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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

_________________________________________

FORM 10-Q

_________________________________________

x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended November 30, 2020

OR

¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Transition Period from __________to __________

Commission file number 0-11330

__________________________________________________

Paychex, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | 16-1124166 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
911 Panorama Trail South Rochester, NY (Address of principal executive offices) | 14625-2396 (Zip Code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (585) 385-6666

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value | PAYX | Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes  No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | Accelerated filer | 
Non-accelerated filer |  | Smaller reporting company | 
|  | Emerging growth company | 

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No 

As of November 30, 2020, 360,631,164 shares of the registrant’s common stock, $.01 par value, were outstanding.

PAYCHEX, INC.

Ta ble of Contents

|  | Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 1
| Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income | 1
| Consolidated Balance Sheets | 2
| Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 5
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 6
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 18
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures of Market Risk | 30
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 30
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION | 31
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 31
Item 6. | Exhibits | 31
Signatures |  | 32

Table of Contents

PART I. FI NAN CIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

PAYCHEX, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)

In millions, except per share amounts

|  | For the three months ended |  | For the six months ended
|  | November 30, |  | November 30,
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management Solutions |  | $ | 732.8 |  | $ | 726.7 |  | $ | 1,420.2 |  | $ | 1,451.2
PEO and Insurance Solutions |  |  | 236.1 |  |  | 244.1 |  |  | 466.0 |  |  | 491.1
Total service revenue |  |  | 968.9 |  |  | 970.8 |  |  | 1,886.2 |  |  | 1,942.3
Interest on funds held for clients |  |  | 14.8 |  |  | 19.9 |  |  | 29.7 |  |  | 40.4
Total revenue |  |  | 983.7 |  |  | 990.7 |  |  | 1,915.9 |  |  | 1,982.7
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of service revenue |  |  | 319.9 |  |  | 323.4 |  |  | 627.0 |  |  | 648.8
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 309.5 |  |  | 325.6 |  |  | 650.6 |  |  | 643.1
Total expenses |  |  | 629.4 |  |  | 649.0 |  |  | 1,277.6 |  |  | 1,291.9
Operating income |  |  | 354.3 |  |  | 341.7 |  |  | 638.3 |  |  | 690.8
Other expense, net |  |  | (4.7) |  |  | (4.7) |  |  | (12.6) |  |  | (9.5)
Income before income taxes |  |  | 349.6 |  |  | 337.0 |  |  | 625.7 |  |  | 681.3
Income taxes |  |  | 77.2 |  |  | 78.3 |  |  | 141.7 |  |  | 158.4
Net income |  | $ | 272.4 |  | $ | 258.7 |  | $ | 484.0 |  | $ | 522.9
Other comprehensive (loss)/income, net of tax |  |  | (6.4) |  |  | (14.9) |  |  | 16.6 |  |  | 11.5
Comprehensive income |  | $ | 266.0 |  | $ | 243.8 |  | $ | 500.6 |  | $ | 534.4
Basic earnings per share |  | $ | 0.76 |  | $ | 0.72 |  | $ | 1.35 |  | $ | 1.46
Diluted earnings per share |  | $ | 0.75 |  | $ | 0.72 |  | $ | 1.34 |  | $ | 1.45
Weighted-average common shares outstanding |  |  | 360.0 |  |  | 358.1 |  |  | 359.5 |  |  | 358.4
Weighted-average common shares outstanding, assuming dilution |  |  | 362.0 |  |  | 360.6 |  |  | 361.6 |  |  | 361.1

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

1

Table of Contents

PA YCHEX, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)

In millions, except per share amounts

|  | November 30, |  | May 31,
|  | 2020 |  | 2020
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 693.5 |  | $ | 905.2
Restricted cash |  |  | 59.0 |  |  | 49.8
Corporate investments |  |  | 174.9 |  |  | 27.2
Interest receivable |  |  | 24.8 |  |  | 26.2
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts |  |  | 519.0 |  |  | 384.1
PEO unbilled receivables, net of advance collections |  |  | 448.0 |  |  | 380.0
Prepaid income taxes |  |  | 38.8 |  |  | 16.8
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | 241.3 |  |  | 244.8
Current assets before funds held for clients |  |  | 2,199.3 |  |  | 2,034.1
Funds held for clients |  |  | 3,393.1 |  |  | 3,430.5
Total current assets |  |  | 5,592.4 |  |  | 5,464.6
Long-term restricted cash |  |  | 25.9 |  |  | 21.3
Long-term corporate investments |  |  | 10.1 |  |  | 10.2
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation |  |  | 392.4 |  |  | 407.4
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net of accumulated amortization |  |  | 99.6 |  |  | 114.8
Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization |  |  | 297.2 |  |  | 330.6
Goodwill |  |  | 1,798.9 |  |  | 1,791.1
Long-term deferred costs |  |  | 367.7 |  |  | 372.5
Other long-term assets |  |  | 31.2 |  |  | 38.2
Total assets |  | $ | 8,615.4 |  | $ | 8,550.7
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 70.4 |  | $ | 79.4
Accrued corporate compensation and related items |  |  | 149.3 |  |  | 131.7
Accrued worksite employee compensation and related items |  |  | 518.3 |  |  | 512.4
Short-term borrowings |  |  | 6.9 |  |  | 5.1
Accrued income taxes |  |  | — |  |  | 50.5
Deferred revenue |  |  | 40.6 |  |  | 39.2
Other current liabilities |  |  | 309.9 |  |  | 277.6
Current liabilities before client fund obligations |  |  | 1,095.4 |  |  | 1,095.9
Client fund obligations |  |  | 3,284.6 |  |  | 3,331.0
Total current liabilities |  |  | 4,380.0 |  |  | 4,426.9
Accrued income taxes |  |  | 13.6 |  |  | 33.5
Deferred income taxes |  |  | 240.4 |  |  | 240.8
Long-term borrowings, net of debt issuance costs |  |  | 797.0 |  |  | 796.8
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | 92.2 |  |  | 96.9
Other long-term liabilities |  |  | 202.5 |  |  | 174.4
Total liabilities |  |  | 5,725.7 |  |  | 5,769.3
Commitments and contingencies — Note H |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock, $0.01 par value; Authorized: 600.0 shares; ‎Issued and outstanding: 360.6 shares as of November 30, 2020 ‎and 358.8 shares as of May 31, 2020 |  |  | 3.6 |  |  | 3.6
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 1,394.1 |  |  | 1,289.9
Retained earnings |  |  | 1,418.9 |  |  | 1,431.4
Accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | 73.1 |  |  | 56.5
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 2,889.7 |  |  | 2,781.4
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 8,615.4 |  | $ | 8,550.7

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
‎

2

Table of Contents

P AYCHEX, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)

In millions, except per share amounts

|  | For the six months ended November 30, 2020
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Additional |  |  |  |  | other |  |  |
|  | Common stock |  | paid-in |  | Retained |  | comprehensive |  |  |
|  | Shares |  | Amount |  | capital |  | earnings |  | income |  | Total
Balance as of May 31, 2020 |  | 358.8 |  | $ | 3.6 |  | $ | 1,289.9 |  | $ | 1,431.4 |  | $ | 56.5 |  | $ | 2,781.4
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 484.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 484.0
Unrealized gains on securities, net of $2.4 million in tax expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7.3 |  |  | 7.3
Reclassification adjustment for realized gains on securities, net of $0.2 million in tax expense (1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.5) |  |  | (0.5)
Cash dividends declared ($1.24 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (446.7) |  |  | — |  |  | (446.7)
Repurchases of common shares (2) |  | (0.4) |  |  | — |  |  | (0.7) |  |  | (28.1) |  |  | — |  |  | (28.8)
Stock-based compensation costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25.5
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9.8 |  |  | 9.8
Activity related to equity-based plans |  | 2.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 79.4 |  |  | (21.7) |  |  | — |  |  | 57.7
Balance as of November 30, 2020 |  | 360.6 |  | $ | 3.6 |  | $ | 1,394.1 |  | $ | 1,418.9 |  | $ | 73.1 |  | $ | 2,889.7

|  | For the three months ended November 30, 2020
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Additional |  |  |  |  | other |  |  |
|  | Common stock |  | paid-in |  | Retained |  | comprehensive |  |  |
|  | Shares |  | Amount |  | capital |  | earnings |  | income |  | Total
Balance as of August 31, 2020 |  | 359.5 |  | $ | 3.6 |  | $ | 1,325.3 |  | $ | 1,370.2 |  | $ | 79.5 |  | $ | 2,778.6
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 272.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 272.4
Unrealized losses on securities, net of $1.8 million in tax benefit |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5.7) |  |  | (5.7)
Reclassification adjustment for realized gains on securities, net of $0.1 million in tax expense (1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | (0.3)
Cash dividends declared ($0.62 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (223.5) |  |  | — |  |  | (223.5)
Stock-based compensation costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12.2
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.4) |  |  | (0.4)
Activity related to equity-based plans |  | 1.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 56.6 |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | — |  |  | 56.4
Balance as of November 30, 2020 |  | 360.6 |  | $ | 3.6 |  | $ | 1,394.1 |  | $ | 1,418.9 |  | $ | 73.1 |  | $ | 2,889.7

(1) Reclassification adjustments out of accumulated other comprehensive income for realized gains, net of tax, on the sale of available-for-sale (“AFS”) securities are reflected in interest on funds held for clients and other expense, net on the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

(2) The Company maintains a program to repurchase up to $400.0 million of its common stock, with authorization expiring on May 31, 2022. The purpose of this program is to manage common stock dilution. All shares of common stock repurchased were retired.

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

‎

3

Table of Contents

PAYCHEX, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED) – continued

In millions, except per share amounts

|  | For the six months ended November 30, 2019
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Additional |  |  |  |  | other |  |  |
|  | Common stock |  | paid-in |  | Retained |  | comprehensive |  |  |
|  | Shares |  | Amount |  | capital |  | earnings |  | income |  | Total
Balance as of May 31, 2019 |  | 359.3 |  | $ | 3.6 |  | $ | 1,206.3 |  | $ | 1,409.5 |  | $ | 0.1 |  | $ | 2,619.5
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 522.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 522.9
Unrealized gains on securities, net of $5.2 million in tax expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15.6 |  |  | 15.6
Reclassification adjustment for realized gains on securities, net of $0.4 million in tax expense (1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.3) |  |  | (1.3)
Cash dividends declared ($1.24 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (444.3) |  |  | — |  |  | (444.3)
Repurchases of common shares (2) |  | (2.0) |  |  | — |  |  | (3.7) |  |  | (168.2) |  |  | — |  |  | (171.9)
Stock-based compensation costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23.8
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2.8) |  |  | (2.8)
Activity related to equity-based plans |  | 1.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 26.4 |  |  | (18.5) |  |  | — |  |  | 7.9
Balance as of November 30, 2019 |  | 358.4 |  | $ | 3.6 |  | $ | 1,252.8 |  | $ | 1,301.4 |  | $ | 11.6 |  | $ | 2,569.4

|  | For the three months ended November 30, 2019
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Additional |  |  |  |  | other |  |  |
|  | Common stock |  | paid-in |  | Retained |  | comprehensive |  |  |
|  | Shares |  | Amount |  | capital |  | earnings |  | income |  | Total
Balance as of August 31, 2019 |  | 357.9 |  | $ | 3.6 |  | $ | 1,224.0 |  | $ | 1,265.2 |  | $ | 26.5 |  | $ | 2,519.3
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 258.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 258.7
Unrealized losses on securities, net of $3.3 million in tax benefit |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10.5) |  |  | (10.5)
Reclassification adjustment for realized gains on securities, net of $0.2 million in tax expense (1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.6) |  |  | (0.6)
Cash dividends declared ($0.62 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (222.3) |  |  | — |  |  | (222.3)
Stock-based compensation costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13.3
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3.8) |  |  | (3.8)
Activity related to equity-based plans |  | 0.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 15.5 |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | — |  |  | 15.3
Balance as of November 30, 2019 |  | 358.4 |  | $ | 3.6 |  | $ | 1,252.8 |  | $ | 1,301.4 |  | $ | 11.6 |  | $ | 2,569.4

(1) Reclassification adjustments out of accumulated other comprehensive income for realized gains, net of tax, on the sale of AFS securities are reflected in interest on funds held for clients and other expense, net on the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

(2) The Company maintains a program to repurchase up to $400.0 million of its common stock, with authorization expiring on May 31, 2022. The purpose of this program is to manage common stock dilution. All shares of common stock repurchased were retired.

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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P AYCHEX, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)

In millions

|  | For the six months ended
|  | November 30,
|  | 2020 |  | 2019
Operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 484.0 |  | $ | 522.9
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 98.2 |  |  | 107.9
Amortization of premiums and discounts on AFS securities, net |  |  | 18.5 |  |  | 20.4
Amortization of deferred contract costs |  |  | 95.1 |  |  | 92.4
Stock-based compensation costs |  |  | 25.5 |  |  | 23.8
Benefit from deferred income taxes |  |  | (6.7) |  |  | (2.7)
Provision for allowance for doubtful accounts |  |  | 4.7 |  |  | 3.4
Net realized gains on sales of AFS securities |  |  | (0.7) |  |  | (1.8)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest receivable |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | (1.6)
Accounts receivable and PEO unbilled receivables, net |  |  | (207.6) |  |  | (53.2)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | (18.8) |  |  | (44.5)
Accounts payable and other current liabilities |  |  | (14.8) |  |  | (14.5)
Deferred costs |  |  | (89.7) |  |  | (85.3)
Net change in other long-term assets and liabilities |  |  | 35.9 |  |  | (2.7)
Net change in operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities |  |  | 5.7 |  |  | 0.1
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 430.7 |  |  | 564.6
Investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of AFS securities |  |  | (4,215.4) |  |  | (13,537.8)
Proceeds from sales and maturities of AFS securities |  |  | 3,777.2 |  |  | 14,167.1
Purchases of property and equipment |  |  | (54.6) |  |  | (59.9)
Proceeds from sales of property and equipment |  |  | 3.8 |  |  | —
Purchases of other assets |  |  | (1.4) |  |  | (4.2)
Net cash (used in)/provided by investing activities |  |  | (490.4) |  |  | 565.2
Financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net change in client fund obligations |  |  | (46.4) |  |  | (88.0)
Net proceeds from short-term borrowings |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | 51.3
Dividends paid |  |  | (446.7) |  |  | (444.3)
Repurchases of common shares |  |  | (28.8) |  |  | (171.9)
Activity related to equity-based plans |  |  | 57.7 |  |  | 7.9
Net cash used in financing activities |  |  | (462.4) |  |  | (645.0)
Net change in cash, restricted cash, and equivalents |  |  | (522.1) |  |  | 484.8
Cash, restricted cash, and equivalents, beginning of period |  |  | 1,659.8 |  |  | 935.2
Cash, restricted cash, and equivalents, end of period |  | $ | 1,137.7 |  | $ | 1,420.0
Reconciliation of cash, restricted cash, and equivalents |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 693.5 |  | $ | 600.6
Restricted cash |  |  | 84.9 |  |  | 62.7
Restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents included in funds held for clients |  |  | 359.3 |  |  | 756.7
Total cash, restricted cash, and equivalents |  | $ | 1,137.7 |  | $ | 1,420.0

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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PAY CHEX, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

November 30, 2020

Note A: Description of Business, Basis of Presentation, and Significant Accounting Policies

Description of business: Paychex, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company” or “Paychex”) is a leading provider of integrated human capital management (“HCM”) solutions for human resources (“HR”), payroll, benefits, and insurance services for small- to medium-sized businesses in the United States (“U.S.”). The Company also has operations in Europe. Paychex, a Delaware corporation formed in 1979, reports as one segment.

Basis of presentation: The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statement presentation. The consolidated financial statements include the consolidated accounts of the Company with all intercompany transactions eliminated. Certain disclosures are reported as zero balances due to rounding. In the opinion of management, the information furnished herein reflects all adjustments (consisting of items of a normal recurring nature), which are necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim period. These consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements presented in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Form 10-K”) for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2020 (“fiscal 2020”). Operating results and cash flows for the six months ended November 30, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for other interim periods or for the fiscal year ending May 31, 2021 (“fiscal 2021”).

Reclassifications: Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on reported consolidated earnings.

Restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents: Restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents are recorded at fair value, and consist of cash and cash equivalents, primarily money market securities, included in funds held for clients and cash that is restricted in use to secure certain payment of workers’ compensation policies.

Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts: Accounts receivable balances are shown on the Consolidated Balance Sheets net of the allowance for doubtful accounts of $13.8 million and $12.5 million as of November 30, 2020 and May 31, 2020, respectively. These balances include trade receivables for services provided to clients and purchased receivables related to payroll funding arrangements with clients in the temporary staffing industry. Trade receivables were $100.0 million and $84.7 million as of November 30, 2020 and May 31, 2020, respectively. Purchased receivables were $432.8 million and $311.9 million as of November 30, 2020 and May 31, 2020, respectively.

The Company is exposed to credit losses through the sale of services, payment of client obligations, and collection of purchased receivables. To mitigate this credit risk, the Company has multiple programs in place to assess and continuously monitor each client’s ability to pay for these products and services. Credit monitoring programs include, but are not limited to, new client credit reviews, establishing appropriate credit limits, monitoring of credit distressed clients, and early electronic wire and collection procedures. The Company also considers contract terms and conditions, client business type or strategy and may require collateralized asset support or prepayment to mitigate credit risk.

Accounts receivable are written off and charged against the allowance for doubtful accounts when the Company has exhausted all collection efforts without success. The Company estimates its allowance for credit losses based on historical loss activity adjusted for current economic conditions and reasonable and supportable forecast factors, when applicable. The provision for the allowance for doubtful accounts and accounts written off were not material for the three and six months ended November 30, 2020 and November 30, 2019. No single client had a material impact on total accounts receivable, service revenue, or results of operations.

Professional Employer Organization (“PEO”) unbilled receivables, net of advance collections: PEO unbilled receivables, including estimated revenues, offset by advance collections from clients, are recorded as PEO unbilled receivables, net of advance collections on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of November 30, 2020 and May 31, 2020, advance collections included in PEO unbilled receivables, net of advance collections were $21.0 million and $6.1 million, respectively.

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PEO insurance reserves: As part of the PEO solution, the Company offers workers’ compensation insurance and health insurance to clients for the benefit of client employees. Workers’ compensation insurance is primarily provided under fully insured high deductible workers’ compensation insurance policies. Workers’ compensation insurance reserves are established to provide for the estimated costs of paying claims up to per occurrence liability limits. These reserves also include estimates of certain expenses associated with processing and settling these claims. In establishing the PEO workers’ compensation insurance reserves, the Company uses an independent actuarial estimate of undiscounted future cash payments that would be made to settle claims. The evaluation, review, and determination of estimated ultimate losses by the Company’s actuary are based on accepted actuarial methods and assumptions. The estimated ultimate losses are primarily based upon estimated loss development factors, and other factors such as the nature of employees’ job responsibilities, the historical frequency and severity of workers’ compensation claims, and an estimate of future cost trends. Each reporting period, changes in actuarial assumptions resulting from changes in actual claims experience and other trends are incorporated into our workers’ compensation claims cost estimates. The Company’s maximum individual claims liability under its PEO workers’ compensation insurance policies was $1.0 million for both fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020.

With respect to the PEO health insurance, the Company offers various health insurance plans that take the form of either fully insured guaranteed cost plans or fully insured insurance arrangements where the Company retains risk. A liability reserve for insurance arrangements where we retain risk are established to provide for the payment of claims in accordance with the Company’s service contract with the carrier. The claims liability includes estimates for reported losses, plus amounts for those claims incurred but not reported, and estimates of certain expenses associated with processing and settling the claims. The Company’s maximum individual claims liability was $0.3 million under its policies during both fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020.

Estimating the ultimate cost of future claims is an uncertain and complex process based upon historical loss experience and independent actuarial loss projections, and is subject to change due to multiple factors, including economic trends, changes in legal liability law, and damage awards, all of which could materially impact the reserves as reported in the consolidated financial statements. Accordingly, final claim settlements may vary from the present estimates, particularly with workers’ compensation insurance where those payments may not occur until well into the future. The Company regularly reviews the adequacy of its estimated insurance reserves. Adjustments to previously established reserves are reflected in the results of operations for the period in which the adjustment is identified. Such adjustments could be significant, reflecting any combination of new and adverse or favorable trends.

Stock-based compensation costs: The Company has issued stock-based awards to employees and members of its Board of Directors (the “Board”) consisting of stock options, restricted stock units, and restricted stock awards. The Company accounts for all stock-based awards to employees and members of the Board as compensation costs in the consolidated financial statements based on their fair values measured as of the date of grant. These costs are recognized over the requisite service period. Stock-based compensation costs recognized were $12.2 million and $25.5 million for the three and six months ended November 30, 2020, respectively, as compared with $13.3 million and $23.8 million for the three and six months ended November 30, 2019, respectively. The methods and assumptions used in the determination of the fair value of stock-based awards are consistent with those described in the Company’s Form 10-K for fiscal 2020.

Recently adopted accounting pronouncements: In June 2020, the Company adopted the following Accounting Standards Updates (“ASUs”), none of which had a material impact on its consolidated financial statements:

ASU No. 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting;”

ASU No. 2019-08, “Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718) and Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Codification Improvements – Share-Based Consideration Payable to a Customer;”

ASU No. 2019-04, “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments;”

ASU No. 2018-18, “Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808): Clarifying the Interaction between Topic 808 and Topic 606;”

ASU No. 2018-15, “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract (a consensus of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Emerging Issues Task Force);”

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ASU No. 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement;”

ASU No. 2017-04, “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairments;” and,

ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” as amended by subsequent ASUs on the topic, using a modified retrospective transition method.

Recently issued accounting pronouncements: In October 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-08, “Codification Improvements to Subtopic 310-20, Receivables – Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs.” The amendments in ASU No. 2020-08 clarify that an entity should reevaluate whether a callable debt security is within the scope of the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) paragraph 310-20-35-33 for each reporting period. This guidance is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and for interim periods within those fiscal years. This guidance is applicable to the Company’s fiscal year beginning June 1, 2021. The adoption of this guidance will not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes.” ASU No. 2019-12 is intended to simplify various aspects related to accounting for income taxes, eliminates certain exceptions to the general principles in the ASC Topic 740 related to intra-period tax allocation, simplifies when companies recognize deferred taxes in an interim period, and clarifies certain aspects of the current guidance to promote consistent application. This guidance is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. This guidance is applicable to the Company’s fiscal year beginning June 1, 2021. The Company is currently evaluating the potential effects of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

Other recent authoritative guidance issued by the FASB (including technical corrections to the FASB ASC), the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, and the Securities and Exchange Commission during the six months ended November 30, 2020 did not, or are not expected to, have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Note B: Service Revenue

Service revenue is primarily attributable to fees for providing services to the Company’s clients and is recognized when control of the promised services is transferred to its clients, in an amount that reflects the consideration it expects to receive in exchange for such services. Insurance Solutions revenue is recognized when commissions are earned on premiums billed and collected. The Company’s contracts generally do not contain specified contract periods and may be terminated by either party with 30-days’ notice of termination. Sales and other applicable non-payroll related taxes are excluded from service revenue.

Based upon similar operational and economic characteristics, the Company’s service revenue is disaggregated by Management Solutions and PEO and Insurance Solutions as reported in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. The Company believes these revenue categories depict how the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of its revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

Management Solutions Revenue

Management Solutions revenue is primarily derived from the Company’s payroll processing, payroll-related ancillary services, and HR outsourcing solutions. Clients can select services on an á la carte basis or as part of various product bundles. The Company’s offerings often leverage the information gathered in its base payroll processing service, allowing it to provide comprehensive outsourcing services covering the HCM spectrum. Management Solutions revenue is generally recognized over time as services are performed and the customer simultaneously receives and controls the benefits from these services.

Revenue earned from delivery service for the distribution of certain client payroll checks and reports is also included in Management Solutions revenue in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. Delivery service revenue is recognized at a point in time following the delivery of payroll checks, reports, quarter-end packages, and tax returns to the Company’s clients.

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PEO and Insurance Solutions Revenue

PEO solutions are sold through the Company’s registered and licensed subsidiaries and offer businesses a combined package of services that includes payroll, employer compliance, HR and employee benefits administration, risk management outsourcing, and the on-site availability of a professionally trained HR representative, among other services. The Company serves as a co-employer of its clients’ employees, offers health insurance coverage to client employees, and assumes the risks and rewards of workers’ compensation insurance and certain health insurance benefit offerings. PEO Solutions revenue is recognized over time as the services are performed and the customer simultaneously receives and controls the benefits from these services. PEO Solutions revenue is reported net of certain pass-through costs billed and incurred, which include payroll wages, payroll taxes, including federal and state unemployment insurance, and health insurance premiums on guaranteed cost benefit plans. For workers’ compensation and health insurance benefit plans where the Company retains risk, revenues and costs are recorded on a gross basis.

PEO pass-through costs netted within the PEO and Insurance Solutions revenue are as follows:

|  | For the three months ended |  | For the six months ended
|  | November 30, |  | November 30,
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
In billions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payroll wages and payroll taxes |  | $ | 5.1 |  | $ | 5.2 |  | $ | 10.0 |  | $ | 10.3
In millions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State unemployment insurance (included in payroll wages and payroll taxes) |  | $ | 12.8 |  | $ | 12.0 |  | $ | 25.6 |  | $ | 26.7
Guaranteed cost benefit plans |  | $ | 143.1 |  | $ | 165.0 |  | $ | 293.5 |  | $ | 330.8

Insurance solutions are sold through the Company’s licensed insurance agency, Paychex Insurance Agency, Inc., which provides insurance through a variety of carriers, allowing companies to expand their employee benefit offerings at an affordable cost. Insurance offerings include property and casualty coverage such as workers’ compensation, business-owner policies, commercial auto, and health and benefits coverage, including health, dental, vision, and life. Insurance Solutions revenue reflects commissions earned on insurance services premiums billed and is recognized over time as services are performed and the customer simultaneously receives and controls the benefits from these services.

Contract Balances

The timing of revenue recognition for Management Solutions and PEO and Insurance Solutions is consistent with the invoicing of clients as they both occur during the respective client payroll period for which the services are provided. Therefore, the Company does not recognize a contract asset or liability resulting from the timing of revenue recognition and invoicing.

Payments received for certain of the Company’s service offerings for set-up fees are considered a material right. Therefore, the Company defers revenue associated with these performance obligations, which exceed one year, and subsequently recognizes these as future services are provided, over approximately three year s to four year s.

Changes in deferred revenue related to material rights that exceed one year were as follows:

|  | For the three months ended |  | For the six months ended
|  | November 30, |  | November 30,
In millions |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 40.2 |  | $ | 44.5 |  | $ | 42.6 |  | $ | 45.7
Deferral of revenue |  |  | 5.7 |  |  | 7.4 |  |  | 9.7 |  |  | 12.9
Recognition of unearned revenue |  |  | (6.3) |  |  | (6.8) |  |  | (12.7) |  |  | (13.5)
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 39.6 |  | $ | 45.1 |  | $ | 39.6 |  | $ | 45.1

Deferred revenue related to material rights is reported in the deferred revenue and other long-term liabilities line items on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of November 30, 2020, the Company expects to recognize deferred revenue related to material rights for the remainder of fiscal 2021 and subsequent fiscal years as follows:

2021 |  |  |
In millions |  |  | Estimated
Year ending May 31, |  |  | deferral
2021 |  | $ | 11.5
2022 |  |  | 16.3
Thereafter |  |  | 11.8

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Assets Recognized from the Costs to Obtain and Fulfill Contracts

The Company recognizes an asset for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a client if it is expected that the economic benefit and amortization period will be longer than one year. Incremental costs of obtaining a contract include only those costs that are directly related to the acquisition of new contracts and that would not have been incurred if the contract had not been obtained. The Company does not incur incremental costs to obtain a contract renewal. The Company determined that certain sales commissions and bonuses, including related fringe benefits, meet the capitalization criteria under ASC Subtopic 340-40, “Other Assets and Deferred Costs: Contracts with Customers”. The Company also recognizes an asset for the costs to fulfill a contract with a client if the costs are specifically identifiable, generate or enhance resources used to satisfy future performance obligations, and are expected to be recovered.

Deferred costs to obtain and fulfill contracts are reported in the prepaid expenses and other current assets and long-term deferred costs line items on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Amortization expense related to costs to obtain and fulfill a contract are included in cost of service revenue and selling, general and administrative expenses in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

The Company regularly reviews its deferred costs for potential impairment and did no t recognize an impairment loss during the six months ended November 30, 2020 or November 30, 2019.

Changes in deferred costs to obtain and fulfill contracts were as follows:

Costs to obtain contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | For the three months ended |  | For the six months ended
|  | November 30, |  | November 30,
In millions |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 469.4 |  | $ | 460.0 |  | $ | 473.6 |  | $ | 464.3
Capitalization of costs |  |  | 40.4 |  |  | 37.4 |  |  | 77.6 |  |  | 73.3
Amortization |  |  | (41.7) |  |  | (40.5) |  |  | (83.1) |  |  | (80.7)
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 468.1 |  | $ | 456.9 |  | $ | 468.1 |  | $ | 456.9

Costs to fulfill contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | For the three months ended |  | For the six months ended
|  | November 30, |  | November 30,
In millions |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 67.5 |  | $ | 66.3 |  | $ | 67.3 |  | $ | 66.1
Capitalization of costs |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | 12.1 |  |  | 12.0
Amortization |  |  | (6.1) |  |  | (5.9) |  |  | (12.0) |  |  | (11.7)
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 67.4 |  | $ | 66.4 |  | $ | 67.4 |  | $ | 66.4

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Note C: Basic and Diluted Earnings Per Share

Basic and diluted earnings per share were calculated as follows:

|  | For the three months ended |  | For the six months ended
|  | November 30, |  | November 30,
In millions, except per share amounts |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Basic earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 272.4 |  | $ | 258.7 |  | $ | 484.0 |  | $ | 522.9
Weighted-average common shares outstanding |  |  | 360.0 |  |  | 358.1 |  |  | 359.5 |  |  | 358.4
Basic earnings per share |  | $ | 0.76 |  | $ | 0.72 |  | $ | 1.35 |  | $ | 1.46
Diluted earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 272.4 |  | $ | 258.7 |  | $ | 484.0 |  | $ | 522.9
Weighted-average common shares outstanding |  |  | 360.0 |  |  | 358.1 |  |  | 359.5 |  |  | 358.4
Dilutive effect of common share equivalents |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | 2.7
Weighted-average common shares outstanding, assuming dilution |  |  | 362.0 |  |  | 360.6 |  |  | 361.6 |  |  | 361.1
Diluted earnings per share |  | $ | 0.75 |  | $ | 0.72 |  | $ | 1.34 |  | $ | 1.45
Weighted-average anti-dilutive common share equivalents |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | 0.5

Weighted-average common share equivalents that have an anti-dilutive impact are excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share.

Note D: Other Expense, Net

Other expense, net, consisted of the following items:

|  |  | S |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | For the three months ended |  | For the six months ended
|  | November 30, |  | November 30,
In millions |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Interest income on corporate investments |  | $ | 0.5 |  | $ | 3.3 |  | $ | 1.1 |  | $ | 7.8
Interest expense |  |  | (9.0) |  |  | (10.1) |  |  | (18.0) |  |  | (20.4)
Other |  |  | 3.8 |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | 4.3 |  |  | 3.1
Other expense, net |  | $ | (4.7) |  | $ | (4.7) |  | $ | (12.6) |  | $ | (9.5)

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Note E: Funds Held for Clients and Corporate Investments

Funds held for clients and corporate investments are as follows:

|  | November 30, 2020
|  |  |  |  | Gross |  | Gross |  |  |
|  | Amortized |  | unrealized |  | unrealized |  | Fair
In millions |  | cost |  | gains |  | losses |  | value
Type of issue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Funds held for clients' money market securities and other ‎ cash equivalents |  | $ | 359.3 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 359.3
AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 75.8 |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 77.7
Corporate bonds |  |  | 630.4 |  |  | 35.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 665.7
Municipal bonds |  |  | 1,701.1 |  |  | 43.4 |  |  | (0.5) |  |  | 1,744.0
U.S. government agency and treasury securities |  |  | 527.7 |  |  | 28.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 556.5
VRDNs |  |  | 142.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 142.9
Total AFS securities |  |  | 3,077.9 |  |  | 109.4 |  |  | (0.5) |  |  | 3,186.8
Other |  |  | 26.6 |  |  | 5.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 32.0
Total funds held for clients and corporate investments |  | $ | 3,463.8 |  | $ | 114.8 |  | $ | (0.5) |  | $ | 3,578.1

|  | May 31, 2020
|  |  |  |  | Gross |  | Gross |  |  |
|  | Amortized |  | unrealized |  | unrealized |  | Fair
In millions |  | cost |  | gains |  | losses |  | value
Type of issue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Funds held for clients' money market securities and other ‎ cash equivalents |  | $ | 683.5 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 683.5
AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 68.0 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 69.7
Corporate bonds |  |  | 649.6 |  |  | 34.1 |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | 683.6
Municipal bonds |  |  | 1,373.8 |  |  | 37.4 |  |  | (1.6) |  |  | 1,409.6
U.S. government agency and treasury securities |  |  | 565.8 |  |  | 28.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 594.3
Total AFS securities |  |  | 2,657.2 |  |  | 101.7 |  |  | (1.7) |  |  | 2,757.2
Other |  |  | 25.4 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | (0.4) |  |  | 27.2
Total funds held for clients and corporate investments |  | $ | 3,366.1 |  | $ | 103.9 |  | $ | (2.1) |  | $ | 3,467.9

Included in f unds held for clients' money market securities and other cash equivalents as of November 30, 2020 were bank demand deposit accounts and money market funds.

Included in asset-backed securities as of November 30, 2020 were investment-grade securities primarily collateralized by fixed-rate auto loans and credit card receivables and all have credit ratings of AAA. The primary risk associated with these securities is the collection of the underlying receivables. Collateral on these asset-backed securities has performed as expected through November 30, 2020.

Included in corporate bonds as of November 30, 2020 were investment-grade securities covering a wide range of issuers, industries, and sectors primarily carrying credit ratings of A or better and having maturities ranging from January 11, 2021 through September 11, 2026.

Included in municipal bonds as of November 30, 2020 were general obligation bonds and revenue bonds primarily carrying credit ratings of AA or better and have maturities ranging from December 1, 2020 through November 15, 2027.

A substantial portion of our portfolios are invested in high credit quality securities with ratings of AA or higher, and A-1/P-1 ratings on short-term securities.

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The classification of funds held for clients and corporate investments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets is as follows:

|  | November 30, |  | May 31,
In millions |  | 2020 |  | 2020
Funds held for clients |  | $ | 3,393.1 |  | $ | 3,430.5
Corporate investments |  |  | 174.9 |  |  | 27.2
Long-term corporate investments |  |  | 10.1 |  |  | 10.2
Total funds held for clients and corporate investments |  | $ | 3,578.1 |  | $ | 3,467.9

Funds held for clients’ money market securities and other cash equivalents is collected from clients before due dates for payroll tax administration services and employee payment services and is invested until remitted to the applicable tax or regulatory agencies or client employees. Based upon the Company’s intent and its contractual obligation to clients, these funds are considered restricted until they are remitted to fund these client obligations.

The Company’s AFS securities reflected net unrealized gains of $108.9 million and $100.0 million as of November 30, 2020 and May 31, 2020, respectively. Included in net unrealized gains as of November 30, 2020 and May 31, 2020, were 25 and 19 AFS securities in an unrealized loss position, representing approximately 3% and approximately 2% of the total securities held, respectively. AFS securities in an unrealized loss position for which a credit loss has not been recognized were as follows:

|  | November 30, 2020
|  | Securities in an unrealized ‎loss position for less than ‎twelve months |  | Securities in an unrealized ‎loss position for more than ‎twelve months |  | Total
|  | Gross |  |  |  |  | Gross |  |  |  |  | Gross |  |  |
|  | unrealized |  | Fair |  | unrealized |  | Fair |  | unrealized |  | Fair
In millions |  | losses |  | value |  | losses |  | value |  | losses |  | value
Type of issue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate bonds |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1.0 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1.0
Municipal bonds |  |  | (0.5) |  |  | 113.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.5) |  |  | 113.3
U.S. government agency and treasury securities |  |  | — |  |  | 12.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12.7
Total |  | $ | (0.5) |  | $ | 127.0 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (0.5) |  | $ | 127.0

|  | May 31, 2020
|  | Securities in an unrealized ‎loss position for less than ‎twelve months |  | Securities in an unrealized ‎loss position for more than ‎twelve months |  | Total
|  | Gross |  |  |  |  | Gross |  |  |  |  | Gross |  |  |
|  | unrealized |  | Fair |  | unrealized |  | Fair |  | unrealized |  | Fair
In millions |  | losses |  | value |  | losses |  | value |  | losses |  | value
Type of issue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate bonds |  | $ | (0.1) |  | $ | 6.5 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (0.1) |  | $ | 6.5
Municipal bonds |  |  | (1.6) |  |  | 60.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.6) |  |  | 60.3
Total |  | $ | (1.7) |  | $ | 66.8 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (1.7) |  | $ | 66.8

The Company regularly reviews its investment portfolios to determine if any investment is impaired due to changes in credit risk or other potential valuation concerns. The Company believes that the investments held as of November 30, 2020 that had gross unrealized losses of $0.5 million were not impaired due to credit risk or other valuation concerns and was not required to record a credit loss or an allowance for credit losses on its AFS securities. The Company believes that it is probable that the principal and interest will be collected in accordance with contractual terms, and that the unrealized losses on these securities were due to changes in interest rates and were not due to increased credit risk or other valuation concerns. Most of the securities in an unrealized loss position as of November 30, 2020 and May 31, 2020 held an AA rating or better. The Company does not intend to sell these investments until the recovery of their amortized cost basis or maturity, and further believes that it is not more-likely-than-not that it will be required to sell these investments prior to that time. The Company’s assessment that an investment is not impaired due to credit risk or other valuation concerns could change in the future due to new developments, including developments related to the COVID-19 pandemic, or changes in the Company’s strategies or assumptions related to any particular investment.

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Realized gains and losses on the sales of securities are determined by specific identification of the amortized cost basis of each security. On the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income, realized gains and losses from funds held for clients are included in interest on funds held for clients and realized gains and losses from corporate investments are included in other expense, net. Realized gains and losses from the sale of AFS securities were as follows:

|  | For the three months ended |  | For the six months ended
|  | November 30, |  | November 30,
In millions |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Gross realized gains |  | $ | 0.4 |  | $ | 0.9 |  | $ | 0.7 |  | $ | 1.8
Gross realized losses |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Net realized gains |  | $ | 0.4 |  | $ | 0.9 |  | $ | 0.7 |  | $ | 1.8

The amortized cost and fair value of AFS securities that had stated maturities as of November 30, 2020 are shown below by contractual maturity. Expected maturities can differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to prepay obligations without prepayment penalties.

|  | November 30, 2020
|  | Amortized |  | Fair
In millions |  | cost |  | value
Maturity date: |  |  |  |  |  |
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 301.1 |  | $ | 303.7
Due after one year through three years |  |  | 729.3 |  |  | 756.2
Due after three years through five years |  |  | 915.3 |  |  | 963.6
Due after five years |  |  | 1,132.2 |  |  | 1,163.3
Total |  | $ | 3,077.9 |  | $ | 3,186.8

Variable rate demand notes (“VRDNs”) are primarily categorized as due after five years in the table above as the contractual maturities on these securities are typically 20 to 3 0 years. Although these securities are issued as long-term securities, they are priced and traded as short-term instruments because of the liquidity provided through the tender feature.

Note F: Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The accounting standards related to fair value measurements include a hierarchy for information and valuations used in measuring fair value that is broken down into three levels based on reliability, as follows:

Level 1 valuations are based on quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments that the Company can access at the measurement date.

Level 2 valuations are based on inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the instrument, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability including the following:

o quoted prices for similar, but not identical, instruments in active markets;

o quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active;

o inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the instrument; or

o inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.

Level 3 valuations are based on information that is unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.

The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents, accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts, PEO unbilled receivables, net of advance collections, accounts payable and short-term borrowings, when used by the Company, approximate fair value due to the short maturities of these instruments. Marketable securities included in funds held for clients and corporate investments consist primarily of securities classified as AFS and are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis.

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The Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows:

|  | November 30, 2020
|  |  |  |  | Quoted |  | Significant |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | prices in |  | other |  | Significant
|  | Carrying |  | active |  | observable |  | unobservable
|  | value |  | markets |  | inputs |  | inputs
In millions |  | (Fair value) |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Restricted and unrestricted cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market securities |  | $ | 17.3 |  | $ | 17.3 |  | $ | — |  | $ | —
Total restricted and unrestricted cash equivalents |  | $ | 17.3 |  | $ | 17.3 |  | $ | — |  | $ | —
AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities |  | $ | 77.7 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 77.7 |  | $ | —
Corporate bonds |  |  | 665.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 665.7 |  |  | —
Municipal bonds |  |  | 1,744.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,744.0 |  |  | —
U.S. government agency and treasury securities |  |  | 556.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 556.5 |  |  | —
VRDNs |  |  | 142.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 142.9 |  |  | —
Total AFS securities |  | $ | 3,186.8 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 3,186.8 |  | $ | —
Other |  | $ | 32.0 |  | $ | 32.0 |  | $ | — |  | $ | —
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other long-term liabilities |  | $ | 30.1 |  | $ | 30.1 |  | $ | — |  | $ | —

|  | May 31, 2020
|  |  |  |  | Quoted |  | Significant |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | prices in |  | other |  | Significant
|  | Carrying |  | active |  | observable |  | unobservable
|  | value |  | markets |  | inputs |  | inputs
In millions |  | (Fair value) |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Restricted and unrestricted cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market securities |  | $ | 43.5 |  | $ | 43.5 |  | $ | — |  | $ | —
Total restricted and unrestricted cash equivalents |  | $ | 43.5 |  | $ | 43.5 |  | $ | — |  | $ | —
AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities |  | $ | 69.7 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 69.7 |  | $ | —
Corporate bonds |  |  | 683.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 683.6 |  |  | —
Municipal bonds |  |  | 1,409.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,409.6 |  |  | —
U.S. government agency and treasury securities |  |  | 594.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 594.3 |  |  | —
Total AFS securities |  | $ | 2,757.2 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,757.2 |  | $ | —
Other |  | $ | 27.2 |  | $ | 27.2 |  | $ | — |  | $ | —
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other long-term liabilities |  | $ | 26.8 |  | $ | 26.8 |  | $ | — |  | $ | —

In determining the fair value of its assets and liabilities, the Company predominately uses the market approach. Money market securities, which are cash equivalents, are considered Level 1 investments as they are valued based on quoted market prices in active markets. AFS securities, including asset-backed securities, corporate bonds, municipal bonds, U.S. government agency and treasury securities, and VRDNs, are included in Level 2 and are valued utilizing inputs obtained from an independent pricing service. To determine the fair value of the Company’s Level 2 AFS securities, the independent pricing service uses a variety of inputs, including benchmark yields, reported trades, non-binding broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, reference data, new issue data, and monthly payment information. The Company has not adjusted the prices obtained from the independent pricing service because it believes that they are appropriately valued.

Assets included as other are mutual fund investments, consisting of participants’ eligible deferral contributions under the Company’s non-qualified and unfunded deferred compensation plans. The related liability is reported as other long-term liabilities. The mutual funds are considered Level 1 investments as they are valued based on quoted market prices in active markets.

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The Company’s long-term borrowings are accounted for under historical cost. As of November 30, 2020 and May 31, 2020, the fair value of long-term borrowings, net of debt issuance costs was $458.9 million and $441.9 million for the Senior Notes, Series A, respectively, and $474.9 million and $448.7 million for the Senior Notes, Series B, respectively.

The Company’s long-term borrowings are not traded in active markets and as a result its fair values were estimated using a market approach employing Level 2 valuation inputs, including borrowing rates the Company believes are currently available based on loans with similar terms and maturities.

The preceding methods described may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, although the Company believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different fair value measurement at the reporting date.

Note G: Supplemental Information

Leases: During the three months ended August 31, 2020, the Company ceased the use of certain leased property and accelerated the amortization resulting in a $24.4 million reduction of the operating lease right-of-use assets. The accelerated amortization expense recognized during the three months ended November 30, 2020 was immaterial. This expense was included in selling, general and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. The related lease liabilities will be satisfied under the original terms of the lease arrangements, unless buy-outs can be negotiated.

Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation: Depreciation expense was $30.4 million and $61.7 million for the three and six months ended November 30, 2020, respectively, compared to $33.1 million and $64.9 million for the three and six months ended November 30, 2019, respectively.

Goodwill and intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization: Amortization expense relating to intangible assets was $18.2 million and $36.5 million for the three and six months ended November 30, 2020, respectively, compared to $21.9 million and $43.0 million for the three and six months ended November 30, 2019, respectively. The Company did no t recognize an impairment loss as it relates to its goodwill or intangible assets during the six months ended November 30, 2020 or November 30, 2019.

Short-term financing: Outstanding borrowings on the Company’s credit facilities had a weighted-average interest rate of 1.22% and 1.28% as of November 30, 2020 and May 31, 2020, respectively. The unused amount available under these credit facilities as of November 30, 2020 was approximately $1.7 billion. The credit facilities contain various financial and operational covenants that are usual and customary for such arrangements. The Company was in compliance with all of these covenants as of November 30, 2020.

Letters of credit: The Company had irrevocable standby letters of credit available totaling $147.9 million as of November 30, 2020 and May 31, 2020, required to secure commitments for certain insurance policies. The letters of credit expire at various dates between December 5, 2020 and July 15, 2022. No amounts were outstanding on these letters of credit as of, or during the six months ended November 30, 2020 and November 30, 2019, or as of May 31, 2020. Subsequent to November 30, 2020, the letter of credit expiring December 5, 2020 was renewed through December 5, 2021.

Long-term debt: The Company’s long-term debt agreement contains customary representations, warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, including financial covenants that are usual and customary for such arrangements. The Company was in compliance with all of these covenants as of November 30, 2020.

Note H: Commitments and Contingencies

Other commitments: The Company had outstanding commitments under legally binding contractual arrangements and commitments under existing workers’ compensation insurance agreements. The Company also enters into various purchase commitments with vendors in the ordinary course of business and had outstanding commitments to purchase approximately $7.7 million and $5.0 million of capital assets as of November 30, 2020 and May 31, 2020, respectively.

In the normal course of business, the Company makes representations and warranties that guarantee the performance of services under service arrangements with clients. Historically, there have been no material losses related to such guarantees. The Company has also entered into indemnification agreements with its officers and directors, which require the Company to defend and, if necessary, indemnify these individuals for certain pending or future claims as they relate to their services provided to the Company.

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The Company currently self-insures the deductible portion of various insured exposures under certain corporate employee and PEO employee benefit plans. The Company’s estimated loss exposure under these insurance arrangements is recorded in other current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Historically, the amounts accrued have not been material and were not material as of November 30, 2020. The Company also maintains insurance coverage in addition to its purchased primary insurance policies for gap coverage for employment practices liability, errors and omissions, warranty liability, theft and embezzlement, cyber threats, and acts of terrorism; and capacity for deductibles and self-insured retentions through its captive insurance company.

Contingencies: The Company is subject to various claims and legal matters that arise in the normal course of its business. These include disputes or potential disputes related to breach of contract, tort, employment-related claims, tax claims, patent, statutory, and other matters.

The Company’s management currently believes that resolution of any outstanding legal matters will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations. However, legal matters are subject to inherent uncertainties and there exists the possibility that the ultimate resolution of these matters could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial position and results of operations in the period in which any such effects are recorded.

Note I: Income Taxes

The Company’s effective income tax rate was 22.1% and 23.2% for the three months ended November 30, 2020 and November 30, 2019, respectively, and 22.7% and 23.3% for the six months ended November 30, 2020 and November 30, 2019, respectively. The effective income tax rates in all periods were impacted by the recognition of net discrete tax benefits related to employee stock-based compensation payments.

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Item 2. M anagement’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations reviews the operating results of Paychex, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries (“Paychex,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” or “us”) for the three months ended November 30, 2020 (the “second quarter”), the six months ended November 30, 2020 (the “six months”), the respective prior year periods ended November 30, 2019, and our financial condition as of November 30, 2020. The focus of this review is on the underlying business reasons for material changes and trends affecting our revenue, expenses, net income, and financial condition. This review should be read in conjunction with the November 30, 2020 consolidated financial statements and the related Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (“Form 10-Q”). This review should also be read in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Form 10-K”) for the year ended May 31, 2020 (“fiscal 2020”). Forward-looking statements in this review are qualified by the cautionary statement included under the next sub-heading, “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements Pursuant to the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.”

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements Pursuant to the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995

Certain written and oral statements made by us may constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the United States (“U.S.”) Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements can be identified by such words and phrases as “we expect,” “expected to,” “estimates,” “estimated,” “intend,” “overview,” “outlook,” “guidance,” “we look forward to,” “would equate to,” “projects,” “projections,” “projected,” “projected to be,” “anticipates,” “anticipated,” “we believe,” “believes,” “could be,” “targeting,” and other similar words or phrases. Examples of forward-looking statements include, among others, statements we make regarding operating performance, events, or developments that we expect or anticipate will occur in the future, including statements relating to our outlook, revenue growth, earnings, earnings-per-share growth, or similar projections.

Forward-looking statements are neither historical facts nor assurances of future performance. Instead, they are based only on our current beliefs, expectations, and assumptions regarding the future of our business, future plans and strategies, projections, anticipated events and trends, the economy, and other future conditions. Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, they are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks, and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict, many of which are outside our control. Our actual results and financial conditions may differ materially from those indicated in the forward-looking statements. Therefore, you should not place undue reliance upon any of these forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause our actual results and financial condition to differ materially from those indicated in the forward-looking statements include, among others, the following:

·the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the U.S. and global economy, and in particular on our small- and medium-sized business clients;

·changes in governmental regulations and policies;

·our ability to comply with U.S. and foreign laws and regulations;

·our ability to keep pace with changes in technology and to provide timely enhancements to our products and services;

·our compliance with data privacy laws and regulations;

·the possibility of cyberattacks, security vulnerabilities, and Internet disruptions, including breaches of data security and privacy leaks, data loss, and business interruptions;

·the possibility of failure of our operating facilities, computer systems, or communication systems during a catastrophic event, including the COVID-19 pandemic;

·the failure of third-party service providers to perform their functions;

·the possibility that we may be subject to additional risks related to our co-employment relationship with our professional employer organization (“PEO”);

·changes in health insurance and workers’ compensation insurance rates and underlying claim trends;

·our clients’ failure to reimburse us for payments made by us on their behalf;

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·the effect of changes in government regulations mandating the amount of tax withheld or the timing of remittances;

·volatility in the political and economic environment;

·risks related to acquisitions and the integration of the businesses we acquire;

·our failure to comply with covenants in our debt agreements;

·changes in the availability of qualified people, including management, technical, compliance, and sales personnel;

·our failure to protect our intellectual property rights;

·the possible effects of negative publicity on our reputation and the value of our brand; and

·potential outcomes related to pending or future litigation matters.

Any of these factors, as well as such other factors as discussed in our Form 10-K for fiscal 2020 or in our other periodic filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), could cause our actual results to differ materially from our anticipated results. The information provided in this Form 10-Q is based upon the facts and circumstances known as of the date of this report, and any forward-looking statements made by us in this Form 10-Q speak only as of the date on which they are made. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update these forward-looking statements after the date of filing this Form 10-Q with the SEC to reflect events or circumstances after such date, or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

Our investor presentation regarding the financial results for the second quarter is available and accessible on our Paychex Investor Relations page at https://investor.paychex.com. Information available on our website is not a part of, and is not incorporated into, this Form 10-Q. We intend to make future investor presentations available exclusively on our Paychex Investor Relations page.

Overview

We are a leading provider of integrated human capital management (“HCM”) solutions for human resources (“HR”), payroll, benefits, and insurance services for small- to medium-sized businesses. The workplace is evolving, and we lead the way by making complex HR, payroll, and benefits simple for our clients. Our purpose is to allow our clients the freedom to succeed. Our mission is to be the leading provider of HR, payroll, benefits, and insurance solutions by being an essential partner to small- and medium-sized businesses across the U.S. and parts of Europe, and we believe that success in this mission will lead to strong, long-term financial performance. Our strategy focuses on providing industry-leading, integrated technology; increasing client satisfaction; expanding our leadership in HR; growing our client base; and engaging in strategic acquisitions.

Within our HCM solutions we offer a comprehensive portfolio of services and products that cover the spectrum of the employee life cycle and allow our clients to meet their diverse HR and payroll needs. Clients can select services on an á la carte basis or as part of various product bundles. We can customize our offering to the client’s business, whether it is small or large, simple or complex.

Our portfolio of HCM and employee benefit-related solutions is disaggregated into two categories, Management Solutions and PEO and Insurance Solutions, as discussed in Part 1, Item 1 of our Form 10-K for fiscal 2020. Our solutions bring together payroll and HCM software with flexible, personalized, technology-enabled service capabilities. Paychex Flex®, our proprietary HCM software-as-a-service platform, unites HR, payroll, time and attendance, and benefits processes to manage the employee life cycle from recruiting and hiring to retirement. Clients can select the modules they need and easily add on additional solutions as they grow. Paychex Flex provides function-focused analytics throughout to assist HR leaders in making informed business decisions. Paychex Flex mobility and self-service capabilities allow clients and their employees access anywhere, at any time, on any device. We also provide comprehensive HR outsourcing solutions through our administrative services organization and PEO solutions. Our HCM and HR outsourcing solutions are supported with our HR and Compliance expertise and our technology-enabled service capabilities.

We continue to focus on driving growth in the number of clients, revenue per client, total revenue and profits, while delivering superior service and technology solutions to our clients and their employees. We maintain industry-leading margins by managing our personnel costs and expenses while continuing to invest in our business, particularly in leading-edge technology and go-to-market tools and resources. We believe these investments are critical to our success. Looking to the future, we believe that investing in our products, people, and service capabilities will position us to capitalize on opportunities for long-term growth.

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A key component of our service delivery strategy is to be a proactive partner with our clients and to develop and release integrated solutions within our Paychex Flex platform to meet their current and future needs. Our ongoing investments in our platforms have prepared us well for the demands of the current business and regulatory environments, allowing us to adapt while maintaining strong service delivery, resulting in high levels of client satisfaction and retention. We continue to make investments in leading-edge technology a priority as companies are looking to leverage technology solutions to maintain operations, stay connected to employees, and increase productivity. Our most recent round of product releases features tools to help clients manage risk, maintain compliance, better assess performance and adapt to mobile and artificial intelligence-driven trends, include:

Apple Watch®/Google Assistant™ device integration, which enables workers to access their HR info easily without logging in from a phone or desktop personal computer;

PEO Protection Plus Package, w hich h elps business owners to protect their bottom line from unforeseen costs, including cyberattacks and employee lawsuits;

Equal Employment Opportunity-1 (“EEO-1”) Compliance reporting, which allows business owners to easily capture, track, and prepare a report to assist with completing the Employment Data section of the EEO-1 Report;

Tax Lookup, a new tool allowing for quick and accurate application of employee tax information;

Flex Time Employee User Experience, a mobile-first approach of enhanced tools allowing employees to easily track their hours, request time off, review their timecards, or exchange shifts with other workers from any device; and

Peer Reviews, which includes manager and self-review workflows to offer another channel for communicating feedback on a continuous basis.

Second Quarter Financial Highlights

Results of operations for the second quarter improved but continued to be impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Total revenue, diluted earnings per share, and adjusted diluted earnings per share(1) grew 6%, 27%, and 16%, respectively, since the three months ended August 31, 2020 (the “first quarter”) and year-over-year second quarter results showed marked improvement from the first quarter. Refer to the “COVID-19 Update” section of this Item 2 for further discussion on the ongoing impact of COVID-19 along with our response to the pandemic.

Financial highlights for the second quarter compared to the prior year period are as follows:

Diluted earnings per share and adjusted diluted earnings per share(1) each increased 4% to $0.75 per share and $0.73 per share, respectively.

Service revenue was consistent with the prior year period at $968.9 million, compared to a year-over-year decrease of 6% in the first quarter.

Management Solutions revenue increased 1% to $732.8 million.

Total revenue decreased 1% to $983.7 million.

(1) Adju sted diluted earnings per share is not a U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) measure. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section within the “Results of Operations” section of this Item 2 for a discussion of this non-GAAP measure and a reconciliation to the most comparable GAAP measure of diluted earnings per share.

For further analysis of our results of operations for the second quarter and six months, and our financial position as of November 30, 2020, refer to the tables and analysis in the “Results of Operations” and “Liquidity and Capital Resources” sections of this Item 2.

COVID-19 Update

As the global COVID-19 pandemic has continued to evolve, our priority has been and continues to be, the health and safety of our employees. We have started to bring back a small portion of our workforce to the office on a volunteer-only basis. We will continue to evaluate our business continuity plan against observed results and will adjust the plan accordingly.

As our clients continue to manage through the COVID-19 pandemic, we remain committed to helping them adapt and thrive, not only through the uncertainties of the COVID-19 pandemic, but the transition to the future business environment. Our blend of technology and service provides valuable tools and resources to assist our clients and their employees during this critical time. The technology investments we made to our Paychex Flex payroll and HR suite of products positions us to service our clients

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and support them in managing a remote workforce. The COVID-19 Help Center on our website continues to assist our clients and provide them with the support and resources they need, as well as provide resources to our key business partners, including accountants, financial institutions, financial advisors, and national associations. The COVID-19 Help Center has been translated into Spanish to serve our Spanish-speaking clients. To continue to support customers as they navigate the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and navigate the future of work, we have introduced several new products in the second quarter which are discussed in the “Overview” section of this Item 2. As the global economy continues to evolve, whether due to legislative changes, the pandemic, or other factors, we are committed to supporting our clients to help them navigate these challenges.

Second quarter results reflect sequential improvement in financial performance and key business metrics. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic impacted our results and year-over-year comparisons, however, client retention remains strong and our sales performance has resulted in year-over-year growth in the number of clients sold. Our strong balance sheet and operational flexibility allowed us to successfully manage through the ongoing impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic while protecting our cash flow and liquidity. In addition, during the first quarter, we substantially completed cost-saving initiatives, including an acceleration of our long-term strategy to reduce our geographic footprint and headcount optimization. We continue to evaluate the nature and extent of changes to the market and economic conditions related to the COVID-19 pandemic and will assess the potential impact on our business and financial position.

For further discussion on the risks posed to our business from the COVID-19 pandemic, refer to Item 1A of our Form 10-K for fiscal 2020.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Summary of Results of Operations:

|  | For the three months ended |  |  |  |  | For the six months ended |  |  |
|  | November 30, |  |  |  |  | November 30, |  |  |
In millions, except per share amounts |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Change(1) |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Change(1)
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management Solutions |  | $ | 732.8 |  |  | $ | 726.7 |  |  | 1 | % |  | $ | 1,420.2 |  |  | $ | 1,451.2 |  |  | (2) | %
PEO and Insurance Solutions |  |  | 236.1 |  |  |  | 244.1 |  |  | (3) | % |  |  | 466.0 |  |  |  | 491.1 |  |  | (5) | %
Total service revenue |  |  | 968.9 |  |  |  | 970.8 |  |  | — | % |  |  | 1,886.2 |  |  |  | 1,942.3 |  |  | (3) | %
Interest on funds held for clients |  |  | 14.8 |  |  |  | 19.9 |  |  | (25) | % |  |  | 29.7 |  |  |  | 40.4 |  |  | (27) | %
Total revenue |  |  | 983.7 |  |  |  | 990.7 |  |  | (1) | % |  |  | 1,915.9 |  |  |  | 1,982.7 |  |  | (3) | %
Total expenses |  |  | 629.4 |  |  |  | 649.0 |  |  | (3) | % |  |  | 1,277.6 |  |  |  | 1,291.9 |  |  | (1) | %
Operating income |  |  | 354.3 |  |  |  | 341.7 |  |  | 4 | % |  |  | 638.3 |  |  |  | 690.8 |  |  | (8) | %
Other expense, net |  |  | (4.7) |  |  |  | (4.7) |  |  | n/m |  |  |  | (12.6) |  |  |  | (9.5) |  |  | n/m |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 349.6 |  |  |  | 337.0 |  |  | 4 | % |  |  | 625.7 |  |  |  | 681.3 |  |  | (8) | %
Income taxes |  |  | 77.2 |  |  |  | 78.3 |  |  | (1) | % |  |  | 141.7 |  |  |  | 158.4 |  |  | (11) | %
Effective income tax rate |  |  | 22.1 | % |  |  | 23.2 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 22.7 | % |  |  | 23.3 | % |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 272.4 |  |  | $ | 258.7 |  |  | 5 | % |  | $ | 484.0 |  |  | $ | 522.9 |  |  | (7) | %
Diluted earnings per share |  | $ | 0.75 |  |  | $ | 0.72 |  |  | 4 | % |  | $ | 1.34 |  |  | $ | 1.45 |  |  | (8) | %

(1) Percentage changes are calculated based on unrounded numbers.

n/m – not meaningful

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We invest in highly liquid, investment-grade fixed income securities and do not utilize derivative instruments to manage interest rate risk. As of November 30, 2020, we had no exposure to high-risk or non-liquid investments. Details regarding our combined funds held for clients and corporate cash equivalents and investment portfolios are as follows:

|  | For the three months ended |  |  |  |  | For the six months ended |  |  |
|  | November 30, |  |  |  |  | November 30, |  |  |
$ in millions |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Change(1) |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Change(1)
Average investment balances: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Funds held for clients |  | $ | 3,581.4 |  |  | $ | 3,726.3 |  |  | (4) | % |  | $ | 3,544.3 |  |  | $ | 3,735.5 |  |  | (5) | %
Corporate cash equivalents and investments |  |  | 964.9 |  |  |  | 788.5 |  |  | 22 | % |  |  | 993.6 |  |  |  | 825.2 |  |  | 20 | %
Total |  | $ | 4,546.3 |  |  | $ | 4,514.8 |  |  | 1 | % |  | $ | 4,537.9 |  |  | $ | 4,560.7 |  |  | (1) | %
Average interest rates earned (exclusive of net realized gains/(losses)): |  |  |
Funds held for clients |  |  | 1.6 | % |  |  | 2.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 1.6 | % |  |  | 2.1 | % |  |  |
Corporate cash equivalents and investments |  |  | 0.2 | % |  |  | 1.7 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 0.2 | % |  |  | 1.9 | % |  |  |
Combined funds held for clients and corporate cash equivalents and investments |  |  | 1.3 | % |  |  | 2.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 1.3 | % |  |  | 2.0 | % |  |  |
Total net realized gains |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 0.9 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.7 |  |  | $ | 1.8 |  |  |  |

(1) Percentage changes are calculated based on unrounded numbers.

|  | November 30, |  | May 31,
$ in millions |  | 2020 |  | 2020
Net unrealized gains on AFS securities (1) |  | $ | 108.9 |  |  | $ | 100.0 |
Federal Funds rate (2) |  |  | 0.25 | % |  |  | 0.25 | %
Total fair value of AFS securities |  | $ | 3,186.8 |  |  | $ | 2,757.2 |
Weighted-average duration of AFS securities in years (3) |  |  | 3.4 |  |  |  | 2.9 |
Weighted-average yield-to-maturity of AFS securities (3) |  |  | 1.9 | % |  |  | 2.1 | %

(1) The net unrealized gain on our investment portfolio was approximately $110.6 million as of December 21, 2020.

(2) The Federal Funds rate was in the range of 0.00% to 0.25% as of November 30, 2020 and May 31, 2020.

(3) These i tems exclude the impact of variable rate demand notes (“VRDNs”) as they are tied to short-term interest rates.

Management Solutions revenue: Management Solutions revenue was $732.8 million for the second quarter and $1.4 billion for the six months, reflecting an increase of 1% and a decrease of 2%, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. Both periods were impacted by increases in our client base and increased penetration of our suite of solutions, particularly HR outsourcing, time and attendance, and retirement services, offset by a decline in check volumes, which had a larger impact during the first quarter.

PEO and Insurance Solutions revenue: PEO and Insurance Solutions revenue was $236.1 million for the second quarter and $466.0 million for the six months, reflecting decreases of 3% and 5%, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. The decreases in both periods were primarily driven by a decline in the number of our clients’ worksite employees. Insurance Solutions revenue declined in both periods as a result of lower workers’ compensation premiums driven by reduced wages due to fewer worksite employees in certain industries and related premium rates.

Interest on funds held for clients: Interest on funds held for clients was $14.8 million for the second quarter and $29.7 million for the six months, reflecting decreases of 25% and 27%, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. The decreases in both periods resulted from lower average investment balances, average interest rates, and realized gains. Funds held for clients’ average investment balances were impacted by lower client fund collections and changes in client base mix, offset by timing of collections and remittances and wage inflation.

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Total expenses: Total expenses were $629.4 million for the second quarter and $1.3 billion for the six months, reflecting decreases of 3% and 1%, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. The following table summarizes total combined cost of service revenue and selling, general and administrative expenses:

|  | For the three months ended |  |  |  |  | For the six months ended |  |  |
|  | November 30, |  |  |  |  | November 30, |  |  |
In millions |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Change(1) |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Change(1)
Compensation-related expenses |  | $ | 382.6 |  | $ | 373.0 |  | 3 | % |  | $ | 753.2 |  | $ | 736.4 |  | 2 | %
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 48.6 |  |  | 55.0 |  | (12) | % |  |  | 98.2 |  |  | 107.9 |  | (9) | %
PEO insurance costs |  |  | 88.4 |  |  | 83.7 |  | 6 | % |  |  | 172.9 |  |  | 173.7 |  | — | %
Cost-saving initiatives |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | — |  | n/m |  |  |  | 32.2 |  |  | — |  | n/m |
Other expenses |  |  | 108.8 |  |  | 137.3 |  | (21) | % |  |  | 221.1 |  |  | 273.9 |  | (19) | %
Total expenses |  | $ | 629.4 |  | $ | 649.0 |  | (3) | % |  | $ | 1,277.6 |  | $ | 1,291.9 |  | (1) | %

(1) Percentage changes are calculated based on unrounded numbers.

n/m – not meaningful

The decrease in total expenses during the second quarter and six months was primarily driven by lower discretionary spending, reduced facilities costs resulting from cost-saving initiatives, and amortization of intangible assets.

Compensation-related expenses increased 3% for the second quarter and 2% for the six months compared to the prior year periods. The increase in compensation-related expenses during the second quarter and six months was primarily driven by higher variable compensation expenses.

Depreciation expense is primarily related to buildings, furniture and fixtures, data processing equipment, and both purchased and internally developed software. Amortization of intangible assets is primarily related to client list acquisitions. The decrease in depreciation and amortization was driven by intangible assets amortized using an accelerated method.

PEO insurance costs include workers’ compensation and health insurance arrangements where we retain risk. The expansion of our health insurance offerings to certain PEO clients and an increase in workers’ compensation costs contributed to the growth in our PEO insurance costs in the second quarter. For the six months, PEO insurance costs were impacted by a decrease in worksite employees, which was more substantial during the first quarter.

Other expenses include items such as non-capital equipment, delivery, forms and supplies, communications, travel and entertainment, professional services, and other costs incurred to support our business. The decrease in other expenses was driven by lower discretionary spending in all areas, primarily travel and entertainment expenses, and reduced facilities costs.

Operating income: Operating income was $354.3 million for the second quarter and $638.3 million for the six months, reflecting an increase of 4% and a decrease of 8%, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. Operating margin (operating income as a percentage of total revenue) was 36.0% for the second quarter and 33.3% for the six months, compared to 34.5% and 34.8% for the respective prior year periods. Adjusted operating income(1), which excludes the impact of one-time costs, was $670.5 million for the six months, reflecting a decrease of 3% compared to the prior year period.

(1) Adjusted operating income is not a U.S. GAAP measure. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section within the “Results of Operations” section of this Item 2 for a discussion of this non-GAAP measure and a reconciliation to the most comparable GAAP measure of operating income.

Other expense, net: Other expense, net primarily represents interest expense incurred on our debt instruments, netted against earnings from our corporate cash and cash equivalents and investments in available-for-sale (“AFS”) securities and other equity method investments. Other expense, net, was $4.7 million and $12.6 million for the second quarter and six months, as compared with $4.7 million and $9.5 million for the three and six months ended November 30, 2019, respectively.

Income taxes: Our effective income tax rate was 22.1% for the second quarter and 22.7% for the six months compared to 23.2% and 23.3%, respectively, for the prior year periods. The effective income tax rates in all periods were impacted by the recognition of net discrete tax benefits related to employee stock-based compensation payments.

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Net income and diluted earnings per share: Net income was $272.4 million for the second quarter and $484.0 million for the six months, reflecting an increase of 5% and a decrease of 7%, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. Diluted earnings per share was $0.75 per share for the second quarter and $1.34 for the six months, reflecting an increase of 4% and a decrease of 8%, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. These fluctuations were attributable to the factors previously discussed.

Adjusted net income and adjusted diluted earnings per share, both non-GAAP measures, were $264.8 million and $0.73 per share for the second quarter, each reflecting an increase of 4% compared to the prior year periods. Adjusted net income and adjusted diluted earnings per share were $492.8 million and $1.36 per share for the six months, each reflecting a decrease of 4% compared to the prior year periods. Adjusted net income and adjusted diluted earnings per share include adjustments for one-time costs related to the acceleration of cost-saving initiatives and net tax windfall benefits related to employee stock-based compensation payments. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section that follows for a discussion of these non-GAAP measures.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures: Adjusted operating income, adjusted net income, adjusted diluted earnings per share, earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (“EBITDA”), and adjusted EBITDA are summarized as follows:

|  | For the three months ended |  |  |  |  | For the six months ended |  |  |
|  | November 30, |  |  |  |  | November 30, |  |  |
$ in millions |  | 2020 |  | 2019(1) |  | Change |  | 2020(1) |  | 2019 |  | Change
Operating income |  | $ | 354.3 |  |  | $ | 341.7 |  |  | 4 | % |  | $ | 638.3 |  |  | $ | 690.8 |  |  | (8) | %
Non-GAAP adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost-saving initiatives(2) |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 32.2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Total non-GAAP adjustments |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 32.2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Adjusted operating income |  | $ | 355.3 |  |  | $ | 341.7 |  |  | 4 | % |  | $ | 670.5 |  |  | $ | 690.8 |  |  | (3) | %
Net income |  | $ | 272.4 |  |  | $ | 258.7 |  |  | 5 | % |  | $ | 484.0 |  |  | $ | 522.9 |  |  | (7) | %
Non-GAAP adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Excess tax benefit related to employee stock-based compensation payments(3) |  |  | (8.5) |  |  |  | (4.9) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (15.5) |  |  |  | (11.5) |  |  |  |
Cost-saving initiatives(2) |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 24.3 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Total non-GAAP adjustments |  |  | (7.6) |  |  |  | (4.9) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8.8 |  |  |  | (11.5) |  |  |  |
Adjusted net income |  | $ | 264.8 |  |  | $ | 253.8 |  |  | 4 | % |  | $ | 492.8 |  |  | $ | 511.4 |  |  | (4) | %
Diluted earnings per share |  | $ | 0.75 |  |  | $ | 0.72 |  |  | 4 | % |  | $ | 1.34 |  |  | $ | 1.45 |  |  | (8) | %
Non-GAAP adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Excess tax benefit related to employee stock-based compensation payments(3) |  |  | (0.02) |  |  |  | (0.01) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (0.04) |  |  |  | (0.03) |  |  |  |
Cost-saving initiatives(2) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.07 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Total non-GAAP adjustments |  |  | (0.02) |  |  |  | (0.01) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.02 |  |  |  | (0.03) |  |  |  |
Adjusted diluted earnings per share |  | $ | 0.73 |  |  | $ | 0.70 |  |  | 4 | % |  | $ | 1.36 |  |  | $ | 1.42 |  |  | (4) | %
Net income |  | $ | 272.4 |  |  | $ | 258.7 |  |  | 5 | % |  | $ | 484.0 |  |  | $ | 522.9 |  |  | (7) | %
Non-GAAP adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense, net |  |  | 8.5 |  |  |  | 6.8 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16.9 |  |  |  | 12.6 |  |  |  |
Income taxes |  |  | 77.2 |  |  |  | 78.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 141.7 |  |  |  | 158.4 |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization expense |  |  | 48.6 |  |  |  | 55.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 98.2 |  |  |  | 107.9 |  |  |  |
Total non-GAAP adjustments |  |  | 134.3 |  |  |  | 140.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 256.8 |  |  |  | 278.9 |  |  |  |
EBITDA |  |  | 406.7 |  |  |  | 398.8 |  |  | 2 | % |  |  | 740.8 |  |  |  | 801.8 |  |  | (8) | %
Cost-saving initiatives(2) |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 32.2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Adjusted EBITDA |  | $ | 407.7 |  |  | $ | 398.8 |  |  | 2 | % |  | $ | 773.0 |  |  | $ | 801.8 |  |  | (4) | %

(1) The calculation of the impact of non-GAAP adjustments on diluted earnings per share is performed on each line independently. The table may not add down by +/- $0.01 due to rounding.

(2) One-time costs and corresponding tax benefit recognized related to the acceleration of cost-saving initiatives, including the long-term strategy to reduce our geographic footprint and headcount optimization. These events are not expected to recur.

(3) Net tax windfall benefits related to employee stock-based compensation payments recognized in income taxes. This item is subject to volatility and will vary based on employee decisions on exercising employee stock options and fluctuations in our stock price, neither of which is within the control of management.

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In addition to reporting operating income, net income, and diluted earnings per share, which are U.S. GAAP measures, we present adjusted operating income, adjusted operating margin, adjusted net income, adjusted diluted earnings per share, EBITDA, and adjusted EBITDA, which are non-GAAP measures. We believe these additional measures are indicators of our core business operations performance period over period. Adjusted operating income, adjusted operating margin, adjusted net income, adjusted diluted earnings per share, EBITDA, and adjusted EBITDA, are not calculated through the application of U.S. GAAP and are not required forms of disclosure by the SEC. As such, they should not be considered a substitute for the U.S. GAAP measures of operating income, net income, and diluted earnings per share, and, therefore, they should not be used in isolation but in conjunction with the U.S. GAAP measures. The use of any non-GAAP measure may produce results that vary from the U.S. GAAP measure and may not be comparable to a similarly defined non-GAAP measure used by other companies.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

As of November 30, 2020, our financial position remained strong with cash, restricted cash, and total corporate investments of $963.4 million. Total short-term and long-term borrowings, net of debt issuance costs were $803.9 million as of November 30, 2020. Our primary source of cash is generated by our ongoing operations. Cash flow from operations were $430.7 million for the six months. Our positive cash flows have allowed us to support our business and pay substantial dividends. We currently anticipate that cash, restricted cash, and total corporate investments as of November 30, 2020, along with projected operating cash flows and available short-term financing, will support our business operations, capital purchases, share repurchases, and dividend payments for the foreseeable future.

We believe that our investments in an unrealized loss position as of November 30, 2020 were not impaired due to increased credit risk or other valuation concerns, nor has any event occurred subsequent to that date to indicate any change in our assessment.

Financing

Short-term financing: We maintain committed and unsecured credit facilities and irrevocable letters of credit as part of our normal and recurring business operations. The purpose of these credit facilities is to meet short-term funding requirements, finance working capital needs, and for general corporate purposes. We typically borrow on an overnight or short-term basis on our credit facilities. Refer to Note N of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of our Form 10-K for fiscal 2020 for further discussion on our credit facilities.

Details of our credit facilities are as follows:

|  |  |  | Maximum |  | November 30, 2020
|  |  |  | Amount |  | Outstanding |  | Available
$ in millions |  | Expiration Date |  | Available |  | Amount |  | Amount
Credit facilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. (“JPM”) |  | July 31, 2024 |  | $ | 1,000.0 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,000.0
JPM |  | August 17, 2022 |  | $ | 500.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 500.0
PNC Bank, National Association (“PNC”) |  | February 6, 2023 |  | $ | 250.0 |  |  | 6.9 |  |  | 243.1
Total Lines of Credit Outstanding and Available |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6.9 |  | $ | 1,743.1

Amounts outstanding under the PNC credit facility as of November 30, 2020 remain outstanding as of the date of this report.

Details of borrowings under each credit facility during the second quarter and the respective prior year period were as follows:

|  | For the three months ended November 30, 2020
|  | Credit Facility
|  | $1 Billion |  | $500 Million |  | $250 Million
$ in millions |  | JPM |  | JPM |  | PNC
Number of days borrowed |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 91 |
Maximum amount borrowed |  | $ | 217.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 246.9 |
Weighted-average amount borrowed |  | $ | 204.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14.4 |
Weighted-average interest rate |  |  | 3.25 | % |  |  | — | % |  |  | 1.07 | %

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|  | For the three months ended November 30, 2019
|  | Credit Facility
|  | $1 Billion |  | $500 Million |  | $150 Million
$ in millions |  | JPM |  | JPM |  | PNC
Number of days borrowed |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 91 |
Maximum amount borrowed |  | $ | 694.0 |  |  | $ | 400.0 |  |  | $ | 56.7 |
Weighted-average amount borrowed |  | $ | 398.4 |  |  | $ | 305.0 |  |  | $ | 54.3 |
Weighted-average interest rate |  |  | 4.99 | % |  |  | 3.15 | % |  |  | 2.74 | %

Short-term borrowings are primarily used for the settlement of client fund obligations, rather than liquidating previously-collected client funds that have been invested in AFS securities allocated to our long-term portfolio.

Subsequent to November 30, 2020, there were no overnight borrowings under our PNC and JPM credit facilities.

We expect to have access to the amounts available under our current credit facilities to meet our ongoing financial needs. However, if we experience reductions in our operating cash flows due to any of the risk factors outlined in, but not limited to, Item 1A in our Form 10-K for fiscal 2020 and other SEC filings, including any impacts related to the COVID-19 pandemic, we may need to adjust our capital, operating and other discretionary spending to realign our working capital requirements with the capital resources available to us. Furthermore, if we determined the need for additional short-term liquidity, there is no assurance that such financing, if pursued and obtained, would be adequate or on terms acceptable to us.

Letters of credit: As of November 30, 2020, we had irrevocable standby letters of credit available totaling $147.9 million, required to secure commitments for certain insurance policies. The letters of credit expire at various dates between December 5, 2020 and July 15, 2022. No amounts were outstanding on these letters of credit during the second quarter or as of November 30, 2020. Subsequent to November 30, 2020, the letter of credit expiring December 5, 2020 was renewed through December 5, 2021.

Long-term financing: Certain information related to our Senior Notes are as follows:

| Senior Notes |  | Senior Notes
| Series A |  | Series B
Stated interest rate | 4.07% |  | 4.25%
Effective interest rate | 4.15% |  | 4.31%
Interest rate type | Fixed |  | Fixed
Interest payment dates | Semi-annual, in arrears |  | Semi-annual, in arrears
Principal payment dates | March 13, 2026 |  | March 13, 2029
Note type | Unsecured |  | Unsecured

Refer to Note O of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of our Form 10-K for fiscal 2020 for further discussion on our long-term financing.

Other commitments: We had outstanding commitments under legally binding contractual arrangements and commitments under existing workers’ compensation insurance agreements. We also enter into various purchase commitments with vendors in the ordinary course of business and had outstanding commitments to purchase approximately $7.7 million of capital assets as of November 30, 2020. In addition, we are involved in two limited partnership agreements to contribute a maximum of $20.0 million to venture capital funds in the financial technology sector. As of November 30, 2020, we have contributed approximately $9.3 million of the total funding commitment.

In the normal course of business, we make representations and warranties that guarantee the performance of services under service arrangements with clients. Historically, there have been no material losses related to such guarantees. We have also entered into indemnification agreements with our officers and directors, which require us to defend and, if necessary, indemnify these individuals for certain pending or future claims as they relate to their services provided to us.

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We currently self-insure the deductible portion of various insured exposures under certain corporate and PEO employee benefit plans. Our estimated loss exposure under these insurance arrangements is recorded in other current liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Historically, the amounts accrued have not been material and were not material as of November 30, 2020. We also maintain insurance coverage in addition to our purchased primary insurance policies for gap coverage for employment practices liability, errors and omissions, warranty liability, theft and embezzlement, cyber threats, and acts of terrorism; and capacity for deductibles and self-insured retentions through our captive insurance company.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As part of our ongoing business, we do not participate in transactions with unconsolidated entities, which would have been established for facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other limited purposes. We do maintain investments as a limited partner in both low-income housing projects and venture capital funds focused on the financial technology sector. These are not considered part of our ongoing operations. These investments are accounted for under the equity method of accounting and represented less than one percent of our total assets as of November 30, 2020.

Operating, Investing, and Financing Cash Flow Activities

|  | For the six months ended
|  | November 30,
In millions |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 430.7 |  | $ | 564.6
Net cash (used in)/provided by investing activities |  |  | (490.4) |  |  | 565.2
Net cash used in financing activities |  |  | (462.4) |  |  | (645.0)
Net change in cash, restricted cash, and equivalents |  | $ | (522.1) |  | $ | 484.8
Cash dividends per common share |  | $ | 1.24 |  | $ | 1.24

Operating Cash Flow Activities

The changes in our operating cash flows for the six months compared to the prior year period were due to lower net income and changes in our operating assets and liabilities. The changes in our operating assets and liabilities were primarily driven by an increase in accounts receivable balances due to growth in our business, offset by an increase in other long-term liabilities due to the deferral of federal corporate payroll tax.

Investing Cash Flow Activities

The changes in our investing cash flows for the six months compared to the prior year period were primarily attributable to fluctuations in the net purchases and sales/maturities of AFS securities.

Fluctuations in the net change in purchases and sales/maturities of AFS securities are largely due to timing within the client funds portfolio. The amount will vary based upon the timing of collection from clients, and the related remittance to applicable tax or regulatory agencies for payroll tax administration services and to employees of clients utilizing employee payment services. Specific timing impacting cash flows for the six months and the respective prior year period are discussed further in the financing cash flows discussion of net changes in client fund obligations. In addition to timing fluctuations, the net change in purchases and sales/maturities of AFS securities for both periods were due to changes in investment mix.

Discussion of interest rates and related risks is included in the “Market Risk Factors” section of this Form 10-Q.

Financing Cash Flow Activities

The changes in our financing cash flows for the six months compared to the prior year period was primarily impacted by a decrease in the repurchases of common shares, an increase in cash flows from equity-based plans, a decrease in the net cash outflows from changes in client fund obligations, offset by a decrease in net proceeds from short-term borrowings.

During the six months, we repurchased 0.4 million shares for $28.8 million. During the respective prior year period, we repurchased 2.0 million shares for $171.9 million. As of November 30, 2020, $199.3 million remains available under our common stock repurchase program. Refer to Part II, Item 2 of this Form 10-Q for further discussion on our common stock repurchase program.

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The increase in cash flows from activity related to equity-based plans for the six months compared to the respective prior year period is largely a result of higher proceeds from the exercise or vesting of stock awards. 2.2 million shares of our common stock were exercised or vested during the six months compared to 1.1 million shares exercised or vested in the respective prior year period.

The client fund obligations liability will vary based on the timing of collecting client funds and the related required remittance of funds to applicable tax or regulatory agencies for payroll tax administration services and to employees of clients utilizing employee payment services. Collections from clients are typically remitted from one to 30 days after receipt, with some items extending to 90 days. The changes in cash flows related to the client fund obligations liability was primarily driven by early client collections related to year-end employee bonuses and larger growth in client fund obligations during the six months as clients recover from the initial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, partially offset by the timing of weekly and semi-weekly Taxpay remittances to regulatory authorities.

MARKET RISK FACTORS

Changes in interest rates and interest rate risk: Funds held for clients are primarily comprised of short-term funds and AFS securities. Corporate investments are primarily comprised of AFS securities. As a result of our investing activities, we are exposed to changes in interest rates that may materially affect our results of operations and financial position. Changes in interest rates will impact the earnings potential of future investments and will cause fluctuations in the fair value of our longer-term AFS securities. We follow an investment strategy of protecting principal and optimizing liquidity. A substantial portion of our portfolios is invested in high credit quality securities with ratings of AA or higher, and A-1/P-1 ratings on short-term securities. We invest predominantly in municipal bonds - including general obligation bonds and revenue bonds; U.S. government agency and treasury securities; corporate bonds; VRDNs; and asset-backed securities. We limit the amounts that can be invested in any single issuer and invest primarily in short- to intermediate-term instruments whose fair value is less sensitive to interest rate changes. We manage the AFS securities to a benchmark duration of two and one-half to three and three-quarters years.

During the six months, our primary short-term investment vehicles were bank demand deposit accounts and VRDNs. We have no exposure to high-risk or non-liquid investments. We have insignificant exposure to European investments. We have not and do not utilize derivative financial instruments to manage our interest rate risk.

During the six months, the average interest rate earned on our combined funds held for clients and corporate cash equivalents and investment portfolios was 1.3% compared to 2.0% for the respective prior year period. When interest rates are falling, the full impact of lower interest rates will not immediately be reflected in net income due to the interaction of short- and long-term interest rate changes. During a falling interest rate environment, earnings decrease from our short-term investments, and over time, earnings will decrease from our longer-term AFS securities. Earnings from AFS securities, which as of November 30, 2020 had an average duration of 3.4 years, would not reflect decreases in interest rates until the investments are sold or mature and the proceeds are reinvested at lower rates.

The amortized cost and fair value of AFS securities that had stated maturities as of November 30, 2020 are shown below by contractual maturity. Expected maturities can differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to prepay obligations without prepayment penalties.

|  | November 30, 2020
|  | Amortized |  | Fair
In millions |  | cost |  | value
Maturity date: |  |  |  |  |  |
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 301.1 |  | $ | 303.7
Due after one year through three years |  |  | 729.3 |  |  | 756.2
Due after three years through five years |  |  | 915.3 |  |  | 963.6
Due after five years |  |  | 1,132.2 |  |  | 1,163.3
Total |  | $ | 3,077.9 |  | $ | 3,186.8

VRDNs are primarily categorized as due after five years in the table above as the contractual maturities on these securities are typically 20 to 30 years. Although these securities are issued as long-term securities, they are priced and traded as short-term instruments because of the liquidity provided through the tender feature.

As of November 30, 2020, the Federal Funds rate was in the range of 0.00% to 0.25%. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Federal Reserve reduced the Federal Funds rate a total of 150 basis points in March 2020 to its current range of 0.00% to 0.25%. There continues to be uncertainty in the rapidly changing market and economic conditions, including any residual effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. We will continue to monitor the market conditions.

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Calculating the future effects of changing interest rates involves many factors. These factors include, but are not limited to:

governmental action resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic;

daily interest rate changes;

seasonal variations in investment balances;

actual duration of short-term and AFS securities;

the proportion of taxable and tax-exempt investments;

changes in tax-exempt municipal rates versus taxable investment rates, which are not synchronized or simultaneous; and

financial market volatility and the resulting effect on benchmark and other indexing interest rates.

Subject to these factors and under normal financial market conditions, a 25-basis-point change in taxable interest rates generally affects our tax-exempt interest rates by approximately 17 basis points. Under normal financial market conditions, the impact to earnings from a 25-basis-point change in short-term interest rates would be approximately $3.0 million to $3.5 million, after taxes, for a twelve-month period. Such a basis point change may or may not be tied to changes in the Federal Funds rate.

Our total investment portfolio (funds held for clients and corporate cash equivalents and investments) is expected to average approximately $5.0 billion for fiscal 2021. Our anticipated allocation is approximately 40% invested in short-term and VRDNs with an average duration of less than 30 days and 60% invested in AFS securities, with an average duration of two and one-half to three and three-quarters years.

The combined funds held for clients and corporate AFS securities reflected net unrealized gains of $108.9 million as of November 30, 2020 and $100.0 million as of May 31, 2020. During the six months, the net unrealized gain on our investment portfolios ranged from $97.2 million to $121.9 million. These fluctuations were driven by changes in market rates of interest. The net unrealized gain on our investment portfolio was approximately $110.6 million as of December 21, 2020.

As of November 30, 2020 and May 31, 2020, we had $3.2 billion and $2.8 billion, respectively, invested in AFS securities at fair value. The weighted-average yield-to-maturity was 1.9% as of November 30, 2020 and 2.1% as of May 31, 2020. The weighted-average yield-to-maturity excludes AFS securities tied to short-term interest rates, such as VRDNs. Assuming a hypothetical increase in longer-term interest rates of 25 basis points, the resulting potential decrease in fair value for our portfolio of AFS securities as of November 30, 2020, would be approximately $25.0 million. Conversely, a corresponding decrease in interest rates would result in a comparable increase in fair value. This hypothetical increase or decrease in the fair value of the portfolio would be recorded as an adjustment to the portfolio’s recorded value, with an offsetting amount recorded in stockholders’ equity. These fluctuations in fair value would have no related or immediate impact on the results of operations, unless any declines in fair value were considered to be other-than-temporary and an impairment loss recognized.

Credit risk: We are exposed to credit risk in connection with these investments through the possible inability of the borrowers to meet the terms of their bonds. We regularly review our investment portfolios to determine if any investment is impaired due to increased credit risk or other valuation concerns and we believe that the investments we held as of November 30, 2020 were not impaired as a result of the previously discussed reasons. While $127.0 million of our AFS securities had fair values that were below amortized cost, we believe that it is probable that the principal and interest will be collected in accordance with the contractual terms, and that the gross unrealized losses of $0.5 million were due to changes in interest rates and were not due to increased credit risk or other valuation concerns. Most of the AFS securities in an unrealized loss position as of November 30, 2020 and May 31, 2020 held an AA rating or better. We do not intend to sell these investments until the recovery of their amortized cost basis or maturity, and further believe that it is not more-likely-than-not that we will be required to sell these investments prior to that time. Our assessment that an investment is not impaired due to increased credit risk or other valuation concerns could change in the future due to new developments, including changes in our strategies or assumptions related to any particular investment.

We have some credit risk exposure relating to the purchase of accounts receivable as a means of providing payroll funding to clients in the temporary staffing industry. This credit risk exposure is diversified amongst multiple client arrangements and all such arrangements are regularly reviewed for potential write-off. No single client is material in respect to total accounts receivable, service revenue, or results of operations.

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Our critical accounting policies are described in Item 7 of our Form 10-K for fiscal 2020, filed with the SEC on July 17, 2020. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate the critical accounting policies used to prepare our consolidated financial statements, including, but not limited to, those related to:

revenue recognition;

assets recognized from the costs to obtain and fulfill contracts;

PEO insurance reserves;

goodwill and other intangible assets;

impairment of long-lived assets;

stock-based compensation costs; and

income taxes.

There have been no material changes in these aforementioned critical accounting policies.

NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Recently adopted accounting pronouncements: Refer to Note A of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) contained in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for a discussion of recently adopted accounting pronouncements.

Recently issued accounting pronouncements: Refer to Note A of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) contained in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for a discussion of recently issued accounting pronouncements.

Ite m 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures of Market Risk

The information called for by this item is provided under the caption “Market Risk Factors” under Item 2 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and is incorporated herein by reference.

Ite m 4. Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures: Disclosure controls and procedures are designed with the objective of ensuring that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), such as this report, is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures are also designed with the objective of ensuring that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures: As of the end of the period covered by this report, the Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act. Based on such evaluation, the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that as of November 30, 2020, the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting: The Company also carried out an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting to determine whether any changes occurred during the fiscal quarter ended November 30, 2020. Based on such evaluation, there have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the Company’s most recently completed fiscal quarter ended November 30, 2020, that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PAR T II. OTHER INFORMATION

I tem 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

The Company maintains a program to repurchase up to $400 million of the Company’s common stock, authorized through May 31, 2022. The purpose of the program is to manage common stock dilution. There were no shares repurchased during the second quarter and $199.3 million remains yet to be purchased under the program as of November 30, 2020.

Ite m 6. Exhibits

INDEX TO EXHIBITS

| Exhibit number | Description
* | 31.1 | Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
* | 31.2 | Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
* | 32.1 | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
* | 32.2 | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
* | 101.INS | XBRL instance document.
* | 101.SCH | XBRL taxonomy extension schema document.
* | 101.CAL | XBRL taxonomy extension calculation linkbase document.
* | 101.LAB | XBRL taxonomy label linkbase document.
* | 101.PRE | XBRL taxonomy extension presentation linkbase document.
* | 101.DEF | XBRL taxonomy extension definition linkbase document.
* | 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File – the cover page interactive data file does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.

* Exhibit filed with this report

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SIGNA TURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

PAYCHEX, INC.

Date: | December 23, 2020 | /s/ Martin Mucci |
|  | Martin Mucci |
|  | President and Chief Executive Officer |
|  | (Principal Executive Officer) |
Date: | December 23, 2020 | /s/ Efrain Rivera |
|  | Efrain Rivera |
|  | Senior Vice President, Chief |
|  | Financial Officer, and Treasurer |
|  | (Principal Financial Officer) |
Date: | December 23, 2020 | /s/ Robert L. Schrader Robert L. Schrader Vice President and Controller (Principal Accounting Officer) |

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