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Miscellaneous financial information | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2013
Miscellaneous financial information | 11. Miscellaneous financial information In 2013, net income included an after-tax gain of $24 million (2012 – $45 million gain, 2011 – $10 million gain) attributable to the effect of changes in last-in, first-out (LIFO) inventories. The replacement cost of inventories was estimated to exceed their LIFO carrying values at December 31, 2013 by $1,787 million (2012 – $1,769 million). Inventories of crude oil and products at year-end consisted of the following:
millions of dollars |  | 2013 |  |  | 2012 |
Crude oil |  |  | 628 |  |  |  | 473 |
Petroleum products |  |  | 340 |  |  |  | 284 |
Chemical products |  |  | 54 |  |  |  | 60 |
Natural gas and other |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 10 |
Total inventories of crude oil and products |  |  | 1,030 |  |  |  | 827 |
Net research and development costs charged to expenses in 2013 were $154 million (2012 – $147 million, 2011 – $120 million). These costs are included in expenses due to the uncertainty of future benefits. Accounts payable and accrued liabilities included accrued taxes other than income taxes of $380 million at December 31, 2013 (2012 - $377 million).

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