11. Miscellaneous financial information

In 2014, net income included an after-tax gain of $29 million (2013 – $24 million gain, 2012 – $45 million gain) attributable to the effect of changes in last-in, first-out (LIFO) inventories. The replacement cost of inventories was estimated to exceed their LIFO carrying values at December 31, 2014 by $857 million (2013 – $1,787 million). Inventories of crude oil and products at year-end consisted of the following:


millions of dollars	2014		2013
Crude oil		650		628
Petroleum products		409		340
Chemical products		53		54
Natural gas and other		9		8
Total inventories of crude oil and products		1,121		1,030

Net research and development costs charged to expenses in 2014 were $128 million (2013 – $154 million, 2012 – $147 million). These costs are included in expenses due to the uncertainty of future benefits.

Accounts payable and accrued liabilities included accrued taxes other than income taxes of $408 million at December 31, 2014 (2013 – $380 million).