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Share-based incentive compensation programs | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019
Share-based incentive compensation programs | 8. Share-based incentive compensation programs Share-based incentive compensation programs are designed to retain selected employees, reward them for high performance and promote individual contribution to sustained improvement in the company’s future business performance and shareholder value over the long-term. The nonemployee directors also participate in share-based incentive compensation programs. Restricted stock units and deferred share units Under the restricted stock unit plan, each unit entitles the recipient to the conditional right to receive from the company, upon vesting, an amount equal to the value of one common share of the company, based on the five-day average of the closing price of the company’s common shares on the Toronto Stock Exchange on and immediately prior to the vesting dates. Fifty percent of the units vest on the third anniversary of the grant date, and the remainder vest on the seventh anniversary of the grant date. The company may also issue units where either 50 percent of the units vest on the fifth anniversary of the grant date and the remainder vest on the tenth anniversary of the grant date, or where 50 percent of the units vest on the fifth anniversary of the grant date and the remainder vest on the tenth anniversary of the grant date, or date of retirement of the recipient, whichever is later. The deferred share unit plan is made available to nonemployee directors. The nonemployee directors can elect to receive all or part of their eligible directors’ fees in units. The number of units granted is determined at the end of each calendar quarter by dividing the dollar amount of the nonemployee director’s fees for that calendar quarter elected to be received as deferred share units by the average closing price of the company’s shares for the five consecutive trading days (“average closing price”) immediately prior to the last day of the calendar quarter. Additional units are granted to represent dividends on unexercised units, and are calculated by dividing the cash dividend payable on the company’s shares by the average closing price immediately prior to the payment date for that dividend and multiplying the resulting number by the number of deferred share units held by the recipient, as adjusted for any share splits. Deferred share units cannot be exercised until after termination of service as a director, including termination due to death, and must be exercised in their entirety in one election no later than December 31 of the year following the year of termination of service. On the exercise date, the cash value to be received for the units is determined based on the company’s average closing price immediately prior to the date of exercise, as adjusted for any share splits. All units require settlement by cash payments with the following exceptions. The restricted stock unit program provides that, for units granted to Canadian residents, the recipient may receive one common share of the company per unit or elect to receive the cash payment for the units that vest on the seventh year anniversary of the grant date. For units where 50 percent vest on the fifth anniversary of the grant date and the remainder vest on either the tenth anniversary of grant, or the later of ten years following the grant date or the retirement date of the recipient, the recipient may receive one common share of the company per unit or elect to receive cash payment for all that vest. The company accounts for all units by using the fair-value-based method. The fair value of awards in the form of restricted stock and deferred share units is the market price of the company’s stock. Under this method, compensation expense related to the units of these programs is measured each reporting period based on the company’s current stock price and is recorded in the Consolidated statement of income over the requisite service period of each award. The following table summarizes information about these units for the year ended December 31, 2019:
|  | Restricted stock units |  |  | Deferred share units |
Outstanding at January 1, 2019 |  |  | 5,302,825 |  |  |  | 151,695 |
Granted |  |  | 854,800 |  |  |  | 18,468 |
Vested / Exercised |  |  | (1,241,280 | ) |  |  | - |
Forfeited and cancelled |  |  | (3,540 | ) |  |  | - |
Outstanding at December 31, 2019 |  |  | 4,912,805 |  |  |  | 170,163 |
In 2019, the before-tax compensation expense charged against income for these programs was $34 million (2018 - $32 million, 2017 - $14 million). Income tax benefit recognized in income related to compensation expense for the year was $9 million (2018- $9 million, 2017 - $4 million). Cash payments of $50 million were made for these programs in 2019 (2018- $59 million, 2017 - $71 million). As of December 31, 2019, there was $76 million of total before-tax unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested restricted stock units based on the company’s share price at the end of the current reporting period. The weighted average vesting period of non-vested restricted stock units is 4.1 years. All units under the deferred share programs have vested as of December 31, 2019.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for share-based payment arrangement. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2228938 + Details
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