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INCOME TAXES (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Provision for Income Taxes
The following table sets forth our provision for income taxes for the periods indicated:
 Years Ended December 31,
 202320222021
 
(Millions of dollars)
Current tax expense (benefit)
Federal$(3)$52 $
State12 12 
Total current tax expense9 64 12 
Deferred tax expense
Federal739 423 433 
State90 41 39 
Total deferred tax expense829 464 472 
Total provision for income taxes$838 $528 $484 
Reconciliation of Income Tax Provision
The following table is a reconciliation of our income tax provision for the periods indicated:
Years Ended December 31,
 202320222021
 
(Millions of dollars)
Income before income taxes$3,497 $2,250 $1,984 
Federal statutory income tax rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
Provision for federal income taxes734 472 417 
State income taxes, net of federal benefit100 54 40 
Deferred tax rate change, inclusive of valuation allowance2 (1)
Excess tax benefits from share-based compensation1 (1)(2)
Other, net (a)1 23 
Income tax provision$838 $528 $484 
(a) The year ended December 31, 2021, includes $19 million impact from previously recognized gains on certain benefit plan investments.
Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
The following table sets forth the tax effects of temporary differences that gave rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and liabilities as of the dates indicated:
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
Deferred tax assets
(Millions of dollars)
Employee benefits and other accrued liabilities$88 $82 
Federal net operating loss2,534 1,105 
State net operating loss and benefits492 196 
Derivative instruments 19 
Interest expense limitation210 25 
Other20 
Total deferred tax assets3,344 1,432 
Valuation allowance for state net operating loss and tax credits
Carryforward expected to expire prior to utilization(240)(75)
Net deferred tax assets3,104 1,357 
Deferred tax liabilities
Excess of tax over book depreciation104 95 
Derivative instruments7 — 
Investment in partnerships (a)5,587 3,001 
Total deferred tax liabilities5,698 3,096 
Net deferred tax liabilities$2,594 $1,739 
(a) Due primarily to excess of tax over book depreciation.