assumptions as of the date the policy is issued with provisions for the risk of adverse deviation, as appropriate. After the liabilities are initially established, management performs premium deficiency tests, using current best estimate assumptions. If a premium deficiency is recognized, the assumptions as of the date of the loss recognition are locked in and used in subsequent periods. In 2020, the Company recognized a premium deficiency and losses of $141 million that were recorded through benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses, which were based on management’s best estimate assumptions including expected premium rate increases, benefit reductions, morbidity rates, policy persistency and interest rates earned on assets supporting the liability.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the valuation of the reserves for long term care policies is a critical audit matter are the significant judgment by management when developing the estimate of the long term care reserves, which in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity and effort in performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence relating to the current best estimate assumptions related to expected premium rate increases, benefit reductions, morbidity rates and interest rates earned on assets supporting the liability. Also, the audit effort included the involvement of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the Company’s valuation of reserves for long term care policies, including controls over management’s development of the current best estimate assumptions. These procedures also included, among others, evaluating and testing management’s process for developing the estimate of the long term care reserves, testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used by management and testing that assumptions are accurately reflected in the models. Evaluating and testing management’s process also included the involvement of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in (i) evaluating the reasonableness of the current best estimate assumptions related to expected premium rate increases, benefit reductions, morbidity rates and interest rates earned on assets supporting the liability, and (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of management’s models.
Valuation of the embedded derivatives in certain variable annuity riders
As described in Note 2, Note 11, Note 12, and Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements, management values the embedded derivatives attributable to the provisions of certain variable annuity riders using internal valuation models. As there is no active market for the transfer of these embedded derivatives, such internal valuation models estimate fair value by discounting expected cash flows. As of December 31, 2020, the net embedded derivative liability in certain variable annuity riders was $2,316 million, and is included in policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims on the consolidated balance sheet. Management’s discounted cash flow model for estimating fair value includes observable capital market assumptions and incorporates significant unobservable inputs related to implied volatility, nonperformance risk and contractholder behavior assumptions that include margins for risk, all of which management believes a market participant would expect.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the valuation of the embedded derivatives in certain variable annuity riders is a critical audit matter are the significant judgment by management to estimate the fair value of the embedded derivatives in certain variable annuity riders; this in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity and effort in performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence obtained related to the significant unobservable inputs related to implied volatility, non-performance risk and contractholder behavior assumptions that include margins for risk and the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls related to the Company’s estimate of the fair value of embedded derivatives in certain variable annuity riders, including controls over the significant unobservable inputs. These procedures also included, among others, evaluating and testing management’s process for developing the fair value estimate. Testing management’s process included evaluating the reasonableness of the significant unobservable inputs related to implied volatility, non-performance risk and contractholder behavior assumptions that include margins for risk, and testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used by management in the development of the significant unobservable inputs. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in (i) evaluating the reasonableness of certain significant unobservable inputs related to implied volatility, non-performance risk and contractholder behavior assumptions that include margins for risk, and (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of management’s models.
81

Valuation of certain guarantees on variable annuity and certain life insurance policies accounted for as insurance liabilities
As described in Note 2, Note 11 and Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company issues universal life, variable universal life and variable annuity policies that have product features that are accounted for as insurance liabilities. As disclosed by management, the liability for these policies, which is included in policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims on the consolidated balance sheet, is determined using actuarial models to estimate the present value of the projected benefits in excess of account value and recognizing the excess over the estimated life based on expected assessments. Significant assumptions used by management in projecting the present value of future benefits and assessments include customer asset value growth rates, mortality, persistency, and investment margins, and additionally for variable annuity policies, benefit utilization.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the valuation of certain guarantees on variable annuity and certain life insurance policies accounted for as insurance liabilities is a critical audit matter are the significant judgment by management when developing the estimate of certain guarantees on variable annuity and certain life insurance policies accounted for as insurance liabilities, which in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity and effort in performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence relating to the significant assumptions related to customer asset value growth rates, persistency, investment margins, and , for variable annuity policies, benefit utilization. Also, the audit effort included the involvement of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the Company’s valuation of certain guarantees on variable annuity and certain life insurance policies accounted for as insurance liabilities, including controls over management’s development of the significant assumptions. These procedures also included, among others, evaluating and testing management’s process for developing the estimate of certain guarantees on variable annuity and certain life insurance policies accounted for as insurance liabilities, testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used by management and testing that assumptions are accurately reflected in the models. Evaluating and testing management’s process also included the involvement of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in (i) evaluating the reasonableness of the significant assumptions related to customer asset value growth rates, persistency, benefit utilization and investment margins, and (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of management’s models.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Minneapolis, Minnesota
February 24, 2021
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2010.
82

Ameriprise Financial, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Operations

| Years Ended December 31,
2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
(in millions, except per share amounts)
Revenues |  |  |  |  |
Management and financial advice fees | $ | 7,368 |  |  | $ | 7,015 |  |  | $ | 6,776 |
Distribution fees | 1,661 |  |  | 1,919 |  |  | 1,877 |
Net investment income | 1,251 |  |  | 1,463 |  |  | 1,596 |
Premiums, policy and contract charges | 1,395 |  |  | 2,224 |  |  | 2,467 |
Other revenues | 283 |  |  | 269 |  |  | 208 |
Gain on disposal of business | — |  |  | 213 |  |  | — |
Total revenues | 11,958 |  |  | 13,103 |  |  | 12,924 |
Banking and deposit interest expense | 59 |  |  | 136 |  |  | 89 |
Total net revenues | 11,899 |  |  | 12,967 |  |  | 12,835 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |
Distribution expenses | 4,059 |  |  | 3,810 |  |  | 3,637 |
Interest credited to fixed accounts | 644 |  |  | 669 |  |  | 674 |
Benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses | 1,806 |  |  | 2,576 |  |  | 2,302 |
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs | 277 |  |  | 179 |  |  | 322 |
Interest and debt expense | 162 |  |  | 214 |  |  | 245 |
General and administrative expense | 3,120 |  |  | 3,287 |  |  | 3,171 |
Total expenses | 10,068 |  |  | 10,735 |  |  | 10,351 |
Pretax income | 1,831 |  |  | 2,232 |  |  | 2,484 |
Income tax provision | 297 |  |  | 339 |  |  | 386 |
Net income | $ | 1,534 |  |  | $ | 1,893 |  |  | $ | 2,098 |
Earnings per share |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 12.39 |  |  | $ | 14.12 |  |  | $ | 14.41 |
Diluted | $ | 12.20 |  |  | $ | 13.92 |  |  | $ | 14.20 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
83

Ameriprise Financial, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

| Years Ended December 31,
2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
(in millions)
Net income | $ | 1,534 |  |  | $ | 1,893 |  |  | $ | 2,098 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | 27 |  |  | 17 |  |  | (31) |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities | 407 |  |  | 556 |  |  | (465) |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives | (1) |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |
Defined benefit plans | (66) |  |  | (18) |  |  | (23) |
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | 367 |  |  | 553 |  |  | (519) |
Total comprehensive income | $ | 1,901 |  |  | $ | 2,446 |  |  | $ | 1,579 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
84

Ameriprise Financial, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets

| December 31,
2020 |  | 2019
(in millions, except share amounts)
Assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 6,751 |  |  | $ | 3,709 |
Cash of consolidated investment entities | 94 |  |  | 118 |
Investments (net of allowance for credit losses: 2020, $52; 2019, $24(1) ) | 41,031 |  |  | 37,915 |
Investments of consolidated investment entities, at fair value | 1,918 |  |  | 1,606 |
Separate account assets | 92,611 |  |  | 87,488 |
Receivables (net of allowance for credit losses: 2020, $49; 2019, $39) | 7,819 |  |  | 7,202 |
Receivables of consolidated investment entities, at fair value | 16 |  |  | 8 |
Deferred acquisition costs | 2,532 |  |  | 2,698 |
Restricted and segregated cash, cash equivalents and investments | 2,558 |  |  | 2,386 |
Other assets | 10,551 |  |  | 8,698 |
Other assets of consolidated investment entities, at fair value | 2 |  |  | — |
Total assets | $ | 165,883 |  |  | $ | 151,828 |
Liabilities and Equity |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |
Policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims | $ | 33,992 |  |  | $ | 30,512 |
Separate account liabilities | 92,611 |  |  | 87,488 |
Customer deposits | 17,641 |  |  | 14,430 |
Short-term borrowings | 200 |  |  | 201 |
Long-term debt | 2,831 |  |  | 3,097 |
Debt of consolidated investment entities, at fair value | 1,913 |  |  | 1,628 |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | 1,998 |  |  | 1,884 |
Other liabilities | 8,761 |  |  | 6,775 |
Other liabilities of consolidated investment entities, at fair value | 69 |  |  | 84 |
Total liabilities | 160,016 |  |  | 146,099 |
Equity: |  |  |
Common shares ($0.01 par value; shares authorized, 1,250,000,000; shares issued, 332,390,132 and 329,842,827, respectively) | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Additional paid-in capital | 8,822 |  |  | 8,461 |
Retained earnings | 15,292 |  |  | 14,279 |
Treasury shares, at cost (215,624,519 and 205,903,593 shares, respectively) | (18,879) |  |  | (17,276) |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | 629 |  |  | 262 |
Total equity | 5,867 |  |  | 5,729 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 165,883 |  |  | $ | 151,828 |

(1) Prior to January 1, 2020, the allowance for credit losses is not applicable to Available-for-Sale securities. See Notes 2, 3, 6 and 7 for more information.
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
85

Ameriprise Financial, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Equity

| Number of Outstanding Shares | Common Shares | Additional Paid-In Capital | Retained Earnings | Treasury Shares | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Total
| (in millions, except share data)
Balances at January 1, 2018 | 146,634,664 |  | $ | 3 |  | $ | 8,085 |  | $ | 11,326 |  | $ | (13,648) |  | $ | 229 |  | $ | 5,995 |
Cumulative effect of adoption of equity securities guidance | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |  | — |  | (1) |  | — |
Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | — |  | — |  | — |  | 2,098 |  | — |  | — |  | 2,098 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (519) |  | (519) |
Total comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,579 |
Dividends to shareholders | — |  | — |  | — |  | (516) |  | — |  | — |  | (516) |
Repurchase of common shares | (12,124,840) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (1,705) |  | — |  | (1,705) |
Share-based compensation plans | 1,820,923 |  | — |  | 175 |  | — |  | 60 |  | — |  | 235 |
Balances at December 31, 2018 | 136,330,747 |  | 3 |  | 8,260 |  | 12,909 |  | (15,293) |  | (291) |  | 5,588 |
Cumulative effect of adoption of premium amortization on purchased callable debt securities guidance | — |  | — |  | — |  | (5) |  | — |  | — |  | (5) |
Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,893 |  | — |  | — |  | 1,893 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 553 |  | 553 |
Total comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,446 |
Dividends to shareholders | — |  | — |  | — |  | (518) |  | — |  | — |  | (518) |
Repurchase of common shares | (14,396,367) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (2,039) |  | — |  | (2,039) |
Share-based compensation plans | 2,004,854 |  | — |  | 201 |  | — |  | 56 |  | — |  | 257 |
Balances at December 31, 2019 | 123,939,234 |  | 3 |  | 8,461 |  | 14,279 |  | (17,276) |  | 262 |  | 5,729 |
Cumulative effect of adoption of current expected credit losses guidance | — |  | — |  | — |  | (9) |  | — |  | — |  | (9) |
Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,534 |  | — |  | — |  | 1,534 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 367 |  | 367 |
Total comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,901 |
Dividends to shareholders | — |  | — |  | — |  | (512) |  | — |  | — |  | (512) |
Repurchase of common shares | (10,241,160) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (1,647) |  | — |  | (1,647) |
Share-based compensation plans | 3,067,539 |  | — |  | 361 |  | — |  | 44 |  | — |  | 405 |
Balances at December 31, 2020 | 116,765,613 |  | $ | 3 |  | $ | 8,822 |  | $ | 15,292 |  | $ | (18,879) |  | $ | 629 |  | $ | 5,867 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
86

Ameriprise Financial, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

| Years Ended December 31,
2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
(in millions)
Cash Flows from Operating Activities |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 1,534 |  |  | $ | 1,893 |  |  | $ | 2,098 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation, amortization and accretion, net | 207 |  |  | 183 |  |  | 198 |
Deferred income tax expense (benefit) | (321) |  |  | (308) |  |  | 25 |
Share-based compensation | 146 |  |  | 135 |  |  | 144 |
Gain on disposal of business before affinity partner payment | — |  |  | (313) |  |  | — |
Net realized investment (gains) losses | (22) |  |  | (16) |  |  | (9) |
Net trading (gains) losses | (10) |  |  | (10) |  |  | (12) |
Loss from equity method investments | 66 |  |  | 95 |  |  | 63 |
Impairments and provision for loan and credit losses | 24 |  |  | 22 |  |  | — |
Net (gains) losses of consolidated investment entities | 7 |  |  | 9 |  |  | (47) |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Restricted and segregated investments | (500) |  |  | 124 |  |  | 499 |
Deferred acquisition costs | 49 |  |  | (112) |  |  | 4 |
Policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims, net | 3,054 |  |  | 358 |  |  | 528 |
Derivatives, net of collateral | (141) |  |  | 415 |  |  | (144) |
Receivables | (648) |  |  | 324 |  |  | (398) |
Brokerage deposits | 346 |  |  | (519) |  |  | (255) |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | 129 |  |  | 46 |  |  | (100) |
Current income tax expense (benefit) | 25 |  |  | 32 |  |  | (57) |
Deferred taxes, net | 334 |  |  | (18) |  |  | (196) |
Other operating assets and liabilities of consolidated investment entities, net | (15) |  |  | (12) |  |  | 29 |
Other, net | 359 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 227 |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 4,623 |  |  | 2,341 |  |  | 2,597 |
Cash Flows from Investing Activities |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-Sale securities: |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from sales | 1,708 |  |  | 242 |  |  | 435 |
Maturities, sinking fund payments and calls | 9,554 |  |  | 8,202 |  |  | 6,738 |
Purchases | (13,525) |  |  | (11,911) |  |  | (8,346) |
Proceeds from sales, maturities and repayments of mortgage loans | 217 |  |  | 272 |  |  | 295 |
Funding of mortgage loans | (165) |  |  | (354) |  |  | (235) |
Proceeds from sales, maturities and collections of other investments | 198 |  |  | 276 |  |  | 722 |
Purchase of other investments | (284) |  |  | (288) |  |  | (653) |
Purchase of investments by consolidated investment entities | (957) |  |  | (644) |  |  | (411) |
Proceeds from sales, maturities and repayments of investments by consolidated investment entities | 606 |  |  | 684 |  |  | 1,086 |
Purchase of land, buildings, equipment and software | (147) |  |  | (143) |  |  | (162) |
Proceeds from disposal of business, net of cash and cash equivalents sold | — |  |  | 934 |  |  | — |
Cash paid for written options with deferred premiums | (338) |  |  | (308) |  |  | (133) |
Cash received from written options with deferred premiums | 133 |  |  | 170 |  |  | 133 |
Cash paid for deposit receivable | (4) |  |  | (349) |  |  | — |
Cash received for deposit receivable | 93 |  |  | 98 |  |  | — |
Other, net | 17 |  |  | (115) |  |  | (56) |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | $ | (2,894) |  |  | $ | (3,234) |  |  | $ | (587) |
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

87

Ameriprise Financial, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Continued)

| Years Ended December 31,
2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
(in millions)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities |  |  |  |  |
Investment certificates: |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from additions | $ | 4,259 |  |  | $ | 5,110 |  |  | $ | 6,238 |
Maturities, withdrawals and cash surrenders | (5,016) |  |  | (5,489) |  |  | (4,745) |
Policyholder account balances: |  |  |  |  |
Deposits and other additions | 1,649 |  |  | 2,152 |  |  | 1,933 |
Net transfers from (to) separate accounts | (125) |  |  | (86) |  |  | (75) |
Surrenders and other benefits | (1,357) |  |  | (1,728) |  |  | (1,904) |
Change in banking deposits, net | 3,616 |  |  | 3,788 |  |  | — |
Cash paid for purchased options with deferred premiums | (211) |  |  | (396) |  |  | (228) |
Cash received from purchased options with deferred premiums | 40 |  |  | 206 |  |  | 254 |
Issuance of long-term debt, net of issuance costs | 496 |  |  | 497 |  |  | — |
Repayments of long-term debt | (762) |  |  | (313) |  |  | (13) |
Dividends paid to shareholders | (497) |  |  | (504) |  |  | (506) |
Repurchase of common shares | (1,441) |  |  | (1,943) |  |  | (1,630) |
Exercise of stock options | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |
Borrowings of consolidated investment entities | 382 |  |  | — |  |  | 936 |
Repayments of debt by consolidated investment entities | (74) |  |  | (84) |  |  | (1,528) |
Other, net | (10) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 952 |  |  | 1,214 |  |  | (1,263) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash | 9 |  |  | 9 |  |  | (8) |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents, including amounts restricted | 2,690 |  |  | 330 |  |  | 739 |
Cash and cash equivalents, including amounts restricted at beginning of period | 6,213 |  |  | 5,883 |  |  | 5,144 |
Cash and cash equivalents, including amounts restricted at end of period | $ | 8,903 |  |  | $ | 6,213 |  |  | $ | 5,883 |
Supplemental Disclosures: |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid excluding consolidated investment entities | $ | 168 |  |  | $ | 272 |  |  | $ | 221 |
Interest paid by consolidated investment entities | 55 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 120 |
Income taxes paid, net | 236 |  |  | 609 |  |  | 538 |
Leased assets obtained in exchange for finance lease liabilities | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | — |
Leased assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities | 76 |  |  | 41 |  |  | — |
Non-cash investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Partnership commitments not yet remitted | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 1 |
Investments transferred in connection with fixed annuity reinsurance transaction | — |  |  | 1,265 |  |  | — |
|  | December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents, including amounts restricted: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 6,751 |  |  | $ | 3,709 |
Cash of consolidated investment entities | 94 |  |  | 118 |
Restricted and segregated cash, cash equivalents and investments | 2,558 |  |  | 2,386 |
Less: Restricted and segregated investments | (500) |  |  | — |
Total cash and cash equivalents, including amounts restricted per consolidated statements of cash flows | $ | 8,903 |  |  | $ | 6,213 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
88

Ameriprise Financial, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
1. Basis of Presentation
Ameriprise Financial, Inc. is a holding company, which primarily conducts business through its subsidiaries to provide financial planning, products and services that are designed to be utilized as solutions for clients’ cash and liquidity, asset accumulation, income, protection and estate and wealth transfer needs. The foreign operations of Ameriprise Financial, Inc. are conducted primarily through Threadneedle Asset Management Holdings Sàrl and Ameriprise Asset Management Holdings Singapore (Pte.) Ltd and their respective subsidiaries (collectively, “Threadneedle”).
The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Ameriprise Financial, Inc., companies in which it directly or indirectly has a controlling financial interest and variable interest entities (“VIEs”) in which it is the primary beneficiary (collectively, the “Company”). All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
During 2020, changes to the Company’s reportable segments were made. See Note 28 for further discussion about the changes to reportable segments.
Certain prior period amounts have been revised to conform to current period presentation. These changes have no impact on previously reported consolidated balance sheets or statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders equity, or cash flows.
In the first quarter of 2020, the Company recorded an out-of-period correction of $19 million to management and financial advice fees related to performance fees. The impact of the error was not material to the prior period financial statements.
The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). Certain reclassifications of prior period amounts have been made to conform with the current presentation.
The Company evaluated events or transactions that may have occurred after the balance sheet date for potential recognition or disclosure through the date the financial statements were issued. No subsequent events or transactions requiring recognition or disclosure were identified.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
The Company adopted accounting standard, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses - Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, on January 1, 2020. The significant accounting policies for Available-for-Sale securities, Financing Receivables, and Reinsurance were updated as a result of adopting the new accounting standard.
Principles of Consolidation
A VIE is an entity that either has equity investors that lack certain essential characteristics of a controlling financial interest (including substantive voting rights, the obligation to absorb the entity’s losses, or the rights to receive the entity’s returns) or has equity investors that do not provide sufficient financial resources for the entity to support its activities.
Voting interest entities (“VOEs”) are those entities that do not qualify as a VIE. The Company consolidates VOEs in which it holds a greater than 50% voting interest. The Company generally accounts for entities using the equity method when it holds a greater than 20% but less than 50% voting interest or when the Company exercises significant influence over the entity. All other investments that are not reported at fair value as trading or Available-for-Sale securities are accounted for using the measurement alternative method when the Company owns less than a 20% voting interest and does not exercise significant influence. Under the measurement alternative, the investment is recorded at the cost basis, less impairments, if any, plus or minus observable price changes of identical or similar investments of the same issuer.
A VIE is consolidated by the reporting entity that determines it has both:
•the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance; and
•the obligation to absorb potentially significant losses or the right to receive potentially significant benefits to the VIE.
All VIEs are assessed for consolidation under this framework. When evaluating entities for consolidation, the Company considers its contractual rights in determining whether it has the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIEs economic performance. In determining whether the Company has this power, it considers whether it is acting in a role that enables it to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of an entity or if it is acting in an agent role.
In determining whether the Company has the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE, the Company considers an analysis of its rights to receive benefits such as investment returns and its obligation to absorb losses associated with any investment in the VIE in conjunction with other qualitative factors. Management and incentive fees that are at market and commensurate with the level of services provided, and where the Company does not hold other interests in the VIE that would absorb more than an insignificant amount of the VIE’s expected losses or receive more than an insignificant amount of the VIE’s expected residual returns, are not considered a variable interest and are excluded from the analysis.
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The consolidation guidance has a scope exception for reporting entities with interests in registered money market funds which do not have an explicit support agreement.
Foreign Currency Translation
Assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries, whose functional currency is other than the U.S. dollar, are translated into U.S. dollars based upon exchange rates prevailing at the end of each period. Revenues and expenses are translated at daily exchange rates during the period. The resulting translation adjustment, along with any related hedge and tax effects, are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”). The determination of the functional currency is based on the primary economic environment in which the entity operates. Gains and losses from foreign currency transactions are included in General and administrative expenses in the consolidated results of operations.
Amounts Based on Estimates and Assumptions
Accounting estimates are an integral part of the Consolidated Financial Statements. In part, they are based upon assumptions concerning future events. Among the more significant are those that relate to investment securities valuation and recognition of other-than-temporary impairments, deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”) and the corresponding recognition of DAC amortization, valuation of derivative instruments and hedging activities, litigation reserves, future policy benefits and claims reserves and income taxes and the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities. These accounting estimates reflect the best judgment of management and actual results could differ.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash equivalents include time deposits and other highly liquid investments with original or remaining maturities at the time of purchase of 90 days or less.
Investments
Available-for-Sale Securities
Available-for-Sale securities are carried at fair value with unrealized gains (losses) recorded in AOCI, net of impacts to DAC, deferred sales inducement costs (“DSIC”), unearned revenue, benefit reserves, reinsurance recoverables and income taxes which is consistent with prior periods before January 1, 2020. Available-for-Sale securities are recorded within investments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Gains and losses are recognized on a trade date basis in the Consolidated Statements of Operations upon disposition of the securities.
Available-for-Sale securities are impaired when the fair value of an investment is less than its amortized cost. When an Available-for-Sale security is impaired, the Company first assesses whether or not: (i) it has the intent to sell the security (made a decision to sell) or (ii) it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before its anticipated recovery. If either of these conditions exist, the Company recognizes an impairment by reducing the book value of the security for the difference between the investment’s amortized cost and its fair value with a corresponding charge to earnings. Subsequent increases in fair value of Available-for-Sale securities that occur in periods after a write-down has occurred are recorded as unrealized gains in other comprehensive income (“OCI”), while subsequent decreases in fair value would continue to be recorded as reductions of book value with a charge to earnings.
For securities that do not meet the above criteria, the Company determines whether the decrease in fair value is due to a credit loss or due to other factors. The amount of impairment due to credit-related factors, if any, is recognized as an allowance for credit losses with a related charge to net investment income. The allowance for credit losses is limited to the amount by which the security’s amortized cost basis exceeds its fair value. The amount of the impairment related to other factors is recognized in OCI which is consistent with prior periods before January 1, 2020.
Factors the Company considers in determining whether declines in the fair value of fixed maturity securities due to credit-related factors include: (i) the extent to which the market value is below amortized cost; (ii) fundamental analysis of the liquidity, business prospects and overall financial condition of the issuer; and (iii) market events that could impact credit ratings, economic and business climate, litigation and government actions, and similar external business factors.
If through subsequent evaluation there is a sustained increase in cash flows expected, both the allowance and related charge to earnings may be reversed to reflect the increase in expected principal and interest payments. However, for Available-for-Sale securities that recognized an impairment prior to January 1, 2020 by reducing the book value of the security, the difference between the new amortized cost basis and the improved cash flows expected to be collected is accreted as interest income.
In order to determine the amount of the credit loss component for corporate debt securities, a best estimate of the present value of cash flows expected to be collected discounted at the security’s effective interest rate is compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. The significant inputs to cash flow projections consider potential debt restructuring terms, projected cash flows available to pay creditors and the Company’s position in the debtor’s overall capital structure. When assessing potential credit-related impairments for structured investments (e.g., residential mortgage backed securities, commercial mortgage backed securities, asset backed securities and other structured investments), the Company also considers credit-related factors such as overall deal structure and its
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position within the structure, quality of underlying collateral, delinquencies and defaults, loss severities, recoveries, prepayments and cumulative loss projections.
Management has elected to exclude accrued interest in its measurement of the allowance for credit losses for Available-for-Sale securities. Accrued interest on Available-for-Sale securities is recorded as earned in receivables on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Available-for-Sale securities are placed on nonaccrual status when the accrued balance becomes 90 days past due or earlier based on management’s evaluation of the facts and circumstances of each security under review. At this time all previously accrued interest is reversed through net investment income.
Financing Receivables
Commercial Loans
Commercial loans include commercial mortgage loans, syndicated loans, and advisor loans and are recorded at amortized cost less the allowance for loan losses. Commercial mortgage loans and syndicated loans are recorded within investments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Advisor loans are recorded within receivables on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Commercial mortgage loans are loans on commercial properties that are originated by the Company. Syndicated loans represent the Company’s investment in loan syndications originated by unrelated third parties.
The Company offers loans to financial advisors primarily for recruiting, transitional cost assistance and retention purposes. These advisor loans are generally repaid over a five- to ten-year period. If the financial advisor is no longer affiliated with the Company, any unpaid balance of such loan becomes immediately due.
Interest income is accrued as earned on the unpaid principal balances of the loans. Interest income recognized on commercial mortgage loans and syndicated loans is recorded in net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Interest income recognized on advisor loans is recorded in other revenues on the Consolidated Statements of operations.
Consumer Loans
Consumer loans consist of credit card receivables, policy loans, brokerage margin loans and pledged asset lines of credit and are recorded at amortized cost less the allowance for loan losses. Credit card receivables and policy loans are recorded within investments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Brokerage margin loans and pledged asset lines of credit are recorded within receivables on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Credit card receivables are related to Ameriprise-branded credit cards issued to the Company’s customers by a third party. When originated, policy loan balances do not exceed the cash surrender value of the underlying products. The Company’s broker dealer subsidiaries enter into lending arrangements with clients through the normal course of business, which are primarily based on customer margin levels. Ameriprise Bank, FSB, enters into revolving lines of credit with customers of the Company’s broker dealer subsidiaries, where certain of the customer’s assets held in brokerage accounts serve as collateral.
Interest income is accrued as earned on the unpaid principal balances of the loans which is consistent with prior periods before January 1, 2020. Interest income recognized on consumer loans is recorded in net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Deposit Receivable
For each of its reinsurance agreements, the Company determines whether the agreement provides indemnification against loss or liability related to insurance risk in accordance with applicable accounting standards. If the Company determines that a reinsurance agreement does not expose the reinsurer to a reasonable possibility of a significant loss from insurance risk, the Company records the agreement using the deposit method of accounting. Deposits made are included in receivables. As amounts are received, consistent with the underlying contracts, the deposit receivable is adjusted. The deposit receivable is accreted using the interest method and the accretion is reported in other revenues.
See Note 7 for additional information on financing receivables.
Allowance for Credit Losses
The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial assets to present the net amount expected to be collected over the asset’s expected life, considering past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions. Prior to January 1, 2020, the allowance for credit losses was based on an incurred loss model that did not require estimating expected credit losses over the expected life of the asset. Estimates of expected credit losses consider both historical charge-off and recovery experience as well as current economic conditions and management’s expectation of future charge-off and recovery levels. Expected losses related to risks other than credit risk are excluded from the allowance for credit losses. The allowance for credit losses is measured and recorded upon initial recognition of the loan, regardless of whether it is originated or purchased. The methods and information used to develop the allowance for credit losses for each class of financing receivable are discussed below.
Commercial Loans
The allowance for credit losses for commercial mortgage loans and syndicated loans utilizes a probability of default and loss severity approach to estimate lifetime expected credit losses. Actual historical default and loss severity data for each type of commercial loan is
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adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions to develop the probability of default and loss severity assumptions that are applied to the amortized cost basis of the loans over the expected life of each portfolio. The allowance for credit losses on commercial mortgage loans and syndicated loans is recorded through provisions charged to net investment income and is reduced/increased by net charge-offs/recoveries.
Management determines the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses based on the overall loan portfolio composition, recent and historical loss experience, and other pertinent factors, including when applicable, internal risk ratings, loan-to-value (“LTV”) ratios, and occupancy rates, along with reasonable and supportable forecasts of economic and market conditions. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires estimates, which may be susceptible to significant change.
While the Company may attribute portions of the allowance to specific loan pools as part of the allowance estimation process, the entire allowance is available to absorb losses expected over the life of the portfolio.
When determining the allowance for credit losses for advisor loans, the Company considers its actual historical collection experience and advisor termination experience as well as other factors including amounts due at termination, the reasons for the terminated relationship, length of time since termination, and the former financial advisor’s overall financial position. Management may identify certain pools of advisors at higher risk of termination based on production metrics or other factors. Management uses its best estimate of future termination and collection rates to estimate expected credit losses over the expected life of the loans. The allowance for credit losses on advisor loans is recorded in distribution expenses.
Consumer Loans
The allowance for loan losses for credit card receivables is based on a model that projects the Company’s receivable exposure over the expected life of the loans using cohorts based on the age of the receivable, geographic location, and credit scores. The model utilizes industry data to derive probability of default and loss given default assumptions, adjusted for current and future economic conditions. Management evaluates actual historical charge-off experience and monitors risk factors including FICO scores and past-due status within the credit card portfolio to ensure the allowance for loan losses based on industry data appropriately reserves for risks specific to the Company’s portfolio. The allowance for credit losses for credit card receivables is recorded in net investment income.
The Company monitors the market value of collateral supporting the margin loans and pledged asset lines of credit and requests additional collateral when necessary in order to mitigate the risk of loss. Due to these ongoing monitoring procedures, the allowance for credit losses is only measured for the margin loan balances and pledged asset line of credit balances that are uncollateralized at the balance sheet date.
Policy loans do not exceed the cash surrender value at origination. As there is minimal risk of loss related to policy loans, there is no allowance for credit losses.
Deposit Receivable
The allowance for credit losses is calculated on an individual reinsurer basis. The deposit receivable is collateralized by an underlying trust arrangement. Management evaluates the terms of the reinsurance and trust agreements, the nature of the underlying assets, and the potential for changes in the collateral value when considering the need for an allowance for credit losses.
Nonaccrual Loans
Commercial mortgage loans and syndicated loans are placed on nonaccrual status when either the collection of interest or principal has become 90 days past due or is otherwise considered doubtful of collection. Advisor loans are placed on nonaccrual status upon the advisor’s termination. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, unpaid accrued interest is reversed. Interest payments received on loans on nonaccrual status are generally applied to principal unless the remaining principal balance has been determined to be fully collectible. Management has elected to exclude accrued interest in its measurement of the allowance for credit losses for commercial mortgage loans, syndicated loans, and consumer loans.
Restructured Loans
A loan is classified as a restructured loan when the Company makes certain concessionary modifications to contractual terms for borrowers experiencing financial difficulties. When the interest rate, minimum payments, and/or due dates have been modified in an attempt to make the loan more affordable to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties, the modification is considered a troubled debt restructuring. Modifications to loan terms do not automatically result in troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”). Per the Interagency Statement on Loan Modifications and Reporting for Financial Institutions Working with Customers Affected by the Coronavirus, modifications made on a good faith basis in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (“COVID-19”) pandemic to borrowers who were not more than 30 days past due as of December 31, 2019, such as payment deferrals, extensions of repayment terms, fee waivers, or delays in payment that are not significant to the unpaid principal value of the loan, are not considered TDRs. Generally, performance prior to the restructuring or significant events that coincide with the restructuring are considered in assessing whether the borrower can meet the new terms which may result in the loan being returned to accrual status at the time of the restructuring or after a performance period. If the borrower’s ability to meet the revised payment schedule is not reasonably assured, the loan remains on nonaccrual status.
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Charge-off and Foreclosure
Commercial Loans
Charge-offs are recorded when the Company concludes that all or a portion of the commercial mortgage loan or syndicated loan is uncollectible. Factors used by the Company to determine whether all amounts due on commercial mortgage loans will be collected, include but are not limited to, the financial condition of the borrower, performance of the underlying properties, collateral and/or guarantees on the loan, and the borrower’s estimated future ability to pay based on property type and geographic location. Factors used by the Company to determine whether all amounts due on syndicated loans will be collected, include but are not limited to the borrower’s financial condition, industry outlook, and internal risk ratings based on rating agency data and internal analyst expectations.
If it is determined that foreclosure on a commercial mortgage loan is probable and the fair value is less than the current loan balance, expected credit losses are measured as the difference between the amortized cost basis of the asset and fair value less estimated selling costs. Upon foreclosure, the commercial mortgage loan and related allowance are reversed, and the foreclosed property is recorded as real estate owned in other assets.
Concerns regarding the recoverability of loans to advisors primarily arise in the event that the financial advisor is no longer affiliated with the Company. When the review of these factors indicates that further collection activity is highly unlikely, the outstanding balance of the loan is written-off and the related allowance is reduced.
Consumer Loans
Credit card receivables are not placed on nonaccrual status at 90 days past due, however, are fully charged off upon reaching 180 days past due.
Separate Account Assets and Liabilities
Separate account assets represent funds held for the benefit of and separate account liabilities represent the obligation to the variable annuity contractholders and variable life insurance policyholders who have a contractual right to receive the benefits of their contract or policy and bear the related investment risk. Gains and losses on separate account assets accrue directly to the contractholder or policyholder and are not reported in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. Separate account assets are recorded at fair value and separate account liabilities are equal to the assets recognized.
Included in separate account assets and liabilities is the fair value of the pooled pension funds that are offered by Threadneedle.
Restricted and Segregated Cash, Cash Equivalents and Investments
Amounts segregated under federal and other regulations are held in special reserve bank accounts for the exclusive benefit of the Company’s brokerage customers. Cash and cash equivalents included in restricted and segregated cash, cash equivalents and investments are presented as part of cash balances in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
Land, Buildings, Equipment and Software
Land, buildings, equipment and internally developed or purchased software are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation or amortization and are reflected within other assets. The Company uses the straight-line method of depreciation and amortization over periods ranging from three to 39 years. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, land, buildings, equipment and software were $602 million and $610 million, respectively, net of accumulated depreciation of $1.9 billion and $1.8 billion, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $153 million, $147 million and $146 million, respectively.
Leases
The Company has operating and finance leases for corporate and field offices. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception or modification. Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and corresponding lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate to determine the present value of the future lease payments. The incremental borrowing rate is determined at lease commencement date using a secured rate for a similar term as the period of the lease. Certain lease incentives such as free rent periods are recorded as a reduction of the ROU asset. Lease costs for operating ROU assets is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Certain leases include one or more options to renew with terms that can extend the lease from one year to 20 years. The exercise of any lease renewal option is at the sole discretion of the Company. Renewal options are included in the ROU assets and lease liabilities when they either provide an economic incentive to renew or when the costs related to the termination of a lease outweigh the benefits of signing a new lease.
Operating and finance ROU assets are reflected in other assets. Operating lease liabilities and finance lease liabilities are reflected in other liabilities and long-term debt, respectively.
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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill represents the amount of an acquired company’s acquisition cost in excess of the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The Company evaluates goodwill for impairment annually on the measurement date of July 1 and whenever events and circumstances indicate that an impairment may have occurred, such as a significant adverse change in the business climate or a decision to sell or dispose of a reporting unit. Impairment is the amount carrying value exceeds fair value and is evaluated at the reporting unit level. The Company assesses various qualitative factors to determine whether impairment is likely to have occurred. If impairment were to occur, the Company would use the discounted cash flow method, a variation of the income approach.
Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives unless they are deemed to have indefinite useful lives. The Company evaluates the definite lived intangible assets remaining useful lives annually and tests for impairment whenever events and circumstances indicate that an impairment may have occurred, such as a significant adverse change in the business climate. For definite lived intangible assets, impairment to fair value is recognized if the carrying amount is not recoverable. Indefinite lived intangibles are also tested for impairment annually or whenever circumstances indicate an impairment may have occurred.
Goodwill and other intangible assets are reflected in other assets.
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
Freestanding derivative instruments are recorded at fair value and are reflected in other assets or other liabilities. The Company’s policy is to not offset fair value amounts recognized for derivatives and collateral arrangements executed with the same counterparty under the same master netting arrangement. The accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative instrument depends on its intended use and the resulting hedge designation, if any. The Company primarily uses derivatives as economic hedges that are not designated as accounting hedges or do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment. The Company occasionally designates derivatives as (i) hedges of changes in the fair value of assets, liabilities, or firm commitments (“fair value hedges”), (ii) hedges of a forecasted transaction or of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (“cash flow hedges”), or (iii) hedges of foreign currency exposures of net investments in foreign operations (“net investment hedges in foreign operations”).
Derivative instruments that are entered into for hedging purposes are designated as such at the time the Company enters into the contract. For all derivative instruments that are designated for hedging activities, the Company documents all of the hedging relationships between the hedge instruments and the hedged items at the inception of the relationships. Management also documents its risk management objectives and strategies for entering into the hedge transactions. The Company assesses, at inception and on a quarterly basis, whether derivatives designated as hedges are highly effective in offsetting the fair value or cash flows of hedged items. If it is determined that a derivative is no longer highly effective as a hedge, the Company will discontinue the application of hedge accounting.
For derivative instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting or are not designated as accounting hedges, changes in fair value are recognized in current period earnings. Changes in fair value of derivatives are presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations based on the nature and use of the instrument. Changes in fair value of derivatives used as economic hedges are presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations with the corresponding change in the hedged asset or liability.
For derivative instruments that qualify as fair value hedges, changes in the fair value of the derivatives, as well as changes in the fair value of the hedged assets, liabilities or firm commitments, are recognized on a net basis in current period earnings. The carrying value of the hedged item is adjusted for the change in fair value from the designated hedged risk. If a fair value hedge designation is removed or the hedge is terminated prior to maturity, previous adjustments to the carrying value of the hedged item are recognized into earnings over the remaining life of the hedged item.
For derivative instruments that qualify as cash flow hedges, the effective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative instruments is reported in AOCI and reclassified into earnings when the hedged item or transaction impacts earnings. The amount that is reclassified into earnings is presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations with the hedged instrument or transaction impact. Any ineffective portion of the gain or loss is reported in current period earnings as a component of net investment income. If a hedge designation is removed or a hedge is terminated prior to maturity, the amount previously recorded in AOCI is reclassified to earnings over the period that the hedged item impacts earnings. For hedge relationships that are discontinued because the forecasted transaction is not expected to occur according to the original strategy, any related amounts previously recorded in AOCI are recognized in earnings immediately.
For derivative instruments that qualify as net investment hedges in foreign operations, the effective portion of the change in fair value of the derivatives is recorded in AOCI as part of the foreign currency translation adjustment. Any ineffective portion of the net investment hedges in foreign operations is recognized in net investment income during the period of change.
The equity component of indexed annuity, structured variable annuity, indexed universal life (“IUL”) and stock market certificate (“SMC”) obligations are considered embedded derivatives. Additionally, certain annuities contain guaranteed minimum accumulation benefit (“GMAB”) and guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit (“GMWB”) provisions. The GMAB and the non-life contingent benefits associated with GMWB provisions are also considered embedded derivatives.
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See Note 15 for information regarding the Company’s fair value measurement of derivative instruments and Note 17 for the impact of derivatives on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Deferred Acquisition Costs
The Company incurs costs in connection with acquiring new and renewal insurance and annuity businesses. The portion of these costs which are incremental and direct to the acquisition of a new or renewal insurance policy or annuity contract are deferred. Significant costs capitalized include sales based compensation related to the acquisition of new and renewal insurance policies and annuity contracts, medical inspection costs for successful sales, and a portion of employee compensation and benefit costs based upon the amount of time spent on successful sales. Sales based compensation paid to advisors and employees and third-party distributors is capitalized. Employee compensation and benefits costs which are capitalized relate primarily to sales efforts, underwriting and processing. All other costs which are not incremental direct costs of acquiring an insurance policy or annuity contract are expensed as incurred. The DAC associated with insurance policies or annuity contracts that are significantly modified or internally replaced with another contract are accounted for as contract terminations. These transactions are anticipated in establishing amortization periods and other valuation assumptions.
The Company monitors other DAC amortization assumptions, such as persistency, mortality, morbidity, interest margin, variable annuity benefit utilization and maintenance expense levels each quarter and, when assessed independently, each could impact the Company’s DAC balances.
The analysis of DAC balances and the corresponding amortization is a dynamic process that considers all relevant factors and assumptions described previously. Unless the Company’s management identifies a significant deviation over the course of the quarterly monitoring, management reviews and updates these DAC amortization assumptions annually in the third quarter of each year.
Non-Traditional Long-Duration Products
For non-traditional long-duration products (including variable, structured variable and fixed deferred annuity contracts, universal life (“UL”) and variable universal life (“VUL”) insurance products), DAC are amortized based on projections of estimated gross profits (“EGPs”) over amortization periods equal to the approximate life of the business.
EGPs vary based on persistency rates (assumptions at which contractholders and policyholders are expected to surrender, make withdrawals from and make deposits to their contracts), mortality levels, client asset value growth rates (based on equity and bond market performance), variable annuity benefit utilization and interest margins (the spread between earned rates on invested assets and rates credited to contractholder and policyholder accounts) and are management’s best estimates. Management regularly monitors financial market conditions and actual contractholder and policyholder behavior experience and compares them to its assumptions. These assumptions are updated whenever it appears that earlier estimates should be revised. When assumptions are changed, the percentage of EGPs used to amortize DAC might also change. A change in the required amortization percentage is applied retrospectively; an increase in amortization percentage will result in a decrease in the DAC balance and an increase in DAC amortization expense, while a decrease in amortization percentage will result in an increase in the DAC balance and a decrease in DAC amortization expense. The impact on results of operations of changing assumptions can be either positive or negative in any particular period and is reflected in the period in which such changes are made. At each balance sheet date, the DAC balance is adjusted for the effect that would result from the realization of unrealized gains or losses on securities impacting EGPs, with the related change recognized through AOCI.
The client asset value growth rates are the rates at which variable annuity and VUL insurance contract values invested in separate accounts are assumed to appreciate in the future. The rates used vary by equity and fixed income investments. Management reviews and, where appropriate, adjusts its assumptions with respect to client asset value growth rates on a regular basis. The Company typically uses a five-year mean reversion process as a guideline in setting near-term equity fund growth rates based on a long-term view of financial market performance as well as recent actual performance. The suggested near-term equity fund growth rate is reviewed quarterly to ensure consistency with management’s assessment of anticipated equity market performance. DAC amortization expense recorded in a period when client asset value growth rates exceed management’s near-term estimate will typically be less than in a period when growth rates fall short of management’s near-term estimate.
Traditional Long-Duration Products
For traditional long-duration products (including traditional life and disability income (“DI”) insurance products), DAC are generally amortized as a percentage of premiums over amortization periods equal to the premium paying period. The assumptions made in calculating the DAC balance and DAC amortization expense are consistent with those used in determining the liabilities.
For traditional life and DI insurance products, the assumptions provide for adverse deviations in experience and are revised only if management concludes experience will be so adverse that DAC are not recoverable. If management concludes that DAC are not recoverable, DAC are reduced to the amount that is recoverable based on best estimate assumptions and there is a corresponding expense recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
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Deferred Sales Inducement Costs
Sales inducement costs consist of bonus interest credits and premium credits added to certain annuity contract and insurance policy values. These benefits are capitalized to the extent they are incremental to amounts that would be credited on similar contracts without the applicable feature. The amounts capitalized are amortized using the same methodology and assumptions used to amortize DAC. DSIC is recorded in other assets, and amortization of DSIC is recorded in benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses.
Reinsurance
The Company cedes insurance risk to other insurers under reinsurance agreements.
Reinsurance premiums paid and benefits received are accounted for consistently with the basis used in accounting for the policies from which risk is reinsured and consistently with the terms of the reinsurance contracts. Reinsurance premiums for traditional life, long term care (“LTC”) and DI, net of the change in any prepaid reinsurance asset, are reported as a reduction of premiums, policy and contract charges. UL and VUL reinsurance premiums are reported as a reduction of premiums, policy and contract charges. In addition, for UL and VUL insurance policies, the net cost of reinsurance ceded, which represents the discounted amount of the expected cash flows between the reinsurer and the Company, is classified as an asset or contra asset and amortized over the estimated life of the policies in proportion to the estimated gross profits and is subject to retrospective adjustment in a manner similar to retrospective adjustment of DAC. The assumptions used to project the expected cash flows are consistent with those used for DAC valuation for the same contracts. Changes in the net cost of reinsurance are reflected as a component of premiums, policy and contract charges. Reinsurance recoveries are reported as components of benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses.
Insurance liabilities are reported before the effects of reinsurance. Policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims recoverable under reinsurance contracts are recorded within receivables, net of the allowance for credit losses. The Company evaluates the financial condition of its reinsurers prior to entering into new reinsurance contracts and on a periodic basis during the contract term. The allowance for credit losses related to reinsurance recoverable is based on applying observable industry data including insurer ratings, default and loss severity data to the Company’s reinsurance recoverable balances. Management evaluates the results of the calculation and considers differences between the industry data and the Company’s data. Such differences include the fact the Company has no actual history of losses and the fact that industry data may contain non-life insurers. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires estimates, which may be susceptible to significant change given the long-term nature of these receivables. In addition, the Company has a reinsurance protection agreement that provides credit protections for its reinsured long-term care business. The allowance for credit losses on reinsurance recoverable is recorded through provisions charged to benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The Company also assumes life insurance and fixed annuity risk from other insurers in limited circumstances. Reinsurance premiums received and benefits paid are accounted for consistently with the basis used in accounting for the policies from which risk is reinsured and consistently with the terms of the reinsurance contracts. Liabilities for assumed business are recorded within policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims.
See Note 8 for additional information on reinsurance.
Policyholder Account Balances, Future Policy Benefits and Claims
The Company establishes reserves to cover the benefits associated with non-traditional and traditional long-duration products and short-duration products. Non-traditional long-duration products include variable and structured variable annuity contracts, fixed annuity contracts and UL and VUL policies. Traditional long-duration products include term life, whole life, DI and LTC insurance products. Prior to the sale of Ameriprise Auto & Home (“AAH”), reserves for short-duration products were established to provide adequately for incurred losses primarily related to auto and home policies.
Guarantees accounted for as insurance liabilities include guaranteed minimum death benefit (“GMDB”), gain gross-up (“GGU”), guaranteed minimum income benefit (“GMIB”) and the life contingent benefits associated with GMWB. In addition, UL and VUL policies with product features that result in profits followed by losses are accounted for as insurance liabilities.
Guarantees accounted for as embedded derivatives include GMAB and the non-life contingent benefits associated with GMWB. In addition, the portion of structured variable annuities, indexed annuities and IUL policies allocated to the indexed account is accounted for as an embedded derivative.
Changes in future policy benefits and claims are reflected in earnings in the period adjustments are made. Where applicable, benefit amounts expected to be recoverable from reinsurance companies who share in the risk are separately recorded as reinsurance recoverable within receivables.
Non-Traditional Long-Duration Products
The liabilities for non-traditional long-duration products include fixed account values on variable and fixed annuities and UL and VUL policies, liabilities for guaranteed benefits associated with variable annuities and embedded derivatives for variable and structured variable annuities, indexed annuities and IUL products.
Liabilities for fixed account values on variable, structured variable and fixed deferred annuities and UL and VUL policies are equal to accumulation values, which are the cumulative gross deposits and credited interest less withdrawals and various charges.
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A portion of the Company’s UL and VUL policies have product features that result in profits followed by losses from the insurance component of the contract. These profits followed by losses can be generated by the cost structure of the product or secondary guarantees in the contract. The secondary guarantee ensures that, subject to specified conditions, the policy will not terminate and will continue to provide a death benefit even if there is insufficient policy value to cover the monthly deductions and charges. The liability for these future losses is determined by estimating the death benefits in excess of account value and recognizing the excess over the estimated life based on expected assessments (e.g. cost of insurance charges, contractual administrative charges, similar fees and investment margin). See Note 12 for information regarding the liability for contracts with secondary guarantees.
Liabilities for fixed deferred indexed annuity, structured variable annuity and IUL products are equal to the accumulation of host contract values covering guaranteed benefits and the fair value of embedded equity options.
The GMDB and GGU liability is determined by estimating the expected value of death benefits in excess of the projected contract accumulation value and recognizing the excess over the estimated life based on expected assessments (e.g., mortality and expense fees, contractual administrative charges and similar fees).
If elected by the contract owner and after a stipulated waiting period from contract issuance, a GMIB guarantees a minimum lifetime annuity based on a specified rate of contract accumulation value growth and predetermined annuity purchase rates. The GMIB liability is determined each period by estimating the expected value of annuitization benefits in excess of the projected contract accumulation value at the date of annuitization and recognizing the excess over the estimated life based on expected assessments.
The liability for the life contingent benefits associated with GMWB provisions is determined by estimating the expected value of benefits that are contingent upon survival after the account value is equal to zero and recognizing the benefits over the estimated life based on expected assessments (e.g., mortality and expense fees, contractual administrative charges and similar fees).
In determining the liabilities for GMDB, GGU, GMIB and the life contingent benefits associated with GMWB, the Company projects these benefits and contract assessments using actuarial models to simulate various equity market scenarios. Significant assumptions made in projecting future benefits and assessments relate to customer asset value growth rates, mortality, persistency, benefit utilization and investment margins and are consistent with those used for DAC valuation for the same contracts. As with DAC, unless the Company’s management identifies a significant deviation over the course of quarterly monitoring, management reviews and updates these assumptions annually in the third quarter of each year.
See Note 12 for information regarding variable annuity guarantees.
Liabilities for fixed annuities in a benefit or payout status utilize assumptions established as of the date the payout phase is initiated. The liabilities are the present value of future estimated payments reduced for mortality (which is based on industry mortality tables with modifications based on the Company’s experience) and discounted with interest rates.
Embedded Derivatives
The fair value of embedded derivatives related to GMAB and the non-life contingent benefits associated with GMWB provisions fluctuate based on equity, interest rate and credit markets and the estimate of the Company’s nonperformance risk, which can cause these embedded derivatives to be either an asset or a liability. The fair value of embedded derivatives related to structured variable annuities, indexed annuities and IUL fluctuate based on equity markets and interest rates and the estimate of the Company’s nonperformance risk and is a liability. See Note 15 for information regarding the fair value measurement of embedded derivatives.
Traditional Long-Duration Products
The liabilities for traditional long-duration products include liabilities for unpaid amounts on reported claims, estimates of benefits payable on claims incurred but not yet reported and estimates of benefits that will become payable on term life, whole life, DI and LTC policies as claims are incurred in the future.
Liabilities for unpaid amounts on reported life insurance claims are equal to the death benefits payable under the policies.
Liabilities for unpaid amounts on reported DI and LTC claims include any periodic or other benefit amounts due and accrued, along with estimates of the present value of obligations for continuing benefit payments. These unpaid amounts are calculated using anticipated claim continuance rates based on established industry tables, adjusted as appropriate for the Company’s experience. The discount rates used to calculate present values are based on average interest rates earned on assets supporting the liability for unpaid amounts.
Liabilities for estimated benefits payable on claims that have been incurred but not yet reported are based on periodic analysis of the actual time lag between when a claim occurs and when it is reported.
Liabilities for estimates of benefits that will become payable on future claims on term life, whole life and DI insurance policies are based on the net level premium and LTC policies are based on a gross premium valuation reflecting management’s current best estimate assumptions. Net level premium includes anticipated premium payments, mortality and morbidity rates, policy persistency and interest rates earned on assets supporting the liability. Gross premium valuation includes expected premium rate increases, benefit reductions, morbidity rates, policy persistency and interest rates earned on assets supporting the liability. Anticipated mortality and
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morbidity rates are based on established industry mortality and morbidity tables, with modifications based on the Company’s experience. Anticipated premium payments and persistency rates vary by policy form, issue age, policy duration and certain other pricing factors.
For term life, whole life, DI and LTC policies, the Company utilizes best estimate assumptions as of the date the policy is issued with provisions for the risk of adverse deviation, as appropriate. After the liabilities are initially established, management performs premium deficiency tests using current best estimate assumptions without provisions for adverse deviation annually in the third quarter of each year unless management identifies a material deviation over the course of quarterly monitoring. If the liabilities determined based on these best estimate assumptions are greater than the net reserves (i.e., GAAP reserves net of any DAC balance), the existing net reserves are adjusted by first reducing the DAC balance by the amount of the deficiency or to zero through a charge to current period earnings. If the deficiency is more than the DAC balance, then the net reserves are increased by the excess through a charge to current period earnings. If a premium deficiency is recognized, the assumptions as of the date of the loss recognition are locked in and used in subsequent periods. The assumptions for LTC insurance products are management’s best estimate as of the date of loss recognition and thus no longer provide for adverse deviations in experience.
See Note 11 for information regarding the liabilities for traditional long-duration products.
Unearned Revenue Liability
The Company’s UL and VUL policies require payment of fees or other policyholder assessments in advance for services to be provided in future periods. These charges are deferred as unearned revenue and amortized using EGPs, similar to DAC. The unearned revenue liability is recorded in other liabilities and the amortization is recorded in premiums, policy and contract charges.
For clients who pay financial planning fees prior to the advisor’s delivery of the financial plan, the financial planning fees received in advance are deferred as unearned revenue until the plan is delivered to the client.
Share-Based Compensation
The Company measures and recognizes the cost of share-based awards granted to employees and directors based on the grant-date fair value of the award and recognizes the expense (net of estimated forfeitures) on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. Excess tax benefits or deficiencies are created upon distribution or exercise of awards and are recognized as income tax expense or benefit in the income statement. The fair value of each option is estimated on the grant date using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company recognizes the cost of performance share units granted to the Company’s Executive Leadership Team on a fair value basis until fully vested.
Income Taxes
The Company’s provision for income taxes represents the net amount of income taxes that the Company expects to pay or to receive from various taxing jurisdictions in connection with its operations. The Company provides for income taxes based on amounts that the Company believes it will ultimately owe taking into account the recognition and measurement for uncertain tax positions. Inherent in the provision for income taxes are estimates and judgments regarding the tax treatment of certain items.
In connection with the provision for income taxes, the Consolidated Financial Statements reflect certain amounts related to deferred tax assets and liabilities, which result from temporary differences between the assets and liabilities measured for financial statement purposes versus the assets and liabilities measured for tax return purposes.
The Company is required to establish a valuation allowance for any portion of its deferred tax assets that management believes will not be realized. Significant judgment is required in determining if a valuation allowance should be established and the amount of such allowance if required. Factors used in making this determination include estimates relating to the performance of the business. Consideration is given to, among other things in making this determination: (i) future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards; (ii) future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences; (iii) taxable income in prior carryback years; and (iv) tax planning strategies. Management may need to identify and implement appropriate planning strategies to ensure its ability to realize deferred tax assets and reduce the likelihood of the establishment of a valuation allowance with respect to such assets. See Note 24 for additional information on the Company’s valuation allowance.
Changes in tax rates and tax law are accounted for in the period of enactment. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the effect of a change in tax laws or rates and the effect is included in income.
Revenue Recognition
Mortality and expense risk fees are generally calculated as a percentage of the fair value of assets held in separate accounts and recognized when assessed.
Interest income is accrued as earned using the effective interest method, which makes an adjustment of the yield for security premiums and discounts on all performing fixed maturity securities classified as Available-for-Sale so that the related security or loan recognizes a constant rate of return on the outstanding balance throughout its term. When actual prepayments differ significantly from originally anticipated prepayments, the retrospective effective yield is recalculated to reflect actual payments to date and updated future payment assumptions and a catch-up adjustment is recorded in the current period. In addition, the new effective yield, which reflects anticipated
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future payments, is used prospectively. Realized gains and losses on securities, other than trading securities and equity method investments, are recognized using the specific identification method on a trade date basis.
Prior to the sale of AAH, premiums on auto and home insurance were net of reinsurance premiums and recognized ratably over the coverage period. Premiums on traditional life, health insurance and immediate annuities with a life contingent feature are net of reinsurance ceded and are recognized as revenue when due.
Variable annuity guaranteed benefit rider charges and cost of insurance charges on UL and VUL insurance (net of reinsurance premiums and cost of reinsurance for universal life insurance products) are recognized as revenue when assessed.
See Note 4 for further discussion of accounting policies on revenue from contracts with customers.
3. Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Adoption of New Accounting Standards
Financial Instruments – Credit Losses – Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments
In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) updated the accounting standards related to accounting for credit losses on certain types of financial instruments. The update replaces the current incurred loss model for estimating credit losses with a new model that requires an entity to estimate the credit losses expected over the life of the asset. At adoption, the initial estimate of the expected credit losses will be recorded through retained earnings and subsequent changes in the estimate will be reported in current period earnings and recorded through an allowance for credit losses on the balance sheet. The credit loss model for Available-for-Sale debt securities did not change; however, the credit loss calculation and subsequent recoveries are required to be recorded through an allowance. The standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. A modified retrospective cumulative adjustment to retained earnings should be recorded as of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective for loans, receivables, and other financial instruments subject to the new expected credit loss model. Prospective adoption is required for establishing an allowance related to Available-for-Sale debt securities, certain beneficial interests, and financial assets purchased with a more-than-insignificant amount of credit deterioration since origination. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2020. The adoption of this update did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated results of operations or financial condition.
Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software – Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract
In August 2018, the FASB updated the accounting standards related to customer’s accounting for implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement (“CCA”) that is a service contract. The update requires implementation costs for a CCA to be evaluated for capitalization using the same approach as implementation costs associated with internal-use software. The update also addresses presentation, measurement and impairment of capitalized implementation costs in a CCA that is a service contract. The update requires new disclosures on the nature of hosting arrangements that are service contracts, significant judgements made when applying the guidance and quantitative disclosures, including amounts capitalized, amortized and impaired. The update is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and can be applied either prospectively or retrospectively. The Company adopted the standard using a prospective approach on January 1, 2020. The adoption of this update did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated results of operations or financial condition.
Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment
In January 2017, the FASB updated the accounting standards to simplify the accounting for goodwill impairment. The update removes the hypothetical purchase price allocation (Step 2) of the goodwill impairment test. Goodwill impairment will now be the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value. The standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and should be applied prospectively with early adoption permitted for any impairment tests performed after January 1, 2017. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2020. The adoption of this update did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated results of operations or financial condition.
Leases – Recognition of Lease Assets and Liabilities on Balance Sheet
In February 2016, the FASB updated the accounting standards for leases. The update was issued to increase transparency and comparability for the accounting of lease transactions. The standard requires most lease transactions for lessees to be recorded on the balance sheet as lease assets and lease liabilities and both quantitative and qualitative disclosures about leasing arrangements. The standard was effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Entities had the option to adopt the standard using a modified retrospective approach at either the beginning of the earliest period presented or as of the date of adoption. The Company adopted the standard using a modified retrospective approach as of January 1, 2019. The Company also elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance within the accounting standard that allows entities to carryforward their historical lease classification and to not reassess contracts for embedded leases among other things. The Company recorded a right-of-use asset of $274 million and a corresponding lease liability of $295 million substantially related to real estate leases. The amount the lease liability exceeds the right-of-use asset primarily reflects lease incentives recorded as a reduction of the right-of-use asset that were previously recorded as a liability. The adoption of the standard did not have other material impacts on the Company’s consolidated results of operations or financial condition. See Note 18 for additional disclosures on leases.
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Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
In February 2018, the FASB updated the accounting standards related to the presentation of tax effects stranded in AOCI. The update allows a reclassification from AOCI to retained earnings for tax effects stranded in AOCI resulting from the Tax Act. The election of the update was optional. The update was effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. Entities could record the impacts either in the period of adoption or retrospectively to each period (or periods) in which the effect of the change in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate in the Tax Act is recognized. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2019 and elected not to reclassify the stranded tax effects in AOCI.
Derivatives and Hedging – Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities
In August 2017, the FASB updated the accounting standards to amend the hedge accounting recognition and presentation requirements. The objectives of the update are to better align the financial reporting of hedging relationships to the economic results of an entity’s risk management activities and simplify the application of the hedge accounting guidance. The update also adds new disclosures and amends existing disclosure requirements. The standard was effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and was required to be applied on a modified retrospective basis. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2019. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated results of operations or financial condition.
Receivables – Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs – Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities
In March 2017, the FASB updated the accounting standards to shorten the amortization period for certain purchased callable debt securities held at a premium. Under previous guidance, premiums were generally amortized over the contractual life of the security. The amendments require the premium to be amortized to the earliest call date. The update applies to securities with explicit, non-contingent call features that are callable at fixed prices and on preset dates. The standard was effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and was required to be applied on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment directly to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2019. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated results of operations or financial condition.
In October 2020, the FASB issued amendments clarifying that, at each reporting date if a security contains additional future call dates, an entity must reevaluate whether the amortized cost basis exceeds the amount repayable by the issuer at the next call date. If so, the excess should be amortized to the next call date. The update is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020. Early application is not permitted. All entities should apply this update on a prospective basis as of the beginning of the period of adoption for existing or newly purchased callable debt securities. The Company currently accounts for the additional call dates in accordance with this amendment.
Compensation – Retirement Benefits – Defined Benefit Plans – General – Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans
In August 2018, the FASB updated the accounting standards related to disclosures for sponsors of defined benefit plans. The update requires disclosure of the weighted-average interest crediting rate for cash balance plans and an explanation of the reasons for significant gains and losses related to changes in the benefit obligation for the period. The update also eliminates the disclosure of the amounts in AOCI expected to be recognized as components of net period benefit cost over the next fiscal year. The update is effective for annual periods ending after December 15, 2020, and should be applied retrospectively. The Company early adopted the standard in the fourth quarter of 2018 on a retrospective basis. The adoption did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated results of operations or financial condition.
Fair Value Measurement – Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement
In August 2018, the FASB updated the accounting standards related to disclosures for fair value measurements. The update eliminates the following disclosures: (1) the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, (2) the policy of timing of transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy, and (3) the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. The new disclosures include changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in OCI for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements of instruments held at the end of the reporting period and the range and weighted average used to develop significant unobservable inputs and how the weighted average was calculated. The new disclosures are required on a prospective basis; all other provisions should be applied retrospectively. The update is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for the entire standard or only the provisions to eliminate or modify disclosure requirements. The Company early adopted the provisions of the standard to eliminate or modify disclosure requirements in the fourth quarter of 2018. The update does not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated results of operations or financial condition.
Future Adoption of New Accounting Standards
Reference Rate Reform – Expedients for Contract Modifications
In March 2020, the FASB updated the accounting standards to provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging or other transactions that are affected by reference rate reform (i.e., the elimination of LIBOR). The following
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expedients are provided for modified contracts whose reference rate is changed: (1) receivables and debt contracts are accounted for prospectively by adjusting the effective interest rate, (2) leases are accounted for as a continuation of the existing contracts with no reassessments of the lease classification and discount rate or remeasurements of lease payments that otherwise would be required, and (3) an entity is not required to reassess its original conclusion about whether that contract contains an embedded derivative that is clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract. When elected, the optional expedients for contract modifications must be applied consistently for all eligible contracts or eligible transactions. In January 2021, FASB updated the standard to allow an entity to elect to apply the treatment under the original guidance to derivative instruments that use an interest rate that for margining, discounting or contract price alignment that will be modified due to reference rate reform but did not qualify under the original guidance The adoption of the standard is not expected to have an impact on the Company’s consolidated results of operations and financial condition.
Income Taxes – Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes
In December 2019, the FASB updated the accounting standards to simplify the accounting for income taxes. The update eliminates certain exceptions to: (1) accounting principles related to intraperiod tax allocation to be applied on a prospective basis, (2) deferred tax liabilities related to outside basis differences to be applied on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption, and (3) year-to-date losses in interim periods to be applied on a prospective basis. The update also amends existing guidance related to situations when an entity receives: (1) a step-up in the tax basis of goodwill to be applied on a prospective basis, (2) an allocation of income tax expense when members of a consolidated tax filing group issue separate financial statements to be applied on a retrospective basis for all periods presented, (3) interim recognition of enactment of tax laws or rate changes to be applied on a prospective basis, and (4) franchise taxes and other taxes partially based on income to be applied on a retrospective basis for all periods presented or a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. The standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of the standard is not expected to have an impact on the Company’s consolidated results of operations and financial condition.
Financial Services – Insurance – Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts
In August 2018, the FASB updated the accounting standard related to long-duration insurance contracts. The guidance revises key elements of the measurement models and disclosure requirements for long-duration insurance contracts issued by insurers and reinsurers.
The guidance establishes a significant new category of benefit features called market risk benefits that protect the contractholder from other-than-nominal capital market risk and expose the insurer to that risk. Insurers will have to measure market risk benefits at fair value. Market risk benefits include variable annuity guaranteed benefits (i.e. guaranteed minimum death, withdrawal, withdrawal for life, accumulation and income benefits). The portion of the change in fair value attributable to a change in the instrument-specific credit risk of market risk benefits in a liability position will be recorded in OCI.
Significant changes also relate to the measurement of the liability for future policy benefits for nonparticipating traditional long-duration insurance contracts and immediate annuities with a life contingent feature include the following:
•Insurers will be required to review and update the cash flow assumptions used to measure the liability for future policy benefits rather than using assumptions locked in at contract inception. The review of assumptions to measure the liability for all future policy benefits will be required annually at the same time each year, or more frequently if suggested by experience. The effect of updating assumptions will be measured on a retrospective catch-up basis and presented separate from the ongoing policyholder benefit expense in the statement of operations in the period the update is made. This new unlocking process will be required for the Company’s term and whole life insurance, disability income, long term care insurance and immediate annuities with a life contingent feature.
•The discount rate used to measure the liability for future policy benefits will be standardized. The current requirement to use a discount rate reflecting expected investment yields will change to an upper-medium grade (low credit risk) fixed income corporate instrument yield (generally interpreted as an “A” rating) reflecting the duration characteristics of the liability. Entities will be required to update the discount rate at each reporting date with the effect of discount rate changes reflected in OCI.
•The current premium deficiency test is being replaced with a net premium ratio cap of 100%. If the net premium ratio (i.e. the ratio of the present value of total expected benefits and related expenses to the present value of total expected premiums) exceeds 100%, insurers are required to recognize a loss in the statement of operations in the period. Contracts from different issue years will no longer be permitted to be grouped to determine contracts in a loss position.
In addition, the update requires DAC and DSIC relating to all long-duration contracts and most investment contracts to be amortized on a straight-line basis over the expected life of the contract independent of profit emergence. Under the new guidance, interest will not accrue to the deferred balance and DAC and DSIC will not be subject to an impairment test.
The update requires significant additional disclosures, including disaggregated rollforwards of the liability for future policy benefits, policyholder account balances, market risk benefits, DAC and DSIC, as well as qualitative and quantitative information about expected cash flows, estimates and assumptions. On November 5, 2020, the FASB released an updated ASU to defer the effective date of the standard to interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2022, and interim periods within those years. The standard
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should be applied to the liability for future policy benefits and DAC and DSIC on a modified retrospective basis and applied to market risk benefits on a retrospective basis with the option to apply full retrospective transition if certain criteria are met. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the standard on its consolidated results of operations, financial condition and disclosures.
4. Revenue from Contracts with Customers
During the third quarter of 2020, the composition of the Company’s reportable segments changed from five to four segments. The Retirement & Protection Solutions segment includes Retirement Solutions (Variable Annuities and Payout Annuities) and Protection Solutions (Life and Disability Insurance). In addition, the Company moved the Fixed Annuities and Fixed Indexed Annuities business to the Corporate & Other segment as a closed block. Certain prior period amounts have been revised to conform to the current presentation. See Note 28 for additional information on this change.
The following tables present revenue disaggregated by segment on an adjusted operating basis with a reconciliation of segment revenues to those reported on the Consolidated Statements of Operations:

| Year Ended December 31, 2020
| Advice & Wealth Management |  | Asset Management |  | Retirement & Protection Solutions |  | Corporate & Other |  | Total Segments |  | Non-operating Revenue |  | Total
| (in millions)
Management and financial advice fees: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset management fees: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retail | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,822 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,822 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,822 |
Institutional | — |  |  | 442 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 442 |  |  | — |  |  | 442 |
Advisory fees | 3,511 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,511 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,511 |
Financial planning fees | 348 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 348 |  |  | — |  |  | 348 |
Transaction and other fees | 352 |  |  | 190 |  |  | 62 |  |  | — |  |  | 604 |  |  | — |  |  | 604 |
Total management and financial advice fees | 4,211 |  |  | 2,454 |  |  | 62 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,727 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,727 |
Distribution fees: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mutual funds | 737 |  |  | 237 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 974 |  |  | — |  |  | 974 |
Insurance and annuity | 835 |  |  | 174 |  |  | 363 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,372 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,372 |
Other products | 430 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 430 |  |  | — |  |  | 430 |
Total distribution fees | 2,002 |  |  | 411 |  |  | 363 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,776 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,776 |
Other revenues | 182 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 193 |  |  | — |  |  | 193 |
Total revenue from contracts with customers | 6,395 |  |  | 2,867 |  |  | 431 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 9,696 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,696 |
Revenue from other sources (1) | 339 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 2,663 |  |  | 546 |  |  | 3,572 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 3,649 |
Total segment gross revenues | 6,734 |  |  | 2,891 |  |  | 3,094 |  |  | 549 |  |  | 13,268 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 13,345 |
Less: Banking and deposit interest expense | 59 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 62 |  |  | — |  |  | 62 |
Total segment net revenues | 6,675 |  |  | 2,891 |  |  | 3,094 |  |  | 546 |  |  | 13,206 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 13,283 |
Less: Intersegment revenues | 893 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 433 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 1,377 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 1,384 |
Total net revenues | $ | 5,782 |  |  | $ | 2,838 |  |  | $ | 2,661 |  |  | $ | 548 |  |  | $ | 11,829 |  |  | $ | 70 |  |  | $ | 11,899 |

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| Year Ended December 31, 2019
| Advice & Wealth Management |  | Asset Management |  | Retirement & Protection Solutions |  | Corporate & Other |  | Total Segments |  | Non-operating Revenue |  | Total
| (in millions)
Management and financial advice fees: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset management fees: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retail | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,783 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,783 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,783 |
Institutional | — |  |  | 495 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 495 |  |  | — |  |  | 495 |
Advisory fees | 3,156 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,156 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,156 |
Financial planning fees | 330 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 330 |  |  | — |  |  | 330 |
Transaction and other fees | 355 |  |  | 189 |  |  | 63 |  |  | — |  |  | 607 |  |  | — |  |  | 607 |
Total management and financial advice fees | 3,841 |  |  | 2,467 |  |  | 63 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,371 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,371 |
Distribution fees: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mutual funds | 726 |  |  | 237 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 963 |  |  | — |  |  | 963 |
Insurance and annuity | 875 |  |  | 171 |  |  | 357 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 1,409 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,409 |
Other products | 680 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 680 |  |  | — |  |  | 680 |
Total distribution fees | 2,281 |  |  | 408 |  |  | 357 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 3,052 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,052 |
Other revenues | 177 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 181 |  |  | — |  |  | 181 |
Total revenue from contracts with customers | 6,299 |  |  | 2,879 |  |  | 420 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 9,604 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,604 |
Revenue from other sources (1) | 436 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 2,703 |  |  | 1,479 |  |  | 4,652 |  |  | 265 |  |  | 4,917 |
Total segment gross revenues | 6,735 |  |  | 2,913 |  |  | 3,123 |  |  | 1,485 |  |  | 14,256 |  |  | 265 |  |  | 14,521 |
Less: Banking and deposit interest expense | 136 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | 144 |  |  | — |  |  | 144 |
Total segment net revenues | 6,599 |  |  | 2,913 |  |  | 3,123 |  |  | 1,477 |  |  | 14,112 |  |  | 265 |  |  | 14,377 |
Less: Intersegment revenues | 924 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 429 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 1,402 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 1,410 |
Total net revenues | $ | 5,675 |  |  | $ | 2,858 |  |  | $ | 2,694 |  |  | $ | 1,483 |  |  | $ | 12,710 |  |  | $ | 257 |  |  | $ | 12,967 |

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| Year Ended December 31, 2018
| Advice & Wealth Management |  | Asset Management |  | Retirement & Protection Solutions |  | Corporate & Other |  | Total Segments |  | Non-operating Revenue |  | Total
| (in millions)
Management and financial advice fees: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset management fees: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retail | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,874 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,874 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,874 |
Institutional | — |  |  | 453 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 453 |  |  | — |  |  | 453 |
Advisory fees | 2,865 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,865 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,865 |
Financial planning fees | 318 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 318 |  |  | — |  |  | 318 |
Transaction and other fees | 355 |  |  | 190 |  |  | 65 |  |  | — |  |  | 610 |  |  | — |  |  | 610 |
Total management and financial advice fees | 3,538 |  |  | 2,517 |  |  | 65 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,120 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,120 |
Distribution fees: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mutual funds | 729 |  |  | 260 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 989 |  |  | — |  |  | 989 |
Insurance and annuity | 890 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 360 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 1,430 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,430 |
Other products | 622 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 622 |  |  | — |  |  | 622 |
Total distribution fees | 2,241 |  |  | 433 |  |  | 360 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 3,041 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,041 |
Other revenues | 171 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 175 |  |  | — |  |  | 175 |
Total revenue from contracts with customers | 5,950 |  |  | 2,953 |  |  | 426 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 9,336 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,336 |
Revenue from other sources (1) | 328 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 2,741 |  |  | 1,740 |  |  | 4,867 |  |  | 158 |  |  | 5,025 |
Total segment gross revenues | 6,278 |  |  | 3,011 |  |  | 3,167 |  |  | 1,747 |  |  | 14,203 |  |  | 158 |  |  | 14,361 |
Less: Banking and deposit interest expense | 89 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 95 |  |  | — |  |  | 95 |
Total segment net revenues | 6,189 |  |  | 3,011 |  |  | 3,167 |  |  | 1,741 |  |  | 14,108 |  |  | 158 |  |  | 14,266 |
Less: Intersegment revenues | 952 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 417 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 1,414 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 1,431 |
Total net revenues | $ | 5,237 |  |  | $ | 2,961 |  |  | $ | 2,750 |  |  | $ | 1,746 |  |  | $ | 12,694 |  |  | $ | 141 |  |  | $ | 12,835 |

(1) Revenues not included in the scope of the revenue from contracts with customers standard. The amounts primarily consist of revenue associated with insurance and annuity products or financial instruments.
The following discussion describes the nature, timing, and uncertainty of revenues and cash flows arising from the Company’s contracts with customers on a consolidated basis.
Management and Financial Advice Fees
Asset Management Fees
The Company earns revenue for performing asset management services for retail and institutional clients. The revenue is earned based on a fixed or tiered rate applied, as a percentage, to assets under management. Assets under management vary with market fluctuations and client behavior. The asset management performance obligation is considered a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and are satisfied each day over the contract term. Asset management fees are accrued, invoiced and collected on a monthly or quarterly basis.
The Company’s asset management contracts for Open Ended Investment Companies (“OEICs”) in the United Kingdom (“U.K.”) and Société d'Investissement à Capital Variable (“SICAVs”) in Europe include performance obligations for asset management and fund distribution services. The amounts received for these services are reported as management and financial advice fees. The revenue recognition pattern is the same for both performance obligations as the fund distribution services revenue is variably constrained due to factors outside the Company’s control including market volatility and client behavior (such as how long clients hold their investment) and not recognized until assets under management are known.
The Company may also earn performance-based management fees on institutional accounts, hedge funds, collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”), OEICs, SICAVs and property and other funds based on a percentage of account returns in excess of either a benchmark index or a contractually specified level. This revenue is variable and impacted primarily by the performance of the assets being managed compared to the benchmark index or contractually specified level. The revenue is not recognized until it is probable that a significant reversal will not occur. Performance-based management fees are invoiced on a quarterly or annual basis.
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Advisory Fees
The Company earns revenue for performing investment advisory services for certain brokerage customer’s discretionary and non-discretionary managed accounts. The revenue is earned based on a contractual fixed rate applied, as a percentage, to the market value of assets held in the account. The investment advisory performance obligation is considered a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and are satisfied each day over the contract term. Advisory fees are billed on a monthly basis on the prior month end assets. Prior to the fourth quarter of 2019, advisory fees were primarily based on average assets for a monthly or quarterly period.
Financial Planning Fees
The Company earns revenue for providing financial plans to its clients. The revenue earned for each financial plan is either a fixed fee (received monthly, quarterly or annually) or a variable fee (received monthly) based on a contractual fixed rate applied, as a percentage, to the prior month end assets held in a client’s investment advisory account. The financial planning fee is based on the complexity of a client’s financial and life situation and his or her advisor’s experience. The performance obligation is satisfied at the time the financial plan is delivered to the customer. The Company records a contract liability for the unearned revenue when cash is received before the plan is delivered. The financial plan contracts with clients are annual contracts. Amounts recorded as a contract liability are recognized as revenue when the financial plan is delivered, which occurs within the annual contract period.
For fixed fee arrangements, revenue is recognized when the financial plan is delivered. The Company accrues revenue for any amounts that have not been received at the time the financial plan is delivered.
For variable fee arrangements, revenue is recognized for cash that has been received when the financial plan is delivered. The amount received after the plan is delivered is variably constrained due to factors outside the Company’s control including market volatility and client behavior. The revenue is recognized when it is probable that a significant reversal will not occur that is generally each month end as the advisory account balance uncertainty is resolved.
Contract liabilities for financial planning fees, which are included in other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, were $146 million and $143 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
The Company pays sales commissions to advisors when a new financial planning contract is obtained or when an existing contract is renewed. The sales commissions paid to the advisors prior to financial plan delivery are considered costs to obtain a contract with a customer and are initially capitalized. When the performance obligation to deliver the financial plan is satisfied, the commission is recognized as distribution expense. Capitalized costs to obtain these contracts are reported in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, and were $117 million and $116 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Transaction and Other Fees
The Company earns revenue for providing customer support, shareholder and administrative services (including transfer agent services) for affiliated mutual funds and networking, sub-accounting and administrative services for unaffiliated mutual funds. The Company also receives revenue for providing custodial services and account maintenance services on brokerage and retirement accounts that are not included in an advisory relationship. Transfer agent and administrative revenue is earned based on either a fixed rate applied, as a percentage, to assets under management or an annual fixed fee for each fund position. Networking and sub-accounting revenue is earned based on either an annual fixed fee for each account or an annual fixed fee for each fund position. Custodial and account maintenance revenue is generally earned based on a quarterly or annual fixed fee for each account. Each of the customer support and administrative services performance obligations are considered a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and are satisfied each day over the contract term. Transaction and other fees (other than custodial service fees) are invoiced or charged to brokerage accounts on a monthly or quarterly basis. Custodial service fees are invoiced or charged to brokerage accounts on an annual basis. Contract liabilities for custodial service fees, which are included in other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, were nil as of both December 31, 2020 and 2019.
The Company earns revenue for providing trade execution services to franchise advisors. The trade execution performance obligation is satisfied at the time of each trade and the revenue is primarily earned based on a fixed fee per trade. These fees are invoiced and collected on a semi-monthly basis.
Distribution Fees
Mutual Funds and Insurance and Annuity Products
The Company earns revenue for selling affiliated and unaffiliated mutual funds, fixed and variable annuities and insurance products. The performance obligation is satisfied at the time of each individual sale. A portion of the revenue is based on a fixed rate applied, as a percentage, to amounts invested at the time of sale. The remaining revenue is recognized over the time the client owns the investment or holds the contract and is generally earned based on a fixed rate applied, as a percentage, to the net asset value of the fund, or the value of the insurance policy or annuity contract. The ongoing revenue is not recognized at the time of sale because it is variably constrained due to factors outside the Company’s control including market volatility and client behavior (such as how long clients hold their investment, insurance policy or annuity contract). This ongoing revenue may be recognized for many years after the initial sale. The revenue will not be recognized until it is probable that a significant reversal will not occur.
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The Company earns revenue for providing unaffiliated partners an opportunity to educate the Company’s advisors or to support availability and distribution of their products on the Company’s platforms. These payments allow the outside parties to train and support the advisors, explain the features of their products and distribute marketing and educational materials, and support trading and operational systems necessary to enable the Company’s client servicing and production distribution efforts. The Company earns revenue for placing and maintaining unaffiliated fund partners and insurance companies’ products on the Company’s sales platform (subject to the Company’s due diligence standards). The revenue is primarily earned based on a fixed fee or a fixed rate applied, as a percentage, to the market value of assets invested. These performance obligations are considered a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and are satisfied each day over the contract term. These fees are invoiced and collected on monthly basis.
Other Products
The Company earns revenue for selling unaffiliated alternative products. The performance obligation is satisfied at the time of each individual sale. A portion of the revenue is based on a fixed rate applied, as a percentage, to amounts invested at the time of sale. The remaining revenue is recognized over the time the client owns the investment and is earned generally based on a fixed rate applied, as a percentage, to the market value of the investment. The ongoing revenue is not recognized at the time of sale because it is variably constrained due to factors outside the Company’s control including market volatility and client behavior (such as how long clients hold their investment). The revenue will not be recognized until it is probable that a significant reversal will not occur.
The Company earns revenue from brokerage clients for the execution of requested trades. The performance obligation is satisfied at the time of trade execution and amounts are received on the settlement date. The revenue varies for each trade based on various factors that include the type of investment, dollar amount of the trade and how the trade is executed (online or broker assisted).
The Company earns revenue for placing clients’ deposits in its brokerage sweep program with third-party banks. The amount received from the third-party banks is impacted by short-term interest rates. The performance obligation with the financial institutions that participate in the sweep program is considered a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and are satisfied each day over the contract term. The revenue is earned daily and settled monthly based on a rate applied, as a percentage, to the deposits placed.
Other Revenues
The Company earns revenue from fees charged to franchise advisors for providing various services the advisors need to manage and grow their practices. The primary services include: licensing of intellectual property and software, compliance supervision, insurance coverage, technology services and support, consulting and other services. The services are either provided by the Company or third- party providers. The Company controls the services provided by third parties as it has the right to direct the third parties to perform the services, is primarily responsible for performing the services and sets the prices the advisors are charged. The Company recognizes revenue for the gross amount of the fees received from the advisors. The fees are primarily collected monthly as a reduction of commission payments.
Intellectual property and software licenses, along with compliance supervision, insurance coverage, and technology services and support are primarily earned based on a monthly fixed fee. These services are considered a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and are satisfied each day over the contract term. The consulting and other services performance obligations are satisfied as the services are delivered and revenue is earned based upon the level of service requested.
Receivables
Receivables for revenue from contracts with customers are recognized when the performance obligation is satisfied and the Company has an unconditional right to the revenue. Receivables related to revenues from contracts with customers were $403 million and $400 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
5. Variable Interest Entities
The Company provides asset management services to investment entities which are considered to be VIEs, such as CLOs, hedge funds and other private funds, property funds, and certain non-U.S. series funds (such as OEICs and SICAVs) (collectively, “investment entities”), which are sponsored by the Company. In addition, the Company invests in structured investments other than CLOs and certain affordable housing partnerships which are considered VIEs. The Company consolidates certain investment entities (collectively, “consolidated investment entities”) if the Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary. The Company has no obligation to provide financial or other support to the non-consolidated VIEs beyond its initial investment and existing future funding commitments, and the Company has not provided any other support to these entities. The Company has unfunded commitments related to consolidated CLOs of $13 million and $21 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. See Note 26 for information on future funding commitments of other VIEs.
See Note 2 for further discussion of the Company’s accounting policy on consolidation.
CLOs
CLOs are asset backed financing entities collateralized by a pool of assets, primarily syndicated loans and, to a lesser extent, high-yield bonds. Multiple tranches of debt securities are issued by a CLO, offering investors various maturity and credit risk characteristics. The debt securities issued by the CLOs are non-recourse to the Company. The CLO’s debt holders have recourse only to the assets of the CLO. The assets of the CLOs cannot be used by the Company. Scheduled debt payments are based on the
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performance of the CLO’s collateral pool. The Company earns management fees from the CLOs based on the value of the CLO’s collateral pool and, in certain instances, may also receive incentive fees. The fee arrangement is at market and commensurate with the level of effort required to provide those services. The Company has invested in a portion of the unrated, junior subordinated notes of certain CLOs. The Company consolidates certain CLOs where it is the primary beneficiary and has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the CLO.
The Company's maximum exposure to loss with respect to non-consolidated CLOs is limited to its amortized cost, which was $3 million and $4 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company classifies these investments as Available-for-Sale securities. See Note 6 for additional information on these investments.
Property Funds
The Company provides investment advice and related services to property funds, some of which are considered VIEs. For investment management services, the Company generally earns management fees based on the market value of assets under management, and in certain instances may also receive performance-based fees. The fee arrangement is at market and commensurate with the level of effort required to provide those services. The Company does not have a significant economic interest and is not required to consolidate any of the property funds. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss with respect to its investment in these entities is limited to its carrying value. The carrying value of the Company’s investment in property funds is reflected in other investments and was $23 million and $12 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Hedge Funds and other Private Funds
The Company does not consolidate hedge funds and other private funds which are sponsored by the Company and considered VIEs. For investment management services, the Company earns management fees based on the market value of assets under management, and in certain instances may also receive performance-based fees. The fee arrangement is at market and commensurate with the level of effort required to provide those services and the Company does not have a significant economic interest in any fund. The Company's maximum exposure to loss with respect to its investment in these entities is limited to its carrying value. The carrying value of the Company’s investment in these entities is reflected in other investments and was nil as of both December 31, 2020 and 2019.
Non-U.S. Series Funds
The Company manages non-U.S. series funds, which are considered VIEs. For investment management services, the Company earns management fees based on the market value of assets under management, and in certain instances may also receive performance-based fees. The fee arrangement is at market and commensurate with the level of effort required to provide those services. The Company does not consolidate these funds and its maximum exposure to loss is limited to its carrying value. The carrying value of the Company’s investment in these funds is reflected in other investments and was $20 million and $15 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Affordable Housing Partnerships and Other Real Estate Partnerships
The Company is a limited partner in affordable housing partnerships that qualify for government-sponsored low income housing tax credit programs and partnerships that invest in multi-family residential properties that were originally developed with an affordable housing component. The Company has determined it is not the primary beneficiary and therefore does not consolidate these partnerships.
A majority of the limited partnerships are VIEs. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss as a result of its investment in the VIEs is limited to the carrying value. The carrying value is reflected in other investments and was $200 million and $270 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company had a $9 million and a $15 million liability recorded as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, related to original purchase commitments not yet remitted to the VIEs. The Company has not provided any additional support and is not contractually obligated to provide additional support to the VIEs beyond the funding commitments.
Structured Investments
The Company invests in structured investments which are considered VIEs for which it is not the sponsor. These structured investments typically invest in fixed income instruments and are managed by third parties and include asset backed securities, commercial and residential mortgage backed securities. The Company classifies these investments as Available-for-Sale securities. The Company has determined that it is not the primary beneficiary of these structures due to the size of the Company’s investment in the entities and position in the capital structure of these entities. The Company's maximum exposure to loss as a result of its investment in these structured investments is limited to its amortized cost. See Note 6 for additional information on these structured investments.
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Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities
The Company categorizes its fair value measurements according to a three-level hierarchy. See Note 15 for the definition of the three levels of the fair value hierarchy.
The following tables present the balances of assets and liabilities held by consolidated investment entities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

| December 31, 2020
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
| (in millions)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8 |
Common stocks | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Syndicated loans | — |  |  | 1,817 |  |  | 92 |  |  | 1,909 |
Total investments | — |  |  | 1,826 |  |  | 92 |  |  | 1,918 |
Receivables | — |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |
Other assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Total assets at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,842 |  |  | $ | 94 |  |  | $ | 1,936 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt (1) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,913 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,913 |
Other liabilities | — |  |  | 69 |  |  | — |  |  | 69 |
Total liabilities at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,982 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,982 |

| December 31, 2019
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
| (in millions)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8 |
Common stocks | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Syndicated loans | — |  |  | 1,454 |  |  | 143 |  |  | 1,597 |
Total investments | 1 |  |  | 1,462 |  |  | 143 |  |  | 1,606 |
Receivables | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |
Total assets at fair value | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1,470 |  |  | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | 1,614 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt (1) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,628 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,628 |
Other liabilities | — |  |  | 84 |  |  | — |  |  | 84 |
Total liabilities at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,712 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,712 |

(1) The carrying value of the CLOs’ debt is set equal to the fair value of the CLOs’ assets. The estimated fair value of the CLOs’ debt was $2.0 billion and $1.7 billion as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
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The following tables provide a summary of changes in Level 3 assets held by consolidated investment entities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

| Syndicated Loans |  | Other Assets |
(in millions) |
Balance, January 1, 2020 | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | — |  |
Total gains (losses) included in: |  |  |  |
Net income | (16) |  | (1) | — |  |
Purchases | 111 |  |  | 2 |  |
Sales | (29) |  |  | — |  |
Settlements | (33) |  |  | — |  |
Transfers into Level 3 | 438 |  |  | — |  |
Transfers out of Level 3 | (522) |  |  | — |  |
Balance, December 31, 2020 | $ | 92 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in income relating to assets held at December 31, 2020 | $ | (2) |  | (1) | $ | — |  |

|  |  | Syndicated Loans |
|  | (in millions) |
Balance, January 1, 2019 |  |  | $ | 226 |  |
Total gains (losses) included in: |  |  |  |
Net income |  |  | (2) |  | (1)
Purchases |  |  | 91 |  |
Sales |  |  | (11) |  |
Settlements |  |  | (68) |  |
Transfers into Level 3 |  |  | 272 |  |
Transfers out of Level 3 |  |  | (365) |  |
Balance, December 31, 2019 |  |  | $ | 143 |  |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in income relating to assets held at December 31, 2019 |  |  | $ | (3) |  | (1)

|  |  | Common Stocks |  | Syndicated Loans |
|  | (in millions) |
Balance, January 1, 2018 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 180 |  |
Total gains (losses) included in: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  |  | 6 |  | (1) | (1) |  | (1)
Purchases |  |  | — |  |  | 97 |  |
Sales |  |  | (10) |  |  | (41) |  |
Settlements |  |  | — |  |  | (52) |  |
Transfers into Level 3 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 173 |  |
Transfers out of Level 3 |  |  | (2) |  |  | (160) |  |
Consolidation of consolidated investment entities |  |  | — |  |  | 54 |  |
Deconsolidation of consolidated investment entities |  |  | (2) |  |  | (24) |  |
Balance, December 31, 2018 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 226 |  |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in income relating to assets held at December 31, 2018 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (4) |  | (1)

(1) Included in net investment income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Securities and loans transferred from Level 3 primarily represent assets with fair values that are now obtained from a third-party pricing service with observable inputs or priced in active markets. Securities and loans transferred to Level 3 represent assets with fair values that are now based on a single non-binding broker quote.
All Level 3 measurements as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 were obtained from non-binding broker quotes where unobservable inputs utilized in the fair value calculation are not reasonably available to the Company.
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Determination of Fair Value
Assets
Investments
The fair value of syndicated loans obtained from third-party pricing services using a market approach with observable inputs is classified as Level 2. The fair value of syndicated loans obtained from third-party pricing services with a single non-binding broker quote as the underlying valuation source is classified as Level 3. The underlying inputs used in non-binding broker quotes are not readily available to the Company. See Note 15 for a description of the Company’s determination of the fair value of corporate debt securities, common stocks and other investments.
Receivables
For receivables of the consolidated CLOs, the carrying value approximates fair value as the nature of these assets has historically been short term and the receivables have been collectible. The fair value of these receivables is classified as Level 2.
Liabilities
Debt
The fair value of the CLOs’ assets, typically syndicated bank loans, is more observable than the fair value of the CLOs’ debt tranches for which market activity is limited and less transparent. As a result, the fair value of the CLOs’ debt is set equal to the fair value of the CLOs’ assets and is classified as Level 2.
Other Liabilities
Other liabilities consist primarily of securities purchased but not yet settled held by consolidated CLOs. The carrying value approximates fair value as the nature of these liabilities has historically been short term. The fair value of these liabilities is classified as Level 2.
Fair Value Option
The Company has elected the fair value option for the financial assets and liabilities of the consolidated CLOs. Management believes that the use of the fair value option better matches the changes in fair value of assets and liabilities related to the CLOs.
The following table presents the fair value and unpaid principal balance of loans and debt for which the fair value option has been elected:

| December 31,
2020 |  | 2019
(in millions)
Syndicated loans |  |  |
Unpaid principal balance | $ | 1,990 |  |  | $ | 1,678 |
Excess unpaid principal over fair value | (81) |  |  | (81) |
Fair value | $ | 1,909 |  |  | $ | 1,597 |
Fair value of loans more than 90 days past due | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 4 |
Fair value of loans in nonaccrual status | 19 |  |  | 42 |
Difference between fair value and unpaid principal of loans more than 90 days past due, loans in nonaccrual status or both | 24 |  |  | 18 |
Debt |  |  |
Unpaid principal balance | $ | 2,069 |  |  | $ | 1,761 |
Excess unpaid principal over fair value | (156) |  |  | (133) |
Carrying value (1) | $ | 1,913 |  |  | $ | 1,628 |

(1) The carrying value of the CLOs’ debt is set equal to the fair value of the CLOs’ assets. The estimated fair value of the CLOs’ debt was $2.0 billion and $1.7 billion as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
During the third quarter of 2020, the Company launched a new CLO and issued debt of $394 million.
Interest income from syndicated loans, bonds and structured investments is recorded based on contractual rates in net investment income. Gains and losses related to changes in the fair value of investments and gains and losses on sales of investments are also recorded in net investment income. Interest expense on debt is recorded in interest and debt expense with gains and losses related to changes in the fair value of debt recorded in net investment income.
Total net gains (losses) recognized in net investment income related to changes in the fair value of financial assets and liabilities for which the fair value option was elected were $(7) million, $(9) million and $47 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
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Debt of the consolidated investment entities and the stated interest rates were as follows:

| Carrying Value |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate
December 31, | December 31,
2020 |  | 2019 | 2020 |  | 2019
(in millions) |
Debt of consolidated CLOs due 2025-2031 | $ | 1,913 |  |  | $ | 1,628 |  |  | 2.1 | % |  | 3.5 | %

The debt of the consolidated CLOs has both fixed and floating interest rates, which range from 0.0% to 8.9%. The interest rates on the debt of CLOs are weighted average rates based on the outstanding principal and contractual interest rates.
6. Investments
The following is a summary of investments:

| December 31,
2020 |  | 2019
(in millions)
Available-for-Sale securities, at fair value | $ | 36,283 |  |  | $ | 33,129 |
Mortgage loans, net (net of allowance for credit losses: 2020, $29; 2019, $19) | 2,718 |  |  | 2,778 |
Policy loans | 846 |  |  | 868 |
Other investments, net (net of allowance for credit losses: 2020, $12; 2019, $5) | 1,184 |  |  | 1,140 |
Total | $ | 41,031 |  |  | $ | 37,915 |

Other investments primarily reflect the Company’s interests in affordable housing partnerships, trading securities, seed money investments, syndicated loans, credit card receivables and certificates of deposit with original or remaining maturities at the time of purchase of more than 90 days.
The following is a summary of net investment income:

| Years Ended December 31,
2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
(in millions)
Investment income on fixed maturities | $ | 1,161 |  |  | $ | 1,378 |  |  | $ | 1,353 |
Net realized gains (losses) | (10) |  | (1) | (8) |  |  | 10 |
Affordable housing partnerships | (66) |  |  | (98) |  |  | (58) |
Other | 89 |  |  | 97 |  |  | 154 |
Consolidated investment entities | 77 |  |  | 94 |  |  | 137 |
Total | $ | 1,251 |  |  | $ | 1,463 |  |  | $ | 1,596 |

(1) Includes the change in the allowance for credit losses of $(27) million for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Available-for-Sale securities distributed by type were as follows:

Description of Securities | December 31, 2020
Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Allowance for Credit Losses |  | Fair Value
| (in millions)
Corporate debt securities | $ | 11,762 |  |  | $ | 1,924 |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | (10) |  |  | $ | 13,674 |
Residential mortgage backed securities | 9,845 |  |  | 188 |  |  | (4) |  |  | — |  |  | 10,029 |
Commercial mortgage backed securities | 5,867 |  |  | 242 |  |  | (21) |  |  | — |  |  | 6,088 |
Asset backed securities | 3,283 |  |  | 52 |  |  | (5) |  |  | (1) |  |  | 3,329 |
State and municipal obligations | 1,088 |  |  | 297 |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | 1,384 |
U.S. government and agency obligations | 1,456 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,456 |
Foreign government bonds and obligations | 241 |  |  | 22 |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | 262 |
Other securities | 59 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 61 |
Total | $ | 33,601 |  |  | $ | 2,727 |  |  | $ | (34) |  |  | $ | (11) |  |  | $ | 36,283 |

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Description of Securities | December 31, 2019
Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
| (in millions)
Corporate debt securities | $ | 10,847 |  |  | $ | 1,344 |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | 12,187 |
Residential mortgage backed securities | 9,954 |  |  | 94 |  |  | (19) |  |  | 10,029 |
Commercial mortgage backed securities | 5,473 |  |  | 96 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 5,563 |
Asset backed securities | 1,968 |  |  | 42 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 2,006 |
State and municipal obligations | 1,131 |  |  | 238 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 1,367 |
U.S. government and agency obligations | 1,679 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,680 |
Foreign government bonds and obligations | 254 |  |  | 19 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 271 |
Other securities | 26 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26 |
Total | $ | 31,332 |  |  | $ | 1,834 |  |  | $ | (37) |  |  | $ | 33,129 |

As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, accrued interest of $178 million and $177 million, respectively, is excluded from the amortized cost basis of Available-for-Sale securities in the tables above and is recorded in receivables on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, investment securities with a fair value of $3.6 billion and $2.2 billion, respectively, were pledged to meet contractual obligations under derivative contracts and short-term borrowings, of which $454 million and $576 million, respectively, may be sold, pledged or rehypothecated by the counterparty.
As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, fixed maturity securities comprised approximately 88% and 87%, respectively, of Ameriprise Financial investments. Rating agency designations are based on the availability of ratings from Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations (“NRSROs”), including Moody’s Investors Service (“Moody’s”), Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services (“S&P”) and Fitch Ratings Ltd. (“Fitch”). The Company uses the median of available ratings from Moody’s, S&P and Fitch, or, if fewer than three ratings are available, the lower rating is used. When ratings from Moody’s, S&P and Fitch are unavailable, the Company may utilize ratings from other NRSROs or rate the securities internally. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company’s internal analysts rated $605 million and $624 million, respectively, of securities using criteria similar to those used by NRSROs.
A summary of fixed maturity securities by rating was as follows:

Ratings | December 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Percent of Total Fair Value | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Percent of Total Fair Value
| (in millions, except percentages)
AAA | $ | 19,815 |  |  | $ | 20,253 |  |  | 56 | % |  | $ | 18,256 |  |  | $ | 18,437 |  |  | 56 | %
AA | 1,082 |  |  | 1,312 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1,113 |  |  | 1,304 |  |  | 4 |
A | 2,953 |  |  | 3,534 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 3,008 |  |  | 3,474 |  |  | 10 |
BBB | 8,271 |  |  | 9,542 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 8,178 |  |  | 9,102 |  |  | 28 |
Below investment grade (1) | 1,480 |  |  | 1,642 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 777 |  |  | 812 |  |  | 2 |
Total fixed maturities | $ | 33,601 |  |  | $ | 36,283 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 31,332 |  |  | $ | 33,129 |  |  | 100 | %

(1) The amortized cost and fair value of below investment grade securities includes interest in CLOs managed by the Company of $3 million, as of December 31, 2020, and $5 million and $6 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2019. These securities are not rated but are included in below investment grade due to their risk characteristics.
As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, approximately 33% and 45%, respectively, of securities rated AAA were GNMA, FNMA and FHLMC mortgage backed securities. No holdings of any issuer were greater than 10% of total equity.
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The following tables provide information about Available-for-Sale securities with gross unrealized losses and the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position:

Description of Securities | December 31, 2020
Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or more |  | Total
Number of Securities |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Number of Securities |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Number of Securities |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
| (in millions, except number of securities)
Corporate debt securities |  | 26 |  |  | $ | 228 |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | 11 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | 37 |  |  | $ | 247 |  |  | $ | (2) |
Residential mortgage backed securities |  | 72 |  |  | 833 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 71 |  |  | 391 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 143 |  |  | 1,224 |  |  | (4) |
Commercial mortgage backed securities |  | 35 |  |  | 781 |  |  | (11) |  |  | 19 |  |  | 393 |  |  | (10) |  |  | 54 |  |  | 1,174 |  |  | (21) |
Asset backed securities |  | 17 |  |  | 344 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 13 |  |  | 231 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 30 |  |  | 575 |  |  | (5) |
State and municipal obligations |  | 2 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 3 |  |  | 8 |  |  | (1) |
Foreign government bonds and obligations |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 8 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 8 |  |  | 11 |  |  | (1) |
Total |  | 153 |  |  | $ | 2,193 |  |  | $ | (17) |  |  | 122 |  |  | $ | 1,046 |  |  | $ | (17) |  |  | 275 |  |  | $ | 3,239 |  |  | $ | (34) |

Description of Securities | December 31, 2019
Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or more |  | Total
Number of Securities |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Number of Securities |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Number of Securities |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
|  | (in millions, except number of securities)
Corporate debt securities |  | 13 |  |  | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | 23 |  |  | $ | 173 |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | 36 |  |  | $ | 239 |  |  | $ | (4) |
Residential mortgage backed securities |  | 150 |  |  | 4,328 |  |  | (10) |  |  | 118 |  |  | 1,164 |  |  | (9) |  |  | 268 |  |  | 5,492 |  |  | (19) |
Commercial mortgage backed securities |  | 52 |  |  | 1,622 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 31 |  |  | 314 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 83 |  |  | 1,936 |  |  | (6) |
Asset backed securities |  | 34 |  |  | 598 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 16 |  |  | 213 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 50 |  |  | 811 |  |  | (4) |
State and municipal obligations |  | 5 |  |  | 23 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 57 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 9 |  |  | 80 |  |  | (2) |
Foreign government bonds and obligations |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | 15 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 11 |  |  | 15 |  |  | (2) |
Total |  | 255 |  |  | $ | 6,637 |  |  | $ | (17) |  |  | 202 |  |  | $ | 1,936 |  |  | $ | (20) |  |  | 457 |  |  | $ | 8,573 |  |  | $ | (37) |

As part of the Company’s ongoing monitoring process, management determined that the change in gross unrealized losses on its Available-for-Sale securities during the twelve months ended December 31, 2020 is primarily attributable to lower interest rates as well as credit spread tightening. Consistent with the accounting policy described in Note 2, the Company did not recognize any of the total unrealized losses in earnings because it was determined that such losses were due to non-credit factors. The Company does not intend to sell these securities and does not believe that it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell these securities before the anticipated recovery of the remaining amortized cost basis. As of December 31, 2020, 92% of the total of Available-for-Sale securities with gross unrealized losses were considered investment grade.
The following table presents a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses on Available-for-Sale securities:

| Corporate Debt Securities |  | Asset Backed Securities |  | Total
(in millions)
Balance, January 1, 2020 (1) | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Additions for which credit losses were not previously recorded | 13 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 14 |
Additional increases (decreases) on securities that had an allowance recorded in a previous period | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |
Balance, December 31, 2020 | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 11 |

(1) Prior to January 1, 2020, credit losses on Available-for-Sale securities were not recorded in an allowance but were recorded as a reduction of the book value of the security if the security was other-than-temporarily impaired. There is no adoption impact due to the prospective transition for Available-for-Sale securities.
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Net realized gains and losses on Available-for-Sale securities, determined using the specific identification method, recognized in earnings were as follows:

| Years Ended December 31,
2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
(in millions)
Gross realized investment gains | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 18 |
Gross realized investment losses | (3) |  |  | (14) |  |  | (9) |
Credit losses | (11) |  |  | (22) |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | (6) |  |  | $ | 9 |

Credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily related to credit losses on corporate debt securities, primarily in the oil and gas industry. Other-than-temporary impairments for the year ended December 31, 2019 primarily related to corporate debt securities and investments held by AAH. The Company recognized an impairment of $5 million in the first quarter of 2019 on investments held by AAH as the Company no longer intended to hold the securities until the recovery of fair value to book value.
See Note 21 for a rollforward of net unrealized investment gains (losses) included in AOCI.
Available-for-Sale securities by contractual maturity as of December 31, 2020 were as follows:

| Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
(in millions)
Due within one year | $ | 2,569 |  |  | $ | 2,584 |
Due after one year through five years | 4,717 |  |  | 5,057 |
Due after five years through 10 years | 2,908 |  |  | 3,213 |
Due after 10 years | 4,412 |  |  | 5,983 |
| 14,606 |  |  | 16,837 |
Residential mortgage backed securities | 9,845 |  |  | 10,029 |
Commercial mortgage backed securities | 5,867 |  |  | 6,088 |
Asset backed securities | 3,283 |  |  | 3,329 |
Total | $ | 33,601 |  |  | $ | 36,283 |

Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations. Residential mortgage backed securities, commercial mortgage backed securities and asset backed securities are not due at a single maturity date. As such, these securities were not included in the maturities distribution.
7. Financing Receivables
Financing receivables are comprised of commercial loans, consumer loans, and the deposit receivable. See Note 2 for information regarding the Company’s accounting policies related to financing receivables and the allowance for credit losses.
Allowance for Credit Losses
The following tables present a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2020:

| Commercial Loans |  | Consumer Loans |  | Total
(in millions)
Balance, December 31, 2019 (1) | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 51 |
Cumulative effect of adoption of current expected credit losses guidance | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 5 |
Balance, January 1, 2020 | 53 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 56 |
Provisions | 19 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 21 |
Charge-offs | (6) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (9) |
Balance, December 31, 2020 | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 68 |

(1) Prior to January 1, 2020, the allowance for credit losses was based on an incurred loss model that did not require estimating expected credit losses over the expected life of the asset.
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| Commercial Loans |  |  |  |
2019 |  | 2018 |  |  |  |
(in millions)
Balance at January 1 | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  |  |  |
Provisions | 5 |  |  | 6 |  |  |  |  |
Charge-offs | (4) |  |  | (6) |  |  |  |  |
Recoveries of amounts previously written off | 1 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31 | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  |  |  |

Accrued interest on commercial loans was $16 million and $14 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and is recorded in receivables on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and excluded from the amortized cost basis of commercial loans.
Purchases and Sales
During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, the Company purchased $173 million, $162 million and $221 million, respectively, of syndicated loans, and sold $17 million, $54 million and $51 million, respectively, of syndicated loans.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company purchased $22 million of residential loans from a third-party originator shortly after origination. The allowance for credit losses for residential mortgage loans was not material as of December 31, 2020.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company acquired $224 million of pledged asset lines of credit that are a 50% participation interest with a third party bank.
The Company has not acquired any loans with deteriorated credit quality as of the acquisition date.
Credit Quality Information
Nonperforming loans were $21 million and $25 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. All other loans were considered to be performing.
Commercial Loans
Commercial Mortgage Loans
The Company reviews the credit worthiness of the borrower and the performance of the underlying properties in order to determine the risk of loss on commercial mortgage loans. Loan-to-value ratio is the primary credit quality indicator included in this review. Based on this review, the commercial mortgage loans are assigned an internal risk rating, which management updates when credit risk changes. Commercial mortgage loans which management has assigned its highest risk rating were less than 1% of total commercial mortgage loans as of both December 31, 2020 and 2019. Loans with the highest risk rating represent distressed loans which the Company has identified as impaired or expects to become delinquent or enter into foreclosure within the next six months. Total commercial mortgage loan modifications in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic consisted of 93 loans with a total unpaid balance of $369 million. Modifications primarily consisted of short-term forbearance and interest only payments. As of December 31, 2020, there was one loan with interest only payments with an unpaid balance of $10 million. All other loans returned to their normal payment schedules. Total commercial mortgage loans past due were nil as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
The table below presents the amortized cost basis of commercial mortgage loans as of December 31, 2020 by the year of origination and loan-to-value ratio:

Loan-to-Value Ratio |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Prior |  | Total
| (in millions)
> 100% |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 12 |
80% - 100% |  | 15 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 68 |
60% - 80% |  | 89 |  |  | 166 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 144 |  |  | 504 |
40% - 60% |  | 23 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 155 |  |  | 113 |  |  | 551 |  |  | 973 |
< 40% |  | 7 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 80 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 895 |  |  | 1,168 |
Total |  | $ | 134 |  |  | $ | 262 |  |  | $ | 195 |  |  | $ | 289 |  |  | $ | 230 |  |  | $ | 1,615 |  |  | $ | 2,725 |

Loan-to-value ratio is based on income and expense data provided by borrowers at least annually and long-term capitalization rate assumptions based on property type.
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In addition, the Company reviews the concentrations of credit risk by region and property type. Concentrations of credit risk of commercial mortgage loans by U.S. region were as follows:

| Loans |  | Percentage
December 31, | December 31,
2020 |  | 2019 | 2020 |  | 2019
(in millions) |  |  |
East North Central | $ | 259 |  |  | $ | 239 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 9 | %
East South Central | 115 |  |  | 121 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |
Middle Atlantic | 178 |  |  | 182 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 6 |
Mountain | 247 |  |  | 251 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 9 |
New England | 54 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Pacific | 825 |  |  | 831 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 30 |
South Atlantic | 681 |  |  | 723 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 26 |
West North Central | 198 |  |  | 214 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 8 |
West South Central | 168 |  |  | 182 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 6 |
| 2,725 |  |  | 2,797 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %
Less: allowance for loan losses | 29 |  |  | 19 |  |  |
Total | $ | 2,696 |  |  | $ | 2,778 |

Concentrations of credit risk of commercial mortgage loans by property type were as follows:

| Loans |  | Percentage
December 31, |  | December 31,
2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
(in millions) |  |  |  |
Apartments | $ | 713 |  |  | $ | 692 |  |  | 26 | % |  | 25 | %
Hotel | 50 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Industrial | 427 |  |  | 429 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 15 |
Mixed use | 87 |  |  | 78 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Office | 372 |  |  | 419 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 15 |
Retail | 881 |  |  | 931 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 33 |
Other | 195 |  |  | 197 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 7 |
| 2,725 |  |  | 2,797 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %
Less: allowance for loan losses | 29 |  |  | 19 |  |  |
Total | $ | 2,696 |  |  | $ | 2,778 |

Syndicated Loans
The recorded investment in syndicated loans as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $595 million and $543 million, respectively. The Company’s syndicated loan portfolio is diversified across industries and issuers. Total syndicated loans past due were $3 million and $1 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company assigns an internal risk rating to each syndicated loan in its portfolio ranging from 1 through 5, with 5 reflecting the lowest quality.
The table below present the amortized cost basis of syndicated loans as of December 31, 2020 by origination year and internal risk rating:

Internal Risk Rating |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Prior |  | Total
| (in millions)
Risk 5 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 3 |
Risk 4 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | 23 |
Risk 3 |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 80 |
Risk 2 |  | 30 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 273 |
Risk 1 |  | 17 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 216 |
Total |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 98 |  |  | $ | 121 |  |  | $ | 161 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 595 |

Financial Advisor Loans
The Company offers loans to financial advisors for transitional cost assistance. Repayment of the loan is highly dependent on the retention of the financial advisor. In the event a financial advisor is no longer affiliated with the Company, any unpaid balances become immediately due. Accordingly, the primary risk factor for advisor loans is termination status. The allowance for credit losses related to loans to advisors that have terminated their relationship with the Company was $7 million and $10 million as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.
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The table below presents the amortized cost basis of advisor loans as of December 31, 2020 by origination year and termination status:

Termination Status |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Prior |  | Total
| (in millions)
Active |  | $ | 171 |  |  | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | 101 |  |  | $ | 127 |  |  | $ | 83 |  |  | $ | 86 |  |  | $ | 705 |
Terminated |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 10 |
Total |  | $ | 171 |  |  | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | 101 |  |  | $ | 128 |  |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | 94 |  |  | $ | 715 |

Consumer Loans
Credit Card Receivables
The credit cards are co-branded with Ameriprise Financial, Inc. and issued to the Company’s customers by a third party. FICO scores and delinquency rates are the primary credit quality indicators for the credit card portfolio. Delinquency rates are measured as based on the number of days past due. Credit card receivables over 30 days past due were 1% and 2% as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.
The table below presents the amortized cost basis of credit card receivables by FICO score as of December 31, 2020:

| Total
(in millions)
> 800 | $ | 28 |
750 - 799 | 23 |
700 - 749 | 25 |
650 - 699 | 15 |
< 650 | 5 |
Total | $ | 96 |

Policy Loans
Policy loans do not exceed the cash surrender value at origination. As there is minimal risk of loss related to policy loans, there is no allowance for credit losses.
Margin Loans
The Company monitors collateral supporting margin loans and requests additional collateral when necessary in order to mitigate the risk of loss. As of both December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the allowance for credit losses on margin loans was not material.
Pledged Asset Lines of Credit
During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company acquired a $224 million interest in an existing portfolio of brokerage client pledged asset lines of credit. The Company monitors collateral supporting pledged assets lines of credit and requests additional collateral when necessary in order to mitigate the risk of loss. As of December 31, 2020, there was no allowance for credit losses on pledged asset lines of credit.
Deposit Receivable
The deposit receivable was $1.4 billion and $1.5 billion as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. The deposit receivable is fully collateralized by the fair value of the assets held in a trust. Based on management’s evaluation of the nature of the underlying assets and the potential for changes in the collateral value, the Company did not have an allowance for credit losses for the deposit receivable as of both December 31, 2020 and 2019.
Troubled Debt Restructurings
There were no loans accounted for as a troubled debt restructuring by the Company during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018. There are no commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers whose loans have been restructured.
8. Reinsurance
The Company reinsures a portion of the insurance risks associated with its traditional life, DI and LTC insurance products through reinsurance agreements with unaffiliated reinsurance companies. Reinsurance contracts do not relieve the Company from its primary obligation to policyholders.
The Company generally reinsures 90% of the death benefit liability for new term life insurance policies beginning in 2001 and new individual UL and VUL insurance policies beginning in 2002. Policies issued prior to these dates are not subject to these same reinsurance levels.
However, for IUL policies issued after September 1, 2013 and VUL policies issued after January 1, 2014, the Company generally reinsures 50% of the death benefit liability. Similarly, the Company reinsures 50% of the death benefit and morbidity liabilities related to its UL product with LTC benefits.
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The maximum amount of life insurance risk the Company will retain is $10 million on a single life and $10 million on any flexible premium survivorship life policy; however, reinsurance agreements are in place such that retaining more than $1.5 million of insurance risk on a single life or a flexible premium survivorship life policy is very unusual. Risk on UL and VUL policies is reinsured on a yearly renewable term basis. Risk on most term life policies starting in 2001 is reinsured on a coinsurance basis, a type of reinsurance in which the reinsurer participates proportionally in all material risks and premiums associated with a policy.
For existing LTC policies, the Company has continued ceding 50% of the risk on a coinsurance basis to subsidiaries of Genworth Financial, Inc. (“Genworth”) and retains the remaining risk. For RiverSource Life of NY, this reinsurance arrangement applies for 1996 and later issues only. Under these agreements, the Company has the right, but never the obligation, to recapture some, or all, of the risk ceded to Genworth.
Generally, the Company retains at most $5,000 per month of risk per life on DI policies sold on policy forms introduced in most states starting in 2007 and reinsures the remainder of the risk on a coinsurance basis with unaffiliated reinsurance companies. The Company retains all risk for new claims on DI contracts sold on other policy forms introduced prior to 2007. The Company also retains all risk on accidental death benefit claims and substantially all risk associated with waiver of premium provisions.
As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, traditional life and UL insurance policies in force were $195.7 billion and $195.1 billion, respectively, of which $143.6 billion and $142.8 billion as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 were reinsured at the respective year ends.
The effect of reinsurance on premiums for the Company’s traditional long-duration contracts was as follows:

| Years Ended December 31,
2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
(in millions)
Direct premiums | $ | 565 |  |  | $ | 621 |  |  | $ | 621 |
Reinsurance ceded | (224) |  |  | (224) |  |  | (225) |
Net premiums | $ | 341 |  |  | $ | 397 |  |  | $ | 396 |

Cost of insurance and administrative charges for non-traditional long-duration products are reflected in premiums, policy and contract charges and were net of reinsurance ceded of $140 million, $132 million and $126 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
The effect of reinsurance on premiums for the Company’s short-duration contracts was as follows:

| Years Ended December 31,
2019 (1) |  | 2018
(in millions)
Written premiums |  |  |
Direct | $ | 864 |  |  | $ | 1,101 |
Ceded | (23) |  |  | (55) |
Total net written premiums | $ | 841 |  |  | $ | 1,046 |
Earned premiums |  |  |
Direct | $ | 841 |  |  | $ | 1,124 |
Ceded | (24) |  |  | (94) |
Total net earned premiums | $ | 817 |  |  | $ | 1,030 |

(1) 2019 amounts include AAH premiums as of September 30, 2019 prior to the sale.
The amount of claims recovered through reinsurance on all contracts was $400 million, $407 million and $402 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Receivables included $3.4 billion and $3.2 billion of reinsurance recoverables as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, including $2.7 billion and $2.5 billion related to LTC risk ceded to Genworth, respectively.
Policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims include $440 million and $466 million related to previously assumed reinsurance arrangements as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
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9. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill and intangible assets deemed to have indefinite lives are not amortized but are instead subject to impairment tests. There were $2 million and $5 million of impairments of indefinite-lived intangible assets recorded for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. There was no impairment for the year ended December 31, 2018.
The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill reported in the Company’s main operating segments were as follows:

| Advice & Wealth Management |  | Asset Management |  | Retirement & Protection Solutions |  | Consolidated
(in millions)
Balance at January 1, 2019 | $ | 279 |  |  | $ | 788 |  |  | $ | 91 |  |  | $ | 1,158 |
Foreign currency translation | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |
Other adjustments | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |
Balance at December 31, 2019 | 279 |  |  | 797 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 1,167 |
Foreign currency translation | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |
Other adjustments | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |
Balance at December 31, 2020 | $ | 279 |  |  | $ | 806 |  |  | $ | 91 |  |  | $ | 1,176 |

As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the carrying amount of indefinite-lived intangible assets included $640 million and $641 million, respectively, of investment management contracts. As of both December 31, 2020 and 2019, the carrying amount of indefinite-lived intangible assets included $69 million of trade names.
Definite-lived intangible assets consisted of the following:

| December 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Gross Carrying Amount | Accumulated Amortization | Net Carrying Amount | Gross Carrying Amount | Accumulated Amortization | Net Carrying Amount
(in millions)
Customer relationships | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | (155) |  |  | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | 192 |  |  | $ | (146) |  |  | $ | 46 |
Contracts | 223 |  |  | (211) |  |  | 12 |  |  | 219 |  |  | (202) |  |  | 17 |
Other | 226 |  |  | (168) |  |  | 58 |  |  | 197 |  |  | (147) |  |  | 50 |
Total | $ | 642 |  |  | $ | (534) |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  | $ | 608 |  |  | $ | (495) |  |  | $ | 113 |

Definite-lived intangible assets acquired during the year ended December 31, 2020 were $25 million with a weighted average amortization period of 5 years. The aggregate amortization expense for definite-lived intangible assets during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $31 million, $37 million and $30 million, respectively. In 2020, 2019 and 2018, the Company did not record any impairment charges on definite-lived intangible assets.
Estimated intangible amortization expense as of December 31, 2020 for the next five years is as follows:

| (in millions)
2021 | $ | 32 |
2022 | 28 |
2023 | 24 |
2024 | 11 |
2025 | 7 |

10. Deferred Acquisition Costs and Deferred Sales Inducement Costs
Management updates market-related inputs on a quarterly basis and implements model changes related to the living benefit valuation. In addition, management conducts its annual review of life insurance and annuity valuation assumptions relative to current experience and management expectations including modeling changes. These aforementioned changes are collectively referred to as unlocking. The impact of unlocking to DAC for the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily reflected updates to interest rate assumptions, partially offset by a favorable impact from lower surrenders on annuity contracts with a withdrawal benefit. The impact of unlocking to DAC for the year ended December 31, 2019 primarily reflected updated mortality assumptions on UL and VUL insurance products and lower surrender rate assumptions on variable annuities, partially offset by an unfavorable impact from updates to assumptions on utilization of guaranteed withdrawal benefits. The impact of unlocking to DAC for the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily reflected improved persistency and mortality on UL and VUL insurance products and a correction related to a variable annuity model assumption partially offset by updates to market-related inputs to the living benefit valuation.
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The balances of and changes in DAC were as follows:

| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
(in millions)
Balance at January 1 | $ | 2,698 |  |  | $ | 2,776 |  |  | $ | 2,676 |
Capitalization of acquisition costs | 228 |  |  | 291 |  |  | 318 |
Amortization | (177) |  |  | (165) |  |  | (355) |
Amortization, impact of valuation assumptions review | (100) |  |  | (14) |  |  | 33 |
Impact of change in net unrealized (gains) losses on securities | (117) |  |  | (175) |  |  | 104 |
Disposal of business | — |  |  | (15) |  |  | — |
Balance at December 31 | $ | 2,532 |  |  | $ | 2,698 |  |  | $ | 2,776 |

The balances of and changes in DSIC, which is included in other assets, were as follows:

| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
(in millions)
Balance at January 1 | $ | 218 |  |  | $ | 251 |  |  | $ | 276 |
Capitalization of sales inducement costs | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |
Amortization | (13) |  |  | (15) |  |  | (43) |
Amortization, impact of valuation assumptions review | (16) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Impact of change in net unrealized (gains) losses on securities | (1) |  |  | (19) |  |  | 16 |
Balance at December 31 | $ | 189 |  |  | $ | 218 |  |  | $ | 251 |

11. Policyholder Account Balances, Future Policy Benefits and Claims and Separate Account Liabilities
Policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims consisted of the following:

| December 31,
2020 |  | 2019
(in millions)
Policyholder account balances |  |  |
Fixed annuities(1) | $ | 8,531 |  |  | $ | 8,909 |
Variable annuity fixed sub-accounts | 5,104 |  |  | 5,103 |
UL/VUL insurance | 3,122 |  |  | 3,110 |
IUL insurance | 2,269 |  |  | 2,025 |
Structured variable annuities | 1,371 |  |  | — |
Other life insurance | 605 |  |  | 646 |
Total policyholder account balances | 21,002 |  |  | 19,793 |
Future policy benefits |  |  |
Variable annuity GMWB | 3,049 |  |  | 1,462 |
Variable annuity GMAB(2) | 1 |  |  | (39) |
Other annuity liabilities | 211 |  |  | 139 |
Fixed annuity life contingent liabilities | 1,370 |  |  | 1,444 |
Life and DI insurance | 1,187 |  |  | 1,212 |
LTC insurance | 5,722 |  |  | 5,302 |
UL/VUL and other life insurance additional liabilities | 1,259 |  |  | 1,033 |
Total future policy benefits | 12,799 |  |  | 10,553 |
Policy claims and other policyholders’ funds | 191 |  |  | 166 |
Total policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims | $ | 33,992 |  |  | $ | 30,512 |

(1) Includes fixed deferred annuities, non-life contingent fixed payout annuities and fixed deferred indexed annuity host contracts.
(2) Includes the fair value of GMAB embedded derivatives that was a net asset as of both December 31, 2020 and 2019 reported as a contra liability.
Fixed Annuities
Fixed annuities include deferred, payout and fixed deferred indexed annuity contracts. In 2020, the Company discontinued sales of fixed deferred and fixed deferred indexed annuities.
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Deferred contracts offer a guaranteed minimum rate of interest and security of the principal invested. Payout contracts guarantee a fixed income payment for life or the term of the contract. Liabilities for fixed annuities in a benefit or payout status are based on future estimated payments using established industry mortality tables and interest rates, ranging from 2.27% to 9.38% as of December 31, 2020, depending on year of issue, with an average rate of approximately 3.7%. The Company generally invests the proceeds from the annuity contracts in fixed rate securities.
The Company’s equity indexed annuity (“EIA”) product is a single premium fixed deferred annuity. The Company discontinued new sales of EIAs in 2007. The contract was issued with an initial term of seven years and interest earnings are linked to the performance of the S&P 500® Index. This annuity has a minimum interest rate guarantee of 3% on 90% of the initial premium, adjusted for any surrenders. The Company generally invests the proceeds from the annuity contracts in fixed rate securities and hedges the equity risk with derivative instruments.
The Company’s fixed index annuity product is a fixed annuity that includes an indexed account. The rate of interest credited above the minimum guarantee for funds allocated to the indexed account is linked to the performance of the specific index for the indexed account (subject to a cap). The Company previously offered S&P 500® Index and MSCI® EAFE Index account options. Both options offered two crediting durations, one-year and two-year. The contractholder could allocate all or a portion of the policy value to a fixed or indexed account. The portion of the policy allocated to the indexed account is accounted for as an embedded derivative. The Company hedges the interest credited rate including equity and interest rate risk related to the indexed account with derivative instruments. The contractholder could choose to add a GMWB for life rider for an additional fee.
See Note 17 for additional information regarding the Company’s derivative instruments used to hedge the risk related to indexed annuities.
Variable Annuities
Purchasers of variable annuities can select from a variety of investment options and can elect to allocate a portion to a fixed account. A vast majority of the premiums received for variable annuity contracts are held in separate accounts where the assets are held for the exclusive benefit of those contractholders.
Most of the variable annuity contracts currently issued by the Company contain one or more guaranteed benefits, including GMWB, GMAB, GMDB and GGU provisions. The Company previously offered contracts with GMIB provisions. See Note 2 and Note 12 for additional information regarding the Company’s variable annuity guarantees. The Company does not currently hedge its risk under the GGU and GMIB provisions. See Note 15 and Note 17 for additional information regarding the Company’s derivative instruments used to hedge risks related to GMWB, GMAB and GMDB provisions.
Structured Variable Annuities
In 2020, the Company began offering structured variable annuities which gives contractholders the option to allocate a portion of their account value to an indexed account with the contractholder’s rate of return, which may be positive or negative, tied to selected indices.
Insurance Liabilities
UL/VUL is the largest group of insurance policies written by the Company. Purchasers of UL accumulate cash value that increases by a fixed interest rate. Purchasers of VUL can select from a variety of investment options and can elect to allocate a portion to a fixed account or a separate account. A vast majority of the premiums received for VUL policies are held in separate accounts where the assets are held for the exclusive benefit of those policyholders.
IUL is a UL policy that includes an indexed account. The rate of credited interest above the minimum guarantee for funds allocated to the indexed account is linked to the performance of the specific index for the indexed account (subject to a cap and floor). The Company offers an S&P 500® Index account option and a blended multi-index account option comprised of the S&P 500 Index, the MSCI® EAFE Index and the MSCI EM Index. Both options offer two crediting durations, one-year and two-year. The policyholder may allocate all or a portion of the policy value to a fixed or any available indexed account. The portion of the policy allocated to the indexed account is accounted for as an embedded derivative at fair value. The Company hedges the interest credited rate including equity and interest rate risk related to the indexed account with derivative instruments. See Note 17 for additional information regarding the Company’s derivative instruments used to hedge the risk related to IUL.
The Company also offers term life insurance as well as DI products. The Company no longer offers standalone LTC products and whole life insurance but has in force policies from prior years.
Insurance liabilities include accumulation values, incurred but not reported claims, obligations for anticipated future claims, unpaid reported claims and claim adjustment expenses.
The liability for estimates of benefits that will become payable on future claims on term life, whole life and DI policies is based on the net level premium and LTC policies is based on a gross premium valuation reflecting management’s current best estimate assumptions. Both include the anticipated interest rates earned on assets supporting the liability. Anticipated interest rates for term and whole life ranged from 2.25% to 10% as of December 31, 2020. Anticipated interest rates for DI policies ranged from 2.25% to 7.5% as of December 31, 2020 and for LTC policies ranged from 5% to 5.7% as of December 31, 2020.
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The liability for unpaid reported claims on DI and LTC policies includes an estimate of the present value of obligations for continuing benefit payments. The discount rates used to calculate present values are based on average interest rates earned on assets supporting the liability for unpaid amounts and were 4.5% and 6% for DI and LTC claims, respectively, as of December 31, 2020.
Portions of the Company’s UL and VUL policies have product features that result in profits followed by losses from the insurance component of the policy. These profits followed by losses can be generated by the cost structure of the product or secondary guarantees in the policy. The secondary guarantee ensures that, subject to specified conditions, the policy will not terminate and will continue to provide a death benefit even if there is insufficient policy value to cover the monthly deductions and charges.
Separate Account Liabilities
Separate account liabilities consisted of the following:

| December 31,
2020 |  | 2019
(in millions)
Variable annuity | $ | 79,299 |  |  | $ | 74,965 |
VUL insurance | 8,226 |  |  | 7,429 |
Other insurance | 31 |  |  | 31 |
Threadneedle investment liabilities | 5,055 |  |  | 5,063 |
Total | $ | 92,611 |  |  | $ | 87,488 |

Threadneedle Investment Liabilities
Threadneedle provides a range of unitized pooled pension funds, which invest in property, stocks, bonds and cash. The investments are selected by the clients and are based on the level of risk they are willing to assume. All investment performance, net of fees, is passed through to the investors. The value of the liabilities represents the fair value of the pooled pension funds.
12. Variable Annuity and Insurance Guarantees
The majority of the variable annuity contracts offered by the Company contain GMDB provisions. The Company also offers variable annuities with GGU, GMWB and GMAB provisions. The Company previously offered contracts containing GMIB provisions. See Note 2 and Note 11 for additional information regarding the Company’s variable annuity guarantees.
The GMDB and GGU provisions provide a specified minimum return upon death of the contractholder. The death benefit payable is the greater of (i) the contract value less any purchase payment credits subject to recapture less a pro-rata portion of any rider fees, or (ii) the GMDB provisions specified in the contract. The Company has the following primary GMDB provisions:
•Return of premium — provides purchase payments minus adjusted partial surrenders.
•Reset — provides that the value resets to the account value every sixth contract anniversary minus adjusted partial surrenders. This provision was often provided in combination with the return of premium provision and is no longer offered.
•Ratchet — provides that the value ratchets up to the maximum account value at specified anniversary intervals, plus subsequent purchase payments less adjusted partial surrenders.
The variable annuity contracts with GMWB riders typically have account values that are based on an underlying portfolio of mutual funds, the values of which fluctuate based on fund performance. At issue the guaranteed amount is equal to the amount deposited but the guarantee may be increased annually to the account value (a “step-up”) in the case of favorable market performance or by a benefit credit if the contract includes this provision.
The Company has GMWB riders in force, which contain one or more of the following provisions:
•Withdrawals at a specified rate per year until the amount withdrawn is equal to the guaranteed amount.
•Withdrawals at a specified rate per year for the life of the contractholder (“GMWB for life”).
•Withdrawals at a specified rate per year for joint contractholders while either is alive.
•Withdrawals based on performance of the contract.
•Withdrawals based on the age withdrawals begin.
•Credits are applied annually for a specified number of years to increase the guaranteed amount as long as withdrawals have not been taken.
Variable annuity contractholders age 79 or younger at contract issue can also obtain a principal-back guarantee by purchasing the optional GMAB rider for an additional charge. The GMAB rider guarantees that, regardless of market performance at the end of the 10-year waiting period, the contract value will be no less than the original investment or a specified percentage of the highest anniversary value, adjusted for withdrawals. If the contract value is less than the guarantee at the end of the 10-year period, a lump sum will be added to the contract value to make the contract value equal to the guarantee value.
Certain UL policies offered by the Company provide secondary guarantee benefits. The secondary guarantee ensures that, subject to specified conditions, the policy will not terminate and will continue to provide a death benefit even if there is insufficient policy value to cover the monthly deductions and charges.
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The following table provides information related to variable annuity guarantees for which the Company has established additional liabilities:

Variable Annuity Guarantees by Benefit Type (1) |  | December 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Total Contract Value | Contract Value in Separate Accounts | Net Amount at Risk |  | Weighted Average Attained Age | Total Contract Value |  | Contract Value in Separate Accounts | Net Amount at Risk |  | Weighted Average Attained Age
| (in millions, except age)
GMDB: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Return of premium | $ | 66,874 |  | $ | 64,932 |  | $ | 5 |  |  | 68 |  | $ | 62,909 |  | $ | 60,967 |  | $ | 5 |  |  | 67
Five/six-year reset | 8,116 |  | 5,386 |  | 6 |  |  | 68 |  | 7,983 |  | 5,263 |  | 7 |  |  | 67
One-year ratchet | 6,094 |  | 5,763 |  | 8 |  |  | 71 |  | 5,935 |  | 5,600 |  | 7 |  |  | 70
Five-year ratchet | 1,436 |  | 1,381 |  | — |  |  | 67 |  | 1,396 |  | 1,340 |  | — |  |  | 66
Other | 1,261 |  | 1,243 |  | 45 |  |  | 73 |  | 1,192 |  | 1,174 |  | 65 |  |  | 73
Total — GMDB | $ | 83,781 |  | $ | 78,705 |  | $ | 64 |  |  | 68 |  | $ | 79,415 |  | $ | 74,344 |  | $ | 84 |  |  | 67
GGU death benefit | $ | 1,183 |  | $ | 1,126 |  | $ | 162 |  |  | 71 |  | $ | 1,115 |  | $ | 1,063 |  | $ | 133 |  |  | 71
GMIB | $ | 187 |  | $ | 173 |  | $ | 6 |  |  | 71 |  | $ | 186 |  | $ | 172 |  | $ | 6 |  |  | 70
GMWB: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
GMWB | $ | 1,972 |  | $ | 1,967 |  | $ | 1 |  |  | 74 |  | $ | 1,999 |  | $ | 1,993 |  | $ | 1 |  |  | 73
GMWB for life | 50,142 |  | 50,057 |  | 185 |  |  | 69 |  | 46,799 |  | 46,691 |  | 272 |  |  | 68
Total — GMWB | $ | 52,114 |  | $ | 52,024 |  | $ | 186 |  |  | 69 |  | $ | 48,798 |  | $ | 48,684 |  | $ | 273 |  |  | 68
GMAB | $ | 2,291 |  | $ | 2,291 |  | $ | — |  |  | 61 |  | $ | 2,528 |  | $ | 2,524 |  | $ | — |  |  | 60

(1) Individual variable annuity contracts may have more than one guarantee and therefore may be included in more than one benefit type. Variable annuity contracts for which the death benefit equals the account value are not shown in this table.
The net amount at risk for GMDB, GGU and GMAB is defined as the current guaranteed benefit amount in excess of the current contract value. The net amount at risk for GMIB is defined as the greater of the present value of the minimum guaranteed annuity payments less the current contract value or zero. The net amount at risk for GMWB is defined as the greater of the present value of the minimum guaranteed withdrawal payments less the current contract value or zero.
The following table provides information related to insurance guarantees for which the Company has established additional liabilities:

| December 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Net Amount at Risk |  | Weighted Average Attained Age | Net Amount at Risk |  | Weighted Average Attained Age
(in millions, except age)
UL secondary guarantees | $ | 6,587 |  |  | 67 |  | $ | 6,550 |  |  | 67

The net amount at risk for UL secondary guarantees is defined as the current guaranteed death benefit amount in excess of the current policyholder account balance.
Changes in additional liabilities (contra liabilities) for variable annuity and insurance guarantees were as follows:

| GMDB & GGU |  | GMIB |  | GMWB (1) |  | GMAB (1) |  | UL
(in millions)
Balance at January 1, 2018 | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 463 |  |  | $ | (80) |  |  | $ | 489 |
Incurred claims | 8 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 412 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 201 |
Paid claims | (6) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (31) |
Balance at December 31, 2018 | 19 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 875 |  |  | (19) |  |  | 659 |
Incurred claims | 2 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 587 |  |  | (20) |  |  | 141 |
Paid claims | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (42) |
Balance at December 31, 2019 | 16 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 1,462 |  |  | (39) |  |  | 758 |
Incurred claims | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,587 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 209 |
Paid claims | (7) |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (51) |
Balance at December 31, 2020 | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 3,049 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 916 |

(1) The incurred claims for GMWB and GMAB include the change in the fair value of the liabilities (contra liabilities) less paid claims.
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The liabilities for guaranteed benefits are supported by general account assets.
The following table summarizes the distribution of separate account balances by asset type for variable annuity contracts providing guaranteed benefits:

| December 31,
2020 |  | 2019
(in millions)
Mutual funds: |  |  |
Equity | $ | 45,947 |  |  | $ | 44,739 |
Bond | 26,073 |  |  | 23,374 |
Other | 6,911 |  |  | 6,471 |
Total mutual funds | $ | 78,931 |  |  | $ | 74,584 |

No gains or losses were recognized on assets transferred to separate accounts for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018.
13. Customer Deposits
Customer deposits consisted of the following:

| December 31,
2020 |  | 2019
(in millions)
Fixed rate certificates | $ | 6,341 |  |  | $ | 7,032 |
Stock market certificates | 389 |  |  | 456 |
Stock market embedded derivative | 8 |  |  | 7 |
Other | 22 |  |  | 27 |
Less: accrued interest classified in other liabilities | (10) |  |  | (21) |
Total investment certificate reserves | 6,750 |  |  | 7,501 |
Banking and brokerage deposits | 10,891 |  |  | 6,929 |
Total | $ | 17,641 |  |  | $ | 14,430 |

Investment Certificates
The Company offers fixed rate investment certificates primarily in amounts ranging from $1,000 to $2 million with interest crediting rate terms ranging from 3 to 36 months. Investment certificates may be purchased either with a lump sum payment or installment payments. Certificate owners are entitled to receive a fixed sum at either maturity or upon demand depending on the type of certificate. Payments from certificate owners are credited to investment certificate reserves, which generally accumulate interest at specified percentage rates. Certain investment certificates allow for a surrender charge on premature surrenders. Reserves for certificates that do not allow for a surrender charge were $3.2 billion as of December 31, 2020. The Company generally invests the proceeds from investment certificates in fixed and variable rate securities.
Certain investment certificate products have returns tied to the performance of equity markets. The Company guarantees the principal for purchasers who hold the certificate for the full term and purchasers may participate in increases in the stock market based on the S&P 500® Index, up to a maximum return. Purchasers can choose 100% participation in the market index up to the cap or 25% participation plus fixed interest with a combined total up to the cap. Current first term certificates have maximum returns of 1.10% to 7.50%, depending on the term length. The equity component of these certificates is considered an embedded derivative and is accounted for separately. See Note 17 for additional information about derivative instruments used to economically hedge the equity price risk related to the Company’s stock market certificates.
Banking and Brokerage Deposits
Banking and brokerage deposits are amounts due on demand to customers related to free credit balances, funds deposited by customers and funds accruing to customers as a result of trades or contracts. The Company pays interest on certain customer credit balances and the interest is included in banking and deposit interest expense.
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14. Debt
The balances and the stated interest rates of outstanding debt of Ameriprise Financial were as follows:

| Outstanding Balance |  | Stated Interest Rate
December 31, | December 31,
2020 |  | 2019 | 2020 |  | 2019
(in millions) |
Long-term debt: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Senior notes due 2020 | $ | — |  |  | $ | 750 |  |  | — | % |  | 5.3 | %
Senior notes due 2022 | 500 |  |  | 500 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | 3.0 |
Senior notes due 2023 | 750 |  |  | 750 |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | 4.0 |
Senior notes due 2024 | 550 |  |  | 550 |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | 3.7 |
Senior notes due 2025 | 500 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | — |
Senior notes due 2026 | 500 |  |  | 500 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 2.9 |
Finance lease liabilities | 44 |  |  | 57 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
Other (1) | (13) |  |  | (10) |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
Total long-term debt | 2,831 |  |  | 3,097 |  |  |  |  |
Short-term borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) advances | 200 |  |  | 201 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 1.8 |
Total | $ | 3,031 |  |  | $ | 3,298 |  |  |  |  |

N/A Not Applicable
(1) Amounts include adjustments for fair value hedges on the Company’s long-term debt and unamortized discount and debt issuance costs. See Note 17 for information on the Company’s fair value hedges.
Long-Term Debt
On April 2, 2020, the Company issued $500 million of unsecured 3.0% senior notes due April 2, 2025 and incurred debt issuance costs of $4 million. Interest payments are due semi-annually in arrears on April 2 and October 2, commencing on October 2, 2020.
The Company repaid $750 million principal amount of its 5.3% senior notes at maturity on March 16, 2020.
The Company’s senior notes due 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 and 2026 may be redeemed, in whole or in part, at any time prior to maturity at a price equal to the greater of the principal amount and the present value of remaining scheduled payments, discounted to the redemption date, plus accrued interest.
Short-term Borrowings
The Company’s life insurance and bank subsidiaries are members of the FHLB of Des Moines which provides access to collateralized borrowings. The Company has pledged Available-for-Sale securities consisting of commercial mortgage backed securities and residential mortgage backed securities as collateral to access these borrowings. The fair value of the securities pledged is recorded in investments and was $1.3 billion and $905 million, of commercial mortgage backed securities, and $604 million and $184 million, of residential mortgage backed securities, as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The remaining maturity of outstanding FHLB advances was less than three months as of December 31, 2020 and less than two months as of December 31, 2019. The stated interest rate of the FHLB advances is a weighted average annualized interest rate on the outstanding borrowings as of the balance sheet date.
On October 12, 2017, the Company entered into an amended and restated credit agreement that provides for an unsecured revolving credit facility of up to $750 million that expires in October 2022. Under the terms of the credit agreement for the facility, the Company may increase the amount of this facility up to $1.0 billion upon satisfaction of certain approval requirements. As of both December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company had no borrowings outstanding and $1 million of letters of credit issued against these facilities. The Company’s credit facility contains various administrative, reporting, legal and financial covenants. The Company was in compliance with all such covenants as of both December 31, 2020 and 2019.
15. Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities
GAAP defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date; that is, an exit price. The exit price assumes the asset or liability is not exchanged subject to a forced liquidation or distressed sale.
Valuation Hierarchy
The Company categorizes its fair value measurements according to a three-level hierarchy. The hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used by the Company’s valuation techniques. A level is assigned to each fair value measurement based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are defined as follows:
Level 1 Unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date.
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Level 2 Prices or valuations based on observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.
Level 3 Prices or valuations that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable.
The following tables present the balances of assets and liabilities of Ameriprise Financial measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

| December 31, 2020 |
Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |
(in millions) |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents | $ | 2,935 |  |  | $ | 2,506 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,441 |  |
Available-for-Sale securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities | — |  |  | 12,902 |  |  | 772 |  |  | 13,674 |  |
Residential mortgage backed securities | — |  |  | 10,020 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 10,029 |  |
Commercial mortgage backed securities | — |  |  | 6,088 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,088 |  |
Asset backed securities | — |  |  | 3,297 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 3,329 |  |
State and municipal obligations | — |  |  | 1,384 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,384 |  |
U.S. government and agency obligations | 1,456 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,456 |  |
Foreign government bonds and obligations | — |  |  | 262 |  |  | — |  |  | 262 |  |
Other securities | — |  |  | 61 |  |  | — |  |  | 61 |  |
Total Available-for-Sale securities | 1,456 |  |  | 34,014 |  |  | 813 |  |  | 36,283 |  |
Investments at NAV |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | (1)
Trading and other securities | 61 |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 88 |  |
Separate account assets at NAV |  |  |  |  |  |  | 92,611 |  | (1)
Investments and cash equivalents segregated for regulatory purposes | 600 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 600 |  |
Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate derivative contracts | 1 |  |  | 1,754 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,755 |  |
Equity derivative contracts | 408 |  |  | 3,682 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,090 |  |
Credit derivative contracts | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |
Foreign exchange derivative contracts | 1 |  |  | 22 |  |  | — |  |  | 23 |  |
Total other assets | 410 |  |  | 5,460 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,870 |  |
Total assets at fair value | $ | 5,462 |  |  | $ | 42,007 |  |  | $ | 813 |  |  | $ | 140,901 |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed deferred indexed annuity embedded derivatives | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 52 |  |
IUL embedded derivatives | — |  |  | — |  |  | 935 |  |  | 935 |  |
GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,316 |  |  | 2,316 |  | (2)
Structured variable annuity embedded derivatives | — |  |  | — |  |  | 70 |  |  | 70 |  |
Total policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3,370 |  |  | 3,373 |  | (3)
Customer deposits | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |
Other liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate derivative contracts | — |  |  | 734 |  |  | — |  |  | 734 |  |
Equity derivative contracts | 183 |  |  | 3,388 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,571 |  |
Credit derivative contracts | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |
Foreign exchange derivative contracts | 2 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |
Other | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 48 |  |
Total other liabilities | 187 |  |  | 4,130 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 4,360 |  |
Total liabilities at fair value | $ | 187 |  |  | $ | 4,141 |  |  | $ | 3,413 |  |  | $ | 7,741 |  |

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| December 31, 2019 |
Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |
(in millions) |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents | $ | 267 |  |  | $ | 2,924 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,191 |  |
Available-for-Sale securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities | — |  |  | 11,437 |  |  | 750 |  |  | 12,187 |  |
Residential mortgage backed securities | — |  |  | 10,012 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 10,029 |  |
Commercial mortgage backed securities | — |  |  | 5,563 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,563 |  |
Asset backed securities | — |  |  | 1,987 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 2,006 |  |
State and municipal obligations | — |  |  | 1,367 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,367 |  |
U.S. government and agency obligations | 1,680 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,680 |  |
Foreign government bonds and obligations | — |  |  | 271 |  |  | — |  |  | 271 |  |
Other securities | — |  |  | 26 |  |  | — |  |  | 26 |  |
Total Available-for-Sale securities | 1,680 |  |  | 30,663 |  |  | 786 |  |  | 33,129 |  |
Equity securities | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |
Investments at NAV |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | (1)
Trading and other securities | 12 |  |  | 26 |  |  | — |  |  | 38 |  |
Separate account assets at NAV |  |  |  |  |  |  | 87,488 |  | (1)
Investments and cash equivalents segregated for regulatory purposes | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |
Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate derivative contracts | — |  |  | 1,455 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,455 |  |
Equity derivative contracts | 162 |  |  | 2,722 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,884 |  |
Credit derivative contracts | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |
Foreign exchange derivative contracts | 1 |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |
Total other assets | 163 |  |  | 4,198 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,361 |  |
Total assets at fair value | $ | 2,137 |  |  | $ | 37,811 |  |  | $ | 786 |  |  | $ | 128,228 |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed deferred indexed annuity embedded derivatives | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 43 |  |  | $ | 46 |  |
IUL embedded derivatives | — |  |  | — |  |  | 881 |  |  | 881 |  |
GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives | — |  |  | — |  |  | 763 |  |  | 763 |  | (4)
Total policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1,687 |  |  | 1,690 |  | (5)
Customer deposits | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |
Other liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate derivative contracts | — |  |  | 418 |  |  | — |  |  | 418 |  |
Equity derivative contracts | 36 |  |  | 3,062 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,098 |  |
Foreign exchange derivative contracts | 1 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |
Other | 6 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 54 |  |
Total other liabilities | 43 |  |  | 3,492 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 3,579 |  |
Total liabilities at fair value | $ | 43 |  |  | $ | 3,509 |  |  | $ | 1,731 |  |  | $ | 5,283 |  |

(1) Amounts are comprised of certain financial instruments that are measured at fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy.
(2) The fair value of the GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives included $2.4 billion of individual contracts in a liability position and $67 million of individual contracts in an asset position (recorded as a contra liability) as of December 31, 2020.
(3) The Company’s adjustment for nonperformance risk resulted in a $727 million cumulative decrease to the embedded derivatives as of December 31, 2020.
(4) The fair value of the GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives included $981 million of individual contracts in a liability position and $218 million of individual contracts in an asset position (recorded as a contra liability) as of December 31, 2019.
(5) The Company’s adjustment for nonperformance risk resulted in a $502 million cumulative decrease to the embedded derivatives as of December 31, 2019.
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The following tables provide a summary of changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities of Ameriprise Financial measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

| Available-for-Sale Securities |  |
Corporate Debt Securities |  | Residential Mortgage Backed Securities |  |  |  | Asset Backed Securities |  | Total |
(in millions)
Balance, January 1, 2020 | $ | 750 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 786 |  |  |
Total gains (losses) included in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | (1) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  | (1) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | 15 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | (1) |  |  | 15 |  |  |
Purchases | 62 |  |  | 220 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 282 |  |  |
Settlements | (54) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (54) |  |  |
Transfers into Level 3 | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 14 |  |  | 14 |  |  |
Transfers out of Level 3 | — |  |  | (229) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (229) |  |  |
Balance, December 31, 2020 | $ | 772 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 813 |  |  |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) relating to assets held at December 31, 2020 | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | (2) |  | (1) |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) in other comprehensive income (loss) relating to assets held at December 31, 2020 | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  |

| Policyholder Account Balances, Future Policy Benefits and Claims |  | Other Liabilities |
Fixed Deferred Indexed Annuity Embedded Derivatives |  | IUL Embedded Derivatives |  | GMWB and GMAB Embedded Derivatives |  | Structured Variable Annuity Embedded Derivatives |  | Total
(in millions) |
Balance, January 1, 2020 | $ | 43 |  |  | $ | 881 |  |  | $ | 763 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,687 |  |  | $ | 44 |  |
Total (gains) losses included in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | 4 |  | (2) | 76 |  | (2) | 1,152 |  | (3) | 91 |  | (3) | 1,323 |  |  | (12) |  | (4)
Issues | 3 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 362 |  |  | (21) |  |  | 405 |  |  | 20 |  |
Settlements | (1) |  |  | (83) |  |  | 39 |  |  | — |  |  | (45) |  |  | (9) |  |
Balance, December 31, 2020 | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 935 |  |  | $ | 2,316 |  |  | $ | 70 |  |  | $ | 3,370 |  |  | $ | 43 |  |
Changes in unrealized (gains) losses relating to liabilities held at December 31, 2020 | $ | — |  |  | $ | 76 |  | (2) | $ | 1,206 |  | (3) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,282 |  |  | $ | — |  |

| Available-for-Sale Securities |
Corporate Debt Securities |  | Residential Mortgage Backed Securities |  | Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities |  | Asset Backed Securities |  | Total
(in millions) |
Balance, January 1, 2019 | $ | 913 |  |  | $ | 136 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 1,075 |  |
Total gains (losses) included in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  | (1)
Other comprehensive income (loss) | 31 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | 30 |  |
Purchases | 55 |  |  | 477 |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | 550 |  |
Settlements | (248) |  |  | (12) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (260) |  |
Transfers into Level 3 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | 14 |  |
Transfers out of Level 3 | — |  |  | (584) |  |  | (20) |  |  | (18) |  |  | (622) |  |
Balance, December 31, 2019 | $ | 750 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 786 |  |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) relating to assets held at December 31, 2019 | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1) |  | (1)

128

| Policyholder Account Balances, Future Policy Benefits and Claims |  | Other Liabilities |
Fixed Deferred Indexed Annuity Embedded Derivatives |  | IUL Embedded Derivatives |  | GMWB and GMAB Embedded Derivatives |  | Total |
(in millions)
Balance, January 1, 2019 | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 628 |  |  | $ | 328 |  |  | $ | 970 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |
Total (gains) losses included in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | 8 |  | (2) | 209 |  | (2) | 80 |  | (3) | 297 |  |  | (3) |  | (4)
Issues | 21 |  |  | 113 |  |  | 361 |  |  | 495 |  |  | 18 |  |
Settlements | — |  |  | (69) |  |  | (6) |  |  | (75) |  |  | (1) |  |
Balance, December 31, 2019 | $ | 43 |  |  | $ | 881 |  |  | $ | 763 |  |  | $ | 1,687 |  |  | $ | 44 |  |
Changes in unrealized (gains) losses relating to liabilities held at December 31, 2019 | $ | — |  |  | $ | 209 |  | (2) | $ | 82 |  | (3) | $ | 291 |  |  | $ | — |  |

| Available-for-Sale Securities |  | Other Derivative Contracts |
Corporate Debt Securities |  | Residential Mortgage Backed Securities |  | Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities |  | Asset Backed Securities |  | Total
(in millions)
Balance, January 1, 2018 | $ | 1,139 |  |  | $ | 155 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 1,301 |  |  | $ | — |  |
Total gains (losses) included in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  | (1) | (3) |  | (3)
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (26) |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (24) |  |  | — |  |
Purchases | 15 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 189 |  |  | 3 |  |
Settlements | (214) |  |  | (29) |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | (244) |  |  | — |  |
Transfers into Level 3 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |
Transfers out of Level 3 | — |  |  | (61) |  |  | (52) |  |  | (35) |  |  | (148) |  |  | — |  |
Balance, December 31, 2018 | $ | 913 |  |  | $ | 136 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 1,075 |  |  | $ | — |  |
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) relating to assets held at December 31, 2018 | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1) |  | (1) | $ | — |  |

| Policyholder Account Balances, Future Policy Benefits and Claims |  | Other Liabilities |
Fixed Deferred Indexed Annuity Embedded Derivatives |  | IUL Embedded Derivatives |  | GMWB and GMAB Embedded Derivatives |  | Total
(in millions) |
Balance, January 1, 2018 | $ | — |  |  | $ | 601 |  |  | $ | (49) |  |  | $ | 552 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |
Total (gains) losses included in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | (3) |  | (2) | (9) |  | (2) | 49 |  | (3) | 37 |  |  | 2 |  | (4)
Issues | 17 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 350 |  |  | 457 |  |  | — |  |
Settlements | — |  |  | (54) |  |  | (22) |  |  | (76) |  |  | — |  |
Balance, December 31, 2018 | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 628 |  |  | $ | 328 |  |  | $ | 970 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |
Changes in unrealized (gains) losses relating to liabilities held at December 31, 2018 | $ | — |  |  | $ | (9) |  | (2) | $ | 47 |  | (3) | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | — |  |

(1) Included in net investment income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
(2) Included in interest credited to fixed accounts in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
(3) Included in benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
(4) Included in general and administrative expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The increase (decrease) to pretax income of the Company’s adjustment for nonperformance risk on the fair value of its embedded derivatives was $196 million, $(190) million and $281 million, net of DAC, DSIC, unearned revenue amortization and the reinsurance accrual, for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Securities transferred from Level 3 primarily represent securities with fair values that are now obtained from a third-party pricing service with observable inputs.
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The following tables provide a summary of the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements developed by the Company or reasonably available to the Company of Level 3 assets and liabilities:

| December 31, 2020
| Fair Value |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Input |  | Range |  | Weighted Average
| (in millions)
Corporate debt securities (private placements) | $ | 772 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Yield/spread to U.S. Treasuries (1) | 1.0% | – | 3.3% | 1.5 | %
Asset backed securities | $ | 3 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Annual short-term default rate (2) | 2.9% | – | 3.0% |  | 2.9 | %
|  |  |  |  | Annual long-term default rate (2) | 3.5% | – | 4.5% | 3.8 | %
|  |  |  |  | Discount rate | 13.0% | 13.0 | %
|  |  |  |  | Constant prepayment rate | 10.0% | 10.0 | %
|  |  |  |  | Loss recovery | 63.6% | 63.6 | %
IUL embedded derivatives | $ | 935 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Nonperformance risk (3) | 65 bps | 65 | bps
Fixed deferred indexed annuity embedded derivatives | $ | 49 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Surrender rate (4) | 0.0% | – | 50.0% | 1.2 | %
|  |  |  |  | Nonperformance risk (3) | 65 bps | 65 | bps
GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives | $ | 2,316 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Utilization of guaranteed withdrawals (5) (6) | 0.0% | – | 48.0% | 10.6 | %
|  |  |  |  | Surrender rate (4) | 0.1% | – | 73.5% | 3.8 | %
|  |  |  |  | Market volatility (7) (8) | 4.3% | – | 17.1% | 11.0 | %
|  |  |  |  | Nonperformance risk (3) | 65 bps | 65 | bps
Structured variable annuity embedded derivatives | $ | 70 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Surrender rate (4) | 0.8% | – | 40.0% | 0.9 | %
|  |  |  |  | Nonperformance risk (3) | 65 bps | 65 | bps
Contingent consideration liabilities | $ | 43 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Discount rate (9) | 0.0% | – | 9.0% |  | 3.1 | %

| December 31, 2019
| Fair Value |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Input |  | Range |  | Weighted Average
| (in millions)
Corporate debt securities (private placements) | $ | 749 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Yield/spread to U.S. Treasuries |  | 0.8% | – | 2.8% | 1.2 | %
Asset backed securities | $ | 5 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Annual short-term default rate |  | 3.3% |
|  |  |  |  | Annual long-term default rate |  | 3.0% |
|  |  |  |  | Discount rate |  | 12.0% |
|  |  |  |  | Constant prepayment rate |  | 5.0% | – | 10.0% | 10.0 | %
|  |  |  |  | Loss recovery |  | 36.4% | – | 63.6% | 63.6 | %
IUL embedded derivatives | $ | 881 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Nonperformance risk (3) |  | 65 bps |
Fixed deferred indexed annuity embedded derivatives | $ | 43 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Surrender rate |  | 0.0% | – | 50.0% |
|  |  |  |  | Nonperformance risk (3) |  | 65 bps |
GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives | $ | 763 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Utilization of guaranteed withdrawals (5) |  | 0.0% | – | 36.0% |
|  |  |  |  | Surrender rate |  | 0.1% | – | 73.5% |
|  |  |  |  | Market volatility (7) |  | 3.7% | – | 15.9% |
|  |  |  |  | Nonperformance risk (3) |  | 65 bps |
Contingent consideration liabilities | $ | 44 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Discount rate |  | 9.0% |

(1) The weighted average for the spread to U.S. Treasuries for corporate debt securities (private placements) is weighted based on the security’s market value as a percentage of the aggregate market value of the securities.
(2) The weighted average annual default rates of asset backed securities is weighted based on the security’s market value as a percentage of the aggregate market value of the securities.
(3) The nonperformance risk is the spread added to the observable interest rates used in the valuation of the embedded derivatives.
(4) The weighted average surrender rate is weighted based on the benefit base of each contract and represents the average assumption in the current year including the effect of a dynamic surrender formula.
(5) The utilization of guaranteed withdrawals represents the percentage of contractholders that will begin withdrawing in any given year.
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(6) The weighted average utilization rate represents the average assumption for the current year, weighting each policy evenly. The calculation excludes policies that have already started taking withdrawals.
(7) Market volatility is implied volatility of fund of funds and managed volatility funds.
(8) The weighted average market volatility represents the average volatility across all contracts, weighted by the size of the guaranteed benefit.
(9) The weighted average discount rate represents the average discount rate across all contingent consideration liabilities, weighted based on the size of the contingent consideration liability.
Level 3 measurements not included in the table above are obtained from non-binding broker quotes where unobservable inputs utilized in the fair value calculation are not reasonably available to the Company.
Uncertainty of Fair Value Measurements
Significant increases (decreases) in the yield/spread to U.S. Treasuries used in the fair value measurement of Level 3 corporate debt securities in isolation would have resulted in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement.
Significant increases (decreases) in the annual default rate and discount rate used in the fair value measurement of Level 3 asset backed securities in isolation, generally, would have resulted in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement and significant increases (decreases) in loss recovery in isolation would have resulted in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement.
Significant increases (decreases) in the constant prepayment rate in isolation would have resulted in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement.
Significant increases (decreases) in nonperformance risk used in the fair value measurement of the IUL embedded derivatives in isolation would have resulted in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement.
Significant increases (decreases) in nonperformance risk and surrender rate used in the fair value measurements of the fixed deferred indexed annuity embedded derivatives and structured variable annuity embedded derivatives in isolation would have resulted in a significantly lower (higher) liability value.
Significant increases (decreases) in utilization and volatility used in the fair value measurement of the GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives in isolation would have resulted in a significantly higher (lower) liability value.
Significant increases (decreases) in nonperformance risk and surrender rate used in the fair value measurement of the GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives in isolation would have resulted in a significantly lower (higher) liability value. Utilization of guaranteed withdrawals and surrender rates vary with the type of rider, the duration of the policy, the age of the contractholder, the distribution channel and whether the value of the guaranteed benefit exceeds the contract accumulation value.
Significant increases (decreases) in the discount rate used in the fair value measurement of the contingent consideration liability in isolation would have resulted in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement.
Determination of Fair Value
The Company uses valuation techniques consistent with the market and income approaches to measure the fair value of its assets and liabilities. The Company’s market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities. The Company’s income approach uses valuation techniques to convert future projected cash flows to a single discounted present value amount. When applying either approach, the Company maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs.
The following is a description of the valuation techniques used to measure fair value and the general classification of these instruments pursuant to the fair value hierarchy.
Assets
Cash Equivalents
Cash equivalents include time deposits and other highly liquid investments with original or remaining maturities at the time of purchase of 90 days or less. Actively traded money market funds are measured at their NAV and classified as Level 1. U.S. Treasuries are also classified as Level 1. The Company’s remaining cash equivalents are classified as Level 2 and measured at amortized cost, which is a reasonable estimate of fair value because of the short time between the purchase of the instrument and its expected realization.
Investments (Available-for-Sale Securities, Equity Securities and Trading Securities)
When available, the fair value of securities is based on quoted prices in active markets. If quoted prices are not available, fair values are obtained from third-party pricing services, non-binding broker quotes, or other model-based valuation techniques.
Level 1 securities primarily include U.S. Treasuries.
Level 2 securities primarily include corporate bonds, residential mortgage backed securities, commercial mortgage backed securities, asset backed securities, state and municipal obligations and foreign government securities. The fair value of these Level 2 securities is
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based on a market approach with prices obtained from third-party pricing services. Observable inputs used to value these securities can include, but are not limited to, reported trades, benchmark yields, issuer spreads and non-binding broker quotes.
Level 3 securities primarily include certain corporate bonds, non-agency residential mortgage backed securities, commercial mortgage backed securities and asset backed securities with fair value typically based on a single non-binding broker quote. The underlying inputs used for some of the non-binding broker quotes are not readily available to the Company. The Company’s privately placed corporate bonds are typically based on a single non-binding broker quote. The fair value of certain asset backed securities is determined using a discounted cash flow model. Inputs used to determine the expected cash flows include assumptions about discount rates and default, prepayment and recovery rates of the underlying assets. Given the significance of the unobservable inputs to this fair value measurement, the fair value of the investment in certain asset backed securities is classified as Level 3.
In consideration of the above, management is responsible for the fair values recorded on the financial statements. Prices received from third-party pricing services are subjected to exception reporting that identifies investments with significant daily price movements as well as no movements. The Company reviews the exception reporting and resolves the exceptions through reaffirmation of the price or recording an appropriate fair value estimate. The Company also performs subsequent transaction testing. The Company performs annual due diligence of third-party pricing services. The Company’s due diligence procedures include assessing the vendor’s valuation qualifications, control environment, analysis of asset-class specific valuation methodologies, and understanding of sources of market observable assumptions and unobservable assumptions, if any, employed in the valuation methodology. The Company also considers the results of its exception reporting controls and any resulting price challenges that arise.
Separate Account Assets
The fair value of assets held by separate accounts is determined by the NAV of the funds in which those separate accounts are invested. The NAV is used as a practical expedient for fair value and represents the exit price for the separate account. Separate account assets are excluded from classification in the fair value hierarchy.
Investments and Cash Equivalents Segregated for Regulatory Purposes
Investments and cash equivalents segregated for regulatory purposes includes U.S. Treasuries that are classified as Level 1.
Other Assets
Derivatives that are measured using quoted prices in active markets, such as derivatives that are exchange-traded are classified as Level 1 measurements. The variation margin on futures contracts is also classified as Level 1. The fair value of derivatives that are traded in less active over-the-counter (“OTC”) markets is generally measured using pricing models with market observable inputs such as interest rates and equity index levels. These measurements are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy and include swaps, foreign currency forwards and the majority of options. The counterparties’ nonperformance risk associated with uncollateralized derivative assets was immaterial as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. See Note 16 and Note 17 for further information on the credit risk of derivative instruments and related collateral.
Liabilities
Policyholder Account Balances, Future Policy Benefits and Claims
There is no active market for the transfer of the Company’s embedded derivatives attributable to the provisions of certain variable annuity riders, fixed deferred indexed annuity, structured variable annuity and IUL products.
The Company values the embedded derivatives attributable to the provisions of certain variable annuity riders using internal valuation models. These models calculate fair value as the present value of future expected benefit payments less the present value of future expected rider fees attributable to the embedded derivative feature. The projected cash flows used by these models include observable capital market assumptions and incorporate significant unobservable inputs related to implied volatility as well as contractholder behavior assumptions that include margins for risk, all of which the Company believes a market participant would expect. The fair value also reflects a current estimate of the Company’s nonperformance risk specific to these embedded derivatives. Given the significant unobservable inputs to this valuation, these measurements are classified as Level 3. The embedded derivatives attributable to these provisions are recorded in policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims.
The Company uses a discounted cash flow model to determine the fair value of the embedded derivatives associated with the provisions of its equity index annuity product. The projected cash flows generated by this model are based on significant observable inputs related to interest rates, volatilities and equity index levels and, therefore, are classified as Level 2.
The Company uses discounted cash flow models including Black-Scholes calculations to determine the fair value of the embedded derivatives associated with the provisions of its fixed deferred indexed annuity, structured variable annuity and IUL products. The structured variable annuity product is a limited flexible purchase payment annuity that offers 45 different indexed account options providing equity market exposure and a fixed account. Each indexed account includes a protection option (a buffer or a floor). If the index has a negative return, contractholder losses will be reduced by buffer or limited to a floor. The portion allocated to an indexed account is accounted for as an embedded derivative. The fair value of fixed deferred indexed annuity, structured variable annuity and IUL embedded derivatives includes significant observable interest rates, volatilities and equity index levels and the significant unobservable estimate of the Company’s nonperformance risk. Given the significance of the nonperformance risk assumption to the
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fair value, the fixed deferred indexed annuity, structured variable annuity and IUL embedded derivatives are classified as Level 3.
The embedded derivatives attributable to these provisions are recorded in policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims.
Customer Deposits
The Company uses various Black-Scholes calculations to determine the fair value of the embedded derivative liability associated with the provisions of its stock market certificates (“SMC”). The inputs to these calculations are primarily market observable and include interest rates, volatilities and equity index levels. As a result, these measurements are classified as Level 2.
Other Liabilities
Derivatives that are measured using quoted prices in active markets, such as derivatives that are exchange-traded are classified as Level 1 measurements. The variation margin on futures contracts is also classified as Level 1. The fair value of derivatives that are traded in less active OTC markets is generally measured using pricing models with market observable inputs such as interest rates and equity index levels. These measurements are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy and include swaps, foreign currency forwards and the majority of options. The Company’s nonperformance risk associated with uncollateralized derivative liabilities was immaterial as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. See Note 16 and Note 17 for further information on the credit risk of derivative instruments and related collateral.
Securities sold but not yet purchased represent obligations of the Company to deliver specified securities that it does not yet own, creating a liability to purchase the security in the market at prevailing prices. When available, the fair value of securities is based on quoted prices in active markets. If quoted prices are not available, fair values are obtained from nationally-recognized pricing services, or other model-based valuation techniques such as the present value of cash flows. Level 1 securities sold but not yet purchased primarily include U.S Treasuries traded in active markets. Level 2 securities sold but not yet purchased primarily include corporate bonds.
Contingent consideration liabilities consist of earn-outs and/or deferred payments related to the Company’s acquisitions. Contingent consideration liabilities are recorded at fair value using a discounted cash flow model using an unobservable input (discount rate). Given the use of a significant unobservable input, the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities is classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.
Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
The Company assesses its investment in affordable housing partnerships for impairment. The investments that are determined to be impaired are written down to their fair value. The Company uses a discounted cash flow model to measure the fair value of these investments. Inputs to the discounted cash flow model are estimates of future net operating losses and tax credits available to the Company and discount rates based on market condition and the financial strength of the syndicator (general partner). The balance of affordable housing partnerships measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis was $101 million and $158 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.
Asset and Liabilities Not Reported at Fair Value
The following tables provide the carrying value and the estimated fair value of financial instruments that are not reported at fair value:

| December 31, 2020 |
Carrying Value |  | Fair Value |
Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |
(in millions) |
Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans, net | $ | 2,718 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 2,852 |  |  | $ | 2,874 |  |
Policy loans | 846 |  |  | — |  |  | 846 |  |  | — |  |  | 846 |  | (1)
Receivables | 3,563 |  |  | 147 |  |  | 1,258 |  |  | 2,398 |  |  | 3,803 |  |
Restricted and segregated cash | 1,958 |  |  | 1,958 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,958 |  |
Other investments and assets | 732 |  |  | — |  |  | 672 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 734 |  |
Financial Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims | $ | 9,990 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,686 |  |  | $ | 11,686 |  |
Investment certificate reserves | 6,752 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,752 |  |  | 6,752 |  |
Banking and brokerage deposits | 10,891 |  |  | 10,891 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,891 |  |
Separate account liabilities — investment contracts | 5,406 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,406 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,406 |  |
Debt and other liabilities | 3,214 |  |  | 205 |  |  | 3,253 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 3,469 |  |

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| December 31, 2019 |
Carrying Value |  | Fair Value |
Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |
(in millions) |
Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans, net | $ | 2,778 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,833 |  |  | $ | 2,833 |  |
Policy loans | 868 |  |  | — |  |  | 868 |  |  | — |  |  | 868 |  | (1)
Receivables | 3,168 |  |  | 102 |  |  | 934 |  |  | 2,229 |  |  | 3,265 |  |
Restricted and segregated cash | 2,372 |  |  | 2,372 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,372 |  |
Other investments and assets | 671 |  |  | — |  |  | 626 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 672 |  |
Financial Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims | $ | 9,110 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,061 |  |  | $ | 10,061 |  |
Investment certificate reserves | 7,508 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,497 |  |  | 7,497 |  |
Brokerage deposits | 6,929 |  |  | 6,929 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,929 |  |
Separate account liabilities — investment contracts | 5,403 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,403 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,403 |  |
Debt and other liabilities | 3,374 |  |  | 104 |  |  | 3,372 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 3,497 |  |

(1) During the third quarter of 2020, management changed the fair value methodology for policy loans from estimating future expected cash flows and discounting the cash flows at a rate based on the U.S. Treasury curve to using the carrying value as an approximation of fair value as the policy loans are fully collateralized by the cash surrender value of the underlying policies. As a result, policy loans were reclassified from Level 3 to Level 2 in the valuation hierarchy. For comparability and consistency purposes, prior period amounts were revised to reflect the current methodology and classification.
Receivables include the deposit receivable, brokerage margin loans, securities borrowed, pledged asset lines of credit, and loans to financial advisors. Restricted and segregated cash includes cash segregated under federal and other regulations held in special reserve bank accounts for the exclusive benefit of the Company’s brokerage customers. Other investments and assets primarily include syndicated loans, credit card receivables, certificate of deposits with original or remaining maturities at the time of purchase of more than 90 days, the Company’s membership in the FHLB and investments related to the Community Reinvestment Act. See Note 7 for additional information on mortgage loans, policy loans, syndicated loans, credit card receivables and the deposit receivable.
Policyholder account balances, future policy benefit and claims include fixed annuities in deferral status, non-life contingent fixed annuities in payout status, indexed and structured variable annuity host contracts, and the fixed portion of a small number of variable annuity contracts classified as investment contracts. See Note 11 for additional information on these liabilities. Investment certificate reserves represent customer deposits for fixed rate certificates and stock market certificates. Banking and brokerage deposits are amounts payable to customers related to free credit balances, funds deposited by customers and funds accruing to customers as a result of trades or contracts. Separate account liabilities are primarily investment contracts in pooled pension funds offered by Threadneedle. Debt and other liabilities include the Company’s long-term debt, short-term borrowings, securities loaned and future funding commitments to affordable housing partnerships and other real estate partnerships. See Note 14 for further information on the Company’s long-term debt and short-term borrowings.
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16. Offsetting Assets and Liabilities
Certain financial instruments and derivative instruments are eligible for offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company’s derivative instruments, repurchase agreements and securities borrowing and lending agreements are subject to master netting and collateral arrangements and qualify for offset. A master netting arrangement with a counterparty creates a right of offset for amounts due to and from that same counterparty that is enforceable in the event of a default or bankruptcy. Securities borrowed and loaned result from transactions between the Company’s broker dealer subsidiary and other financial institutions and are recorded at the amount of cash collateral advanced or received. Securities borrowed and securities loaned are primarily equity securities. The Company’s securities borrowed and securities loaned transactions generally do not have a fixed maturity date and may be terminated by either party under customary terms.
The Company’s policy is to recognize amounts subject to master netting arrangements on a gross basis in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The following tables present the gross and net information about the Company’s assets subject to master netting arrangements:

| December 31, 2020
Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets |  | Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Amounts of Assets Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Net Amount
Financial Instruments (1) |  | Cash Collateral |  | Securities Collateral
(in millions)
Derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
OTC | $ | 5,501 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,501 |  |  | $ | (3,862) |  |  | $ | (1,287) |  |  | $ | (315) |  |  | $ | 37 |
OTC cleared | 58 |  |  | — |  |  | 58 |  |  | (25) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33 |
Exchange-traded | 311 |  |  | — |  |  | 311 |  |  | (91) |  |  | (165) |  |  | — |  |  | 55 |
Total derivatives | 5,870 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,870 |  |  | (3,978) |  |  | (1,452) |  |  | (315) |  |  | 125 |
Securities borrowed | 147 |  |  | — |  |  | 147 |  |  | (43) |  |  | — |  |  | (103) |  |  | 1 |
Total | $ | 6,017 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,017 |  |  | $ | (4,021) |  |  | $ | (1,452) |  |  | $ | (418) |  |  | $ | 126 |

| December 31, 2019
Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets |  | Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Amounts of Assets Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Net Amount
Financial Instruments (1) |  | Cash Collateral |  | Securities Collateral
(in millions)
Derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
OTC | $ | 4,258 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,258 |  |  | $ | (2,933) |  |  | $ | (1,244) |  |  | $ | (73) |  |  | $ | 8 |
OTC cleared | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | 21 |  |  | (21) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Exchange-traded | 82 |  |  | — |  |  | 82 |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 77 |
Total derivatives | 4,361 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,361 |  |  | (2,959) |  |  | (1,244) |  |  | (73) |  |  | 85 |
Securities borrowed | 102 |  |  | — |  |  | 102 |  |  | (14) |  |  | — |  |  | (85) |  |  | 3 |
Total | $ | 4,463 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,463 |  |  | $ | (2,973) |  |  | $ | (1,244) |  |  | $ | (158) |  |  | $ | 88 |

(1) Represents the amount of assets that could be offset by liabilities with the same counterparty under master netting or similar arrangements that management elects not to offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
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The following tables present the gross and net information about the Company’s liabilities subject to master netting arrangements:

| December 31, 2020
Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities |  | Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Net Amount
Financial Instruments (1) |  | Cash Collateral |  | Securities Collateral
(in millions)
Derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
OTC | $ | 4,192 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,192 |  |  | $ | (3,862) |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | (327) |  |  | $ | 2 |
OTC cleared | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | (25) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Exchange-traded | 95 |  |  | — |  |  | 95 |  |  | (91) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Total derivatives | 4,312 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,312 |  |  | (3,978) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (327) |  |  | 6 |
Securities loaned | 205 |  |  | — |  |  | 205 |  |  | (43) |  |  | — |  |  | (157) |  |  | 5 |
Total | $ | 4,517 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,517 |  |  | $ | (4,021) |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | (484) |  |  | $ | 11 |

| December 31, 2019
Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities |  | Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Net Amount
Financial Instruments (1) |  | Cash Collateral |  | Securities Collateral
(in millions)
Derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
OTC | $ | 3,473 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,473 |  |  | $ | (2,933) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (540) |  |  | $ | — |
OTC cleared | 41 |  |  | — |  |  | 41 |  |  | (21) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |
Exchange-traded | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |
Total derivatives | 3,525 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,525 |  |  | (2,959) |  |  | — |  |  | (540) |  |  | 26 |
Securities loaned | 104 |  |  | — |  |  | 104 |  |  | (14) |  |  | — |  |  | (87) |  |  | 3 |
Total | $ | 3,629 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,629 |  |  | $ | (2,973) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (627) |  |  | $ | 29 |

(1) Represents the amount of liabilities that could be offset by assets with the same counterparty under master netting or similar arrangements that management elects not to offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
In the tables above, the amount of assets or liabilities presented are offset first by financial instruments that have the right of offset under master netting or similar arrangements, then any remaining amount is reduced by the amount of cash and securities collateral. The actual collateral may be greater than amounts presented in the tables.
When the fair value of collateral accepted by the Company is less than the amount due to the Company, there is a risk of loss if the counterparty fails to perform or provide additional collateral. To mitigate this risk, the Company monitors collateral values regularly and requires additional collateral when necessary. When the value of collateral pledged by the Company declines, it may be required to post additional collateral.
Freestanding derivative instruments are reflected in other assets and other liabilities. Cash collateral pledged by the Company is reflected in other assets and cash collateral accepted by the Company is reflected in other liabilities. Securities borrowing and lending agreements are reflected in receivables and other liabilities, respectively. See Note 17 for additional disclosures related to the Company’s derivative instruments and Note 5 for information related to derivatives held by consolidated investment entities.
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17. Derivatives and Hedging Activities
Derivative instruments enable the Company to manage its exposure to various market risks. The value of such instruments is derived from an underlying variable or multiple variables, including equity, foreign exchange and interest rate indices or prices. The Company primarily enters into derivative agreements for risk management purposes related to the Company’s products and operations.
Certain of the Company’s freestanding derivative instruments are subject to master netting arrangements. The Company’s policy on the recognition of derivatives on the Consolidated Balance Sheets is to not offset fair value amounts recognized for derivatives and collateral arrangements executed with the same counterparty under the same master netting arrangement. See Note 16 for additional information regarding the estimated fair value of the Company’s freestanding derivatives after considering the effect of master netting arrangements and collateral.
The Company uses derivatives as economic hedges and accounting hedges. The following table presents the notional value and gross fair value of derivative instruments, including embedded derivatives:

| December 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Notional |  | Gross Fair Value | Notional |  | Gross Fair Value
Assets (1) |  | Liabilities (2)(3) | Assets (1) |  | Liabilities (2)(3)
(in millions)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts - fair value hedges | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 375 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | — |
Foreign exchange contracts - net investment hedges | 32 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 93 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Total qualifying hedges | 32 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 468 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | 77,951 |  |  | 1,755 |  |  | 734 |  |  | 57,979 |  |  | 1,452 |  |  | 418 |
Equity contracts | 57,254 |  |  | 4,090 |  |  | 3,571 |  |  | 61,921 |  |  | 2,884 |  |  | 3,098 |
Credit contracts | 2,297 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1,419 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts | 3,423 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3,412 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 6 |
Other contracts | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total non-designated hedges | 140,925 |  |  | 5,870 |  |  | 4,310 |  |  | 124,732 |  |  | 4,358 |  |  | 3,522 |
Embedded derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
GMWB and GMAB (4) | N/A |  | — |  |  | 2,316 |  |  | N/A |  | — |  |  | 763 |
IUL | N/A |  | — |  |  | 935 |  |  | N/A |  | — |  |  | 881 |
Fixed deferred indexed annuities | N/A |  | — |  |  | 52 |  |  | N/A |  | — |  |  | 46 |
Structured variable annuities | N/A |  | — |  |  | 70 |  |  | N/A |  | — |  |  | — |
SMC | N/A |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | N/A |  | — |  |  | 14 |
Total embedded derivatives | N/A |  | — |  |  | 3,381 |  |  | N/A |  | — |  |  | 1,704 |
Total derivatives | $ | 140,957 |  |  | $ | 5,870 |  |  | $ | 7,693 |  |  | $ | 125,200 |  |  | $ | 4,361 |  |  | $ | 5,229 |

N/A Not applicable.
(1) The fair value of freestanding derivative assets is included in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(2) The fair value of freestanding derivative liabilities is included in Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The fair value of GMWB and GMAB, IUL, and fixed deferred indexed annuity and structured variable annuity embedded derivatives is included in Policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The fair value of the SMC embedded derivative liability is included in Customer deposits on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(3) The fair value of the Company’s derivative liabilities after considering the effects of master netting arrangements, cash collateral held by the same counterparty and the fair value of net embedded derivatives was $3.7 billion and $2.3 billion as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. See Note 16 for additional information related to master netting arrangements and cash collateral.
(4) The fair value of the GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives as of December 31, 2020 included $2.4 billion of individual contracts in a liability position and $67 million of individual contracts in an asset position. The fair value of the GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives as of December 31, 2019 included $981 million of individual contracts in a liability position and $218 million of individual contracts in an asset position.
See Note 15 for additional information regarding the Company’s fair value measurement of derivative instruments.
As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, investment securities with a fair value of $325 million and $84 million, respectively, were received as collateral to meet contractual obligations under derivative contracts, of which $325 million and $84 million, respectively, may be sold, pledged or rehypothecated by the Company. As of both December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company had sold, pledged or
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rehypothecated none of these securities. In addition, as of both December 31, 2020 and 2019, non-cash collateral accepted was held in separate custodial accounts and was not included in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedges
The following table presents a summary of the impact of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments, including embedded derivatives, on the Consolidated Statements of Operations:

| Net Investment Income |  | Banking and Deposit Interest Expense |  | Distribution Expenses |  | Interest Credited to Fixed Accounts |  | Benefits, Claims, Losses and Settlement Expenses |  | General and Administrative Expense
| (in millions)
Year Ended December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,633 |  |  | $ | — |
Equity contracts | (1) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 55 |  |  | (744) |  |  | 15 |
Credit contracts | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | (106) |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8) |  |  | 10 |
Other contracts | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,553) |  |  | — |
IUL embedded derivatives | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Fixed deferred indexed annuity embedded derivatives | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
SMC embedded derivatives | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Structured variable annuity embedded derivatives | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (91) |  |  | — |
Total gain (loss) | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 103 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | (869) |  |  | $ | 25 |
Year Ended December 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | $ | (34) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,097 |  |  | $ | — |
Equity contracts | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 117 |  |  | (1,547) |  |  | 16 |
Credit contracts | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (73) |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (30) |  |  | (1) |
Other contracts | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (435) |  |  | — |
IUL embedded derivatives | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (140) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Fixed deferred indexed annuity embedded derivatives | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
SMC embedded derivatives | — |  |  | (9) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total gain (loss) | $ | (34) |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 99 |  |  | $ | (31) |  |  | $ | (988) |  |  | $ | 15 |
Year Ended December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (312) |  |  | $ | — |
Equity contracts | — |  |  | (4) |  |  | (42) |  |  | (49) |  |  | 302 |  |  | (7) |
Credit contracts | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (9) |
Other contracts | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |
GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (377) |  |  | — |
IUL embedded derivatives | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 63 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Indexed annuity embedded derivatives | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
SMC embedded derivatives | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total gain (loss) | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (42) |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | (382) |  |  | $ | (16) |

The Company holds derivative instruments that either do not qualify or are not designated for hedge accounting treatment. These derivative instruments are used as economic hedges of equity, interest rate, credit and foreign currency exchange rate risk related to various products and transactions of the Company.
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Certain annuity contracts contain GMWB or GMAB provisions, which guarantee the right to make limited partial withdrawals each contract year regardless of the volatility inherent in the underlying investments or guarantee a minimum accumulation value of consideration received at the beginning of the contract period, after a specified holding period, respectively. The indexed portion of structured variable annuities and the GMAB and non-life contingent GMWB provisions are considered embedded derivatives, which are bifurcated from their host contracts for valuation purposes and reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value with changes in fair value reported in earnings. The Company economically hedges the aggregate exposure related to the indexed portion of structured variable annuities and the GMAB and non-life contingent GMWB provisions using options (equity index, interest rate swaptions, etc.), swaps (interest rate, total return, etc.) and futures.
The deferred premium associated with certain of the above options and swaptions is paid or received semiannually over the life of the contract or at maturity. The following is a summary of the payments the Company is scheduled to make and receive for these options and swaptions as of December 31, 2020:

| Premiums Payable |  | Premiums Receivable
| (in millions)
2021 | $ | 153 |  |  | $ | 106 |
2022 | 207 |  |  | 205 |
2023 | 51 |  |  | 43 |
2024 | 141 |  |  | 26 |
2025 | 126 |  |  | 7 |
2026-2028 | 254 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 932 |  |  | $ | 387 |

Actual timing and payment amounts may differ due to future settlements, modifications or exercises of the contracts prior to the full premium being paid or received.
The Company has a macro hedge program to provide protection against the statutory tail scenario risk arising from variable annuity reserves on its statutory surplus and to cover some of the residual risks not covered by other hedging activities. As a means of economically hedging these risks, the Company may use a combination of futures, options, swaps and swaptions. Certain of the macro hedge derivatives may contain settlement provisions linked to both equity returns and interest rates. The Company’s macro hedge derivatives that contain settlement provisions linked to both equity returns and interest rates, if any, are shown in other contracts in the tables above.
Fixed deferred indexed annuity, structured variable annuity, IUL and stock market certificate products have returns tied to the performance of equity markets. As a result of fluctuations in equity markets, the obligation incurred by the Company related to fixed deferred indexed annuity, structured variable annuity, IUL and stock market certificate products will positively or negatively impact earnings over the life of these products. The equity component of fixed deferred indexed annuity, structured variable annuity, IUL and stock market certificate product obligations are considered embedded derivatives, which are bifurcated from their host contracts for valuation purposes and reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value with changes in fair value reported in earnings. As a means of economically hedging its obligations under the provisions of these products, the Company enters into index options and futures contracts.
The Company enters into futures, credit default swaps and commodity swaps to manage its exposure to price risk arising from seed money investments in proprietary investment products. The Company enters into foreign currency forward contracts to economically hedge its exposure to certain foreign transactions. The Company enters into futures and total return swaps to economically hedge its exposure related to compensation plans. The Company enters into interest rate swaps to offset interest rate changes on unrealized gains or losses for certain investments.
Cash Flow Hedges
The Company has designated derivative instruments as a cash flow hedge of interest rate exposure on forecasted debt interest payments. For derivative instruments that qualify as cash flow hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative instruments is reported in AOCI and reclassified into earnings when the hedged item or transaction impacts earnings. The amount that is reclassified into earnings is presented within the same line item as the earnings impact of the hedged item in interest and debt expense.
Prior to the adoption of the new accounting standard Derivatives and Hedging - Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities on January 1, 2019, the Company recorded the effective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative instruments in AOCI and any ineffective portion in current period earnings. See Note 3 for additional information on the adoption of the new accounting standard.
For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, the amounts reclassified from AOCI to earnings related to cash flow hedges were immaterial. The estimated net amount recorded in AOCI as of December 31, 2020 that the Company expects to reclassify to earnings as a reduction to interest and debt expense within the next twelve months is $0.5 million. Currently, the longest period of
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time over which the Company is hedging exposure to the variability in future cash flows is 15 years and relates to forecasted debt interest payments. See Note 21 for a rollforward of net unrealized derivative gains (losses) included in AOCI related to cash flow hedges.
Fair Value Hedges
The Company entered into and designated as fair value hedges two interest rate swaps to convert senior notes due 2019 and 2020 from fixed rate debt to floating rate debt. The interest rate swap related to the senior notes due March 2020 was settled during the first quarter when the debt was repaid. The swaps have identical terms as the underlying debt being hedged. The Company no longer had any fair value hedges outstanding as of December 31, 2020. The Company recognizes gains and losses on the derivatives and the related hedged items within interest and debt expense. See Note 14 for the cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges.
The following table is a summary of the impact of derivatives designated as hedges on the Consolidated Statements of Operations:

| Years Ended December 31,
2020 |  | 2019
Total interest and debt expense per Consolidated Statements of Operations | $ | 162 |  |  | $ | 214 |
Gain (loss) on interest rate contracts designated as fair value hedges: |  |  |
Hedged items | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 5 |
Derivatives designated as fair value hedges | (1) |  |  | (5) |
Gain (loss) on interest rate contracts designated as cash flow hedges: |  |  |
Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 2 |

Net Investment Hedges
The Company entered into, and designated as net investment hedges in foreign operations, forward contracts to hedge a portion of the Company’s foreign currency exchange rate risk associated with its investment in Threadneedle. As the Company determined that the forward contracts are effective, the change in fair value of the derivatives is recognized in AOCI as part of the foreign currency translation adjustment. For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company recognized a gain of $1 million and loss of $2 million, respectively, in OCI.
Credit Risk
Credit risk associated with the Company’s derivatives is the risk that a derivative counterparty will not perform in accordance with the terms of the applicable derivative contract. To mitigate such risk, the Company has established guidelines and oversight of credit risk through a comprehensive enterprise risk management program that includes members of senior management. Key components of this program are to require preapproval of counterparties and the use of master netting and collateral arrangements whenever practical. See Note 16 for additional information on the Company’s credit exposure related to derivative assets.
Certain of the Company’s derivative contracts contain provisions that adjust the level of collateral the Company is required to post based on the Company’s debt rating (or based on the financial strength of the Company’s life insurance subsidiaries for contracts in which those subsidiaries are the counterparty). Additionally, certain of the Company’s derivative contracts contain provisions that allow the counterparty to terminate the contract if the Company’s debt does not maintain a specific credit rating (generally an investment grade rating) or the Company’s life insurance subsidiary does not maintain a specific financial strength rating. If these termination provisions were to be triggered, the Company’s counterparty could require immediate settlement of any net liability position. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the aggregate fair value of derivative contracts in a net liability position containing such credit contingent provisions was $326 million and $189 million, respectively. The aggregate fair value of assets posted as collateral for such instruments as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $324 million and $189 million, respectively. If the credit contingent provisions of derivative contracts in a net liability position as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 were triggered, the aggregate fair value of additional assets that would be required to be posted as collateral or needed to settle the instruments immediately would have been $2 million and nil, respectively.
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18. Leases
The following table presents the balances for operating and finance ROU assets and lease liabilities:

Leases |  | Balance Sheet Classification |  | December 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease assets |  | Other assets |  | $ | 215 |  |  | $ | 215 |
Finance lease assets |  | Other assets |  | 44 |  |  | 52 |
Total lease assets |  |  |  | $ | 259 |  |  | $ | 267 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease liabilities |  | Other liabilities |  | $ | 254 |  |  | $ | 243 |
Finance lease liabilities |  | Long-term debt |  | 44 |  |  | 57 |
Total lease liabilities |  |  |  | $ | 298 |  |  | $ | 300 |

The components of lease expense include operating and finance lease costs. For the year ended December 31, 2020, operating lease costs were $57 million. For the year ended December 31, 2020, finance lease costs consisted of $10 million in amortization and $2 million of interest expense. Amortization is recorded in general and administrative expenses and interest expense is recorded in interest and debt expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Maturities of lease liabilities, weighted-average remaining term and weighted-average discount rate are as follows:

Maturity of Lease Liabilities |  | December 31, 2020
Finance Leases |  | Operating Leases
|  | (in millions)
2021 |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 64 |
2022 |  | 10 |  |  | 51 |
2023 |  | 10 |  |  | 43 |
2024 |  | 10 |  |  | 32 |
2025 |  | 9 |  |  | 27 |
Thereafter |  | — |  |  | 58 |
Total lease payments |  | 48 |  |  | 275 |
Less: Interest |  | (4) |  |  | (21) |
Present value of lease liabilities |  | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | 254 |
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) |  | 4.8 |  | 5.8
Weighted-average discount rate |  | 3.4 | % |  | 2.6 | %

Maturity of Lease Liabilities |  | December 31, 2019
Finance Leases |  | Operating Leases
|  | (in millions)
2020 |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 55 |
2021 |  | 10 |  |  | 50 |
2022 |  | 10 |  |  | 42 |
2023 |  | 10 |  |  | 35 |
2024 |  | 10 |  |  | 24 |
Thereafter |  | 9 |  |  | 63 |
Total lease payments |  | 63 |  |  | 269 |
Less: Interest |  | (6) |  |  | (26) |
Present value of lease liabilities |  | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | 243 |
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) |  | 5.8 |  | 6.1
Weighted-average discount rate |  | 3.4 | % |  | 3.0 | %

For the year ended December 31, 2020, operating cash flows included $65 million of cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities and $2 million of cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of finance lease liabilities. For the year ended December 31, 2020, financing cash flows included $12 million of cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of finance lease liabilities.
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19. Disposal of Business
On October 1, 2019, the Company completed the sale of AAH to American Family Insurance Mutual Holding Company (American Family Insurance). The Company received gross proceeds of $1.1 billion in cash at closing. After a payment to an affinity partner, the net proceeds were $1.0 billion. The Company recognized a gain on disposal of $213 million in the fourth quarter of 2019, which is net of the $100 million payment to an affinity partner.
20. Share-Based Compensation
The Company’s share-based compensation plans consist of the Amended and Restated Ameriprise Financial 2005 Incentive Compensation Plan (the “2005 ICP”), the Ameriprise Financial 2008 Employment Incentive Equity Award Plan (the “2008 Plan”), the Ameriprise Financial Franchise Advisor Deferred Compensation Plan (“Franchise Advisor Deferral Plan”) and the Ameriprise Advisor Group Deferred Compensation Plan (“Advisor Group Deferral Plan”).
The components of the Company’s share-based compensation expense, net of forfeitures, were as follows:

| December 31,
2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
(in millions)
Stock option | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 35 |
Restricted stock | 24 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 24 |
Restricted stock units | 99 |  |  | 82 |  |  | 85 |
Liability awards | 67 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 2 |
Total | $ | 213 |  |  | $ | 188 |  |  | $ | 146 |

For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, total income tax benefit recognized by the Company related to share-based compensation expense was $45 million, $40 million and $31 million, respectively.
As of December 31, 2020, there was $134 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested awards under the Company’s share-based compensation plans, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.1 years.
Amended and Restated Ameriprise Financial 2005 Incentive Compensation Plan
The 2005 ICP, which was amended and approved by shareholders on April 30, 2014, provides for the grant of cash and equity incentive awards to directors, employees and independent contractors, including stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights, performance shares and similar awards designed to comply with the applicable federal regulations and laws of jurisdiction. Under the 2005 ICP, a maximum of 54.4 million shares may be issued. Of this total, no more than 4.5 million shares may be issued after April 30, 2014 for full value awards, which are awards other than stock options and stock appreciation rights. Shares issued under the 2005 ICP may be authorized and unissued shares or treasury shares.
Ameriprise Financial 2008 Employment Incentive Equity Award Plan
The 2008 Plan is designed to align employees’ interests with those of the shareholders of the Company and attract and retain new employees. The 2008 Plan provides for the grant of equity incentive awards to new employees, primarily those, who became employees in connection with a merger or acquisition, including stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, and other equity-based awards designed to comply with the applicable federal and foreign regulations and laws of jurisdiction. Under the 2008 Plan, a maximum of 6.0 million shares may be issued.
Stock Options
Stock options granted under the 2005 ICP and the 2008 Plan have an exercise price not less than 100% of the current fair market value of a share of the Company’s common stock on the grant date and a maximum term of 10 years. Stock options granted generally vest ratably over three to four years. Vesting of option awards may be accelerated based on age and length of service. Stock options granted are expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period based on the fair value of the awards on the date of grant. The grant date fair value of the options is calculated using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model.
The following weighted average assumptions were used for stock option grants:

| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Dividend yield | 2.5 | % |  | 3.0 | % |  | 2.3 | %
Expected volatility | 27 | % |  | 27 | % |  | 24 | %
Risk-free interest rate | 1.4 | % |  | 2.4 | % |  | 2.4 | %
Expected life of stock option (years) | 5.0 |  | 5.0 |  | 5.0

The dividend yield assumption represents the Company’s expected dividend yield based on its historical dividend payouts and management’s expectations. The expected volatility is based on the Company’s historical and implied volatilities. The risk-free
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interest rate for periods within the expected option life is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve at the grant date. The expected life of the option is based on the Company’s past experience and other considerations.
The weighted average grant date fair value for options granted during 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $31.53, $24.67 and $35.01, respectively.
A summary of the Company’s stock option activity for 2020 is presented below (shares and intrinsic value in millions):

| Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at January 1 | 6.3 |  |  | $ | 122.12 |  |  | 6.6 |  | $ | 292 |
Granted | 0.5 |  |  | 165.44 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (2.0) |  |  | 105.11 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31 | 4.8 |  |  | 133.75 |  |  | 6.5 |  | 290 |
Exercisable at December 31 | 3.1 |  |  | 125.70 |  |  | 5.5 |  | 213 |

The intrinsic value of a stock option is the amount by which the fair value of the underlying stock exceeds the exercise price of the option. The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $139 million, $61 million and $58 million during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Restricted Stock Awards
Restricted stock awards granted under the 2005 ICP and 2008 Plan generally vest ratably over three to four years or at the end of five years. Compensation expense for restricted stock awards is based on the market price of Ameriprise Financial common stock on the date of grant and is amortized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. Quarterly dividends are paid on restricted stock, as declared by the Company’s Board of Directors, during the vesting period and are not subject to forfeiture.
Restricted Stock Units and Deferred Share Units
The 2005 ICP provides for the grant of deferred share units to non-employee directors of the Company and the 2005 ICP and 2008 Plan provide for the grant of restricted stock units or deferred share units to employees. The director awards are fully vested upon issuance and are settled for Ameriprise Financial common stock upon the director’s termination of service. The employee awards generally vest ratably over three to four years. Compensation expense for deferred share units and restricted stock units is based on the market price of Ameriprise Financial stock on the date of grant. Restricted stock units and deferred stock units granted to employees are expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period or on an accelerated basis if certain age and length of service requirements are met. Deferred share units granted to non-employee directors are expensed immediately. Dividends are paid on restricted stock units, as declared by the Company’s Board of Directors, during the vesting period and are not subject to forfeiture. Dividend equivalents are issued on deferred share units, as dividends are declared by the Company's Board of Directors, and are not paid until distribution of the award. Dividend equivalents on the director awards are not subject to forfeiture, but on employee awards they are forfeited if the award is forfeited.
Ameriprise Financial Deferred Compensation Plan
The Ameriprise Financial Deferred Compensation Plan (“DCP”) under the 2005 ICP gives certain employees the choice to defer a portion of their eligible compensation, which can be invested in investment options as provided by the DCP, including the Ameriprise Financial Stock Fund. The DCP is an unfunded non-qualified deferred compensation plan under section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code. The Company provides a match on certain deferrals. Participant deferrals vest immediately and the Company match vests after three years. Distributions are made in shares of the Company’s common stock for the portion of the deferral invested in the Ameriprise Financial Stock Fund and the Company match, for which the Company has recorded in equity. The DCP does allow for accelerated vesting of the share-based awards in cases of death, disability and qualified retirement. Compensation expense related to the Company match is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period or on an accelerated basis if certain age and length of service requirements are met. Dividend equivalents are issued on deferrals into the Ameriprise Financial Stock Fund and the Company match. Dividend equivalents related to deferrals are not subject to forfeiture, whereas dividend equivalents related to the Company match are subject to forfeiture until fully vested.
Ameriprise Financial Franchise Advisor Deferral Plan
The Franchise Advisor Deferral Plan gives certain advisors the choice to defer a portion of their commissions into Ameriprise Financial stock or other investment options. The Franchise Advisor Deferral Plan is an unfunded non-qualified deferred compensation plan under section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code. The Franchise Advisor Deferral Plan allows for the grant of share-based awards of up to 12.5 million shares of common stock. The number of units awarded is based on the performance measures, deferral percentage and the market value of Ameriprise Financial common stock on the deferral date as defined by the plan. Share-based awards are fully vested and are not subject to forfeitures.
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In addition to the voluntary deferral, certain advisors are eligible to earn additional deferred stock awards on commissions over a specified threshold or based on the success of the advisors they coach. The awards vest ratably over three or four years. The Franchise Advisor Deferral Plan allows for accelerated vesting of the share-based awards based on age and years as an advisor. Commission expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. Share units receive dividend equivalents, as dividends are declared by the Company’s Board of Directors, until distribution and are subject to forfeiture until vested.
Ameriprise Advisor Group Deferred Compensation Plan
The Advisor Group Deferral Plan, which was created in April 2009, allows for employee advisors to receive share-based bonus awards which are subject to future service requirements and forfeitures. The Advisor Group Deferral Plan is an unfunded non-qualified deferred compensation plan under section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code. The Advisor Group Deferral Plan also gives qualifying employee advisors the choice to defer a portion of their base salary or commissions. This deferral can be in the form of Ameriprise Financial stock or other investment options. Deferrals are not subject to future service requirements or forfeitures. Under the Advisor Group Deferral Plan, a maximum of 3.0 million shares may be issued. Awards granted under the Advisor Group Deferral Plan may be settled in cash and/or shares of the Company’s common stock according to the award’s terms. Share units receive dividend equivalents, as dividends are declared by the Company’s Board of Directors, until distribution and are subject to forfeiture until vested.
Full Value Share Award Activity
A summary of activity for the Company’s restricted stock awards, restricted stock units granted to employees (including advisors), compensation and commission deferrals into stock and deferred share units for 2020 is presented below (shares in millions):

| Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant-date Fair Value
Non-vested shares at January 1 | 1.2 |  |  | $ | 133.40 |
Granted | 0.7 |  |  | 157.92 |
Deferred | 0.2 |  |  | 145.06 |
Vested | (0.8) |  |  | 141.02 |
Non-vested shares at December 31 | 1.3 |  |  | 144.10 |

The deferred shares in the table above primarily relate to franchise advisor voluntary deferrals of their commissions into Ameriprise Financial stock under the Franchise Advisor Deferral Plan that are fully vested at the deferral date.
The fair value of full value share awards vested during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $124 million, $107 million and $128 million, respectively.
The weighted average grant date fair value for restricted shares, restricted stock units and deferred share units during 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $163.54, $129.30 and $172.69, respectively. The weighted average grant date fair value for franchise advisor and advisor group deferrals during 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $147.96, $136.81 and $144.37, respectively.
Performance Share Units
Under the 2005 ICP, the Company’s Executive Leadership Team may be awarded a target number of performance share units (“PSUs”). PSUs will be earned only to the extent that the Company attains certain goals relating to the Company’s performance and relative total shareholder returns against peers over a three-year period. The awards also have a three-year service condition with cliff vesting with an accelerated service condition based on age and length of service. The actual number of PSUs ultimately earned could vary from zero, if performance goals are not met, to as much as 200% of the target for awards made prior to 2018 and 175% of the target for awards made in 2018 or later, if performance goals are significantly exceeded. The value of each target PSU is equal to the value of one share of Ameriprise Financial common stock. The total amount of target PSUs outstanding at the end of December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was 0.4 million, 0.4 million and 0.3 million, respectively. The PSUs are liability awards. During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, the value of shares settled for PSU awards was $34 million, $19 million and $16 million, respectively.
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21. Shareholders’ Equity
The following tables provide the amounts related to each component of OCI:

| Year Ended December 31, 2020
Pretax |  | Income Tax Benefit (Expense) |  | Net of Tax
(in millions)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities: |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities arising during the period (1) | $ | 907 |  |  | $ | (192) |  |  | $ | 715 |
Reclassification of net (gains) losses on securities included in net income (2) | (11) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (9) |
Impact of DAC, DSIC, unearned revenue, benefit reserves and reinsurance recoverables | (379) |  |  | 80 |  |  | (299) |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities | 517 |  |  | (110) |  |  | 407 |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives: |  |  |  |  |
Reclassification of net (gains) losses on derivatives included in net income (3) | (2) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives | (2) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |
Defined benefit plans: |  |  |  |  |
Prior service credit | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |
Net gain (loss) arising during the period | (82) |  |  | 18 |  |  | (64) |
Defined benefit plans | (84) |  |  | 18 |  |  | (66) |
Foreign currency translation | 32 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 27 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | $ | 463 |  |  | $ | (96) |  |  | $ | 367 |

| Year Ended December 31, 2019
Pretax |  | Income Tax Benefit (Expense) |  | Net of Tax
(in millions)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities: |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities arising during the period (1) | $ | 1,404 |  |  | $ | (309) |  |  | $ | 1,095 |
Reclassification of net (gains) losses on securities included in net income (2) | 6 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 5 |
Impact of DAC, DSIC, unearned revenue, benefit reserves and reinsurance recoverables | (688) |  |  | 144 |  |  | (544) |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities | 722 |  |  | (166) |  |  | 556 |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives: |  |  |  |  |
Reclassification of net (gains) losses on derivatives included in net income (3) | (3) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (2) |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives | (3) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (2) |
Defined benefit plans: |  |  |  |  |
Prior service credit | 14 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 11 |
Net gain (loss) arising during the period | (36) |  |  | 7 |  |  | (29) |
Defined benefit plans | (22) |  |  | 4 |  |  | (18) |
Foreign currency translation | 18 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 17 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | $ | 715 |  |  | $ | (162) |  |  | $ | 553 |

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| Year Ended December 31, 2018
Pretax |  | Income Tax Benefit (Expense) |  | Net of Tax
(in millions)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities: |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities arising during the period (1) | $ | (1,039) |  |  | $ | 237 |  |  | $ | (802) |
Reclassification of net (gains) losses on securities included in net income (2) | (9) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (7) |
Impact of DAC, DSIC, unearned revenue, benefit reserves and reinsurance recoverables | 435 |  |  | (91) |  |  | 344 |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities | (613) |  |  | 148 |  |  | (465) |
Defined benefit plans: |  |  |  |  |
Net gain (loss) arising during the period | (30) |  |  | 7 |  |  | (23) |
Defined benefit plans | (30) |  |  | 7 |  |  | (23) |
Foreign currency translation | (32) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (31) |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | $ | (675) |  |  | $ | 156 |  |  | $ | (519) |

(1) Includes impairments on Available-for-Sale securities related to factors other than credit that were recognized in OCI during the period.
(2) Reclassification amounts are recorded in net investment income.
(3) Includes a $1 million, $2 million and $2 million pretax gain reclassified to interest and debt expenses and nil, nil and $2 million pretax loss reclassified to net investment income for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Other comprehensive income (loss) related to net unrealized gains (losses) on securities includes three components: (i) unrealized gains (losses) that arose from changes in the market value of securities that were held during the period; (ii) (gains) losses that were previously unrealized, but have been recognized in current period net income due to sales of Available-for-Sale securities and due to the reclassification of noncredit OTTI losses to credit losses; and (iii) other adjustments primarily consisting of changes in insurance and annuity asset and liability balances, such as DAC, DSIC, unearned revenue, benefit reserves and reinsurance recoverables, to reflect the expected impact on their carrying values had the unrealized gains (losses) been realized as of the respective balance sheet dates.
The following table presents the changes in the balances of each component of AOCI, net of tax:

| Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Securities |  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Derivatives |  | Defined Benefit Plans |  | Foreign Currency Translation |  | Other |  | Total
(in millions)
Balance, January 1, 2018 | $ | 486 |  | (1) | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | (97) |  |  | $ | (167) |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | 229 |
Cumulative effect of adoption of equity securities guidance | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |
OCI before reclassifications | (458) |  |  | — |  |  | (36) |  |  | (31) |  |  | — |  |  | (525) |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI | (7) |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |
Total OCI | (465) |  |  | — |  |  | (23) |  |  | (31) |  |  | — |  |  | (519) |
Balance, December 31, 2018 | 20 |  | (1) | 8 |  |  | (120) |  |  | (198) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (291) |
OCI before reclassifications | 551 |  |  | — |  |  | (28) |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 540 |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI | 5 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |
Total OCI | 556 |  |  | (2) |  |  | (18) |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 553 |
Balance, December 31, 2019 | 576 |  | (1) | 6 |  |  | (138) |  |  | (181) |  |  | (1) |  |  | 262 |
OCI before reclassifications | 416 |  |  | — |  |  | (66) |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 377 |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI | (9) |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10) |
Total OCI | 407 |  |  | (1) |  |  | (66) |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 367 |
Balance, December 31, 2020 | $ | 983 |  | (1) | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | (204) |  |  | $ | (154) |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | 629 |

(1) Includes nil, $1 million and $1 million of noncredit related impairments on securities and net unrealized gains (losses) on previously impaired securities as of December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, the Company repurchased a total of 8.4 million shares, 13.4 million shares and 11.3 million shares, respectively, of its common stock for an aggregate cost of $1.3 billion, $1.9 billion and $1.6 billion, respectively. In April 2017, the Company's Board of Directors authorized an expenditure of up to $2.5 billion for the repurchase of shares of the Company’s common stock through June 30, 2019, which was exhausted in the second quarter of 2019. In February 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized an additional repurchase up to $2.5 billion of the Company’s common stock through
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March 31, 2021. In August 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized an additional expenditure of up to $2.5 billion for the repurchase of shares of the Company’s common stock through September 30, 2022. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had $2.3 billion remaining under these share repurchase authorizations.
The Company may also reacquire shares of its common stock under its share-based compensation plans related to restricted stock awards and certain option exercises. The holders of restricted shares may elect to surrender a portion of their shares on the vesting date to cover their income tax obligation. These vested restricted shares are reacquired by the Company and the Company’s payment of the holders’ income tax obligations are recorded as a treasury share purchase.
For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, the Company reacquired 0.3 million shares, 0.3 million shares and 0.3 million shares, respectively, of its common stock through the surrender of shares upon vesting and paid in the aggregate $52 million, $34 million and $44 million, respectively, related to the holders’ income tax obligations on the vesting date. Option holders may elect to net settle their vested awards resulting in the surrender of the number of shares required to cover the strike price and tax obligation of the options exercised. These shares are reacquired by the Company and recorded as treasury shares. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, the Company reacquired 1.5 million shares, 0.7 million shares and 0.5 million shares, respectively, of its common stock through the net settlement of options for an aggregate value of $263 million, $106 million and $85 million, respectively.
For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, the Company reissued 0.5 million, 0.7 million and 0.8 million, respectively, treasury shares for restricted stock award grants, performance share units, and issuance of shares vested under advisor deferred compensation plans.
22. Earnings per Share
The computations of basic and diluted earnings per share is as follows:

| Years Ended December 31,
2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
(in millions, except per share amounts)
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 1,534 |  |  | $ | 1,893 |  |  | $ | 2,098 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |
Basic: Weighted-average common shares outstanding | 123.8 |  |  | 134.1 |  |  | 145.6 |
Effect of potentially dilutive nonqualified stock options and other share-based awards | 1.9 |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | 2.1 |
Diluted: Weighted-average common shares outstanding | 125.7 |  |  | 136.0 |  |  | 147.7 |
Earnings per share attributable to Ameriprise Financial, Inc. common shareholders: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 12.39 |  |  | $ | 14.12 |  |  | $ | 14.41 |
Diluted | $ | 12.20 |  |  | $ | 13.92 |  |  | $ | 14.20 |

The calculation of diluted earnings per share excludes the incremental effect of nil, $1.0 million and $3.2 million options as of December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, due to their anti-dilutive effect.
23. Regulatory Requirements
Restrictions on the transfer of funds exist under regulatory requirements applicable to certain of the Company’s subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2020, the aggregate amount of unrestricted net assets was approximately $3.1 billion.
The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) defines Risk-Based Capital (“RBC”) requirements for insurance companies. The RBC requirements are used by the NAIC and state insurance regulators to identify companies that merit regulatory actions designed to protect policyholders. These requirements apply to the Company’s life insurance companies. The Company’s life insurance companies each met their respective minimum RBC requirements.
The Company’s life insurance companies are required to prepare statutory financial statements in accordance with the accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the insurance departments of their respective states of domicile, which vary materially from GAAP. Prescribed statutory accounting practices include publications of the NAIC, as well as state laws, regulations and general administrative rules. The more significant differences from GAAP include charging policy acquisition costs to expense as incurred, establishing annuity and insurance reserves using different actuarial methods and assumptions, valuing investments on a different basis and excluding certain assets from the balance sheet by charging them directly to surplus, such as a portion of the net deferred income tax assets.
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RiverSource Life received approval from the Minnesota Department of Commerce to apply a permitted statutory accounting practice, effective July 1, 2017 through June 30, 2019, for certain derivative instruments used to economically hedge the interest rate exposure of certain variable annuity products that do not qualify for statutory hedge accounting. The permitted practice was intended to mitigate the impact to statutory surplus from the misalignment between variable annuity statutory reserves, which are not carried at fair value, and the fair value of derivatives used to economically hedge the interest rate exposure of non-life contingent living benefit guarantees.
The permitted practice allowed RiverSource Life to defer a portion of the change in fair value, net investment income and realized gains or losses generated from designated derivatives to the extent the amounts do not offset the current period interest-rate related change in the variable annuity statutory reserve liability. The deferred amount could be amortized over ten years using the straight-line method with the ability to accelerate amortization at management’s discretion. As of June 30, 2019, RiverSource Life elected to accelerate amortization of the net deferred amount associated with its permitted practice.
State insurance statutes contain limitations as to the amount of dividends that insurers may make without providing prior notification to state regulators. For RiverSource Life, payments in excess of unassigned surplus, as determined in accordance with accounting practices prescribed by the State of Minnesota, require advance notice to the Minnesota Department of Commerce, RiverSource Life’s primary regulator, and are subject to potential disapproval. RiverSource Life’s statutory unassigned surplus aggregated $1.3 billion and $326 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
In addition, dividends whose fair market value, together with that of other dividends made within the preceding 12 months, exceed the greater of the previous year’s statutory net gain from operations or 10% of the previous year-end statutory capital and surplus are referred to as “extraordinary dividends.” Extraordinary dividends also require advance notice to the Minnesota Department of Commerce, and are subject to potential disapproval. Statutory capital and surplus for RiverSource Life was $4.8 billion and $2.9 billion as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Statutory net gain from operations and net income (loss) are summarized as follows:

| Years Ended December 31,
2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
(in millions)
RiverSource Life |  |  |  |  |
Statutory net gain from operations | $ | 1,393 |  |  | $ | 1,505 |  |  | $ | 1,686 |
Statutory net income (loss) | 1,582 |  |  | 786 |  |  | 1,628 |

Government debt securities of $4 million as of both December 31, 2020 and 2019 held by the Company’s life insurance subsidiaries were on deposit with various states as required by law.
Ameriprise Certificate Company (“ACC”) is registered as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “1940 Act”). ACC markets and sells investment certificates to clients. ACC is subject to various capital requirements under the 1940 Act, laws of the State of Minnesota and understandings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and the Minnesota Department of Commerce. The terms of the investment certificates issued by ACC and the provisions of the 1940 Act also require the maintenance by ACC of qualified assets. Under the provisions of its certificates and the 1940 Act, ACC was required to have qualified assets (as that term is defined in Section 28(b) of the 1940 Act) in the amount of $6.8 billion and $7.5 billion as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. ACC had qualified assets of $7.2 billion and $8.0 billion as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Threadneedle’s required capital is predominantly based on the requirements specified by its regulator, the Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”), under its Capital Adequacy Requirements for asset managers.
The Company’s broker-dealer subsidiaries are subject to the Uniform Net Capital Rule (Rule 15c3-1) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Rule 15c3-1 provides an “alternative net capital requirement” which American Enterprise Investment Services, Inc. (“AEIS”) and Ameriprise Financial Services, LLC (“AFS”) (significant broker dealers) have elected. Regulations require that minimum net capital, as defined, be equal to the greater of $250 thousand or 2% of aggregate debit items arising from client balances. FINRA may impose certain restrictions, such as restricting withdrawals of equity capital, if a member firm were to fall below a certain threshold or fail to meet minimum net capital requirements.
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The following table presents the net capital position of both AEIS and AFS:

| December 31,
2020 |  | 2019
(in millions, except percentages)
AEIS |  |  |
Net capital as a percent of aggregate debit items | 9.51 | % |  | 12.08 | %
Net capital | $ | 122 |  |  | $ | 133 |
Less: required net capital | 25 |  |  | 22 |
Excess net capital | $ | 97 |  |  | $ | 111 |
AFS |  |  |
Net capital | $ | 134 |  |  | $ | 94 |
Less: required net capital | — |  |  | — |
Excess net capital | $ | 134 |  |  | $ | 94 |

Ameriprise Trust Company is subject to capital adequacy requirements under the laws of the State of Minnesota as enforced by the Minnesota Department of Commerce.
The Company is a savings and loan holding company that is subject to various banking regulations. However, the Company is not currently subject to the risk-based capital requirements of the Federal Reserve Bank because it is substantially engaged in insurance activities.
Ameriprise Bank, FSB (“Ameriprise Bank”) is subject to regulation by the Comptroller of Currency (“OCC”) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in its role as insurer of its deposits. Ameriprise Bank is required to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of Total and Tier 1 capital (as defined in the regulations) to risk-weighted assets (as defined), Tier 1 Capital to average assets (as defined), and under rules defined under the Basel III capital framework, Common equity Tier 1 capital (“CEIT”) to risk-weighted assets. Ameriprise Bank calculates these ratios under the Basel III standardized approach in order to assess compliance with both regulatory requirements and Ameriprise Bank’s internal capital policies. Ameriprise Bank’s requirements to maintain adequate capital ratios in relation to its risk weighted asset levels could affect its ability to take capital actions, such as the payment of dividends. As of December 31, 2020, Ameriprise Bank’s capital levels exceeded the capital conservation buffer requirement and was categorized as “well-capitalized.” To meet requirements for capital adequacy purposes or to be categorized as “well-capitalized,” Ameriprise Bank must maintain minimum CEIT, Tier 1 capital, Total capital and Tier 1 leverage amounts and ratios as set forth in the following table:

Regulatory Capital |  | Actual |  | Requirement for capital adequacy purposes |  | To be well capitalized under regulatory provisions
| Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
|  | (in millions, except percentages)
At December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common equity Tier 1 capital |  | $ | 657 |  |  | 12.08 | % |  | $ | 245 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | $ | 353 |  |  | 6.50 | %
Tier 1 capital |  | 657 |  |  | 12.08 |  |  | 326 |  |  | 6.00 |  |  | 435 |  |  | 8.00 |
Total capital |  | 658 |  |  | 12.10 |  |  | 435 |  |  | 8.00 |  |  | 543 |  |  | 10.00 |
Tier 1 leverage |  | 657 |  |  | 8.36 |  |  | 314 |  |  | 4.00 |  |  | 393 |  |  | 5.00 |
At December 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common equity Tier 1 capital |  | $ | 300 |  |  | 16.64 | % |  | $ | 81 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | $ | 117 |  |  | 6.50 | %
Tier 1 capital |  | 300 |  |  | 16.64 |  |  | 108 |  |  | 6.00 |  |  | 144 |  |  | 8.00 |
Total capital |  | 300 |  |  | 16.66 |  |  | 144 |  |  | 8.00 |  |  | 180 |  |  | 10.00 |
Tier 1 leverage |  | 300 |  |  | 8.75 |  |  | 137 |  |  | 4.00 |  |  | 171 |  |  | 5.00 |

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24. Income Taxes
The components of income tax provision attributable to continuing operations were as follows:

| Years Ended December 31,
2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
(in millions)
Current income tax |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 527 |  |  | $ | 531 |  |  | $ | 275 |
State and local | 63 |  |  | 80 |  |  | 45 |
Foreign | 28 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 41 |
Total current income tax | 618 |  |  | 647 |  |  | 361 |
Deferred income tax |  |  |  |  |
Federal | (309) |  |  | (297) |  |  | 20 |
State and local | (16) |  |  | (13) |  |  | 2 |
Foreign | 4 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |
Total deferred income tax | (321) |  |  | (308) |  |  | 25 |
Total income tax provision | $ | 297 |  |  | $ | 339 |  |  | $ | 386 |

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Act was signed into law. In 2018, the Company finalized its accounting related to the Tax Act and recorded a $3 million benefit related to foreign provisions.
The geographic sources of pretax income from continuing operations were as follows:

| Years Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
| (in millions)
United States | $ | 1,685 |  |  | $ | 2,045 |  |  | $ | 2,263 |
Foreign | 146 |  |  | 187 |  |  | 221 |
Total | $ | 1,831 |  |  | $ | 2,232 |  |  | $ | 2,484 |

The principal reasons that the aggregate income tax provision attributable to continuing operations is different from that computed by using the U.S. statutory rates of 21% were as follows:

| Years Ended December 31,
2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Tax at U.S. statutory rate | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | %
Changes in taxes resulting from: |  |  |  |  |
Low income housing tax credits | (4.3) |  |  | (3.6) |  |  | (3.2) |
State taxes, net of federal benefit | 2.1 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | 1.5 |
Dividends received deduction | (2.1) |  |  | (1.8) |  |  | (1.6) |
Incentive compensation | (1.4) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign tax credits, net of addback | — |  |  | (2.2) |  |  | (1.1) |
Other, net | 0.9 |  |  | (0.6) |  |  | (1.1) |
Income tax provision | 16.2 | % |  | 15.2 | % |  | 15.5 | %

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Deferred income tax assets and liabilities result from temporary differences between the assets and liabilities measured for GAAP reporting versus income tax return purposes. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the statutory rate of 21% as of both December 31, 2020 and 2019. The significant components of the Company’s deferred income tax assets and liabilities, which are included net within other assets or other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, were as follows:

| December 31,
2020 |  | 2019
(in millions)
Deferred income tax assets
Liabilities for policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims | $ | 1,618 |  |  | $ | 945 |
Deferred compensation | 493 |  |  | 406 |
Postretirement benefits | 65 |  |  | 45 |
Right of use lease liability | 60 |  |  | 59 |
Investment related | — |  |  | 188 |
Other | 51 |  |  | 47 |
Gross deferred income tax assets | 2,287 |  |  | 1,690 |
Less: valuation allowance | 15 |  |  | 19 |
Total deferred income tax assets | 2,272 |  |  | 1,671 |
Deferred income tax liabilities |  |  |
Deferred acquisition costs | 435 |  |  | 456 |
Net unrealized gains on Available-for-Sale securities | 295 |  |  | 186 |
Investment related | 253 |  |  | — |
Intangible assets | 124 |  |  | 115 |
Depreciation expense | 99 |  |  | 94 |
Goodwill | 70 |  |  | 64 |
Right of use lease asset | 54 |  |  | 54 |
Deferred sales inducement costs | 44 |  |  | 50 |
Other | 18 |  |  | 6 |
Gross deferred income tax liabilities | 1,392 |  |  | 1,025 |
Net deferred income tax assets | $ | 880 |  |  | $ | 646 |

Included in the Company’s deferred income tax assets are tax benefits primarily related to state net operating losses of $16 million, net of federal benefit, which will expire beginning December 31, 2021. Based on analysis of the Company’s tax position, management believes it is more likely than not that the Company will not realize certain state net operating losses of $11 million, state deferred tax assets of $2 million and foreign deferred tax assets of $2 million; therefore, a valuation allowance of $15 million has been established.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits was as follows:

| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
| (in millions)
Balance at January 1 | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 92 |  |  | $ | 76 |
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year | 11 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 22 |
Reductions based on tax positions related to the current year | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Additions for tax positions of prior years | 10 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 9 |
Reductions for tax positions of prior years | (4) |  |  | (17) |  |  | (3) |
Reductions due to lapse of statute of limitations | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Audit settlements | (1) |  |  | (29) |  |  | (12) |
Balance at December 31 | $ | 110 |  |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 92 |

If recognized, approximately $80 million, $67 million and $70 million, net of federal tax benefits, of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively, would affect the effective tax rate.
It is reasonably possible that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits will change in the next 12 months. The Company estimates that the total amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits may decrease by $20 million to $30 million in the next 12 months primarily due to Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) settlements and state exams.
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The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of the income tax provision. The Company recognized a net increase of $2 million, a net decrease of $2 million, and a net increase of $2 million, in interest and penalties for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company had a payable of $10 million and $8 million, respectively, related to accrued interest and penalties.
The Company or one or more of its subsidiaries files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions. The federal statute of limitations are closed on years through 2015, except for one issue for 2014 and 2015 which was claimed on amended returns. The IRS is currently auditing the Company’s U.S. income tax returns for 2016, 2017 and 2018. The Company’s state income tax returns are currently under examination by various jurisdictions for years ranging from 2010 through 2019. In the United Kingdom (“UK”), Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs is performing a business risk review of the Company’s UK subsidiaries for the 2016 tax year.
25. Retirement Plans and Profit Sharing Arrangements
Defined Benefit Plans
Pension Plans and Other Postretirement Benefits
The Company’s U.S. non-advisor employees are generally eligible for the Ameriprise Financial Retirement Plan (the “Retirement Plan”), a noncontributory defined benefit plan which is a qualified plan under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”). However, effective April 2020, the Company no longer enrolled new employees in the Retirement Plan. Funding of costs for the Retirement Plan complies with the applicable minimum funding requirements specified by ERISA and is held in a trust. The Retirement Plan is a cash balance plan by which the employees’ accrued benefits are based on notional account balances, which are maintained for each individual. Each pay period these balances are credited with an amount equal to a percentage of eligible compensation as defined by the Retirement Plan (which includes, but is not limited to, base pay, performance based incentive pay, commissions, shift differential and overtime). The percentage ranges from 2.5% to 10% depending on several factors including years of service. However, the percentage credited will not change from the percentage received as of April 2020. Employees’ balances are also credited with a fixed rate of interest that is updated each January 1 and is based on the average of the daily five-year U.S. Treasury Note yields for the previous October 1 through November 30, with a minimum crediting rate of 5%. Employees are fully vested after three years of service or upon retirement at or after age 65, disability or death while employed. Employees have the option to receive annuity payments or a lump sum payout of vested balance at termination or retirement. The Retirement Plan’s year-end is September 30.
Effective April 2020, the Company will no longer enroll employees in the Retirement Plan. Instead, newly eligible employees will receive a company contribution to the Ameriprise Financial 401(k) Plan (the “401(k) Plan”). Active participants in the Retirement Plan as of April 2020 will continue to receive company allocations to the Retirement Plan each pay period. However, the company allocations to the Retirement Plan will not increase from the percentage received as of April 2020. These plan changes are reflected in the obligations disclosed as of December 31, 2020.
In addition, the Company sponsors the Ameriprise Financial Supplemental Retirement Plan (the “SRP”), an unfunded non-qualified deferred compensation plan subject to Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code. This plan is for certain highly compensated employees to replace the benefit that cannot be provided by the Retirement Plan due to IRS limits. The SRP generally parallels the Retirement Plan but offers different payment options.
The Company also sponsors unfunded defined benefit postretirement plans that provide health care and life insurance to retired U.S. employees. On December 31, 2016, the access to retiree health care coverage was closed to all active employees who had previously met the qualification requirements. Instead, only existing retirees, as of January 1, 2017, qualifying for the plan and electing coverage will be provided a fixed amount to subsidize health care insurance purchased through other providers. Net periodic postretirement benefit costs were not material for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018.
Most employees outside the U.S. are covered by local retirement plans, some of which are funded, while other employees receive payments at the time of retirement or termination under applicable labor laws or agreements.
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All components of the net periodic benefit cost are recorded in general and administrative expense and were as follows:

| Years Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
| (in millions)
Service cost | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | 48 |
Interest cost | 29 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 30 |
Expected return on plan assets | (55) |  |  | (53) |  |  | (48) |
Amortization of prior service costs | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization of net loss | 15 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 11 |
Other | 7 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 5 |
Net periodic benefit cost | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | 40 |  |  | $ | 46 |

The prior service costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the average remaining service period of active participants. Actuarial gains and losses in excess of 10% of the greater of the projected benefit obligation or the market-related value of assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the expected average remaining service period of active participants.
The following table provides a reconciliation of changes in the benefit obligation:

| Pension Plans |  | Other Postretirement Plans
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
| (in millions)
Benefit obligation, January 1 | $ | 1,111 |  |  | $ | 967 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 14 |
Service cost | 45 |  |  | 44 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Interest cost | 29 |  |  | 36 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Plan change | — |  |  | (15) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Benefits paid | (10) |  |  | (9) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |
Actuarial (gain) loss | 117 |  |  | 131 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Curtailments | — |  |  | (7) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Settlements | (30) |  |  | (42) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign currency rate changes | 9 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Benefit obligation, December 31 | $ | 1,271 |  |  | $ | 1,111 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 14 |

The actuarial losses for pension plans for 2020 and 2019 were primarily due to a decrease in the discount rate assumption as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, compared to the prior year-end. The actuarial loss for 2019 also resulted from demographic experience during the Retirement Plan year.
The following table provides a reconciliation of changes in the fair value of assets:

| Pension Plans
| 2020 |  | 2019
| (in millions)
Fair value of plan assets, January 1 | $ | 838 |  |  | $ | 728 |
Actual return on plan assets | 67 |  |  | 130 |
Employer contributions | 31 |  |  | 24 |
Benefits paid | (10) |  |  | (9) |
Settlements | (30) |  |  | (42) |
Foreign currency rate changes | 9 |  |  | 7 |
Fair value of plan assets, December 31 | $ | 905 |  |  | $ | 838 |

The Company complies with the minimum funding requirements in all countries. The following table provides the amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, which equal the funded status of the plans:

| Pension Plans |  | Other Postretirement Plans
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
| (in millions)
Benefit liability | $ | (366) |  |  | $ | (278) |  |  | $ | (14) |  |  | $ | (14) |
Benefit asset | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net amount recognized | $ | (366) |  |  | $ | (273) |  |  | $ | (14) |  |  | $ | (14) |

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The accumulated benefit obligation for all pension plans as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $1.2 billion and $1.1 billion, respectively. The following table provides information for pension plans with benefit obligations in excess of plan assets:

| December 31,
2020 |  | 2019
(in millions)
Pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets |  |  |
Accumulated benefit obligation | $ | 1,211 |  |  | $ | 875 |
Fair value of plan assets | 905 |  |  | 644 |
Pension plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets |  |  |
Projected benefit obligation | $ | 1,271 |  |  | $ | 922 |
Fair value of plan assets | 905 |  |  | 644 |

The weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations were as follows:

| Pension Plans |  | Other Postretirement Plans
2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Discount rates | 2.16 | % |  | 2.97 | % |  | 2.01 | % |  | 2.99 | %
Rates of increase in compensation levels | 3.96 |  |  | 4.01 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
Interest crediting rates for cash balance plans | 5.00 |  |  | 5.00 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A

The weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost of pension plans were as follows:

| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Discount rates | 2.97 | % |  | 4.00 | % |  | 3.30 | %
Rates of increase in compensation levels | 4.01 |  |  | 4.25 |  |  | 4.29 |
Expected long-term rates of return on assets | 7.14 |  |  | 7.18 |  |  | 7.11 |
Interest crediting rates for cash balance plans | 5.00 |  |  | 5.00 |  |  | 5.00 |

In developing the expected long-term rate of return on assets, management evaluated input from an external consulting firm, including their projection of asset class return expectations and long-term inflation assumptions. The Company also considered historical returns on the plans’ assets. Discount rates are based on yields available on high-quality corporate bonds that would generate cash flows necessary to pay the benefits when due.
The Company’s pension plans’ assets are invested in an aggregate diversified portfolio to minimize the impact of any adverse or unexpected results from a security class on the entire portfolio. Diversification is interpreted to include diversification by asset type, performance and risk characteristics and number of investments. When appropriate and consistent with the objectives of the plans, derivative instruments may be used to mitigate risk or provide further diversification, subject to the investment policies of the plans. Asset classes and ranges considered appropriate for investment of the plans’ assets are determined by each plan’s investment committee. The target allocations are 70% equity securities, 20% debt securities and 10% all other types of investments, except for the assets in pooled pension funds which are 77% equity securities and 23% debt securities and additional voluntary contribution assets outside the U.S. which are allocated at the discretion of the individual and will be converted at retirement into the defined benefit pension plan. Actual allocations will generally be within 5% of these targets. As of December 31, 2020, there were no significant holdings of any single issuer and the exposure to derivative instruments was not significant.
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The following tables present the Company’s pension plan assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

Asset Category |  | December 31, 2020 |
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |
| (in millions) |
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. large cap stocks | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 119 |  |
U.S. small cap stocks | 80 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 80 |  |
Non-U.S. large cap stocks | 36 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 36 |  |
Debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. investment grade bonds | 47 |  |  | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | 68 |  |
Non-U.S. investment grade bonds | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |
Cash equivalents at NAV |  |  |  |  |  |  | 25 |  | (1)
Collective investment funds at NAV |  |  |  |  |  |  | 289 |  | (1)
Real estate investment trusts at NAV |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20 |  | (1)
Hedge funds at NAV |  |  |  |  |  |  | 32 |  | (1)
Pooled pension funds at NAV |  |  |  |  |  |  | 218 |  | (1)
Total | $ | 300 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 905 |  |

|  | December 31, 2019 |
Asset Category |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |
| (in millions) |
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. large cap stocks | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 119 |  |
U.S. small cap stocks | 91 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 91 |  |
Non-U.S. large cap stocks | 32 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32 |  |
Debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. investment grade bonds | 43 |  |  | 24 |  |  | — |  |  | 67 |  |
U.S. high yield bonds | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |
Non-U.S. investment grade bonds | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |  |
Cash equivalents at NAV |  |  |  |  |  |  | 30 |  | (1)
Collective investment funds at NAV |  |  |  |  |  |  | 232 |  | (1)
Real estate investment trusts at NAV |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20 |  | (1)
Hedge funds at NAV |  |  |  |  |  |  | 29 |  | (1)
Pooled pension funds at NAV |  |  |  |  |  |  | 196 |  | (1)
Total | $ | 307 |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 838 |  |

(1) Amounts are comprised of certain investments that are measured at fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy.
Equity securities are managed to track the performance of common market indices for both U.S. and non-U.S. securities, primarily across large cap, small cap and emerging market asset classes. Debt securities are managed to track the performance of common market indices for both U.S. and non-U.S. investment grade bonds as well as a pool of U.S. high yield bonds. Collective investment funds include equity and debt securities. Real estate funds are managed to track the performance of a broad population of investment grade non-agricultural income producing properties. The Company’s investments in hedge funds include investments in a multi-strategy fund and an off-shore fund managed to track the performance of broad fund of fund indices. Pooled pension funds are managed to track a specific benchmark based on the investment objectives of the fund. Cash equivalents consist of holdings in a money market fund that seeks to equal the return of the three month U.S. Treasury bill.
The fair value of equity securities using quoted prices in active markets is classified as Level 1. Level 1 debt securities include U.S. Treasuries and actively traded mutual funds. Level 2 debt securities include mortgage and asset backed securities, agency securities and corporate debt securities. The fair value of the Level 2 securities is determined based on a market approach using observable inputs.
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The amounts recognized in AOCI, net of tax, as of December 31, 2020 but not recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost included an unrecognized actuarial loss of $214 million, an unrecognized prior service credit of $10 million, and a currency exchange rate adjustment of $2 million related to the Company’s pension plans. The Company’s other postretirement plans included an unrecognized actuarial gain of $3 million and an unrecognized prior service credit of $1 million. See Note 21 for a rollforward of AOCI related to the Company’s defined benefit plans.
The Company’s pension plans expect to make benefit payments to retirees as follows:

| Pension Plans |  | Other Postretirement Plans
| (in millions)
2021 | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | 1 |
2022 | 68 |  |  | 1 |
2023 | 79 |  |  | 1 |
2024 | 74 |  |  | 1 |
2025 | 74 |  |  | 1 |
2026-2028 | 389 |  |  | 5 |

The Company expects to contribute $15 million and $1 million to its pension plans and other postretirement plans, respectively, in 2021.
Defined Contribution Plans
The Company’s employees are generally eligible to participate in the 401(k) Plan. The 401(k) Plan allows eligible employees to make contributions through payroll deductions up to IRS limits and invest their contributions in one or more of the 401(k) Plan investment options, which include the Ameriprise Financial Stock Fund. The Company provides a dollar for dollar match up to the first 5% of eligible compensation an employee contributes on a pretax and/or Roth 401(k) basis for each annual period. Effective April 2020, employees not eligible to participate in the Retirement Plan will receive a 2% company contribution to their 401(k) Plan once they become eligible for contributions.
Under the 401(k) Plan, employees become eligible for contributions under the plan during the pay period they reach 60 days of service. Match contributions are fully vested after five years of service, vesting ratably over the first five years of service, or upon retirement at or after age 65, disability or death while employed. The Company’s defined contribution plan expense was $55 million, $56 million and $56 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Employees outside the U.S. who are not covered by the 401(k) may be covered by local defined contribution plans which are subject to applicable laws and rules of the country where the plan is administered. The Company’s expense related to defined contribution plans outside the U.S. was $7 million, $6 million and $6 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
26. Commitments, Guarantees and Contingencies
Commitments
The following table presents the Company’s funding commitments as of December 31:

| 2020 |  | 2019
| (in millions)
Commercial mortgage loans | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 60 |
Affordable housing and other real estate partnerships | 12 |  |  | 22 |
Property funds | 17 |  |  | 12 |
Private funds | 9 |  |  | 12 |
Pledged asset lines of credit | 342 |  |  | — |
Consumer lines of credit | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Total funding commitments | $ | 399 |  |  | $ | 107 |

Guarantees
The Company’s annuity and life products all have minimum interest rate guarantees in their fixed accounts. As of December 31, 2020, these guarantees range from 1% to 5%.
Contingencies
The Company and its subsidiaries are involved in the normal course of business in legal proceedings which include regulatory inquiries, arbitration and litigation, including class actions concerning matters arising in connection with the conduct of its activities as a diversified financial services firm. These include proceedings specific to the Company as well as proceedings generally applicable to business practices in the industries in which it operates. The Company can also be subject to legal proceedings arising out of its
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general business activities, such as its investments, contracts, leases and employment relationships. Uncertain economic conditions, heightened and sustained volatility in the financial markets and significant financial reform legislation may increase the likelihood that clients and other persons or regulators may present or threaten legal claims or that regulators increase the scope or frequency of examinations of the Company or the financial services industry generally.
As with other financial services firms, the level of regulatory activity and inquiry concerning the Company’s businesses remains elevated. From time to time, the Company receives requests for information from, and/or has been subject to examination or claims by, the SEC, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, the OCC, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority, the FRB, state insurance and securities regulators, state attorneys general and various other domestic or foreign governmental and quasi-governmental authorities on behalf of themselves or clients concerning the Company’s business activities and practices, and the practices of the Company’s financial advisors. The Company typically has numerous pending matters which include information requests, exams or inquiries that the Company has received during recent periods regarding certain matters, including: sales and distribution of mutual funds, exchange traded funds, annuities, equity and fixed income securities, real estate investment trusts, insurance products, and financial advice offerings, including managed accounts; supervision of the Company’s financial advisors and other associated persons; administration of insurance and annuity claims; security of client information; trading activity and the Company’s monitoring and supervision of such activity; and transaction monitoring systems and controls. The Company has cooperated and will continue to cooperate with the applicable regulators.
These legal and regulatory proceedings are subject to uncertainties and, as such, it is inherently difficult to determine whether any loss is probable or even reasonably possible, or to reasonably estimate the amount of any loss. The Company cannot predict with certainty if, how or when any such proceedings will be initiated or resolved. Matters frequently need to be more developed before a loss or range of loss can be reasonably estimated for any proceeding. An adverse outcome in one or more proceeding could eventually result in adverse judgments, settlements, fines, penalties or other sanctions, in addition to further claims, examinations or adverse publicity that could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
In accordance with applicable accounting standards, the Company establishes an accrued liability for contingent litigation and regulatory matters when those matters present loss contingencies that are both probable and can be reasonably estimated. The Company discloses the nature of the contingency when management believes there is at least a reasonable possibility that the outcome may be material to the Company’s consolidated financial statements and, where feasible, an estimate of the possible loss. In such cases, there still may be an exposure to loss in excess of any amounts reasonably estimated and accrued. When a loss contingency is not both probable and reasonably estimable, the Company does not establish an accrued liability, but continues to monitor, in conjunction with any outside counsel handling a matter, further developments that would make such loss contingency both probable and reasonably estimable. Once the Company establishes an accrued liability with respect to a loss contingency, the Company continues to monitor the matter for further developments that could affect the amount of the accrued liability that has been previously established, and any appropriate adjustments are made each quarter.
Guaranty Fund Assessments
RiverSource Life and RiverSource Life of NY are required by law to be a member of the guaranty fund association in every state where they are licensed to do business. In the event of insolvency of one or more unaffiliated insurance companies, the Company could be adversely affected by the requirement to pay assessments to the guaranty fund associations. The Company projects its cost of future guaranty fund assessments based on estimates of insurance company insolvencies provided by the National Organization of Life and Health Insurance Guaranty Associations and the amount of its premiums written relative to the industry-wide premium in each state. The Company accrues the estimated cost of future guaranty fund assessments when it is considered probable that an assessment will be imposed, the event obligating the Company to pay the assessment has occurred and the amount of the assessment can be reasonably estimated.
The Company has a liability for estimated guaranty fund assessments and a related premium tax asset. As of both December 31, 2020 and 2019, the estimated liability was $12 million. As of both December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related premium tax asset was $10 million. The expected period over which guaranty fund assessments will be made and the related tax credits recovered is not known.
27. Related Party Transactions
The Company may engage in transactions in the ordinary course of business with significant shareholders or their subsidiaries, between the Company and its directors and officers or with other companies whose directors or officers may also serve as directors or officers for the Company or its subsidiaries. The Company carries out these transactions on customary terms.
The Company’s executive officers and directors may have transactions with the Company or its subsidiaries involving financial products and insurance services. All obligations arising from these transactions are in the ordinary course of the Company’s business and are on the same terms in effect for comparable transactions with the general public. Such obligations involve normal risks of collection and do not have features or terms that are unfavorable to the Company or its subsidiaries.
These transactions have not had a material impact on the Company’s consolidated results of operations or financial condition.
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28. Segment Information
During the third quarter of 2020, as the Company continued to reposition its business and implement strategies focusing on product features and sales, the composition of its reportable segments changed from five to four segments. The Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) manages the annuities and protection business as one operating segment, referred to as Retirement & Protection Solutions. The Retirement & Protection Solutions segment includes Retirement Solutions (Variable Annuities and Payout Annuities) and Protection Solutions (Life and Disability Insurance). In addition, the Company moved the Fixed Annuities and Fixed Indexed Annuities business to the Corporate & Other segment as a closed block. These segment reporting changes align with the way the CODM began assessing the performance of the Company’s reportable segments and other business activities effective in the third quarter of 2020. Certain prior period amounts have been revised to conform to the current presentation. The Company’s four reporting segments are Advice & Wealth Management, Asset Management, Retirement & Protection Solutions and Corporate & Other.
The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those of the Company, except for operating adjustments defined below, the method of capital allocation, the accounting for gains (losses) from intercompany revenues and expenses and not providing for income taxes on a segment basis.
The largest source of intersegment revenues and expenses is retail distribution services, where segments are charged transfer pricing rates that approximate arm’s length market prices for distribution through the Advice & Wealth Management segment. The Advice & Wealth Management segment provides distribution services for affiliated and non-affiliated products and services. The Asset Management segment provides investment management services for the Company’s owned assets and client assets, and accordingly charges investment and advisory management fees to the other segments. All intersegment activity is eliminated in the Company’s consolidated results.
All costs related to shared services are allocated to the segments based on a rate times volume or fixed basis.
The Advice & Wealth Management segment provides financial planning and advice, as well as full-service brokerage services, primarily to retail clients through the Company’s advisors. These services are centered on long-term, personal relationships between the Company’s advisors and its clients and focus on helping clients achieve their financial goals. The Company’s advisors provide a distinctive approach to financial planning and have access to a broad selection of both affiliated and non-affiliated products to help clients meet their financial needs and goals. A significant portion of revenues in this segment are fee-based and driven by the level of client assets, which is impacted by both market movements and net asset flows. The Company also earns net investment income on owned assets primarily from certificate and banking products. This segment earns revenues (distribution fees) for distributing non-affiliated products and intersegment revenues (distribution fees) for distributing the Company’s affiliated products and services provided to its retail clients. Intersegment expenses for this segment include expenses for investment management services provided by the Asset Management segment.
The Asset Management segment provides investment management, advice and products to retail, high net worth and institutional clients on a global scale through the Columbia Threadneedle Investments® brand, which represents the combined capabilities, resources and reach of Columbia Management Investment Advisers, LLC (“Columbia Management”) and Threadneedle. Columbia Management primarily provides products and services in the U.S. and Threadneedle primarily provides products and services internationally. Additional subsidiaries are also included in our Asset Management segment such as Lionstone Partners, LLC, the U.S. investment adviser for certain private funds and investment products focused on real estate. The Company offers U.S. retail clients with a range of products through both unaffiliated third party financial institutions and the Advice & Wealth Management segment. The Company provides institutional products and services through its institutional sales force. Retail products for non-U.S. investors are primarily distributed through third-party financial institutions and unaffiliated financial advisors. Retail products include U.S. mutual funds and their non-U.S. equivalents, exchange-traded funds and variable product funds underlying insurance and annuity separate accounts. Institutional asset management services are designed to meet specific client objectives and may involve a range of products, including those that focus on traditional asset classes, separately managed accounts, individually managed accounts, CLOs, hedge fund or alternative strategies, collective funds and property and infrastructure funds. CLOs, hedge fund or alternative strategies and certain private funds are often classified as alternative assets. Revenues in this segment are primarily earned as fees based on managed asset balances, which are impacted by market movements, net asset flows, asset allocation and product mix. The Company may also earn performance fees from certain accounts where investment performance meets or exceeds certain pre-identified targets. The Asset Management segment also provides intercompany asset management services for Ameriprise Financial subsidiaries. The fees for all such services are reflected within the Asset Management segment results through intersegment transfer pricing. Intersegment expenses for this segment include distribution expenses for services provided by the Advice & Wealth Management and Annuities and Protection segments.
The Retirement & Protection Solutions segment includes Retirement Solutions (variable annuities and payout annuities) and Protection Solutions (life and disability insurance). Retirement Solutions provides variable annuity products of RiverSource Life companies to individual clients. The Company provides variable annuity products through its advisors. Revenues for the Company’s variable annuity products are primarily earned as fees based on underlying account balances, which are impacted by both market movements and net asset flows. The Company also earns net investment income on general account assets supporting reserves for immediate annuities with a non-life contingent feature and for certain guaranteed benefits offered with variable annuities and on
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capital supporting the business. Revenues for the Company’s immediate annuities with a life contingent feature are earned as premium revenue. Protection Solutions offers a variety of products to address the protection and risk management needs of the Company’s retail clients including life and DI insurance. Life and DI products are primarily provided through the Company’s advisors. The Company issues insurance policies through its RiverSource life insurance subsidiaries. The primary sources of revenues for Protection Solutions are premiums, fees and charges that the Company receives to assume insurance-related risk. The Company earns net investment income on owned assets supporting insurance reserves and capital supporting the business. The Company also receives fees based on the level of the RiverSource Life companies’ separate account assets supporting VUL investment options. Intersegment revenues for this segment reflect fees paid by the Asset Management segment for marketing support and other services provided in connection with the availability of variable insurance trust funds (“VIT Funds”) under the variable annuity contracts and VUL contracts. Intersegment expenses for this segment include distribution expenses for services provided by the Advice & Wealth Management segment, as well as expenses for investment management services provided by the Asset Management segment.
The Corporate & Other segment consists of net investment income or loss on corporate level assets, including excess capital held in the Company’s subsidiaries and other unallocated equity and other revenues as well as unallocated corporate expenses. The Corporate & Other segment also includes the results of the Company’s closed block long term care business. The Corporate & Other segment also includes revenues and expenses of consolidated investment entities, which are excluded on an operating basis. Beginning in the first quarter of 2019, the results of AAH, which had been reported as part of the Protection segment, were reflected in the Corporate & Other segment. Prior periods presented have been restated to reflect the change. The Company sold AAH on October 1, 2019. Beginning in the third quarter of 2020, the Company moved the fixed annuities and fixed indexed annuities business to the Corporate & Other segment as a closed block. Revenues for the Company’s fixed deferred annuity products are primarily earned as net investment income on the RiverSource Life companies’ general account assets supporting fixed account balances, with profitability significantly impacted by the spread between net investment income earned and interest credited on the fixed account balances. Prior periods presented have been restated to reflect the changes from the sale of AAH and the segment restructuring.
Management uses segment adjusted operating measures in goal setting, as a basis for determining employee compensation and in evaluating performance on a basis comparable to that used by some securities analysts and investors. Consistent with GAAP accounting guidance for segment reporting, adjusted operating earnings is the Company’s measure of segment performance. Adjusted operating earnings should not be viewed as a substitute for GAAP pretax income. The Company believes the presentation of segment adjusted operating earnings, as the Company measures it for management purposes, enhances the understanding of its business by reflecting the underlying performance of its core operations and facilitating a more meaningful trend analysis.
Effective first quarter of 2019, management has excluded mean reversion related impacts from the Company’s adjusted operating measures. Prior periods have been updated to reflect this change to be consistent with the current period presentation. The mean reversion related impact is defined as the impact on variable annuity and VUL products for the difference between assumed and updated separate account investment performance on DAC, DSIC, unearned revenue amortization, reinsurance accrual and additional insurance benefit reserves.
Adjusted operating earnings is defined as adjusted operating net revenues less adjusted operating expenses. Adjusted operating net revenues and adjusted operating expenses exclude net realized investment gains or losses (net of unearned revenue amortization and the reinsurance accrual); the market impact on non-traditional long-duration products (including variable and fixed deferred annuity contracts and UL insurance contracts), net of hedges and the related DSIC and DAC amortization, unearned revenue amortization, and the reinsurance accrual; mean reversion related impacts (the impact on variable annuity and VUL products for the difference between assumed and updated separate account investment performance on DAC, DSIC, unearned revenue amortization, reinsurance accrual and additional insurance benefit reserves); the market impact of hedges to offset interest rate changes on unrealized gains or losses for certain investments; gain or loss on disposal of a business that is not considered discontinued operations; integration and restructuring charges; income (loss) from discontinued operations; and the impact of consolidating CIEs. The market impact on non-traditional long-duration products includes changes in embedded derivative values caused by changes in financial market conditions, net of changes in economic hedge values and unhedged items including the difference between assumed and actual underlying separate account investment performance, fixed income credit exposures, transaction costs and certain policyholder contract elections, net of related impacts on DAC and DSIC amortization. The market impact also includes certain valuation adjustments made in accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Codification 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, including the impact on embedded derivative values of discounting projected benefits to reflect a current estimate of the Company’s life insurance subsidiary’s nonperformance spread.
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The following tables summarize selected financial information by segment and reconcile segment totals to those reported on the consolidated financial statements:

| December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
| (in millions)
Advice & Wealth Management | $ | 21,266 |  |  | $ | 17,607 |
Asset Management | 8,406 |  |  | 8,226 |
Retirement & Protection Solutions | 114,850 |  |  | 104,227 |
Corporate & Other | 21,361 |  |  | 21,768 |
Total assets | $ | 165,883 |  |  | $ | 151,828 |

| Years Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
| (in millions)
Adjusted operating net revenues: |  |  |  |  |
Advice & Wealth Management | $ | 6,675 |  |  | $ | 6,599 |  |  | $ | 6,189 |
Asset Management | 2,891 |  |  | 2,913 |  |  | 3,011 |
Retirement & Protection Solutions | 3,094 |  |  | 3,123 |  |  | 3,167 |
Corporate & Other | 546 |  |  | 1,477 |  |  | 1,741 |
Less: Eliminations (1) | 1,377 |  |  | 1,402 |  |  | 1,414 |
Total segment adjusted operating net revenues | 11,829 |  |  | 12,710 |  |  | 12,694 |
Net realized gains (losses) | (11) |  |  | (6) |  |  | 10 |
Revenue attributable to consolidated investment entities | 71 |  |  | 88 |  |  | 127 |
Market impact on non-traditional long-duration products, net | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |
Market impact of hedges on investments | — |  |  | (35) |  |  | 11 |
Integration and restructuring charges | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |
Gain on disposal of business | — |  |  | 213 |  |  | — |
Total net revenues per consolidated statements of operations | $ | 11,899 |  |  | $ | 12,967 |  |  | $ | 12,835 |

(1) Represents the elimination of intersegment revenues recognized for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 in each segment as follows: Advice and Wealth Management ($893, $924 and $952, respectively); Asset Management ($53, $55 and $50, respectively); Retirement & Protection Solutions ($433, $429 and $417, respectively); and Corporate & Other ($(2), $(6) and $(5), respectively).

| Years Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
| (in millions)
Adjusted operating earnings: |  |  |  |  |
Advice & Wealth Management | $ | 1,321 |  |  | $ | 1,509 |  |  | $ | 1,389 |
Asset Management | 697 |  |  | 661 |  |  | 728 |
Retirement & Protection Solutions | 480 |  |  | 724 |  |  | 721 |
Corporate & Other | (369) |  |  | (286) |  |  | (274) |
Total segment adjusted operating earnings | 2,129 |  |  | 2,608 |  |  | 2,564 |
Net realized gains (losses) | (10) |  |  | (4) |  |  | 9 |
Net income (loss) attributable to consolidated investment entities | 4 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |
Market impact on non-traditional long-duration products, net | (375) |  |  | (591) |  |  | (47) |
Mean reversion related impacts | 87 |  |  | 57 |  |  | (33) |
Market impact of hedges on investments | — |  |  | (35) |  |  | 11 |
Integration and restructuring charges | (4) |  |  | (17) |  |  | (19) |
Gain on disposal of business | — |  |  | 213 |  |  | — |
Pretax income per consolidated statements of operations | $ | 1,831 |  |  | $ | 2,232 |  |  | $ | 2,484 |

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29. Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)

| 2020 |  | 2019
12/31 |  | 9/30 |  | 6/30 |  | 3/31 | 12/31 |  | 9/30 |  | 6/30 |  | 3/31
(in millions, except per share data)
Net revenues | $ | 3,183 |  |  | $ | 3,003 |  |  | $ | 2,712 |  |  | $ | 3,001 |  |  | $ | 3,287 |  |  | $ | 3,317 |  |  | $ | 3,245 |  |  | $ | 3,118 |
Pretax income | 190 |  |  | (184) |  |  | (526) |  |  | 2,351 |  |  | 534 |  |  | 641 |  |  | 587 |  |  | 470 |
Net income | 177 |  |  | (140) |  |  | (539) |  |  | 2,036 |  |  | 463 |  |  | 543 |  |  | 492 |  |  | 395 |
Earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 1.46 |  |  | $ | (1.14) |  |  | $ | (4.31) |  |  | $ | 16.11 |  |  | $ | 3.59 |  |  | $ | 4.09 |  |  | $ | 3.61 |  |  | $ | 2.85 |
Diluted | $ | 1.43 |  |  | $ | (1.14) |  | (1) | $ | (4.31) |  | (1) | $ | 15.88 |  |  | $ | 3.53 |  |  | $ | 4.04 |  |  | $ | 3.57 |  |  | $ | 2.82 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 120.9 |  |  | 123.0 |  |  | 125.0 |  |  | 126.4 |  |  | 129.0 |  |  | 132.7 |  |  | 136.1 |  |  | 138.8 |
Diluted | 123.4 |  |  | 124.9 |  |  | 126.2 |  |  | 128.2 |  |  | 131.3 |  |  | 134.5 |  |  | 138.0 |  |  | 140.1 |
Cash dividends declared per common share | $ | 1.04 |  |  | $ | 1.04 |  |  | $ | 1.04 |  |  | $ | 0.97 |  |  | $ | 0.97 |  |  | $ | 0.97 |  |  | $ | 0.97 |  |  | $ | 0.90 |

(1) Diluted shares used in this calculation represent basic shares due to the net loss. Using actual diluted shares would result in anti-dilution.
Due to the use of weighted average shares outstanding when calculating earnings per share, the sum of the quarterly earnings per share data may not equal the earnings per share data for the year.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) designed to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be reported in the Exchange Act filings is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in and pursuant to U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regulations, including controls and procedures designed to ensure that this information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding the required disclosure. It should be noted that, because of inherent limitations, our company’s disclosure controls and procedures, however well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, and not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the disclosure controls and procedures are met.
Our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, our company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable level of assurance as of December 31, 2020.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fourth fiscal quarter of the year to which this report relates that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company.
The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company’s principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the Company’s Board of Directors, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America, and includes those policies and procedures that:
•Pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;
•Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and
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•Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
The Company’s management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020. In making this assessment, the Company’s management used the criteria set forth in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
Based on management’s assessment and those criteria, we conclude that, as of December 31, 2020, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is effective.
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, has issued an audit report on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020.
Item 9B. Other Information
On February 24, 2021, the Company’s Board approved, effective immediately, a series of amendments to the Company’s by-laws (“By-Laws”). A summary of the changes to the By-Laws is set forth below and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the amended and restated By-Laws, a complete copy of which is attached hereto as Exhibit 3.2.
Amendments to the By-Laws including amending:
•Section 1.03 (Notice of Meetings; Waiver) to clarify that some notices to stockholders can be sent electronically and conform the language to the latest amendments to Delaware law;
•Section 1.08 (Proxies) to confirm that a stockholder may use electronic signatures and transmission for a document authorizing another person to act as proxy and to eliminate references to telegrams and cablegrams;
•Section 1.10 (Notice of Stockholder Business and Nominations) to limit the number of nominees a stockholder may nominate for election at a meeting of stockholders to the number of directors to be elected at such meeting and align our stockholder proposal requirements with the recent amendments to Section 14a-8 of the Exchange Act;
•Section 2.09 (Board Action Without a Meeting) and Section 3.04 (Committee Quorum and Manner of Acting) to conform language to the latest amendments to Delaware law and clarify that the filing of a consent to action by the Board or any committee is not a condition precedent to the effectiveness of the action;
•Section 2.12 (Voluntary Resignation) clarifies that a director’s resignation needs only be signed if it is in writing (as opposed to electronic transmission);
•Section 5.04 (Transfers of Stock) to clarify required notice can be in writing or electronic transmission;
•Section 8.01 (Dividends) to clarify that the Board may declare a dividend at a meeting or by consent;
•Section 8.05 (Forum Selection) to add a federal forum selection provision; and
•Article IX (Amendment of the Bylaws) to clarify that the Board may amend the By-Laws at a meeting or by consent.
PART III.
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The following portions of the Proxy Statement are incorporated herein by reference:
•information included under the caption “Corporate Governance-Item 1-Election of the Nine Director Nominees”;
•information included under the caption “Voting Information-Requirements, Including Deadlines, for Submission of Proxy Proposals, Nomination of Directors and Other Business by Shareholders”;
•information under the caption “Corporate Governance-Corporate Governance Documents and Policies-Codes of Conduct”;
•information under the caption “Corporate Governance-Item 1-Election of the Nine Director Nominees-Director Nomination Process”;
•information included under the caption “Corporate Governance-Committees of the Board-Membership on Board Committees”;
•information included under the caption “Corporate Governance-Committees of the Board-Audit Committee”;
•information included under the caption “Corporate Governance-Committees of the Board-Audit Committee-Audit Committee Financial Experts”; and
•information under the caption “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports”, if applicable.
EXECUTIVE LEADERSHIP TEAM
Set forth below is a list of the members of our Executive Leadership Team as of the date this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been filed with the SEC. Also included in this list is John R. Hutt, our principal accounting officer. Each such person’s age is indicated by the number in parentheses next to his or her name.
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Each individual with an asterisk next to his or her name has been designated as an “executive officer” for purposes of the Exchange Act. None of the below individuals have any family relationship with any other member of the Executive Leadership Team or our principal accounting officer, and none of such individuals became a member of the Executive Leadership Team pursuant to any arrangement or understanding with any other person. Each executive officer has been elected to serve until the next annual election of officers or until his or her successor is elected and qualified.
*James M. Cracchiolo-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Ameriprise Financial
Mr. Cracchiolo (62) has been our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer since September 2005 when the Company completed its spinoff from American Express. Prior to his current role, Mr. Cracchiolo held a number of senior-level positions at American Express, including group president of American Express Global Financial Services (2000 - 2005); CEO and president of American Express Financial Corporation (AEFC) (2000 - 2005) and chairman of AEFC (2001 - 2005); chairman of American Express Bank Ltd. (2000 - 2005); president and CEO of Travel Related Services International (TRS) (1998 - 2003); president of Global Network Services (1997 -1998); senior vice president of TRS Quality, Global Reengineering (1993 - 1997); and executive vice president and chief financial officer of Shearson Lehman Brothers (then a unit of American Express) (1990 -1993). In addition, Mr. Cracchiolo previously served on the boards of directors of the American Council of Life Insurers, the Financial Services Roundtable and on the board of advisors to the March of Dimes Foundation.
*Walter S. Berman-Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Mr. Berman (78) has been our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since September 2005. Prior to that, Mr. Berman served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of AEFC, a position he held since January 2003. From April 2001 to January 2004, Mr. Berman served as Corporate Treasurer of American Express.
Scott E. Couto-Head of North America
Mr. Couto (51) has been our Head of North America for Columbia Threadneedle Investments since February 2018. He was previously President of Fidelity Institutional Asset Management and held executive positions across distribution, product and marketing at Fidelity Investments. Mr. Couto joined Fidelity in 2009 from Evergreen Investments. Prior to that, he was with Liberty Funds, a predecessor fund family of Columbia. Mr. Couto received a degree in finance and investments from Babson College and holds the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) designation.
Kelli A. Hunter Petruzillo-Executive Vice President of Human Resources
Ms. Hunter Petruzillo (59) has been our Executive Vice President of Human Resources since September 2005. Prior to that, Ms. Hunter Petruzillo served as Executive Vice President of Human Resources of AEFC since joining our company in June 2005. Prior to joining AEFC, Ms. Hunter Petruzillo was Senior Vice President-Global Human Capital for Crown Castle International Corporation in Houston, Texas. Prior to that, she held a variety of senior level positions in human resources for Software Spectrum, Inc., Mary Kay, Inc., as well as Morgan Stanley Inc. and Bankers Trust New York Corporation.
*Karen Wilson Thissen-Executive Vice President and General Counsel
Ms. Wilson Thissen (54) has been our Executive Vice President and General Counsel since January 2017. Prior to that, Ms. Wilson Thissen served as our Executive Vice President and Deputy General Counsel since January 2014 and in other positions within the Company since November 2004. Before joining the Company, Ms. Wilson Thissen was a partner at the law firm Faegre & Benson LLP (now Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath).
*John R. Hutt-Senior Vice President-Corporate Finance, Controller (Principal Accounting Officer)
Mr. Hutt (46) has been our Controller since June 2019 and Senior Vice President - Corporate Finance since August 2016. Prior to joining Ameriprise in 2006, Mr. Hutt held roles at KPMG LLP and RBC Capital Markets. He has a Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting from the University of Minnesota and an MBA from the University of Notre Dame. He holds Certified Public Accountant (CPA) - inactive and Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) designations.
*Gerard Smyth-Executive Vice President and Chief Information Officer
In August 2020, Mr. Smyth (59) became Chief Information Officer. Prior to that date, Mr. Smyth served as Executive Vice President-Technology for Ameriprise’s AWM Business since August 2013. Prior to joining Ameriprise in 2002, he held senior delivery and architectural roles with American Express, the Australian Stock Exchange and Qantas Airways. He has a bachelor’s degree in electronics engineering from Imperial College London and an MBA from the University of Sydney.
Neal Maglaque-President-Advice & Wealth Management, Business Development and Chief Operating Officer
Mr. Maglaque (64) has been our President-Advice & Wealth Management, Business Development and Chief Operating Officer since June 2012. Prior to that time, Mr. Maglaque served as Executive Vice President and Advice & Wealth Management Chief Operating Officer since 2009, Senior Vice President-USAG Business Planning and Operations since 2006 and as Senior Vice President-Lead Financial Officer Enterprise Finance since 2005. Prior thereto, Mr. Maglaque held several leadership positions at American Express.
Deirdre D. McGraw-Executive Vice President-Marketing, Corporate Communications and Community Relations
Ms. McGraw (50) has been our Executive Vice President-Marketing, Corporate Communications and Community Relations since May 2014. Previously, Ms. McGraw served as Executive Vice President, Corporate Communications and Community Relations since
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February 2010. Prior to that, Ms. McGraw served as Senior Vice President-Corporate Communications and Community Relations since February 2007 and as Vice President-Corporate Communications since May 2006. Prior thereto, Ms. McGraw served as Vice President-Business Planning and Communications for the Group President, Global Financial Services at American Express.
*Colin Moore-Executive Vice President and Global Chief Investment Officer
Mr. Moore (62) has been our Executive Vice President and Global Chief Investment Officer since June 2013. Mr. Moore also continues to serve as Chief Investment Officer-Columbia Management, a position he has held since 2010. Prior thereto, he was head of fixed income and liquidity strategies from 2009 to 2010. Mr. Moore joined Columbia Management in 2002 as head of equity and has been a member of the investment community since 1983.
Patrick H. O’Connell-Executive Vice President, Ameriprise Advisor Group
Mr. O'Connell (51) has been our Executive Vice President of the Ameriprise Advisor Group since February 2013. Prior to that, he was Senior Vice President for the employee advisor business in the eastern half of the United States and in other senior leadership positions within the company before that. Mr. O'Connell earned his M.B.A. and B.S. from Widener University.
Nick Ring-Chief Executive Officer, EMEA
Mr. Ring (55) has been our Chief Executive Officer, EMEA since September 2019. He was previously the Global Head of Distribution at Jupiter Asset Management, a U.K.-based fund management group, from September 2015 to August 2019. Prior to that, Mr. Ring worked at Columbia Threadneedle in various product and distribution roles from 2008 to 2014, including most recently as Global Head of Product in 2014. Mr. Ring has a LLB (Hons) degree from the University of Reading and held various roles at Northern Trust, KPMG, Gartmore Fund Managers and Prudential earlier in his career.
*Joseph E. Sweeney-President-Advice & Wealth Management, Products and Service Delivery
Mr. Sweeney (59) has been our President-Advice & Wealth Management, Products and Service Delivery since June 2012. Prior to that time, Mr. Sweeney served as President-Advice & Wealth Management, Products and Services since May 2009 and as President-Financial Planning, Products and Services since 2005. Prior to that, Mr. Sweeney served as Senior Vice President and General Manager of Banking, Brokerage and Managed Products of AEFC since April 2002. Prior thereto, he served as Senior Vice President and Head, Business Transformation, Global Financial Services of American Express from March 2001 until April 2002. Mr. Sweeney is on the board of directors of the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association and the American Securities Association.
*William F. Truscott-CEO-Global Asset Management
Mr. Truscott (60) has been our CEO - Global Asset Management since September 2012. Prior to that time, Mr. Truscott had served as CEO - U.S. Asset Management and President, Annuities since May 2010, as President - U.S. Asset Management, Annuities and Chief Investment Officer since February 2008 and as President - U.S. Asset Management and Chief Investment Officer since September 2005. Prior to that, Mr. Truscott served as Senior Vice President and Chief Investment Officer of AEFC, a position he held since he joined the company in September 2001.
Bill Williams-Executive Vice President, Ameriprise Franchise Group
Bill Williams (53) has been our Executive Vice President, Ameriprise Franchise Group since February 2013. Mr. Williams joined Ameriprise in 1989 as an advisor. Mr. Williams has held a number of management roles within Ameriprise before assuming his current position. Mr. Williams is a graduate of Bentley University with a B.A. in Finance.
*John R. Woerner-President-Insurance & Annuities and Chief Strategy Officer
Mr. Woerner (51) has been our President - Insurance and Annuities and Chief Strategy Officer since September 2012. Prior to that time, he served as President - Insurance and Chief Strategy Officer since February 2008 and, as Senior Vice President - Strategy and Business Development since September 2005. Prior to that, Mr. Woerner served as Senior Vice President - Strategic Planning and Business Development of AEFC since March 2005. Prior to joining AEFC, Mr. Woerner was a Principal at McKinsey & Co., where he spent approximately ten years serving leading U.S. and European financial services firms, and co-led McKinsey’s U.S. Asset Management Practice.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
We have adopted a set of Corporate Governance Principles and Categorical Standards of Director Independence which, together with the charters of the three standing committees of the Board of Directors (Audit; Compensation and Benefits; and Nominating and Governance) and our Code of Conduct (which constitutes the Company’s code of ethics), provide the framework for the governance of our company. A complete copy of our Corporate Governance Principles and Categorical Standards of Director Independence, the charters of each of the Board committees, the Code of Conduct (which applies not only to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Controller, but also to all other employees of our company) and the Code of Business Conduct for the Members of the Board of Directors may be found by clicking the “Corporate Governance” link found on our Investor Relations website at ir.ameriprise.com. You may also access our Investor Relations website through our main website at ameriprise.com by clicking on the “Investor Relations” link, which is located at the bottom of the page. (Information from such sites is not incorporated by reference into this report.) You may also obtain free copies of these materials by writing to our Corporate Secretary at our principal executive offices.
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Item 11. Executive Compensation
The following portions of the Proxy Statement are incorporated herein by reference:
•information under the caption “Corporate Governance-Compensation and Benefits Committee-Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation”;
•information included under the caption “Compensation and Benefits Committee Report”;
•information included under the caption “Compensation Discussion and Analysis”, and
•information included under the caption “Compensation of Directors.”
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

Equity Compensation Plan Information | (a) |  | (b) |  | (c) |
Plan category | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights |  | Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights |  | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) – shares |
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders | 6,811,445 |  | (1) | $ | 133.75 |  |  | 9,450,410 |  |
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders | 3,077,227 |  | (2) | $ | — |  |  | 5,828,296 |  | (3)
Total | 9,888,672 |  |  | $ | 133.75 |  |  | 15,278,706 |  |

(1) Includes 2,023,721 share units subject to vesting per the terms of the applicable plan which could result in the issuance of common stock. As the terms of these share based awards do not provide for an exercise price, they have been excluded from the weighted average exercise price in column B.
(2) Includes 3,077,227 share units subject to vesting per the terms of the applicable plans which could result in the issuance of common stock. As the terms of these share based awards do not provide for an exercise price, they have been excluded from the weighted average exercise price in column B. For additional information on the Company’s equity compensation plans see Note 20 — Share-Based Compensation to our Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The non-shareholder approved plans consist of the Ameriprise Financial 2008 Employment Incentive Equity Award Plan, the Ameriprise Advisor Group Deferred Compensation Plan and the Ameriprise Financial Franchise Advisor Deferred Compensation Plan.
(3) Consists of 3,258,635 shares of common stock issuable under the terms of the Ameriprise Financial 2008 Employment Incentive Equity Award Plan, 1,240,250 shares of common stock issuable under the Ameriprise Advisor Group Deferred Compensation Plan, and 1,329,412 shares of common stock issuable under the Ameriprise Financial Franchise Advisor Deferred Compensation Plan.
Descriptions of our equity compensation plans can be found in Note 20 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Information concerning the market for our common shares and our shareholders can be found in Part II, Item 5 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The information included under the caption “Ownership of Our Common Shares” in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information under the captions “Corporate Governance-Director Independence,” “Corporate Governance-Director Independence-Categorical Standards of Director Independence,” “Corporate Governance-Director Independence-Independence of Committee Members” and “Certain Transactions” in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
The information set forth under the heading “Ratification of the Audit Committee’s Selection of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP as the Company’s Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for 2021, “-Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Fees”; “-Services to Associated Organizations”; and “-Policy on Pre-Approval of Services Provided by Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm,” in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.
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PART IV.
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

(a) 1. | Financial Statements: The information required herein has been provided in Item 8, which is incorporated herein by reference.
2. | Financial schedules required to be filed by Item 8 of this form, and by Item 15(b): Schedule I-Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Parent Company Only)
| Condensed Statements of Operations – December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 | 172
| Condensed Balance Sheets - December 31, 2020 and 2019 | 173
| Condensed Statements of Cash Flows – December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 | 174
| Notes to Condensed Financial Information of Registrant | 175
| All other financial schedules are not required under the related instructions, or are inapplicable and therefore have been omitted.
3. | Exhibits: Pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, we have filed certain agreements as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These agreements may contain representations and warranties by the parties. These representations and warranties have been made solely for the benefit of the other party or parties to such agreements and (i) may have been qualified by disclosures made to such other party or parties, (ii) were made only as of the date of such agreements or such other date(s) as may be specified in such agreements and are subject to more recent developments, which may not be fully reflected in our public disclosure, (iii) may reflect the allocation of risk among the parties to such agreements and (iv) may apply materiality standards different from what may be viewed as material to investors. Accordingly, these representations and warranties may not describe our actual state of affairs at the date hereof and should not be relied upon. The following exhibits are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The exhibit numbers followed by an asterisk (*) indicate exhibits electronically filed herewith. All other exhibit numbers indicate exhibits previously filed and are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Exhibits numbered 10.2 through 10.23 are management contracts or compensation plans or arrangements.

Exhibit | Description
3.1 | Amended Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Ameriprise Financial, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 1-32525, filed on May 1, 2014).
3.2* | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Ameriprise Financial, Inc.
4.1 | Description of Securities (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K, File No. 1-32525 filed on February 26, 2020).
4.2 | Form of Specimen Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Amendment No. 3 to Form 10 Registration Statement, File No. 1-32525, filed on August 19, 2005). Other instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt securities of the registrant are omitted pursuant to Section (b)(4)(iii)(A) of Item 601 of Regulation S-K. The registrant agrees to furnish copies of these instruments to the SEC upon request.
4.3 | Indenture dated as of October 5, 2005, between Ameriprise Financial, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(a) to the Registration Statement on Form S-3, File No. 333-128834, filed on October 5, 2005).
4.4 | Indenture dated as of May 5, 2006, between Ameriprise Financial, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.A to the Registration Statement on Form S-3ASR, File No. 333-133860, filed on May 5, 2006).
4.5 | Junior Subordinated Debt Indenture, dated as of May 5, 2006, between Ameriprise Financial, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.C to the Registration Statement on Form S-3ASR, File No. 333-133860, filed on May 5, 2006).
4.6 | Subordinated Debt Indenture, dated as of May 5, 2006, between Ameriprise Financial, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.B to the Registration Statement on Form S-3ASR, File No. 333-133860, filed on May 5, 2006).
10.1 | Tax Allocation Agreement by and between American Express and Ameriprise Financial, Inc., dated as of September 30, 2005 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 1-32525, filed on October 4, 2005).

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Exhibit | Description
10.2 | Ameriprise Financial 2005 Incentive Compensation Plan, as amended and restated effective April 30, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit B to the Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders held on April 30, 2014, File No. 001-32525, filed on March 17, 2014).
10.3 | Ameriprise Financial Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended and restated effective January 1, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K, File No. 1-32525, filed on February 24, 2012).
10.4 | Ameriprise Financial Supplemental Retirement Plan, as amended and restated effective October 3, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K, File No. 1-32525, filed on February 23, 2018).
10.5 | Form of Ameriprise Financial 2005 Incentive Compensation Plan Master Agreement for Substitution Awards (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to Amendment No. 2 to Form 10 Registration Statement, File No. 1-32525, filed on August 15, 2005).
10.6 | Ameriprise Financial Form of Award Certificate — Non-Qualified Stock Option Award (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 1-32525, filed on October 4, 2005).
10.7 | Ameriprise Financial Form of Award Certificate — Restricted Stock Award (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 1-32525, filed on October 4, 2005).
10.8 | Ameriprise Financial Form of Award Certificate — Restricted Stock Unit Award (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 1-32525, filed on October 4, 2005).
10.9 | Ameriprise Financial Form of Agreement — Cash Incentive Award (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 1-32525, filed on October 4, 2005).
10.10 | Ameriprise Financial Long-Term Incentive Award Program Guide (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K, File No. 1-32525, filed on February 23, 2017).
10.11 | Ameriprise Financial Performance Cash Unit Plan Supplement to the Long Term Incentive Award Program Guide (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K, File No. 1-32525, filed on February 27, 2019).
10.12 | Ameriprise Financial Form of Award Certificate — Performance Cash Unit Plan Award (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K File No. 1-32525, filed on February 25, 2016).
10.13 | Ameriprise Financial Performance Share Unit Plan Supplement to the Long-Term Incentive Award Program Guide (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 1-32525, filed on May 2, 2011).
10.14 | Ameriprise Financial Form of Award Certificate — Performance Share Unit Plan Award (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K File No. 1-32525, filed on February 25, 2016).
10.15 | Ameriprise Financial Deferred Share Plan for Outside Directors, as amended and restated effective December 3, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K File No. 1-32525, filed on February 24, 2015).
10.16 | CEO Security and Compensation Arrangements (incorporated by reference to Item 1.01 of the Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 1-32525, filed on October 31, 2005).
10.17 | Ameriprise Financial Senior Executive Severance Plan, as amended and restated effective January 1, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K, File No. 1-32525, filed on February 24, 2012).
10.18 | Restricted Stock Awards in lieu of Key Executive Life Insurance Program (incorporated by reference to Item 1.01 of the Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 1-32525, filed on November 18, 2005).
10.19 | Ameriprise Financial Annual Incentive Award Plan, adopted effective as of September 30, 2005 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K, File No. 1-32525, filed on March 8, 2006).
10.20 | Form of Indemnification Agreement for directors, Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, General Counsel and Principal Accounting Officer and any other officers designated by the Chief Executive Officer (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 1-32525, filed on April 26, 2012).
10.21 | Ameriprise Financial 2008 Employment Incentive Equity Award Plan, as amended and restated effective November 20, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K, File Co. 1-32525, filed on February 27, 2019).
10.22 | Ameriprise Advisor Group Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended and restated effective January 1, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K File No. 1-32525, filed on February 25, 2016).
10.23 | Ameriprise Financial Annual Incentive Award Plan, as amended and restated as of January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, File No. 1-32525, filed on May 2, 2018).

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Exhibit | Description
10.24 | Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of October 12, 2017, among Ameriprise Financial, Inc., as Borrower, the lenders party thereto, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association as Administrative Agent, Swingline Lender and Issuing Lender, Bank of America, N.A. and Citibank, N.A. as Co-Syndication Agents, Credit Suisse AG, Cayman Islands Branch, Goldman Sachs Bank USA, HSBC Bank USA, National Association, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and U.S. Bank National Association as Co-Documentation Agents, and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Incorporated, and Citigroup Global Markets Inc., as Joint Lead Arrangers and Joint Bookrunners (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K, File No. 1-32525, filed on October 16, 2017).
13* | Portions of the Ameriprise Financial, Inc. 2020 Annual Report to Shareholders, which are furnished solely for the information of the SEC and are not to be deemed “filed.”
2 1* | Subsidiaries of Ameriprise Financial, Inc.
23* | Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
24* | Powers of attorney
31.1* | Certification of James M. Cracchiolo pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
31.2* | Certification of Walter S. Berman pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
32* | Certification of James M. Cracchiolo and Walter S. Berman pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101 | The following materials from Ameriprise Financial, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, formatted in iXBRL (Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018; (iii) Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2020 and 2019; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Equity for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018; (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018; (vi) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements; and (vii) Schedule I - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Parent Only).
104 | The cover page from Ameriprise Financial, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 is formatted in iXBRL and contained in Exhibit 101.
* Filed electronically herewith.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
None.
168

Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
AMERIPRISE FINANCIAL, INC.
Registrant

Date: | February 24, 2021 | By | /s/ Walter S. Berman
| Walter S. Berman Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacity and on the dates indicated.

Date: | February 24, 2021 | By | /s/ James M. Cracchiolo
| James M. Cracchiolo Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer and Director)

Date: | February 24, 2021 | By | /s/ Walter S. Berman
| Walter S. Berman Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

Date: | February 24, 2021 | By | /s/ John R. Hutt
| John R. Hutt Senior Vice President and Controller (Principal Accounting Officer)

Date: | February 24, 2021 | By | /s/ Dianne Neal Blixt*
| Dianne Neal Blixt Director

Date: | February 24, 2021 | By | /s/ Amy DiGeso*
| Amy DiGeso Director

Date: | February 24, 2021 | By | /s/ Lon R. Greenberg*
| Lon R. Greenberg Director

Date: | February 24, 2021 | By | /s/ Jeffrey Noddle*
| Jeffrey Noddle Director

Date: | February 24, 2021 | By | /s/ Robert F. Sharpe, Jr.*
| Robert F. Sharpe, Jr. Director

169

Date: | February 24, 2021 | By | /s/ Brian T. Shea*
| Brian T. Shea Director

Date: | February 24, 2021 | By | /s/ W. Edward Walter*
| W. Edward Walter Director

Date: | February 24, 2021 | By | /s/ Christopher J. Williams*
| Christopher J. Williams Director

*By | /s/ Walter S. Berman
| Walter S. Berman Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

*Walter S. Berman, by signing his name hereto on the 24th day of February, 2021 does hereby sign this document pursuant to powers of attorney duly executed by the Directors named, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on behalf of such Directors as Exhibit 24 to this Form 10-K, all in the capacities and on the date stated, such persons being the majority of the Directors of the Registrant.
170

Schedule I - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
(Parent Company Only)

Condensed Statements of Operations | 172
Condensed Balance Sheets | 173
Condensed Statements of Cash Flows | 174
Notes to Condensed Financial Information of Registrant | 175

171

Schedule I — Condensed Financial Information of Registrant Condensed Statements of Operations (Parent Company Only)
| Years Ended December 31,
2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
(in millions)
Revenues |  |  |  |  |
Management and financial advice fees | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | (1) |
Net investment income | 23 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 34 |
Other revenues | 15 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 4 |
Gain on disposal of business | — |  |  | 213 |  |  | — |
Total revenues | 38 |  |  | 235 |  |  | 37 |
Banking and deposit interest expense | 3 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 7 |
Total net revenues | 35 |  |  | 226 |  |  | 30 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |
Benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses | — |  |  | 49 |  |  | 4 |
Distribution expenses | 12 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 4 |
Interest and debt expense | 105 |  |  | 126 |  |  | 120 |
General and administrative expense | 198 |  |  | 244 |  |  | 210 |
Total expenses | 315 |  |  | 443 |  |  | 338 |
Pretax loss before equity in earnings of subsidiaries | (280) |  |  | (217) |  |  | (308) |
Income tax benefit | (87) |  |  | (38) |  |  | (73) |
Loss before equity in earnings of subsidiaries | (193) |  |  | (179) |  |  | (235) |
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries | 1,727 |  |  | 2,072 |  |  | 2,333 |
Net income | 1,534 |  |  | 1,893 |  |  | 2,098 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | 367 |  |  | 553 |  |  | (519) |
Total comprehensive income | $ | 1,901 |  |  | $ | 2,446 |  |  | $ | 1,579 |

See Notes to Condensed Financial Information of Registrant.
172

Schedule I — Condensed Financial Information of Registrant Condensed Balance Sheets (Parent Company Only)
| December 31,
2020 |  | 2019
(in millions, except share amounts)
Assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,071 |  |  | $ | 730 |
Investments | 877 |  |  | 1,430 |
Loans to subsidiaries | 247 |  |  | 361 |
Due from subsidiaries | 497 |  |  | 305 |
Receivables | 2 |  |  | 5 |
Land, buildings, equipment, and software, net of accumulated depreciation of $929 and $952, respectively | 208 |  |  | 207 |
Investments in subsidiaries | 7,153 |  |  | 6,665 |
Other assets | 1,334 |  |  | 1,136 |
Total assets | $ | 11,389 |  |  | $ | 10,839 |
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | $ | 936 |  |  | $ | 797 |
Due to subsidiaries | 60 |  |  | 137 |
Borrowings from subsidiaries | 494 |  |  | 401 |
Long-term debt | 2,831 |  |  | 3,097 |
Other liabilities | 1,201 |  |  | 678 |
Total liabilities | 5,522 |  |  | 5,110 |
Shareholders’ Equity: |  |  |
Common shares ($.01 par value; shares authorized, 1,250,000,000; shares issued, 332,390,132 and 329,842,827, respectively) | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Additional paid-in capital | 8,822 |  |  | 8,461 |
Retained earnings | 15,292 |  |  | 14,279 |
Treasury shares, at cost (215,624,519 and 205,903,593 shares, respectively) | (18,879) |  |  | (17,276) |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, including amounts applicable to equity investments in subsidiaries | 629 |  |  | 262 |
Total shareholders’ equity | 5,867 |  |  | 5,729 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 11,389 |  |  | $ | 10,839 |

See Notes to Condensed Financial Information of Registrant.
173

Schedule I — Condensed Financial Information of Registrant Condensed Statements of Cash Flows (Parent Company Only)
| Years Ended December 31,
2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
(in millions)
Cash Flows from Operating Activities |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 1,534 |  |  | $ | 1,893 |  |  | $ | 2,098 |
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries | (1,727) |  |  | (2,072) |  |  | (2,333) |
Dividends received from subsidiaries | 2,018 |  |  | 2,721 |  |  | 2,093 |
Gain on disposal of business before affinity partner payment | — |  |  | (313) |  |  | — |
Other operating activities, primarily with subsidiaries | 282 |  |  | 596 |  |  | 57 |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 2,107 |  |  | 2,825 |  |  | 1,915 |
Cash Flows from Investing Activities |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-Sale securities: |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from sales | 922 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Maturities, sinking fund payments and calls | 161 |  |  | 204 |  |  | 94 |
Purchases | (15) |  |  | (1,153) |  |  | (222) |
Proceeds from sale of other investments | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |
Purchase of other investments | (12) |  |  | (12) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from sale of land, buildings, equipment and software | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchase of land, buildings, equipment and software | (54) |  |  | (42) |  |  | (62) |
Proceeds from disposal of business | — |  |  | 1,138 |  |  | — |
Contributions to subsidiaries | (416) |  |  | (368) |  |  | (73) |
Return of capital from subsidiaries | 131 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 454 |
Repayment of loans from subsidiaries | 3,288 |  |  | 2,468 |  |  | 1,623 |
Issuance of loans to subsidiaries | (3,174) |  |  | (2,457) |  |  | (1,768) |
Acquisition of surplus loans to subsidiaries | (500) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other, net | — |  |  | (65) |  |  | 2 |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 333 |  |  | (263) |  |  | 48 |
Cash Flows from Financing Activities |  |  |  |  |
Dividends paid to shareholders | (497) |  |  | (504) |  |  | (506) |
Repurchase of common shares | (1,441) |  |  | (1,943) |  |  | (1,630) |
Cash paid for purchased options with deferred premiums | — |  |  | (107) |  |  | (20) |
Issuance of long-term debt, net of issuance costs | 496 |  |  | 497 |  |  | — |
Repayments of long-term debt | (762) |  |  | (313) |  |  | (13) |
Borrowings from subsidiaries | 871 |  |  | 132 |  |  | 472 |
Repayments of borrowings from subsidiaries | (751) |  |  | (79) |  |  | (273) |
Exercise of stock options | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |
Other, net | (18) |  |  | 6 |  |  | (13) |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (2,099) |  |  | (2,308) |  |  | (1,981) |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 341 |  |  | 254 |  |  | (18) |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | 730 |  |  | 476 |  |  | 494 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year | $ | 1,071 |  |  | $ | 730 |  |  | $ | 476 |
Supplemental Disclosures: |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid on debt | $ | 107 |  |  | $ | 123 |  |  | $ | 126 |
Income taxes paid (received), net | 26 |  |  | (109) |  |  | (27) |
Non-cash dividends from subsidiaries | — |  |  | 81 |  |  | 195 |

See Notes to Condensed Financial Information of Registrant.
174

Schedule I — Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
Notes to Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Parent Company Only)
1. Basis of Presentation
The accompanying Condensed Financial Statements include the accounts of Ameriprise Financial, Inc. (the “Parent Company”) and, on an equity basis, its subsidiaries and affiliates. The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The financial information of the Parent Company should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes of Ameriprise Financial. Parent Company revenues and expenses, other than compensation and benefits and debt and interest expense, are primarily related to intercompany transactions with subsidiaries and affiliates.
The change in the fair value of derivative instruments used as hedges is reflected in the Parent Company Only Condensed Statements of Operations. For certain of these derivatives, the change in the hedged item is reflected in the subsidiaries’ Statements of Operations. The change in fair value of certain derivatives used to economically hedge risk related to guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit (“GMWB”) provisions is included in benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses, while the underlying benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses are reflected in equity in earnings of subsidiaries.
2. Investments
On December 23, 2020, RiverSource Life Insurance Company (“RVSL”) issued a $500 million unsecured 3.5% surplus note due December 31, 2050 to the Parent Company. The surplus note is subordinate in right of payment to the prior payment in full of the RVSL’s obligations to policyholders, claimants and beneficiaries and all other creditors. No payment of principal or interest shall be made without the prior approval of the Minnesota Department of Commerce and such payments shall be made only from RVSL’s statutory surplus. Interest payments are due semi-annually in arrears on June 30 and December 31, commencing on June 30, 2021. Subject to the preceding conditions, RVSL may prepay all or a portion of the principal at any time. The held-to-maturity investment of $500 million as of December 31, 2020 is recorded in Investments on the Parent Company’s Condensed Balance Sheets. Interest income will be reported in Net investment income on the Parent Company’s Condensed Statements of Operations.
In December 2018, the Parent Company invested in the residual tranche of an asset backed security structure issued by Ameriprise Advisor Financing, LLC, a subsidiary of the Parent Company. The asset backed securities are collateralized by a portfolio of loans issued to advisors affiliated with Ameriprise Financial Services, LLC (“AFS”), a subsidiary of the Parent Company. The fair value of the residual tranche was $90 million and $94 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and is reported in Investments on the Parent Company’s Condensed Balance Sheets. For the year ended December 31, 2020, interest income was $6 million and is reported in Net investment income on the Parent Company’s Condensed Statements of Operations.
3. Debt
All of the debt of Ameriprise Financial is borrowings of the Parent Company, except as indicated below.
•As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, Ameriprise Financial had $200 million and $201 million, respectively, of borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines, which is collateralized with commercial mortgage backed securities and residential mortgage backed securities.
4. Borrowings from Subsidiaries
The Parent Company has intercompany lending arrangements with its subsidiaries. At the end of each business day, taking into consideration all legal and regulatory requirements associated with its subsidiaries, the Parent Company is entitled to draw on all funds in specified bank accounts. Repayment of all or a portion of the funds is due on demand. The Parent Company also has revolving credit agreements with its subsidiaries as the borrower aggregating $1.3 billion as of both December 31, 2020 and 2019, of which $172 million and $50 million was outstanding as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
5. Guarantees, Commitments and Contingencies
The Parent Company is the guarantor for operating leases of certain subsidiaries. All consolidated legal, regulatory and arbitration proceedings, including class actions of Ameriprise Financial, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries are potential or current obligations of the Parent Company. The Parent Company has committed revolving credit agreements with its subsidiaries as the lender aggregating $366 million as of December 31, 2020.
The Parent Company and Ameriprise Certificate Company (“ACC”) entered into a Capital Support Agreement on March 2, 2009, pursuant to which the Parent Company agrees to commit such capital to ACC as is necessary to satisfy applicable minimum capital requirements. Effective April 30, 2014, this agreement was amended to revise the maximum commitment to $50 million. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, ACC did not draw upon the Capital Support Agreement and had met all applicable capital requirements.
AFS entered into a Financial Industry Regulatory Authority approved subordinated loan agreement with the Parent Company on December 15, 2014 for regulatory net capital purposes. The agreement consists of a $200 million secured demand note. The note is secured by cash and securities equal to the principal value of the note pledged by the Parent Company. For the year ended December 31, 2020, AFS had not made a demand of the principal amount.
Ameriprise Enterprise Investment Services, Inc. (“AEIS”) entered into a FINRA approved subordinated loan agreement with the Parent Company on January 25, 2017 for regulatory net capital purposes. Under this agreement, AEIS borrowed $60 million from the Parent Company with an initial term of five years to be repaid no later than January 22, 2022. Both companies have the option to renew the agreement in one year increments in perpetuity.
175