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EMPLOYEE BENEFITS
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
EMPLOYEE BENEFITS [Abstract]  
EMPLOYEE BENEFITS EMPLOYEE BENEFITS
The Company provides various retirement benefits to eligible team members, including contributions to defined contribution plans, pension benefits associated with defined benefit plans, postretirement medical benefits and other benefits. Eligibility requirements and benefit levels vary depending on team member location. Various foreign benefit plans cover team members in accordance with local legal requirements.

Defined Contribution Plans
A majority of the Company's U.S. team members are covered by a retirement savings plan, adopted as of January 1, 2021. The new plan amended and restated the prior noncontributory profit-sharing plan, which previously aligned Company contributions to Company performance and included two components, a variable annual contribution based on the Company's rate of return on invested capital and an automatic contribution equal to 3% of the eligible team member's total eligible compensation. As part of the amendment, beginning in 2021, the profit-sharing contribution was removed and the Company's automatic contribution increased from 3% to 6% of total eligible participants’ compensation. In addition, team members covered by the plan are also able to make personal contributions.

The total retirement savings plan expense was $87 million, $78 million, and $99 million for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

The Company sponsors additional defined contribution plans available to certain U.S. and foreign team members for which contributions are made by the Company and participating team members. The expense associated with these defined contribution plans totaled $11 million, $16 million and $16 million for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Postretirement Healthcare Benefits Plans
The Company has a postretirement healthcare benefit plan that provides coverage for a majority of its U.S. team members hired prior to January 1, 2013, and their dependents should they elect to maintain such coverage upon retirement. Covered team members become eligible for participation when they qualify for retirement while working for the Company. Participation in the plan is voluntary and requires participants to make contributions toward the cost of the plan, as determined by the Company.
The net periodic benefits costs were valued with a measurement date of January 1 for each year and consisted of the following components (in millions of dollars):
For the Years Ended December 31,
202220212020
SG&A
Service cost$4 $5 $5 
Other (income) expense
Interest cost4 3 6 
Expected return on assets(8)(8)(8)
Amortization of prior service credit(10)(9)(10)
Amortization of unrecognized gains(9)(8)(5)
Net periodic benefits$(19)$(17)$(12)

Reconciliations of the beginning and ending balances of the postretirement benefit asset (obligation), which is calculated as of December 31 measurement date, the fair value of plan assets available for benefits and the funded status of the benefit asset (obligation) follow (in millions of dollars):
20222021
Benefit obligation at beginning of year$153 $167 
Service cost
4 5 
Interest cost
4 3 
Plan participants' contributions
3 3 
Actuarial gains(40)(14)
Benefits paid
(12)(11)
Benefit obligation at end of year$112 $153 
Plan assets available for benefits at beginning of year$207 $206 
Actual returns on plan assets(36)9 
Plan participants' contributions
3 3 
Benefits paid
(12)(11)
Plan assets available for benefits at end of year162 207 
Noncurrent postretirement benefit asset$50 $54 

The amounts recognized in AOCE consisted of the following (in millions of dollars):
As of December 31,
20222021
Prior service credit$33 $42 
Unrecognized gains77 90 
Deferred tax liability(28)(33)
Net accumulated gains
$82 $99 

The Company has elected to amortize the amount of net unrecognized gains over a period equal to the average remaining service period for active plan participants expected to retire and receive benefits of approximately 10 years for 2022.
The postretirement benefit obligation was determined by applying the terms of the plan and actuarial models. These models include various actuarial assumptions, including discount rates, long-term rates of return on plan assets, healthcare cost trend rate and cost-sharing between the Company and the retirees. The Company evaluates its actuarial assumptions on an annual basis and considers changes in these long-term factors based upon market conditions and historical experience. The actuarial gains recognized during the plan year are primarily related to
changes in assumptions related to certain retiree coverage elections, health reimbursement arrangement (HRA) subsidy and changes to the discount rate.

The following assumptions were used to determine net periodic benefit costs at January 1 of each year:
For the Years Ended December 31,
202220212020
Discount rate2.57 %2.17 %3.01 %
Long-term rate of return on plan assets – net of tax4.04 %4.04 %4.04 %
Initial healthcare cost trend rate
Pre age 656.50 %5.81 %6.06 %
Post age 65NANANA
Catastrophic drug benefitNANANA
Ultimate healthcare cost trend rate4.50 %4.50 %4.50 %
Year ultimate healthcare cost trend rate reached203020262026
HRA credit inflation index for grandfathered retirees— %— %2.50 %

The following assumptions were used to determine benefit obligations as of December 31:
202220212020
Discount rate4.92 %2.57 %2.17 %
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets – net of tax4.04 %4.04 %4.04 %
Initial healthcare cost trend rate
Pre age 657.50 %6.50 %5.81 %
Post age 65NANANA
Catastrophic drug benefitNANANA
Ultimate healthcare cost trend rate4.50 %4.50 %4.50 %
Year ultimate healthcare cost trend rate reached203320302026
HRA credit inflation index for grandfathered retirees— %— %— %

The discount rate assumptions reflect the rates available on high-quality fixed-income debt instruments as of December 31, the measurement date of each year. These rates have been selected due to their similarity to the duration of the projected cash flows of the postretirement healthcare benefit plan. As of December 31, 2022, the Company increased the discount rate from 2.57% to 4.92% to reflect the increase in the market interest rates as of December 31, 2022. 

The Company reviews external data and its own historical trends for healthcare costs to determine the healthcare cost trend rates. As of December 31, 2022, the initial healthcare cost trend rate was 7.50% for pre age 65. The healthcare costs trend rates decline each year until reaching the ultimate trend rate of 4.50%. The plan amendment adopted in 2017 moves all post age 65 Medicare eligible retirees to an exchange and provides a subsidy to those retirees to purchase insurance. The amount of the subsidy is based on years of service for grandfathered team members.
The Company has established a Group Benefit Trust (Trust) to fund the plan obligations and process benefit payments. In 2019, the Company liquidated previously held index funds and temporarily invested all assets of the Trust in money market funds. In 2020, the Company transitioned the Trust assets from money market funds into a liability-driven investment solution which enhances the Trust's after-tax returns and de-risks the Company's exposure by more closely match-funding the underlying liability. This investment strategy reflects the long-term nature of the plan obligation and seeks to reach a balanced allocation between Fixed Income securities and Equities of 65% and 35%, respectively. The plan's assets are stated at fair value, which represents the net asset value of shares held by the plan in the registered investment companies at the quoted market prices (Level 1 input) or at significant other observable inputs (Level 2 input).

The plan assets available for benefits are net of Trust liabilities, primarily related to deferred income taxes and taxes payable as of December 31 (in millions of dollars):
20222021
Asset class:
 Level 1 inputs:
Mutual funds:
   Funds – municipal/provincial bonds$8 $12 
   Funds – corporate bonds fund3 5 
Federal Money Market Fund— 4 
 Level 2 inputs:
Fixed income:
  Corporate bonds57 89 
  Government/municipal bonds12 14 
Equity funds73 85 
 Plan assets153 209 
 Less trust assets (liabilities)9 (2)
 Plan assets available for benefits$162 $207 

Consistent with the new investment strategy, the after-tax expected long-term rates of return on plan assets of 4.04% as of December 31, 2022 is based on the historical average of long-term rates of return and an estimated tax rate. The required use of an expected long-term rate of return on plan assets may result in recognition of income that is greater or lower than the actual return on plan assets in any given year. Over time, however, the expected long-term returns are designed to approximate the actual long-term returns and, therefore, result in a pattern of income recognition that more closely matches the pattern of the services provided by the team members.

The Company's investment policies include periodic reviews by management and trustees at least annually concerning: (1) the allocation of assets among various asset classes (e.g., domestic stocks, international stocks, short-term bonds, long-term bonds, etc.); (2) the investment performance of the assets, including performance comparisons with appropriate benchmarks; (3) investment guidelines and other matters of investment policy and (4) the hiring, dismissal or retention of investment managers.


The Company forecasts the following benefit payments related to postretirement (which include a projection for expected future team member service) for the next ten years (in millions of dollars):
YearEstimated Gross Benefit Payments
2023$9 
20249 
20259 
20269 
20279 
2028-203241 
Total$86