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Market Risk Benefits | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Insurance [Abstract] |
Market Risk Benefits | Policyholder Account Balances, Future Policy Benefits and Claims Policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims consisted of the following:
| December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
(in millions)
Policyholder account balances |  |  |
Policyholder account balances | $ | 27,947 |  |  | $ | 24,986 |
Future policy benefits |  |  |
Liability for future policy benefits | 7,763 |  |  | 7,495 |
Deferred profit liability | 81 |  |  | 62 |
Additional liabilities for insurance guarantees | 1,321 |  |  | 1,186 |
Other insurance and annuity liabilities | 213 |  |  | 177 |
Total future policy benefits | 9,378 |  |  | 8,920 |
Policy claims and other policyholders’ funds | 220 |  |  | 226 |
Total policyholder account balances, future policy benefits and claims | $ | 37,545 |  |  | $ | 34,132 |
Variable Annuities Purchasers of variable annuities can select from a variety of investment options and can elect to allocate a portion to a fixed account. A vast majority of the premiums received for variable annuity contracts are held in separate accounts where the assets are held for the exclusive benefit of those contractholders. Most of the variable annuity contracts issued by the Company contain a GMDB. The Company previously offered contracts with GMAB, GMWB, and GMIB provisions. See Note 2 and Note 13 for additional information regarding the Company’s variable annuity guarantees. See Note 16 and Note 18 for additional information regarding the Company’s derivative instruments used to hedge risks related to these guarantees. Structured Variable Annuities Structured variable annuities provide contractholders the option to allocate a portion of their account value to an indexed account held in a non-insulated separate account with the contractholder’s rate of return, which may be positive or negative, tied to selected indices. The amount allocated by a contractholder to the indexed account creates an embedded derivative which is measured at fair value. The Company hedges the equity and interest rate risk related to the indexed account with freestanding derivative instruments. Fixed Annuities Fixed annuities include deferred, payout and fixed deferred indexed annuity contracts. In 2020, the Company discontinued sales of fixed deferred and fixed deferred indexed annuities. Deferred contracts offer a guaranteed minimum rate of interest and security of the principal invested. Payout contracts guarantee a fixed income payment for life or the term of the contract. Liabilities for fixed annuities in a benefit or payout status are based on future estimated payments using established industry mortality tables and interest rates. The Company’s fixed index annuity product is a fixed annuity that includes an indexed account. The rate of interest credited above the minimum guarantee for funds allocated to the indexed account is linked to the performance of the specific index for the indexed account (subject to a cap). The amount allocated by a contractholder to the indexed account creates an embedded derivative which is measured at fair value. See Note 18 for additional information regarding the Company’s derivative instruments used to hedge the risk related to indexed accounts. Insurance Liabilities UL policies accumulate cash value that increases by a fixed interest rate. Purchasers of VUL can select from a variety of investment options and can elect to allocate a portion of their account balance to a fixed account or a separate account. A vast majority of the premiums received for VUL policies are held in separate accounts where the assets are held for the exclusive benefit of those policyholders. IUL is a UL policy that includes an indexed account. The rate of credited interest for funds allocated by a contractholder to the indexed account is linked to the performance of the specific index for the indexed account (subject to stated account parameters, which include a cap and floor, or a spread). The policyholder may allocate all or a portion of the policy value to a fixed or any available indexed account. The amount allocated by a contractholder to the indexed account creates an embedded derivative which is measured at fair value. The Company hedges the interest credited rate including equity and interest rate risk related to the indexed account with freestanding derivative instruments. See Note 18 for additional information regarding the Company’s derivative instruments used to hedge the risk related to IUL. The Company also offers term life insurance as well as DI products. The Company no longer offers standalone LTC products and whole life insurance but has in force policies from prior years. Insurance liabilities include accumulation values, incurred but not reported claims, obligations for anticipated future claims, unpaid reported claims and claim adjustment expenses. The balances of and changes in policyholder account balances were as follows:
| Variable Annuities |  | Structured Variable Annuities |  | Fixed Annuities |  | Fixed Indexed Annuities |  | Non-Life Contingent Payout Annuities
| (in millions, except percentages)
Balance at January 1, 2023 | $ | 4,752 |  |  | $ | 6,410 |  |  | $ | 6,799 |  |  | $ | 312 |  |  | $ | 471 |
Contract deposits | 73 |  |  | 3,084 |  |  | 47 |  |  | — |  |  | 91 |
Policy charges | (10) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Surrenders and other benefits | (759) |  |  | (156) |  |  | (1,086) |  |  | (10) |  |  | (127) |
Net transfer from (to) separate account liabilities | (25) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Variable account index-linked adjustments | — |  |  | 1,403 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Interest credited | 142 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 222 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 9 |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | 4,173 |  |  | $ | 10,742 |  |  | $ | 5,982 |  |  | $ | 307 |  |  | $ | 444 |
Weighted-average crediting rate | 3.3 | % |  | 1.8 | % |  | 3.6 | % |  | 2.0 | % |  | N/A
Cash surrender value (1) | $ | 4,146 |  |  | $ | 10,129 |  |  | $ | 5,974 |  |  | $ | 278 |  |  | N/A
| Universal Life Insurance |  | Variable Universal Life Insurance |  | Indexed Universal Life Insurance |  | Other Life Insurance |  | Total, All Products
| (in millions, except percentages)
Balance at January 1, 2023 | $ | 1,544 |  |  | $ | 1,520 |  |  | $ | 2,654 |  |  | $ | 524 |  |  | $ | 24,986 |
Contract deposits | 123 |  |  | 272 |  |  | 193 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3,884 |
Policy charges | (176) |  |  | (94) |  |  | (121) |  |  | — |  |  | (401) |
Surrenders and other benefits | (69) |  |  | (78) |  |  | (53) |  |  | (44) |  |  | (2,382) |
Net transfer from (to) separate account liabilities | — |  |  | (107) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (132) |
Variable account index-linked adjustments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,403 |
Interest credited | 52 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 82 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 589 |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | 1,474 |  |  | $ | 1,569 |  |  | $ | 2,755 |  |  | $ | 501 |  |  | $ | 27,947 |
Weighted-average crediting rate | 3.6 | % |  | 3.9 | % |  | 2.0 | % |  | 4.0 | % |  |
Net amount at risk | $ | 8,740 |  |  | $ | 57,291 |  |  | $ | 14,407 |  |  | $ | 141 |  |  |
Cash surrender value (1) | $ | 1,330 |  |  | $ | 1,065 |  |  | $ | 2,271 |  |  | $ | 326 |  |  |
| Variable Annuities |  | Structured Variable Annuities |  | Fixed Annuities |  | Fixed Indexed Annuities |  | Non-Life Contingent Payout Annuities
| (in millions, except percentages)
Balance at January 1, 2022 | $ | 4,972 |  |  | $ | 4,458 |  |  | $ | 7,251 |  |  | $ | 323 |  |  | $ | 527 |
Contract deposits | 146 |  |  | 2,784 |  |  | 55 |  |  | — |  |  | 53 |
Policy charges | (8) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Surrenders and other benefits | (450) |  |  | (41) |  |  | (744) |  |  | (17) |  |  | (124) |
Net transfer from (to) separate account liabilities | (60) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Variable account index-linked adjustments | — |  |  | (791) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Interest credited | 152 |  |  | — |  |  | 237 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 15 |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | $ | 4,752 |  |  | $ | 6,410 |  |  | $ | 6,799 |  |  | $ | 312 |  |  | $ | 471 |
Weighted-average crediting rate | 3.2 | % |  | 1.1 | % |  | 3.5 | % |  | 1.9 | % |  | N/A
Cash surrender value (1) | $ | 4,720 |  |  | $ | 5,986 |  |  | $ | 6,786 |  |  | $ | 277 |  |  | N/A
| Universal Life Insurance |  | Variable Universal Life Insurance |  | Indexed Universal Life Insurance |  | Other Life Insurance |  | Total, All Products
| (in millions, except percentages)
Balance at January 1, 2022 | $ | 1,602 |  |  | $ | 1,493 |  |  | $ | 2,534 |  |  | $ | 563 |  |  | $ | 23,723 |
Contract deposits | 134 |  |  | 233 |  |  | 218 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 3,620 |
Policy charges | (178) |  |  | (91) |  |  | (116) |  |  | — |  |  | (393) |
Surrenders and other benefits | (67) |  |  | (70) |  |  | (50) |  |  | (56) |  |  | (1,619) |
Net transfer from (to) separate account liabilities | — |  |  | (102) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (162) |
Variable account index-linked adjustments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (791) |
Interest credited | 53 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 608 |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | $ | 1,544 |  |  | $ | 1,520 |  |  | $ | 2,654 |  |  | $ | 524 |  |  | $ | 24,986 |
Weighted-average crediting rate | 3.6 | % |  | 3.9 | % |  | 2.0 | % |  | 4.0 | % |  |
Net amount at risk | $ | 9,187 |  |  | $ | 57,354 |  |  | $ | 15,043 |  |  | $ | 149 |  |  |
Cash surrender value (1) | $ | 1,382 |  |  | $ | 1,054 |  |  | $ | 2,148 |  |  | $ | 348 |  |  |
(1) Cash surrender value represents the amount of the contractholder's account balances distributable at the balance sheet date less certain surrender charges. For VA and VUL, the cash surrender value shown is the proportion of the total cash surrender value related to their fixed account liabilities. Refer to Note 13 for the net amount at risk for market risk benefits associated with variable and structured variable annuities. Fixed, fixed indexed, and non-life contingent payout annuities do not have net amount at risk in excess of account value. Net amount at risk for insurance products is calculated as the death benefit amount in excess of applicable account values, host, embedded derivative, and separate account liabilities. The following tables present the account values of fixed deferred annuities, fixed insurance, and the fixed portion of variable annuities and variable insurance contracts by range of guaranteed minimum interest rates (“GMIRs”) and the range of the difference between rates credited to policyholders and contractholders as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and the respective guaranteed minimums, as well as the percentage of account values subject to rate reset in the time period indicated. Rates are reset at management’s discretion, subject to guaranteed minimums.
December 31, 2023
|  |  |  |  | Account Values with Crediting Rates
| Range of Guaranteed Minimum Crediting Rates |  | At Guaranteed Minimum |  | 1-49 bps above Guaranteed Minimum |  | 50-99 bps above Guaranteed Minimum |  | 100-150 bps above Guaranteed Minimum |  | Greater than 150 bps above Guaranteed Minimum |  | Total
|  |  |  |  | (in millions, except percentages)
Fixed accounts of variable annuities | 1 | % | – | 1.99% |  | $ | 43 |  |  | $ | 131 |  |  | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 243 |
| 2 | % | – | 2.99% |  | 137 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 138 |
| 3 | % | – | 3.99% |  | 2,214 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,215 |
| 4 | % | – | 5.00% |  | 1,514 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,514 |
| Total |  | $ | 3,908 |  |  | $ | 132 |  |  | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 4,110 |
Fixed accounts of structured variable annuities | 1 | % | – | 1.99% |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 28 |
| 2 | % | – | 2.99% |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |
| 3 | % | – | 3.99% |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 4 | % | – | 5.00% |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Total |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 39 |
Fixed annuities | 1 | % | – | 1.99% |  | $ | 107 |  |  | $ | 377 |  |  | $ | 183 |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 760 |
| 2 | % | – | 2.99% |  | 36 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 51 |
| 3 | % | – | 3.99% |  | 2,816 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,817 |
| 4 | % | – | 5.00% |  | 2,339 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,339 |
| Total |  | $ | 5,298 |  |  | $ | 392 |  |  | $ | 184 |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,967 |
Non-indexed accounts of fixed indexed annuities | 1 | % | – | 1.99% |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 22 |
| 2 | % | – | 2.99% |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 3 | % | – | 3.99% |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 4 | % | – | 5.00% |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 22 |
Universal life insurance | 1 | % | – | 1.99% |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
| 2 | % | – | 2.99% |  | 51 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 63 |
| 3 | % | – | 3.99% |  | 854 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 863 |
| 4 | % | – | 5.00% |  | 518 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 519 |
| Total |  | $ | 1,423 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,445 |
|  |  |  |  | Account Values with Crediting Rates
| Range of Guaranteed Minimum Crediting Rates |  | At Guaranteed Minimum |  | 1-49 bps above Guaranteed Minimum |  | 50-99 bps above Guaranteed Minimum |  | 100-150 bps above Guaranteed Minimum |  | Greater than 150 bps above Guaranteed Minimum |  | Total
|  |  |  |  | (in millions, except percentages)
Fixed accounts of variable universal life insurance | 1 | % | – | 1.99% |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 30 |
| 2 | % | – | 2.99% |  | 13 |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 34 |
| 3 | % | – | 3.99% |  | 122 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 133 |
| 4 | % | – | 5.00% |  | 607 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 613 |
| Total |  | $ | 742 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 810 |
Non-indexed accounts of indexed universal life insurance | 1 | % | – | 1.99% |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |
| 2 | % | – | 2.99% |  | 128 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 128 |
| 3 | % | – | 3.99% |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 4 | % | – | 5.00% |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Total |  | $ | 128 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 130 |
Other life insurance | 1 | % | – | 1.99% |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
| 2 | % | – | 2.99% |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 3 | % | – | 3.99% |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30 |
| 4 | % | – | 5.00% |  | 295 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 295 |
| Total |  | $ | 325 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 325 |
Total | 1 | % | – | 1.99% |  | $ | 151 |  |  | $ | 530 |  |  | $ | 255 |  |  | $ | 123 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 1,085 |
| 2 | % | – | 2.99% |  | 376 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 425 |
| 3 | % | – | 3.99% |  | 6,036 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,058 |
| 4 | % | – | 5.00% |  | 5,273 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,280 |
| Total |  | $ | 11,836 |  |  | $ | 571 |  |  | $ | 272 |  |  | $ | 135 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 12,848 |
Percentage of total account values that reset in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Next 12 months |  | 99.9 | % |  | 99.5 | % |  | 99.3 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 99.9 | %
> 12 months to 24 months |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |
> 24 months |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %
December 31, 2022
|  |  |  |  | Account Values with Crediting Rates
| Range of Guaranteed Minimum Crediting Rates |  | At Guaranteed Minimum |  | 1-49 bps above Guaranteed Minimum |  | 50-99 bps above Guaranteed Minimum |  | 100-150 bps above Guaranteed Minimum |  | Greater than 150 bps above Guaranteed Minimum |  | Total
|  |  |  |  | (in millions, except percentages)
Fixed accounts of variable annuities | 1 | % | – | 1.99% |  | $ | 169 |  |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 289 |
| 2 | % | – | 2.99% |  | 177 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 177 |
| 3 | % | – | 3.99% |  | 2,611 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,612 |
| 4 | % | – | 5.00% |  | 1,611 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,611 |
| Total |  | $ | 4,568 |  |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,689 |
|  |  |  |  | Account Values with Crediting Rates
| Range of Guaranteed Minimum Crediting Rates |  | At Guaranteed Minimum |  | 1-49 bps above Guaranteed Minimum |  | 50-99 bps above Guaranteed Minimum |  | 100-150 bps above Guaranteed Minimum |  | Greater than 150 bps above Guaranteed Minimum |  | Total
|  |  |  |  | (in millions, except percentages)
Fixed accounts of structured variable annuities | 1 | % | – | 1.99% |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 23 |
| 2 | % | – | 2.99% |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 3 | % | – | 3.99% |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 4 | % | – | 5.00% |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Total |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 23 |
Fixed annuities | 1 | % | – | 1.99% |  | $ | 460 |  |  | $ | 402 |  |  | $ | 132 |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 1,037 |
| 2 | % | – | 2.99% |  | 67 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 67 |
| 3 | % | – | 3.99% |  | 3,344 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,344 |
| 4 | % | – | 5.00% |  | 2,333 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,333 |
| Total |  | $ | 6,204 |  |  | $ | 402 |  |  | $ | 132 |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 6,781 |
Non-indexed accounts of fixed indexed annuities | 1 | % | – | 1.99% |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25 |
| 2 | % | – | 2.99% |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 3 | % | – | 3.99% |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 4 | % | – | 5.00% |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Total |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25 |
Universal life insurance | 1 | % | – | 1.99% |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
| 2 | % | – | 2.99% |  | 55 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 56 |
| 3 | % | – | 3.99% |  | 885 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 888 |
| 4 | % | – | 5.00% |  | 569 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 569 |
| Total |  | $ | 1,509 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,513 |
Fixed accounts of variable universal life insurance | 1 | % | – | 1.99% |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 18 |
| 2 | % | – | 2.99% |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 35 |
| 3 | % | – | 3.99% |  | 134 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 137 |
| 4 | % | – | 5.00% |  | 648 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 648 |
| Total |  | $ | 816 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 838 |
Non-indexed accounts of indexed universal life insurance | 1 | % | – | 1.99% |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |
| 2 | % | – | 2.99% |  | 126 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 126 |
| 3 | % | – | 3.99% |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 4 | % | – | 5.00% |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Total |  | $ | 126 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 129 |
|  |  |  |  | Account Values with Crediting Rates
| Range of Guaranteed Minimum Crediting Rates |  | At Guaranteed Minimum |  | 1-49 bps above Guaranteed Minimum |  | 50-99 bps above Guaranteed Minimum |  | 100-150 bps above Guaranteed Minimum |  | Greater than 150 bps above Guaranteed Minimum |  | Total
|  |  |  |  | (in millions, except percentages)
Other life insurance | 1 | % | – | 1.99% |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
| 2 | % | – | 2.99% |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 3 | % | – | 3.99% |  | 32 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32 |
| 4 | % | – | 5.00% |  | 314 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 314 |
| Total |  | $ | 346 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 346 |
Total | 1 | % | – | 1.99% |  | $ | 646 |  |  | $ | 517 |  |  | $ | 165 |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 1,395 |
| 2 | % | – | 2.99% |  | 455 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 461 |
| 3 | % | – | 3.99% |  | 7,006 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,013 |
| 4 | % | – | 5.00% |  | 5,475 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,475 |
| Total |  | $ | 13,582 |  |  | $ | 519 |  |  | $ | 170 |  |  | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 14,344 |
Percentage of total account values that reset in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Next 12 months |  | 99.8 | % |  | 96.3 | % |  | 93.8 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 99.6 | %
> 12 months to 24 months |  | 0.1 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | 5.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.3 |
> 24 months |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |
Total |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %
The following tables summarize the balances of and changes in the liability for future policy benefits, including the January 1, 2021 adoption of ASU 2018-12:
| Life Contingent Payout Annuities |  | Term and Whole Life Insurance |  | Disability Income Insurance |  | Long Term Care Insurance |  | Total, All Products
| (in millions)
Pre-adoption balance at December 31, 2020 | $ | 1,536 |  |  | $ | 633 |  |  | $ | 530 |  |  | $ | 5,749 |  |  | $ | 8,448 |
Effect of shadow reserve adjustments | (175) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (566) |  |  | (741) |
Adjustments for loss contracts (with premiums in excess of gross premiums) under the modified retrospective approach | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 35 |  |  | 39 |
Effect of change in deferred profit liability | (43) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (43) |
Effect of remeasurement of the liability at the current single A discount rate | 215 |  |  | 265 |  |  | 238 |  |  | 1,965 |  |  | 2,683 |
Post-adoption balance at January 1, 2021 | 1,537 |  |  | 898 |  |  | 768 |  |  | 7,183 |  |  | 10,386 |
Less: reinsurance recoverable | — |  |  | 601 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 3,623 |  |  | 4,248 |
Post-adoption balance at January 1, 2021, after reinsurance recoverable | $ | 1,537 |  |  | $ | 297 |  |  | $ | 744 |  |  | $ | 3,560 |  |  | $ | 6,138 |
| Life Contingent Payout Annuities |  | Term and Whole Life Insurance |  | Disability Income Insurance |  | Long Term Care Insurance |  | Total, All Products
| (in millions, except percentages)
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2021 | $ | — |  |  | $ | 702 |  |  | $ | 238 |  |  | $ | 1,831 |  |  | $ | 2,771 |
Beginning balance at original discount rate | — |  |  | 536 |  |  | 183 |  |  | 1,498 |  |  | 2,217 |
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6) |  |  | (6) |
Effect of actual variances from expected experience | — |  |  | 56 |  |  | (35) |  |  | (61) |  |  | (40) |
Adjusted beginning of year balance | $ | — |  |  | $ | 592 |  |  | $ | 148 |  |  | $ | 1,431 |  |  | $ | 2,171 |
Issuances | 38 |  |  | 78 |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | 134 |
Interest accrual | — |  |  | 29 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 73 |  |  | 111 |
Net premiums collected | (38) |  |  | (63) |  |  | (20) |  |  | (184) |  |  | (305) |
Derecognition (lapses) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Ending balance at original discount rate | $ | — |  |  | $ | 636 |  |  | $ | 155 |  |  | $ | 1,320 |  |  | $ | 2,111 |
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions | — |  |  | 141 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 227 |  |  | 401 |
Balance at December 31, 2021 | $ | — |  |  | $ | 777 |  |  | $ | 188 |  |  | $ | 1,547 |  |  | $ | 2,512 |
Present Value of Future Policy Benefits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2021 | $ | 1,537 |  |  | $ | 1,600 |  |  | $ | 1,006 |  |  | $ | 9,014 |  |  | $ | 13,157 |
Beginning balance at original discount rate | 1,321 |  |  | 1,169 |  |  | 714 |  |  | 6,716 |  |  | 9,920 |
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8) |  |  | (8) |
Effect of actual variances from expected experience | (14) |  |  | 58 |  |  | (40) |  |  | (124) |  |  | (120) |
Adjusted beginning of year balance | $ | 1,307 |  |  | $ | 1,227 |  |  | $ | 674 |  |  | $ | 6,584 |  |  | $ | 9,792 |
Issuances | 39 |  |  | 78 |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | 135 |
Interest accrual | 53 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 347 |  |  | 509 |
Benefit payments | (168) |  |  | (120) |  |  | (43) |  |  | (336) |  |  | (667) |
Derecognition (lapses) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Ending balance at original discount rate | $ | 1,231 |  |  | $ | 1,255 |  |  | $ | 688 |  |  | $ | 6,595 |  |  | $ | 9,769 |
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions | 139 |  |  | 343 |  |  | 226 |  |  | 1,755 |  |  | 2,463 |
Balance at December 31, 2021 | $ | 1,370 |  |  | $ | 1,598 |  |  | $ | 914 |  |  | $ | 8,350 |  |  | $ | 12,232 |
Adjustment due to reserve flooring | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |
Net liability for future policy benefits | $ | 1,370 |  |  | $ | 822 |  |  | $ | 726 |  |  | $ | 6,803 |  |  | $ | 9,721 |
Less: reinsurance recoverable | 1,265 |  |  | 558 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 3,443 |  |  | 5,291 |
Net liability for future policy benefits, after reinsurance recoverable | $ | 105 |  |  | $ | 264 |  |  | $ | 701 |  |  | $ | 3,360 |  |  | $ | 4,430 |
Discounted expected future gross premiums | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,005 |  |  | $ | 1,158 |  |  | $ | 1,623 |  |  | $ | 4,786 |
Expected future gross premiums | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,815 |  |  | $ | 1,395 |  |  | $ | 1,905 |  |  | $ | 6,115 |
Expected future benefit payments | $ | 1,707 |  |  | $ | 2,159 |  |  | $ | 1,217 |  |  | $ | 11,568 |  |  | $ | 16,651 |
Weighted average interest accretion rate | 4.2 | % |  | 6.5 | % |  | 5.9 | % |  | 5.3 | % |  |
Weighted average discount rate | 2.6 | % |  | 2.8 | % |  | 2.8 | % |  | 2.9 | % |  |
Weighted average duration of liability (in years) | 7 |  | 8 |  | 9 |  | 10 |  |
| Life Contingent Payout Annuities |  | Term and Whole Life Insurance |  | Disability Income Insurance |  | Long Term Care Insurance |  | Total, All Products
| (in millions, except percentages)
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2022 | $ | — |  |  | $ | 777 |  |  | $ | 188 |  |  | $ | 1,547 |  |  | $ | 2,512 |
Beginning balance at original discount rate | — |  |  | 636 |  |  | 155 |  |  | 1,320 |  |  | 2,111 |
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 54 |
Effect of actual variances from expected experience | — |  |  | 47 |  |  | (22) |  |  | (48) |  |  | (23) |
Adjusted beginning of year balance | $ | — |  |  | $ | 684 |  |  | $ | 134 |  |  | $ | 1,324 |  |  | $ | 2,142 |
Issuances | 42 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 111 |
Interest accrual | — |  |  | 34 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 106 |
Net premiums collected | (42) |  |  | (67) |  |  | (16) |  |  | (169) |  |  | (294) |
Derecognition (lapses) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Ending balance at original discount rate | $ | — |  |  | $ | 708 |  |  | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | 1,220 |  |  | $ | 2,065 |
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions | — |  |  | (22) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (13) |  |  | (38) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | $ | — |  |  | $ | 686 |  |  | $ | 134 |  |  | $ | 1,207 |  |  | $ | 2,027 |
Present Value of Future Policy Benefits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2022 | $ | 1,370 |  |  | $ | 1,598 |  |  | $ | 914 |  |  | $ | 8,350 |  |  | $ | 12,232 |
Beginning balance at original discount rate | 1,231 |  |  | 1,255 |  |  | 688 |  |  | 6,595 |  |  | 9,769 |
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions | — |  |  | (8) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 35 |
Effect of actual variances from expected experience | (13) |  |  | 52 |  |  | (28) |  |  | (36) |  |  | (25) |
Adjusted beginning of year balance | $ | 1,218 |  |  | $ | 1,299 |  |  | $ | 661 |  |  | $ | 6,601 |  |  | $ | 9,779 |
Issuances | 42 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 111 |
Interest accrual | 49 |  |  | 73 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 336 |  |  | 496 |
Benefit payments | (154) |  |  | (116) |  |  | (42) |  |  | (368) |  |  | (680) |
Derecognition (lapses) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Ending balance at original discount rate | $ | 1,155 |  |  | $ | 1,313 |  |  | $ | 669 |  |  | $ | 6,569 |  |  | $ | 9,706 |
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions | (90) |  |  | 6 |  |  | 27 |  |  | (130) |  |  | (187) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | $ | 1,065 |  |  | $ | 1,319 |  |  | $ | 696 |  |  | $ | 6,439 |  |  | $ | 9,519 |
Adjustment due to reserve flooring | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |
Net liability for future policy benefits | $ | 1,065 |  |  | $ | 636 |  |  | $ | 562 |  |  | $ | 5,232 |  |  | $ | 7,495 |
Less: reinsurance recoverable | 949 |  |  | 443 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 2,649 |  |  | 4,060 |
Net liability for future policy benefits, after reinsurance recoverable | $ | 116 |  |  | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | 543 |  |  | $ | 2,583 |  |  | $ | 3,435 |
Discounted expected future gross premiums | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,855 |  |  | $ | 926 |  |  | $ | 1,381 |  |  | $ | 4,162 |
Expected future gross premiums | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,183 |  |  | $ | 1,331 |  |  | $ | 1,908 |  |  | $ | 6,422 |
Expected future benefit payments | $ | 1,595 |  |  | $ | 2,234 |  |  | $ | 1,169 |  |  | $ | 11,229 |  |  | $ | 16,227 |
Weighted average interest accretion rate | 4.1 | % |  | 6.4 | % |  | 6.1 | % |  | 5.2 | % |  |
Weighted average discount rate | 5.2 | % |  | 5.5 | % |  | 5.4 | % |  | 5.4 | % |  |
Weighted average duration of liability (in years) | 6 |  | 7 |  | 8 |  | 9 |  |
| Life Contingent Payout Annuities |  | Term and Whole Life Insurance |  | Disability Income Insurance |  | Long Term Care Insurance |  | Total, All Products
| (in millions, except percentages)
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2023 | $ | — |  |  | $ | 686 |  |  | $ | 134 |  |  | $ | 1,207 |  |  | $ | 2,027 |
Beginning balance at original discount rate | — |  |  | 708 |  |  | 137 |  |  | 1,220 |  |  | 2,065 |
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions | — |  |  | (19) |  |  | (19) |  |  | 19 |  |  | (19) |
Effect of actual variances from expected experience | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | (18) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (23) |
Adjusted beginning of year balance | $ | — |  |  | $ | 687 |  |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 1,236 |  |  | $ | 2,023 |
Issuances | 177 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 244 |
Interest accrual | 1 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 101 |
Net premiums collected | (178) |  |  | (70) |  |  | (12) |  |  | (158) |  |  | (418) |
Derecognition (lapses) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Ending balance at original discount rate | $ | — |  |  | $ | 708 |  |  | $ | 105 |  |  | $ | 1,137 |  |  | $ | 1,950 |
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions | — |  |  | (5) |  |  | (1) |  |  | 9 |  |  | 3 |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | — |  |  | $ | 703 |  |  | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | 1,146 |  |  | $ | 1,953 |
Present Value of Future Policy Benefits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2023 | $ | 1,065 |  |  | $ | 1,319 |  |  | $ | 696 |  |  | $ | 6,439 |  |  | $ | 9,519 |
Beginning balance at original discount rate | 1,155 |  |  | 1,313 |  |  | 669 |  |  | 6,569 |  |  | 9,706 |
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions | — |  |  | (18) |  |  | (25) |  |  | 9 |  |  | (34) |
Effect of actual variances from expected experience | (10) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (29) |  |  | 5 |  |  | (35) |
Adjusted beginning of year balance | $ | 1,145 |  |  | $ | 1,294 |  |  | $ | 615 |  |  | $ | 6,583 |  |  | $ | 9,637 |
Issuances | 177 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 244 |
Interest accrual | 50 |  |  | 73 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 329 |  |  | 489 |
Benefit payments | (150) |  |  | (132) |  |  | (42) |  |  | (405) |  |  | (729) |
Derecognition (lapses) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Ending balance at original discount rate | $ | 1,222 |  |  | $ | 1,291 |  |  | $ | 621 |  |  | $ | 6,507 |  |  | $ | 9,641 |
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions | (58) |  |  | 34 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 70 |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | 1,164 |  |  | $ | 1,325 |  |  | $ | 661 |  |  | $ | 6,561 |  |  | $ | 9,711 |
Adjustment due to reserve flooring | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5 |
Net liability for future policy benefits | $ | 1,164 |  |  | $ | 627 |  |  | $ | 557 |  |  | $ | 5,415 |  |  | $ | 7,763 |
Less: reinsurance recoverable | 880 |  |  | 440 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 2,738 |  |  | 4,080 |
Net liability for future policy benefits, after reinsurance recoverable | $ | 284 |  |  | $ | 187 |  |  | $ | 535 |  |  | $ | 2,677 |  |  | $ | 3,683 |
Discounted expected future gross premiums | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,764 |  |  | $ | 904 |  |  | $ | 1,325 |  |  | $ | 3,993 |
Expected future gross premiums | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,938 |  |  | $ | 1,269 |  |  | $ | 1,786 |  |  | $ | 5,993 |
Expected future benefit payments | $ | 1,726 |  |  | $ | 2,166 |  |  | $ | 1,068 |  |  | $ | 10,850 |  |  | $ | 15,810 |
Weighted average interest accretion rate | 4.2 | % |  | 6.2 | % |  | 6.1 | % |  | 5.0 | % |  |
Weighted average discount rate | 4.9 | % |  | 5.1 | % |  | 5.1 | % |  | 5.1 | % |  |
Weighted average duration of liability (in years) | 7 |  | 7 |  | 8 |  | 8 |  |
Impacts of the annual review of policy benefit reserves assumptions are reflected within the effect of changes in cash flow assumptions in the disaggregated rollforwards above. The annual review of policy benefit reserves assumptions in the third quarter of 2023 resulted in a net decrease in future policy benefit reserves, primarily due to updates to LTC premium rate increase assumptions. The annual review of policy benefit reserves assumptions in the third quarter of 2022 resulted in a net decrease in future policy benefit reserves, primarily due to updates to LTC morbidity, premium rate increase and benefit reduction assumptions, and updates to Term Life lapse assumptions. The annual review of policy benefit reserves assumptions in the third quarter of 2021 resulted in a net decrease in future policy benefit reserves, primarily due to updates to LTC premium rate increase and benefit reduction assumptions. The balances of and changes in additional liabilities related to insurance guarantees were as follows:
| Universal Life Insurance |  | Variable Universal Life Insurance |  | Other Life Insurance |  | Total, All Products
| (in millions, except percentages)
Balance at January 1, 2023 | $ | 1,100 |  |  | $ | 74 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 1,186 |
Interest accrual | 35 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 41 |
Benefit accrual | 128 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 138 |
Benefit payments | (50) |  |  | (18) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (72) |
Effect of actual variances from expected experience | (13) |  |  | 11 |  |  | (2) |  |  | (4) |
Impact of change in net unrealized (gains) losses on securities | 25 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 32 |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | 1,225 |  |  | $ | 81 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 1,321 |
Weighted average interest accretion rate | 3.0 | % |  | 6.9 | % |  | 4.0 | % |  |
Weighted average discount rate | 3.2 | % |  | 7.1 | % |  | 4.0 | % |  |
Weighted average duration of reserves (in years) | 10 |  | 8 |  | 6 |  |
| Universal Life Insurance |  | Variable Universal Life Insurance |  | Other Life Insurance |  | Total, All Products
| (in millions, except percentages)
Balance at January 1, 2022 | $ | 1,120 |  |  | $ | 76 |  |  | $ | 46 |  |  | $ | 1,242 |
Interest accrual | 32 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 38 |
Benefit accrual | 108 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 116 |
Benefit payments | (43) |  |  | (14) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (61) |
Effect of actual variances from expected experience | (19) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (2) |  |  | (19) |
Impact of change in net unrealized (gains) losses on securities | (98) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (29) |  |  | (130) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | $ | 1,100 |  |  | $ | 74 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 1,186 |
Weighted average interest accretion rate | 2.9 | % |  | 7.0 | % |  | 4.1 | % |  |
Weighted average discount rate | 3.2 | % |  | 7.1 | % |  | 4.0 | % |  |
Weighted average duration of reserves (in years) | 10 |  | 8 |  | 6 |  |
The amount of revenue and interest recognized in the Statement of Operations was as follows:
| Years Ended December 31,
2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Gross Premiums |  | Interest Expense |  | Gross Premiums |  | Interest Expense |  | Gross Premiums |  | Interest Expense
(in millions)
Life contingent payout annuities | $ | 196 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | 53 |
Term and whole life insurance | 169 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 169 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 166 |  |  | 41 |
Disability income insurance | 124 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 127 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 131 |  |  | 30 |
Long term care insurance | 185 |  |  | 270 |  |  | 189 |  |  | 271 |  |  | 192 |  |  | 274 |
Total | $ | 674 |  |  | $ | 388 |  |  | $ | 530 |  |  | $ | 390 |  |  | $ | 528 |  |  | $ | 398 |
The following tables summarize the balances of and changes in unearned revenue, including the January 1, 2021 adoption of ASU 2018-12:
| Universal Life Insurance |  | Variable Universal Life Insurance |  | Indexed Universal Life Insurance |  |  |  | Total, All Products
| (in millions)
Pre-adoption balance at December 31, 2020 | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 76 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 95 |
Effect of shadow reserve adjustments | 5 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 153 |  |  |  |  | 168 |
Post-adoption balance at January 1, 2021 | 24 |  |  | 86 |  |  | 153 |  |  |  |  | 263 |
Deferral of revenue | 3 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 55 |  |  |  |  | 92 |
Amortization | (1) |  |  | (8) |  |  | (13) |  |  |  |  | (22) |
Balance at December 31, 2021 | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 112 |  |  | $ | 195 |  |  |  |  | $ | 333 |
Balance at January 1, 2022 | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 112 |  |  | $ | 195 |  |  |  |  | $ | 333 |
Deferral of revenue | 2 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 54 |  |  |  |  | 104 |
Amortization | (1) |  |  | (10) |  |  | (16) |  |  |  |  | (27) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | 150 |  |  | $ | 233 |  |  |  |  | $ | 410 |
Balance at January 1, 2023 | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | 150 |  |  | $ | 233 |  |  |  |  | $ | 410 |
Deferral of revenue | 1 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 52 |  |  |  |  | 112 |
Amortization | (1) |  |  | (13) |  |  | (19) |  |  |  |  | (33) |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | 196 |  |  | $ | 266 |  |  |  |  | $ | 489 |
Market Risk Benefits Market risk benefits are contracts or contract features that both provide protection to the contractholder from other-than-nominal capital market risk and expose the Company to other-than-nominal capital market risk. Most of the variable annuity contracts issued by the Company contain a GMDB provision. The Company previously offered contracts containing GMWB, GMAB, or GMIB provisions. The GMDB provisions provide a specified minimum return upon death of the contractholder. The death benefit payable is the greater of (i) the contract value less any purchase payment credits subject to recapture less a pro-rata portion of any rider fees, or (ii) the GMDB provisions specified in the contract. The Company has the following primary GMDB provisions: •Return of premium – provides purchase payments minus adjusted partial surrenders. •Reset – provides that the value resets to the account value at specified contract anniversary intervals minus adjusted partial surrenders. This provision was often provided in combination with the return of premium provision and is no longer offered. •Ratchet – provides that the value ratchets up to the maximum account value at specified anniversary intervals, plus subsequent purchase payments less adjusted partial surrenders. The variable annuity contracts with GMWB riders typically have account values that are based on an underlying portfolio of mutual funds, the values of which fluctuate based on fund performance. At contract issue, the guaranteed amount is equal to the amount deposited but the guarantee may be increased annually to the account value (a “step-up”) in the case of favorable market performance or by a benefit credit if the contract includes this provision. The Company has GMWB riders in force, which contain one or more of the following provisions: •Withdrawals at a specified rate per year until the amount withdrawn is equal to the guaranteed amount. •Withdrawals at a specified rate per year for the life of the contractholder (“GMWB for life”). •Withdrawals at a specified rate per year for joint contractholders while either is alive. •Withdrawals based on performance of the contract. •Withdrawals based on the age withdrawals begin. •Credits are applied annually for a specified number of years to increase the guaranteed amount as long as withdrawals have not been taken. Variable annuity contractholders age 79 or younger at contract issue could obtain a principal-back guarantee by purchasing the optional GMAB rider for an additional charge. The GMAB rider guarantees that, regardless of market performance at the end of the 10-year waiting period, the contract value will be no less than the original investment or a specified percentage of the highest anniversary value, adjusted for withdrawals. If the contract value is less than the guarantee at the end of the 10-year period, a lump sum will be added to the contract value to make the contract value equal to the guarantee value. Individual variable annuity contracts may have both a death benefit and a living benefit. Net amount at risk is quantified for each benefit and a composite net amount at risk is calculated using the greater of the death benefit or living benefit for each individual contract. The net amount at risk for GMDB and GMAB is defined as the current guaranteed benefit amount in excess of the current contract value. The net amount at risk for GMIB is defined as the greater of the present value of the minimum guaranteed annuity payments less the current contract value or zero. The net amount at risk for GMWB is defined as the greater of the present value of the minimum guaranteed withdrawal payments less the current contract value or zero. The following tables summarize the balances of and changes in market risk benefits, including the January 1, 2021 adoption of ASU 2018-12:
| (in millions)
Pre-adoption balance at December 31, 2020 | $ | 3,084 |
Effect of shadow reserve adjustments | (3) |
Adjustments for the cumulative effect of the changes in instrument-specific credit risk on market risk benefits between the original contract issuance date and the transition date | 670 |
Adjustments to the host contract for differences between previous carrying amount and fair value measurement for the market risk benefits under the option-based method of valuation | 20 |
Adjustments for the remaining difference (exclusive of the instrument-specific credit risk change and host contract adjustments) between previous carrying amount and fair value measurements for the market risk benefits | 1,058 |
Post-adoption balance at January 1, 2021 | $ | 4,829 |
| Years Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| (in millions, except age)
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 1,103 |  |  | $ | 2,901 |  |  | $ | 4,829 |
Issuances | 17 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 45 |
Interest accrual and time decay | (53) |  |  | (237) |  |  | (294) |
Reserve increase from attributed fees collected | 788 |  |  | 810 |  |  | 819 |
Reserve release for benefit payments and derecognition | (35) |  |  | (29) |  |  | (8) |
Effect of changes in interest rates and bond markets | (367) |  |  | (4,193) |  |  | (1,053) |
Effect of changes in equity markets and subaccount performance | (1,267) |  |  | 2,258 |  |  | (1,558) |
Effect of changes in equity index volatility | (67) |  |  | 205 |  |  | 73 |
Actual policyholder behavior different from expected behavior | 5 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 52 |
Effect of changes in other future expected assumptions | 128 |  |  | (139) |  |  | 123 |
Effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk on market risk benefits | 83 |  |  | (517) |  |  | (127) |
Balance at end of period | $ | 335 |  |  | $ | 1,103 |  |  | $ | 2,901 |
Reconciliation of the gross balances in an asset or liability position: |  |  |  |  |
Asset position | $ | 1,427 |  |  | $ | 1,015 |  |  | $ | 539 |
Liability position | (1,762) |  |  | (2,118) |  |  | (3,440) |
Net asset (liability) position | $ | (335) |  |  | $ | (1,103) |  |  | $ | (2,901) |
Guaranteed benefit amount in excess of current account balances (net amount at risk): |  |  |  |  |
Death benefits | $ | 913 |  |  | $ | 2,781 |  |  | $ | 251 |
Living benefits | $ | 2,513 |  |  | $ | 3,364 |  |  | $ | 195 |
Composite (greater of) | $ | 3,308 |  |  | $ | 5,830 |  |  | $ | 441 |
Weighted average attained age of contractholders | 69 |  | 68 |  | 68
Changes in unrealized (gains) losses in net income relating to liabilities held at end of period | $ | (1,551) |  |  | $ | (2,044) |  |  | $ | (2,502) |
Changes in unrealized (gains) losses in other comprehensive income relating to liabilities held at end of period | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | (505) |  |  | $ | (102) |
The following tables provide a summary of the significant inputs and assumptions used in the fair value measurements developed by the Company or reasonably available to the Company of market risk benefits:
| December 31, 2023
| Fair Value |  | Valuation Technique |  | Significant Inputs and Assumptions |  | Range |  | Weighted Average
| (in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Market risk benefits | $ | 335 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Utilization of guaranteed withdrawals (1) |  | 0.0% | – | 48.0% |  | 11.6%
|  |  |  |  | Surrender rate (2) |  | 0.3% | – | 75.0% |  | 3.7%
|  |  |  |  | Market volatility (3) |  | 0.0% | – | 25.2% |  | 10.6%
|  |  |  |  | Nonperformance risk (4) |  | 85 bps |  | 85 bps
|  |  |  |  | Mortality rate (5) |  | 0.0% | – | 41.6% |  | 1.6%
| December 31, 2022
| Fair Value |  | Valuation Technique |  | Significant Inputs and Assumptions |  | Range |  | Weighted Average
| (in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Market risk benefits | $ | 1,103 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Utilization of guaranteed withdrawals (1) |  | 0.0% | – | 48.0% |  | 11.0%
|  |  |  |  | Surrender rate (2) |  | 0.2% | – | 45.6% |  | 3.6%
|  |  |  |  | Market volatility (3) |  | 0.0% | – | 26.6% |  | 12.1%
|  |  |  |  | Nonperformance risk (4) |  | 95 bps |  | 95 bps
|  |  |  |  | Mortality rate (5) |  | 0.0% | – | 41.6% |  | 1.5%
(1) The utilization of guaranteed withdrawals represents the percentage of contractholders that will begin withdrawing in any given year. The weighted average utilization rate represents the average assumption, weighted based on the benefit base. The calculation excludes policies that have already started taking withdrawals. (2) The weighted average surrender rate represents the average assumption weighted based on the account value of each contract. (3) Market volatility represents the implied volatility of each contractholder’s mix of funds. The weighted average market volatility represents the average volatility across all contracts, weighted by the size of the guaranteed benefit. (4) The nonperformance risk is the spread added to the U.S. Treasury curve. (5) The weighted average mortality rate represents the average assumption weighted based on the account value of each contract. Changes to Significant Inputs and Assumptions: During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company updated inputs and assumptions based on management’s review of experience studies. These updates resulted in the following notable changes in the fair value estimates of market risk benefits calculations: Year ended December 31, 2023 •Updates to utilization of guaranteed withdrawals assumptions resulted in a decrease to pre-tax income of $18 million. •Updates to surrender assumptions resulted in a decrease to pre-tax income of $110 million. Year ended December 31, 2022 •Updates to utilization of guaranteed withdrawals assumptions resulted in a decrease to pre-tax income of $39 million. •Updates to surrender assumptions resulted in a decrease to pre-tax income of $200 million. •Updates to mortality assumptions resulted in a decrease to pre-tax income of $49 million. Refer to the rollforward of market risk benefits for the impacts of changes to interest rate, equity market, volatility and nonperformance risk assumptions. Uncertainty of Fair Value Measurements Significant increases (decreases) in utilization and volatility used in the fair value measurement of market risk benefits in isolation would have resulted in a significantly higher (lower) liability value. Significant increases (decreases) in nonperformance risk and surrender assumptions used in the fair value measurement of market risk benefits in isolation would have resulted in a significantly lower (higher) liability value. Significant increases (decreases) in mortality assumptions used in the fair value measurement of the death benefit portion of market risk benefits in isolation would have resulted in a significantly higher (lower) liability value whereas significant increases (decreases) in mortality rates used in the fair values measurement of the life contingent portion of market risk benefits in isolation would have resulted in a significantly lower (higher) liability value. Surrender assumptions, utilization assumptions and mortality assumptions vary with the type of base product, type of rider, duration of the policy, age of the contractholder, calender year of the projection, previous withdrawal history, and the relationship between the value of the guaranteed benefit and the contract accumulation value. Determination of Fair Value The Company values market risk benefits using internal valuation models. These models include observable capital market assumptions and significant unobservable inputs related to implied volatility as well as contractholder behavior assumptions that include margins for risk, all of which the Company believes a market participant would expect. The fair value also reflects a current estimate of the Company’s nonperformance risk. Given the significant unobservable inputs to this valuation, these measurements are classified as Level 3.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for long duration contracts. This may include the information pertinent to an understanding of the types of traditional and nontraditional insurance and investment contracts sold and serviced, including the nature and amount of estimated guaranteed obligations pertaining to such contracts and the assumptions underlying such estimated amounts, hedging strategies, and sales inducements offered. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 944 -SubTopic 40 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 65 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (u) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147480016/944-40-65-2 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 944 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//944/tableOfContent + Details
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