2.	SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Foreign Currency

The Company’s functional currency is the US$. The Company’s wholly-owned and majority-owned subsidiaries, VIEs and subsidiaries of the VIEs determine their functional currencies based on the criteria of ASC subtopic 830-10 (“ASC 830-10”), Foreign Currency Matters: Overall, and have determined their functional currency to be their respective local currency. The Company uses the RMB as its reporting currency. The Company uses the average exchange rate for the year and the exchange rate at the balance sheet date to translate its operating results and financial position, respectively. Any translation gains (losses) are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss). Transactions denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing on the transaction dates. Assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet date. Exchange gains and losses are included in earnings as a component of other income.

Segment Reporting

In accordance with ASC subtopic 280-10 (“ASC 280-10”), Segment Reporting: Overall, the Company’s chief operating decision makers rely upon consolidated results of operations when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the Company; hence, the Company has only one single operating segment. The Company does not distinguish between markets or segments for the purpose of internal reporting.

Business Combinations

The Company accounts for its business combinations using the purchase method of accounting in accordance with ASC topic 805 (“ASC 805”): Business Combinations. The purchase method of accounting requires that the consideration transferred to be allocated to the assets, including separately identifiable assets and liabilities the Company acquired, based on their estimated fair values. The consideration transferred of an acquisition is measured as the aggregate of the fair values at the date of exchange of the assets given, liabilities incurred, and equity instruments issued as well as the contingent considerations and all contractual contingencies as of the acquisition date. The costs directly attributable to the acquisition are expensed as incurred. Identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities acquired or assumed are measured separately at their fair value as of the acquisition date, irrespective of the extent of any noncontrolling interests. The excess of (i) the total of cost of acquisition, fair value of the noncontrolling interests and acquisition date fair value of any previously held equity interest in the acquiree over (ii) the fair value of the identifiable net assets of the acquiree, is recorded as goodwill. If the cost of acquisition is less than the fair value of the net assets of the subsidiary acquired, the difference is recognized directly in earnings.

In a business combination achieved in stages, the Company remeasures its previously held equity interest in the acquiree immediately before obtaining control at its acquisition-date fair value and the re-measurement gain or loss, if any, is recognized in earnings.

The determination and allocation of fair values to the identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and noncontrolling interests is based on various assumptions and valuation methodologies requiring considerable judgment from management. The most significant variables in these valuations are discount rates, terminal values, the number of years on which to base the cash flow projections, as well as the assumptions and estimates used to determine the cash inflows and outflows. The Company determines discount rates to be used based on the risk inherent in the related activity’s current business model and industry comparisons. Terminal values are based on the expected life of assets, forecasted life cycle and forecasted cash flows over that period.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents are stated at cost, which approximates fair value, and primarily consist of cash and investments in interest bearing demand deposit accounts, time deposits, highly liquid investments and money market funds. All time deposits, money market funds and other highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase are classified as cash equivalents.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash consists of the cash reserved in an escrow account to pay for the remaining consideration in relation to the acquisition of Qunar Cayman Islands Limited (“Qunar”) (Note 3) and the cash balances deposited by users or customers of the Group that were held for designated purposes.

The cash balances deposited by users or customers of the Group are considered restricted because they cannot be used for the operations of the Group or any other purposes not designated by the users or customers. The deposited balance is included in the Group’s bank account until being used for the designated purpose or withdrawn by the users or customers.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are recognized and carried at original invoiced amount less an allowance for any potential uncollectible amounts. An estimate for doubtful debts is made when collection of the full amount is no longer probable. Bad debts are written off as incurred. The Company generally does not require collateral from its customers.

The Company maintains allowances for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the failure of customers to make payments on time. The Company reviews the accounts receivable on a periodic basis and makes general and specific allowances when there is doubt as to the collectability of individual balances. In evaluating the collectability of individual receivable balances, the Company considers many factors, including the age of the balance, the customer’s payment history, its current credit-worthiness and current economic trends.

Investments

Short-Term Investments

All highly liquid investments with original maturities of greater than three months, but less than 12 months, are classified as short-term investments. Investments that are expected to be realized in cash during the next 12 months are also included in short-term investments. The Company accounts for short-term investments in accordance with ASC subtopic 320-10 (“ASC 320-10”), Investments—Debt and Equity Securities: Overall. The Company classifies the short-term investments in debt and equity securities as “held-to-maturity”, “trading” or “available-for-sale”, whose classification determines the respective accounting methods stipulated by ASC 320-10. Dividend and interest income, including amortization of the premium and discount arising at acquisition, for all categories of investments in securities are included in earnings. Any realized gains or losses on the sale of the short-term investments are determined on a specific identification method, and such gains and losses are reflected in earnings during the period in which gains or losses are realized.

The securities that the Company has positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held-to-maturity securities and stated at amortized cost. For individual securities classified as held-to-maturity securities, the Company evaluates whether a decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis is other-than-temporary in accordance with the Company’s policy and ASC 320-10. When the Company intends to sell an impaired debt security or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis, an other-than-temporary impairment is deemed to have occurred. In these instances, the other-than-temporary impairment loss is recognized in earnings equal to the entire excess of the debt security’s amortized cost basis over its fair value at the balance sheet date of the reporting period for which the assessment is made. When the Company does not intend to sell an impaired debt security and it is more-likely-than-not that it will not be required to sell prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis, the Company must determine whether or not it will recover its amortized cost basis. If the Company concludes that it will not, an other-than-temporary impairment exists and that portion of the credit loss is recognized in earnings, while the portion of loss related to all other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income.

The securities that are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term are classified as trading securities. Unrealized holding gains and losses for trading securities are included in earnings.

Investments not classified as trading or as held-to-maturity are classified as available-for-sale securities. Available-for-sale investment is reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Realized gains or losses are charged to earnings during the period in which the gain or loss is realized. An impairment loss on the available-for-sale debt securities would be recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income when the decline in value is determined to be other-than-temporary.

Long-term Investments

The Company’s long-term investments consist of cost method investments, equity method investments and held-to-maturity investments with original maturities of greater than 12 months.

In accordance with ASC subtopic 325-20 (“ASC 325-20”), Investments-Other: Cost Method Investments, for investments in an investee over which the Company does not have significant influence and which do not have readily determinable fair value, the Company carries the investment at cost and only adjusts for other-than-temporary declines in fair value and distributions of earnings that exceeds the Company’s share of earnings since its investment. Management regularly evaluates the impairment of the cost method investments based on performance and financial position of the investee as well as other evidence of market value. Such evaluation includes, but is not limited to, reviewing the investee’s cash position, recent financing, projected and historical financial performance, cash flow forecasts and financing needs. An impairment loss is recognized in earnings equal to the excess of the investment’s cost over its fair value at the balance sheet date of the reporting period for which the assessment is made. The fair value would then become the new cost basis of investment.

Investments in entities in which the Company can exercise significant influence but does not own a majority equity interest or control are accounted for using the equity method of accounting in accordance with ASC subtopic 323-10 (“ASC 323-10”), Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures: Overall. Under the equity method, the Company initially records its investment at cost and the difference between the cost of the equity investee and the fair value of the underlying equity in the net assets of the equity investee is recognized as equity method goodwill, which is included in the equity method investment on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company subsequently adjusts the carrying amount of the investment to recognize the Company’s proportionate share of each equity investee’s net income or loss into earnings after the date of investment. The Company will discontinue applying equity method if an investment (and additional financial supports to the investee, if any) has been reduced to zero. Under the conditions that the Company is not required to advance additional funds to an investee and the equity-method investment in ordinary shares is reduced to zero, if further investments are made that have a higher liquidation preference than ordinary shares, the Company would recognize the loss based on its percentage of the investment with the same liquidation preference, and the loss would be applied to those investments of a lower liquidation preference first before being further applied to the investments of a higher liquidation preference. The Company evaluates the equity method investments for impairment under ASC 323-10. An impairment loss on the equity method investments is recognized in earnings when the decline in value is determined to be other-than-temporary.

Long-term held-to-maturity investments are measured in the same manner as short-term held-to-maturity investments.

Fair Value Measurements of Financial Instruments

Financial instruments are in the form of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, short-term investments, accounts receivable, amounts due from related parties and amounts due to related parties, long-term held-to-maturity investments, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, customer advances and deposits, long-term notes payable and short-term and long-term loans. The carrying amounts of these financial instruments except for long-term held-to-maturity investments, long-term notes payable and long-term loans, approximate fair value because of their generally short maturities. The carrying amount of long-term held-to-maturity investments and long-term loans approximates their fair value due to the fact that the related interest rates approximate rates currently offered by financial institutions for similar debt instruments of comparable maturities. Based on the quoted market price as of December 31, 2012, the fair value of the long-term notes payable is RMB9.42 billion (US$1.51 billion) (Note 21).

Research, Development and Computer Software

Capitalization of Software Developed for Internal Use

The Company has capitalized certain internal use software development costs in accordance with ASC subtopic 350-40 (“ASC 350-40”), Intangibles-Goodwill and Other: Internal-Use Software, amounting to RMB10.38 million, RMB44.26 million and RMB38.13 million (US$6.12 million) for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. The Company capitalizes certain costs relating to software acquired, developed, or modified solely to meet the Company’s internal requirements and for which there are no substantive plans to market the software. These costs mainly include payroll and payroll-related costs for employees who are directly associated with and who devote time to the internal-use software projects during the application development stage. Capitalized internal-use software costs are included in “intangible assets, net”. The amortization expense for capitalized software costs amounted to RMB8.86 million, RMB7.51 million and RMB19.72 million (US$3.17 million) for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. The unamortized amount of capitalized internal use software development costs was RMB52.04 million and RMB70.45 million (US$11.31 million) as of December 31, 2011 and 2012, respectively.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs. The Company has expensed substantially all development costs incurred in the research and development of new products and new functionality added to the existing products, except for certain internal-use software.

Fixed Assets

Fixed assets are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is recorded on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the estimated useful lives of the assets or the term of the related lease, as follows:


Office building		- 45 years
Office building related facility, machinery and equipment		- 15 years
Computer equipment		- 3 or 5 years
Office equipment		- 3 or 5 years
Vehicles		- 5 years
Leasehold improvements		- over the shorter of lease terms or estimated useful lives of the assets

Fixed assets have no estimated residual value except for the office building and its related facility, machinery and equipment, which have an estimated residual value of 4% of the cost.

Repair and maintenance costs are charged to expense as incurred, whereas the cost of renewals and betterments that extend the useful life of fixed assets are capitalized as additions to the related assets. Retirements, sales and disposals of assets are recorded by removing the cost and accumulated depreciation from the asset and accumulated depreciation accounts with any resulting gain or loss reflected in earnings.

All direct and indirect costs that are related to the construction of fixed assets and incurred before the assets are ready for their intended use are capitalized as construction in progress. Construction in progress is transferred to specific fixed assets items and depreciation of these assets commences when they are ready for their intended use.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill

The Company assesses goodwill for impairment in accordance with ASC subtopic 350-20 (“ASC 350-20”), Intangibles - Goodwill and Other: Goodwill, which requires that goodwill be tested for impairment at the reporting unit level at least annually and more frequently upon the occurrence of certain events, as defined by ASC 350-20.

Prior to 2011, the Company had one reporting unit because no discrete financial information was available below the consolidation level. Subsequent to the acquisitions in 2011 and thereafter, there were segment managers who regularly review operating results of certain acquired entities and the rest of the Group, which constitute two and three separate reporting units as of December 31, 2011 and 2012, respectively.

Goodwill was tested for impairment in the annual impairment tests on December 31 in each year using the two-step process required by ASC 350-20. First, the Company reviewed the carrying amount of the reporting unit compared to the fair value of the reporting unit based on either quoted market prices of the ordinary shares or estimated fair value using a combination of the income approach and the market approach. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the reporting unit, goodwill is not impaired and the Company is not required to perform further testing. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, then the Company must perform the second step of the impairment test in order to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill. That is, the Company would then prepare the discounted cash flow analyses. Such analyses are based on cash flow assumptions that are consistent with the plans and estimates being used to manage the business. An excess of carrying value compared to fair value would indicate that goodwill may be impaired. Finally, if the Company determined that goodwill may be impaired, the implied fair value of the goodwill, as defined by ASC 350-20, would be compared to its carrying amount to determine the impairment loss, if any. The Company early adopted ASU No. 2011-08, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other, in 2011, pursuant to which the Company can elect to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether the two-step impairment testing on goodwill is necessary.

In 2012, the Company elected to assess goodwill for impairment at the two reporting units, representing entities acquired in 2011 and 2012 using the two-step process. The fair value of these two reporting units exceeded their respective carrying amount, and therefore goodwill related to these two reporting units were not impaired and the Company was not required to perform further testing. The Company performed a qualitative assessment for the remaining reporting unit. Based on the requirements of ASU No. 2011-08, the Company evaluated all relevant factors, weighed all factors in their totality and concluded that it was not more-likely-than-not the fair value was less than the carrying amount of the third reporting unit, and further impairment testing on goodwill was unnecessary as of December 31, 2012.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets with finite lives are carried at cost less accumulated amortization. Land use rights are amortized using a straight-line method over the shorter of their estimated economic lives or the terms of related land use right contracts. Licensed copyrights of video contents are amortized using an accelerated method, which results in a pattern of amortization that is more reflective of the consumption of the assets. All other intangible assets with finite lives are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated economic lives.

Intangible assets have weighted average economic lives from the date of purchase as follows:


Land use rights		- 50 years
Customer relationships		- 8.2 years
Software		- 3.6 years
Trademarks		- 10 years
User list		- 3.0 years
Licensed copyrights of video contents		- 2.4 years
Others		- 9.6 years
Total		- 12.7 years

Intangible assets with an indefinite useful life are not amortized and are tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that they might be impaired in accordance with ASC subtopic 350-30 (“ASC 350-30”), Intangibles-Goodwill and Other: General Intangibles Other than Goodwill.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Other Than Goodwill

The Company evaluates long-lived assets, such as fixed assets and purchased or internally developed intangible assets with finite lives, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable in accordance with ASC subtopic 360-10 (“ASC 360-10”), Property, Plant and Equipment: Overall. When such events occur, the Company assesses the recoverability of the assets group based on the undiscounted future cash flow the assets group is expected to generate and recognizes an impairment loss when estimated undiscounted future cash flow expected to result from the use of the assets group plus net proceeds expected from disposition of the assets group, if any, is less than the carrying value of the assets group. If the Company identifies an impairment, the Company reduces the carrying amount of the assets group to its estimated fair value based on a discounted cash flow approach or, when available and appropriate, to comparable market values. The Company uses estimates and judgments in its impairment tests and if different estimates or judgments had been utilized, the timing or the amount of any impairment charges could be different. Asset groups to be disposed of would be reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell, and no longer depreciated. The assets and liabilities of a disposal group classified as held for sale would be presented separately in the appropriate asset and liability sections of the consolidated balance sheets.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue based on the following principles:

(1) Auction-based pay-for-performance service

The Company’s auction-based pay-for-performance (“P4P”) platform enables a customer to place its website link and related description on the Company’s search result list. Customers make bids on keywords based on how much they are willing to pay for each click to their listings in the search results listed on the Company’s website and the relevance between the keywords and the customer’s businesses. Internet users’ search of the keyword will trigger the display of the listings. The ranking of the customer’s listing depends on both the bidding price and the listing’s relevance to the keyword searched. Customer pays the Company only when a user clicks on one of its website links. Other than the auction-based P4P platform, the Company has certain vertical P4P platforms from which it generates revenue through pre-determined prices per click. Revenue is recognized when a user clicks on one of the customer-sponsored website links, as there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement, the fee is fixed or determinable and collection is reasonably assured, as prescribed by ASC subtopic 605-10 (“ASC 605-10”), Revenue Recognition: Overall.

For certain P4P customers engaged through direct sales, the Company may provide certain value-added consultative support services to help its customers to better utilize its P4P online marketing system. Fees for such services are recognized as revenue on a pro-rata basis over the contracted service period.

(2) Other performance-based online marketing services

To the extent the Company provides online marketing services based on performance criteria other than click-throughs, such as the number of telephone calls brought to its customers, the number of users registered with its customers, the number of minimum click-throughs, and the number of successful reservation of hotels or issuance of air tickets, revenue is recognized when the specified performance criteria are met together with satisfaction of other applicable revenue recognition criteria as prescribed by ASC 605-10.

(3) Time-based online advertising services

For time-based online advertising services such as text links, banners, or other forms of graphical advertisements, the Company recognizes revenue, in accordance with ASC 605-10, on a pro-rata basis over the contractual term commencing on the date the customer’s advertisement is displayed on a specified webpage. For certain time-based contractual agreements, the Company may also provide certain performance guarantees, in which cases revenue is recognized at the later of the completion of the time commitment or performance guarantee.

(4) Online marketing services involving Baidu Union

Baidu Union is the program through which the Company expands distribution of its customers’ sponsored links or advertisements by leveraging traffic of the Baidu Union members’ Internet properties. The Company makes payments to Baidu Union members for acquisition of traffic. The Company recognizes gross revenue for the amount of fees it receives from its customers. Payments made to Baidu Union members are included in cost of revenues as traffic acquisition costs.

(5) Barter transactions

The Company engages in barter transactions from time to time and in such situations follows the guidance set forth in ASC subtopic 845-10 (“ASC 845-10”), Nonmonetary Transactions: Overall. While nonmonetary transactions are generally recorded at fair value, if such value is not determinable within reasonable limits, the transaction is recognized based on the carrying value of the product or services provided. The amount of revenues recognized for barter transactions was insignificant for each of the years presented.

In certain instances, the Company is granted equity instruments in exchange for services. In accordance with ASC subtopic 505-50 (“ASC 505-50”), Equity: Equity-based Payments to Non-Employees, if the Company provides services in exchange for equity instruments, the Company measures the fair value of those equity instruments for revenue recognition purposes as of the earlier of either of the following dates:

•

The date the parties come to a mutual understanding of the terms of the equity-based compensation arrangement and a commitment for performance by the Company to earn the equity instruments is reached;

•

The date at which the Company’s performance necessary to earn the equity instruments is completed.

If, as of the measurement date, the fair value of the equity instruments received is not determinable within reasonable limits, the transaction is recognized based on the fair value of the services provided. If the fair value of both the equity instruments received and the services provided cannot be determined, no revenue is recognized for the services provided and the equity instrument received is recorded at zero carrying value. The amount of revenues recognized for such transactions was insignificant in each of the years presented.

(6) Other revenue recognition related policies

The Company prospectively adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2009-13 (“ASU 2009-13”), Multiple-Deliverable Revenue Arrangements, a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force (“EITF”) that amends ASC 605-25, on January 1, 2011.

Prior to the adoption of ASU 2009-13, if a sales arrangement involves multiple deliverables, which are considered separate units of accounting in accordance with ASC subtopic 605-25 (“ASC 605-25”), Revenue Recognition: Multiple-Element Arrangements, the total revenue on such arrangement is allocated to the individual deliverables based on their relative fair values. If sufficient vendor-specific objective evidence of fair value (“VSOE”) does not exist for the allocation of revenue, the fee for the entire arrangement is recognized ratably over the term of the arrangement or upon the delivery of the last deliverable, when other revenue recognition criteria have been met.

In accordance with ASU 2009-13, certain delivered items in multiple-element arrangements, which previously would not qualify for separate units of accounting due to the lack of VSOE or Third-Party Evidence (“TPE”) of selling price, are accounted for as separate units of accounting, to which the total consideration of the arrangements is allocated based on management’s best estimate of the selling price (“BESP”). The Company considers all reasonably available information in determining the BESP, including both market and entity-specific factors. The adoption of ASU 2009-13 did not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements, as the pattern and timing of revenue recognition was not changed materially.

The Company delivers some of its online marketing services to end customers through engaging third-party distributors. In this context, the Company may provide cash incentives to distributors. The cash incentives are accounted for as reduction of revenue in accordance with ASC subtopic 605-50 (“ASC 605-50”), Revenue Recognition: Customer Payments and Incentives.

The Company provides sales incentives to customers to entitle customers to receive reductions in the price of the online marketing services by meeting certain cumulative consumption requirements. The Company accounts for these award credits granted to members in conjunction with a current sale of products or services as a multiple-element arrangement by analogizing to ASC 605-25. The consideration allocated to the award credits, as deferred revenue is based on an assumption that the customer will purchase the minimum amount of future service necessary to obtain the maximum award credits available. The deferred revenue is recognized as revenue proportionately as the future services are delivered to the customer or when the award credits expire.

Cash received in advance from customers is recorded as customer advances and deposits. The unused cash balances remaining in the customers’ accounts are included as liabilities of the Company. Deferred revenue is recorded when services are provided before the other revenue recognition criteria set forth in ASC 605-10 are fulfilled.

The Company operates an online game platform, on which registered users could access games provided by online game developers. The rights and obligations of each party to the arrangement indicate that the Company is acting as an agent whereas the online game developer is the principal as a result of being the primary obligor in the arrangement. The Company recognizes the shared revenue, on a net basis, based on the ratios pre-determined with the online game developers when all the revenue recognition criteria set forth in ASC 605-10 are met, which is generally when the user purchases virtual currencies issued by the game developers through the Company’s payment channel. The amount of revenues recognized was insignificant in each of the years presented.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues consists primarily of sales taxes (including business tax and output value-added tax) and surcharges, traffic acquisition costs, bandwidth costs, depreciation, amortization of video content costs, payroll and related costs of operations.

The Company incurs sales taxes and surcharges in connection with the provision of online marketing services, technical and consultative service fees charged by its subsidiaries to VIEs and other taxable services in the PRC. In accordance with ASC subtopic 605-45 (“ASC 605-45”), Revenue Recognition: Principal Agent Considerations, the Company includes the sales tax and surcharges incurred on its online marketing revenues in cost of revenues. The sales tax and surcharges in cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 were RMB504.85 million, RMB1.02 billion and RMB1.57 billion (US$0.25 billion), respectively. Traffic acquisition costs represent the amounts paid or payable to Baidu Union members who direct search queries to the Company’s websites or distribute the Company’s customers’ paid links through their properties. These payments are primarily based on revenue sharing arrangements under which the Company pays its Baidu Union members a percentage of the fees it earns from its online marketing customers.

Advertising Expenses

Advertising expenses, primarily advertisements through various forms of media, are included in “Selling, general and administrative expense” in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income and are expensed when incurred. Advertising expenses for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 were RMB74.76 million, RMB157.10 million and RMB326.83 million (US$52.46 million), respectively.

Government Subsidies

Government subsidies primarily consist of financial subsidies received from provincial and local governments for operating a business in their jurisdictions and compliance with specific policies promoted by the local governments. There are no defined rules and regulations to govern the criteria necessary for companies to receive such benefits, and the amount of financial subsidy is determined at the discretion of the relevant government authorities. For the government subsidies with non-operating nature and with no further conditions to be met, the amounts are recorded as a non-operating income in “Other income, net” when received; whereas for the government subsidies with certain operating conditions, the amounts are recorded as liabilities when received and will be recorded as an operating income when the conditions are met.

Leases

Leases have been classified as either capital or operating leases. Leases that transfer substantially all the benefits and risks incidental to the ownership of assets are accounted for as capital leases as if there was an acquisition of an asset and incurrence of an obligation at the inception of the lease. All other leases are accounted for as operating leases wherein rental payments are expensed as incurred.

Income Taxes

The Company recognizes income taxes under the liability method. Deferred income taxes are recognized for differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities at enacted tax rates in effect for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. The Company records a valuation allowance against the amount of deferred tax assets that it determines is not more-likely-than-not to be realized. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in earnings in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company applies the provisions of ASC subtopic 740-10 (“ASC 740-10”), Income Taxes: Overall, in accounting for uncertainty in income taxes. ASC 740-10 clarified the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes by prescribing the recognition threshold a tax position is required to meet before being recognized in the financial statements. The Company has elected to classify interest and penalties related to an uncertain tax position (if and when required) as part of income tax expense in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. As of and for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, no unrecognized tax benefits or interest and penalties associated with uncertainty in income taxes have been recognized.

Share-based Compensation

The Company accounts for share-based compensation in accordance with ASC subtopic 718-10 (“ASC 718-10”), Compensation-Stock Compensation: Overall. The Company has elected to recognize share-based compensation using the straight-line method for all share-based awards issued with no performance conditions. For awards with performance conditions, compensation cost is recognized on an accelerated basis if it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved.

Forfeitures have been estimated based on historical experience and are periodically reviewed. Cancellation of an award accompanied by the concurrent grant of a replacement award is accounted for as a modification of the terms of the cancelled award (“modification awards”). The compensation costs associated with the modification awards are recognized if either the original vesting condition or the new vesting condition has been achieved. Such compensation costs cannot be less than the grant-date fair value of the original award. The incremental compensation cost is measured as the excess of the fair value of the replacement award over the fair value of the cancelled award at the cancellation date. Therefore, in relation to the modification awards, the Company recognizes share-based compensation over the vesting periods of the new options, which comprises, (i) the amortization of the incremental portion of share-based compensation over the remaining vesting term and (ii) any unrecognized compensation cost of original award, using either the original term or the new term, whichever results in higher expenses for each reporting period.

The Company accounts for share awards issued to non-employees in accordance with the provisions of ASC 505-50. Under ASC 505-50, the Company uses the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model method to measure the value of options granted to non-employees at each vesting date to determine the appropriate charge to share-based compensation. ASC 718-10 also requires share-based compensation to be presented in the same manner as cash compensation rather than as a separate line item.

Earnings Per Share (“EPS”)

The Company computes earnings per Class A and Class B ordinary shares in accordance with ASC subtopic 260-10 (“ASC 260-10”), Earnings Per Share: Overall, using the two class method. Under the provisions of ASC 260-10, basic net income per share is computed using the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period except that it does not include unvested ordinary shares subject to repurchase or cancellation. Diluted net income per share is computed using the weighted average number of ordinary shares and, if dilutive, potential ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Potentially dilutive securities have been excluded from the computation of diluted net income per share if their inclusion is anti-dilutive. Potential ordinary shares consist of the incremental ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options, restricted shares subject to forfeiture, and contracts that may be settled in the Company’s stock or cash. The dilutive effect of outstanding stock options and restricted shares is reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of the treasury stock method. The computation of the diluted net income per share of Class A ordinary shares assumes the conversion of Class B ordinary shares, while the diluted net income per share of Class B ordinary shares does not assume the conversion of those shares.

The liquidation and dividend rights of the holders of the Company’s Class A and Class B ordinary shares are identical, except with respect to voting. As a result, and in accordance with ASC 260-10, the undistributed earnings for each year are allocated based on the contractual participation rights of the Class A and Class B ordinary shares as if the earnings for the year had been distributed. As the liquidation and dividend rights are identical, the undistributed earnings are allocated on a proportionate basis. Further, as the conversion of Class B ordinary shares is assumed in the computation of the diluted net income per share of Class A ordinary shares, the undistributed earnings are equal to net income for that computation.

The Company chooses to consider the impact of accretion of the redeemable noncontrolling interests in the calculation of income available to ordinary shareholders of the Company used in the earnings per share calculation, without adjusting net income attributable to the Company presented in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

For the purposes of calculating the Company’s basic and diluted earnings per Class A and Class B ordinary shares, the ordinary shares relating to the options that were exercised are assumed to have been outstanding from the date of exercise of such options.

Contingencies

The Company records accruals for certain of its outstanding legal proceedings or claims when it is probable that a liability will be incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company evaluates, on a quarterly basis, developments in legal proceedings or claims that could affect the amount of any accrual, as well as any developments that would make a loss contingency both probable and reasonably estimable. The Company discloses the amount of the accrual if it is material.

When a loss contingency is not both probable and estimable, the Company does not record an accrued liability but discloses the nature and the amount of the claim, if material. However, if the loss (or an additional loss in excess of the accrual) is at least reasonably possible, then the Company discloses an estimate of the loss or range of loss, if such estimate can be made and material, or states that such estimate is immaterial if it can be estimated but immaterial, or discloses that an estimate cannot be made. The assessments of whether a loss is probable or reasonably possible, and whether the loss or a range of loss is estimable, often involve complex judgments about future events. Management is often unable to estimate the loss or a range of loss, particularly where (i) the damages sought are indeterminate, (ii) the proceedings are in the early stages, or (iii) there is a lack of clear or consistent interpretation of laws specific to the industry-specific complaints among different jurisdictions. In such cases, there is considerable uncertainty regarding the timing or ultimate resolution of such matters, including eventual loss, fine, penalty or business impact, if any.

Concentration of Risks

Concentration of credit risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentration of credit risk primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, short-term investments and accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2012, the Company has RMB32.88 billion (US$5.28 billion) in cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term investments, 72.98% and 27.02% of which are held by financial institutions in the PRC and international financial institutions outside of the PRC, respectively. The Company’s total cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term investments held at Bank of China and Morgan Stanley, the largest percentage held at one single PRC financial institution and international financial institution, represent 14.71% and 13.32% of the Company’s total cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term investments as of December 31, 2012, respectively.

PRC state-owned banks, such as Bank of China, are subject to a series of risk control regulatory standards, and PRC bank regulatory authorities are empowered to take over the operation and management when any of those faces a material credit crisis. The Company does not foresee substantial credit risk with respect to cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term investments held at the PRC state-owned banks. Meanwhile, China does not have an official deposit insurance program, nor does it have an agency similar to what was The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) in the U.S. In the event of bankruptcy of one of the financial institutions in which the Company has deposits or investments, it may be unlikely to claim its deposits or investments back in full. The Company selected reputable international financial institutions with high rating rates to place its foreign currencies. The Company regularly monitors the rating of the international financial institutions in case of any defaults. There has been no recent history of default in relation to these financial institutions.

Accounts receivable are typically unsecured and derived from revenue earned from customers and agents in China, which are exposed to credit risk. The risk is mitigated by credit evaluations the Company performs on its customers and its ongoing monitoring process of outstanding balances. The Company maintains reserves for estimated credit losses and these losses have generally been within its expectations.

Business and economic risks

The Company participates in a dynamic high technology industry and believes that changes in any of the following areas could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s future financial position, results of operations or cash flows: changes in the overall demand for services and products; changes in business offerings; competitive pressures due to new entrants; advances and new trends in new technologies and industry standards; changes in bandwidth suppliers; changes in certain strategic relationships or customer relationships; regulatory considerations; copyright regulations; and risks associated with the Company’s ability to attract and retain employees necessary to support its growth.

No customer or any Baidu Union member generated greater than 10% of total revenues in any of the periods presented.

The Company’s operations could be adversely affected by significant political, economic and social uncertainties in the PRC.

Currency convertibility risk

Substantially all of the Company’s businesses are transacted in RMB, which is not freely convertible into foreign currencies. All foreign exchange transactions take place either through the People’s Bank of China or other banks authorized to buy and sell foreign currencies at the exchange rates quoted by the People’s Bank of China. Approval of foreign currency payments by the People’s Bank of China or other regulatory institutions requires submitting a payment application form together with suppliers’ invoices, shipping documents and signed contracts.

Foreign currency exchange rate risk

The functional currency and the reporting currency of the Company are the US$ and RMB, respectively. The Company’s exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk primarily relates to cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and notes payable denominated in the US$. On June 19, 2010, the People’s Bank of China announced the end of the RMB’s de facto peg to the US$, a policy which was instituted in late 2008 in the face of the global financial crisis, to further reform the RMB exchange rate regime and to enhance the RMB’s exchange rate flexibility. The exchange rate floating bands will remain the same as previously announced in the inter-bank foreign exchange market. The depreciation of the US$ against RMB was approximately 1.01% in 2012. Any significant revaluation of RMB may materially and adversely affect the Company’s cash flows, revenues, earnings and financial position, and the value of, and any dividends payable on, the ADS in US$. As a result, an appreciation of RMB against the US$ would result in foreign currency translation losses when translating the net assets of the Company from the US$ into RMB.

The functional currency and the reporting currency of the subsidiaries in Japan are Japanese Yen (“JPY”) and RMB, respectively. During 2012, JPY depreciated by approximately 12.10% against RMB. The depreciation of JPY against RMB results in foreign currency translation loss when translating the net assets of the subsidiaries in Japan from JPY into RMB.

For the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, the net foreign currency translation gain or loss resulting from the translation from the respective functional currencies to the RMB reporting currency recorded in the Company’s accumulated other comprehensive loss was RMB3.87 million of loss, RMB32.93 million of gain and RMB5.27 million (US$0.85 million) of loss, respectively.

Derivative Instruments

ASC topic 815 (“ASC 815”), Derivatives and Hedging, requires all contracts which meet the definition of a derivative to be recognized on the balance sheet as either assets or liabilities and recorded at fair value. Changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments are either recognized periodically in earnings or in other comprehensive income depending on the use of the derivative and whether it qualifies for hedge accounting. Changes in fair values of derivatives not qualified as hedges are reported in earnings. The estimated fair values of derivative instruments are determined at discrete points in time based on the relevant market information. These estimates are calculated with reference to the market rates using industry standard valuation techniques. The fair value of the derivative instruments held by the Company was insignificant for any of the years presented.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In July 2012, the FASB issued ASU No. 2012-02 (“ASU 2012-02”), Testing Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets for Impairment, which is intended to reduce the cost and complexity of performing the impairment test for indefinite-lived intangible assets other than goodwill by providing entities an option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether further quantitative impairment testing is necessary. If an entity believes, as a result of its qualitative assessment, that it is more-likely-than-not that an indefinite lived intangible asset is impaired, the quantitative impairment test is required. Otherwise, no further testing is required. This standard is effective for annual and interim impairment tests performed for fiscal years beginning after September 15, 2012, with early adoption permitted. The Company early adopted ASU 2012-02 in the third quarter of 2012 and elected to perform a qualitative assessment on certain indefinite-lived intangible assets to determine whether further impairment testing was necessary. The adoption of ASU 2012-02 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In February 2013, the FASB issued ASU No. 2013-02 (“ASU 2013-02”), Reporting of Amounts Reclassified Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, which is intended to improve the reporting of reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income. It does not change the current requirements for reporting net income or other comprehensive income in financial statements. However, the standard requires an entity to provide information about the amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income by component. For public entities, the amendments are effective prospectively for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2012, with early adoption permitted. The Company will adopt ASU 2013-02 beginning January 1, 2013 and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.