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​

​

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

​

FORM 10-K

​

(Mark One)

​

| ☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

​

For the fiscal year ended February 1, 2020.

​

OR

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| ☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

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For the transition period from to

​

Commission file number 1-303

​

THE KROGER CO.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

​

Ohio |  | 31-0345740
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) | ​ | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
​ | ​ | ​
1014 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH | ​ | 45202
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) | ​ | (Zip Code)

​

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (513) 762-4000

​

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

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Title of each class | Trading Symbol | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common, $1.00 Par Value | KR | New York Stock Exchange

​

​

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

​

NONE

(Title of class)

​

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

​ | ​ | ​
Yes ⌧ | ​ | No ◻

​

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

​ | ​ | ​
Yes ◻ | ​ | No ⌧

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

​ | ​ | ​
Yes ⌧ | ​ | No ◻

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

​ | ​ | ​
Yes ⌧ | ​ | No ◻

​

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Large accelerated filer ⌧ | ​ | Accelerated filer ◻
Non-accelerated filer ◻ | ​ | Smaller reporting company ☐
​ | ​ | Emerging growth company ☐

​

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ◻

​

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

​ | ​ | ​
Yes ☐ | ​ | No ⌧

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The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter (August 17, 2019). $18.2 billion.

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The number of shares outstanding of the registrant's common stock, as of the latest practicable date. 777,891,827 shares of Common Stock of $1 par value, as of March 25, 2020.

​

Documents Incorporated by Reference:

​

Portions of Kroger’s definitive proxy statement for its 2020 annual meeting of shareholders, which shall be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this Report relates, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Report.

​

​

​

The Kroger Co.

Form 10-K

For the Fiscal Year Ended February 1, 2020

Table of Contents

​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | Page
Part I | ​ | ​
Item 1 | Business | 3
Item 1A | Risk Factors | 8
Item 1B | Unresolved Staff Comments | 13
Item 2 | Properties | 13
Item 3 | Legal Proceedings | 13
Item 4 | Mine Safety Disclosures | 14
​ | ​ | ​
Part II | ​ | 14
Item 5 | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 14
Item 6 | Selected Financial Data | 17
Item 7 | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 18
Item 7A | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 39
Item 8 | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 41
Item 9 | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 95
Item 9A | Controls and Procedures | 95
Item 9B | Other Information | 95
​ | ​ | ​
Part III | ​ | 96
Item 10 | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 96
Item 11 | Executive Compensation | 96
Item 12 | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 96
Item 13 | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 96
Item 14 | Principal Accounting Fees and Services | 97
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Part IV | ​ | 98
Item 15 | Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules | 98
Item 16 | Form 10-K Summary | 100
​ | Signatures | 101

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PART I

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FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS.

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This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements about our future performance. These statements are based on our assumptions and beliefs in light of the information currently available to us. These statements are subject to a number of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors, including the risks and other factors discussed in “Risk Factors” below, that could cause actual results and outcomes to differ materially from any future results or outcomes expressed or implied by such forward looking statements. Such statements are indicated by words such as “achieve,” “affect,” “believe,” “committed,” “continue,” “could,” “deliver,” “effect,” “estimate,” “expects,” “future,” “growth,” “intends,” “likely,” “may,” “model,” “plan,” “position,” “range,” “result,” “strategy,” “strong,” “trend,” “will” and “would,” and similar words or phrases. Moreover, statements in the sections entitled Risk Factors, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”), and elsewhere in this report regarding our expectations, projections, beliefs, intentions or strategies are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

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Various uncertainties and other factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements. These include:

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| ● | The extent to which our sources of liquidity are sufficient to meet our requirements may be affected by the state of the financial markets and the effect that such condition has on our ability to issue commercial paper at acceptable rates. Our ability to borrow under our committed lines of credit, including our bank credit facilities, could be impaired if one or more of our lenders under those lines is unwilling or unable to honor its contractual obligation to lend to us, or in the event that global pandemics, including the novel coronavirus, natural disasters or weather conditions interfere with the ability of our lenders to lend to us. Our ability to refinance maturing debt may be affected by the state of the financial markets.

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| ● | Our ability to achieve sales, earnings and incremental First-In, First-Out (“FIFO”) operating profit goals may be affected by: COVID-19 related factors, risks and challenges, including among others, the length of time that the pandemic continues, the temporary inability of customers to shop due to illness, quarantine, or other travel restrictions or financial hardship, shifts in demand away from discretionary or higher priced products to lower priced products, or stockpiling or similar pantry-filling activities, reduced workforces which may be caused by, but not limited to, the temporary inability of the workforce to work due to illness, quarantine, or government mandates, or temporary store closures due to reduced workforces or government mandates; labor negotiations or disputes; changes in the types and numbers of businesses that compete with Kroger; pricing and promotional activities of existing and new competitors, including non-traditional competitors, and the aggressiveness of that competition; Kroger's response to these actions; the state of the economy, including interest rates, the inflationary and deflationary trends in certain commodities, changes in tariffs, and the unemployment rate; the effect that fuel costs have on consumer spending; volatility of fuel margins; changes in government-funded benefit programs and the extent and effectiveness of any COVID-19 stimulus packages; manufacturing commodity costs; diesel fuel costs related to Kroger's logistics operations; trends in consumer spending; the extent to which Kroger's customers exercise caution in their purchasing in response to economic conditions; the uncertainty of economic growth or recession; changes in inflation or deflation in product and operating costs; stock repurchases; Kroger's ability to retain pharmacy sales from third party payors; consolidation in the healthcare industry, including pharmacy benefit managers; Kroger's ability to negotiate modifications to multi-employer pension plans; natural disasters or adverse weather conditions; the effect of public health crises or other significant catastrophic events, including the coronavirus; the potential costs and risks associated with potential cyber-attacks or data security breaches; the success of Kroger's future growth plans; the ability to execute on Restock Kroger; and the successful integration of merged companies and new partnerships.

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| ● | Our ability to achieve these goals may also be affected by our ability to manage the factors identified above. Our ability to execute our financial strategy may be affected by our ability to generate cash flow.

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| ● | Our effective tax rate may differ from the expected rate due to changes in laws, the status of pending items with various taxing authorities, and the deductibility of certain expenses.

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We cannot fully foresee the effects of changes in economic conditions on our business.

2

Other factors and assumptions not identified above, including those discussed in Item 1A of this Report, could also cause actual results to differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking information. Accordingly, actual events and results may vary significantly from those included in, contemplated or implied by forward-looking statements made by us or our representatives. We undertake no obligation to update the forward-looking information contained in this filing.

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ITEM 1. | BUSINESS.

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The Kroger Co. (the “Company” or “Kroger”) was founded in 1883 and incorporated in 1902. As of February 1, 2020, we are one of the largest retailers in the world based on annual sales. We also manufacture and process some of the food for sale in our supermarkets. We maintain a web site (www.thekrogerco.com) that includes additional information about the Company. We make available through our web site, free of charge, our annual reports on Form 10-K, our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, our current reports on Form 8-K and our interactive data files, including amendments. These forms are available as soon as reasonably practicable after we have filed them with, or furnished them electronically to, the SEC.

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Our revenues are predominately earned and cash is generated as consumer products are sold to customers in our stores, fuel centers and via our online platforms. We earn income predominantly by selling products at price levels that produce revenues in excess of the costs to make these products available to our customers. Such costs include procurement and distribution costs, facility occupancy and operational costs and overhead expenses. Our fiscal year ends on the Saturday closest to January 31. All references to 2019, 2018 and 2017 are to the fiscal years ended February 1, 2020, February 2, 2019 and February 3, 2018, respectively, unless specifically indicated otherwise.

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EMPLOYEES

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As of February 1, 2020, Kroger employed approximately 435,000 full- and part-time employees. A majority of our employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements negotiated with local unions affiliated with one of several different international unions. There are approximately 360 such agreements, usually with terms of three to five years.

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STORES

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As of February 1, 2020, Kroger operated, either directly or through its subsidiaries, 2,757 supermarkets under a variety of local banner names, of which 2,270 had pharmacies and 1,567 had fuel centers. We offer Pickup (also referred to as ClickList®) and Harris Teeter ExpressLane™— personalized, order online, pick up at the store services — at 1,989 of our supermarkets and provide home delivery service to 97% of Kroger households. Approximately 54% of our supermarkets were operated in Company-owned facilities, including some Company-owned buildings on leased land. Our current strategy emphasizes self-development and ownership of real estate. Our stores operate under a variety of banners that have strong local ties and brand recognition. Supermarkets are generally operated under one of the following formats: combination food and drug stores (“combo stores”); multi-department stores; marketplace stores; or price impact warehouses.

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The combo store is the primary food store format. They typically draw customers from a 2-2.5 mile radius. We believe this format is successful because the stores are large enough to offer the specialty departments that customers desire for one-stop shopping, including natural food and organic sections, pharmacies, general merchandise, pet centers and high-quality perishables such as fresh seafood and organic produce.

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Multi-department stores are significantly larger in size than combo stores. In addition to the departments offered at a typical combo store, multi-department stores sell a wide selection of general merchandise items such as apparel, home fashion and furnishings, outdoor living, electronics, automotive products and toys.

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Marketplace stores are smaller in size than multi-department stores. They offer full-service grocery, pharmacy and health and beauty care departments as well as an expanded perishable offering and general merchandise area that includes apparel, home goods and toys.

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3

Price impact warehouse stores offer a “no-frills, low cost” warehouse format and feature everyday low prices plus promotions for a wide selection of grocery and health and beauty care items. Quality meat, dairy, baked goods and fresh produce items provide a competitive advantage. The average size of a price impact warehouse store is similar to that of a combo store.

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SEGMENTS

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We operate supermarkets and multi-department stores throughout the United States. Our retail operations, which represent 97% of our consolidated sales, is our only reportable segment. We aggregate our operating divisions into one reportable segment due to the operating divisions having similar economic characteristics with similar long-term financial performance. In addition, our operating divisions offer customers similar products, have similar distribution methods, operate in similar regulatory environments, purchase the majority of the merchandise for retail sale from similar (and in many cases identical) vendors on a coordinated basis from a centralized location, serve similar types of customers, and are allocated capital from a centralized location. Our operating divisions are organized primarily on a geographical basis so that the operating division management team can be responsive to local needs of the operating division and can execute company strategic plans and initiatives throughout the locations in their operating division. This geographical separation is the primary differentiation between these retail operating divisions. The geographical basis of organization reflects how the business is managed and how our Chief Executive Officer, who acts as our chief operating decision maker, assesses performance internally. All of our operations are domestic. Revenues, profits and losses and total assets are shown in our Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Item 8 below.

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MERCHANDISING AND MANUFACTURING

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Our Brands products play an important role in our merchandising strategy. Our supermarkets, on average, stock over 16,000 private label items. Our Brands products are primarily produced and sold in three “tiers.” Private Selection® is one of our premium quality brands, offering customers culinary foods and ingredients that deliver amazing eating experiences. The Kroger® brand, which represents the majority of our private label items, is designed to consistently satisfy and delight customers with quality products that exceed or meet the national brand in taste and efficacy, as well as with unique and differentiated products. Big K®, Check This Out…® and Heritage Farm® are some of our value brands, designed to deliver good quality at a very affordable price. In addition, we continue to grow natural and organic Our Brands offerings with Simple Truth® and Simple Truth Organic®. Both Simple Truth and Simple Truth Organic are free from a defined list of artificial ingredients that customers have told us they do not want in their food, and the Simple Truth Organic products are USDA certified organic.

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Approximately 31% of Our Brands units and 42% of the grocery category Our Brands units sold in our supermarkets are produced in our food production plants; the remaining Our Brands items are produced to our strict specifications by outside manufacturers. We perform a “make or buy” analysis on Our Brands products and decisions are based upon a comparison of market-based transfer prices versus open market purchases. As of February 1, 2020, we operated 35 food production plants. These plants consisted of 16 dairies, 9 deli or bakery plants, five grocery product plants, two beverage plants, one meat plant and two cheese plants.

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SEASONALITY

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The majority of our revenues are generally not seasonal in nature. However, revenues tend to be higher during the major holidays throughout the year. Additionally, certain significant events including inclement weather systems, particularly winter storms, tend to affect our sales trends.

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4

INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

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The following is a list of the names and ages of the executive officers and the positions held by each such person. Except as otherwise noted, each person has held office for at least five years. Each officer will hold office at the discretion of the Board for the ensuing year until removed or replaced.

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Name |  | Age |  | Recent Employment History
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Mary E. Adcock | ​ | 44 | ​ | Ms. Adcock was elected Senior Vice President effective May 1, 2019 and is responsible for the oversight of several Kroger retail divisions. From June 2016 to April 2019, she served as Group Vice President of Retail Operations. Prior to that, she served as Vice President of Operations for Kroger’s Columbus Division from November 2015 to May 2016 and as Vice President of Merchandising for the Columbus Division from March 2014 to November 2015. From February 2012 to March 2014, Ms. Adcock served as Vice President of Natural Foods Merchandising and from October 2009 to February 2012, she served as Vice President of Deli/Bakery Manufacturing. Prior to that, Ms. Adcock held several leadership positions in the manufacturing department, including human resources manager, general manager and division operations manager. Ms. Adcock joined Kroger in 1999 as human resources assistant manager at the Country Oven Bakery in Bowling Green, Kentucky.
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Stuart W. Aitken | ​ | 48 | ​ | Mr. Aitken was elected Senior Vice President in February 2019 and served as Group Vice President from June 2015 to February 2019. He is responsible for leading Kroger’s alternative profit businesses, including Kroger’s data analytics subsidiary, 84.51° LLC and Kroger Personal Finance. Prior to joining Kroger, he served as the chief executive officer of dunnhumby USA, LLC from July 2010 to June 2015. Mr. Aitken has over 15 years of marketing, academic and technical experience across a variety of industries, and held various leadership roles with other companies, including Michaels Stores and Safeway, Inc.
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Robert W. Clark | ​ | 54 | ​ | Mr. Clark was named Senior Vice President of Supply Chain, Manufacturing and Sourcing in May 2019. He was elected Senior Vice President of Merchandising in March 2016. From March 2013 to March 2016, he served as Group Vice President of Non-Perishables. Prior to that, he served as Vice President of Merchandising for Kroger’s Fred Meyer division from October 2011 to March 2013. From August 2010 to October 2011 he served as Vice President of Operations for Kroger’s Columbus division. Prior to that, from May 2002 to August 2010, he served as Vice President of Merchandising for Kroger’s Fry’s division. From 1985 to 2002, Mr. Clark held various leadership positions in store and district management, as well as grocery merchandising. Mr. Clark began his career with Kroger in 1985 as a courtesy clerk at Fry’s.
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Yael Cosset | ​ | 46 | ​ | Mr. Cosset was elected Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer in May 2019 and is responsible for leading Kroger’s digital strategy, focused on building Kroger’s presence in the marketplace in digital channels, personalization and e-commerce. Prior to that, Mr. Cosset served as Group Vice President and Chief Digital Officer from January 2017 to April 2019. Before that, he served as Chief Commercial Officer and Chief Information Officer of 84.51° LLC from April 2015 to December 2016. Prior to joining Kroger, Mr. Cosset served in several leadership roles at dunnhumby USA, LLC from 2009 to 2015, including Executive Vice President of Consumer Markets and Global Chief Information Officer.
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5

Michael J. Donnelly | ​ | 61 | ​ | Mr. Donnelly was elected Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer in December 2017. Prior to that, he was Executive Vice President of Merchandising from September 2015 to December 2017, and Senior Vice President of Merchandising from July 2011 to September 2015. Before that, Mr. Donnelly held a variety of key management positions with Kroger, including President of Ralphs Grocery Company, President of Fry’s Food Stores, and Senior Vice President, Drug/GM Merchandising and Procurement. Mr. Donnelly joined Kroger in 1978 as a clerk.
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Carin L. Fike | ​ | 51 | ​ | Ms. Fike was elected Vice President and Treasurer effective April 2017. Prior to that, she served as Assistant Treasurer from March 2011 to April 2017. Before that, Ms. Fike served as Director of Investor Relations from December 2003 to March 2011. Ms. Fike began her career with Kroger in 1999 as a manager in the Financial Reporting department after working with PricewaterhouseCoopers from 1995 to 1999, where most recently she was an audit manager.
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Todd A. Foley | ​ | 50 | ​ | Mr. Foley was elected Vice President and Corporate Controller effective April 2017. Before that, he served as Vice President and Treasurer from June 2013 to April 2017. Prior to that, Mr. Foley served as Assistant Corporate Controller from March 2006 to June 2013, and Controller of Kroger’s Cincinnati/Dayton division from October 2003 to March 2006. Mr. Foley began his career with Kroger in 2001 as an audit manager in the Internal Audit Department after working for PricewaterhouseCoopers from 1991 to 2001, where most recently he was a senior audit manager.
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Joseph A. Grieshaber, Jr. | ​ | 62 | ​ | Mr. Grieshaber was elected Senior Vice President in June 2019 and is responsible for sales, promotional and category planning for center store, fresh foods, and general merchandise categories. Prior to this, he served as President of Kroger’s Fred Meyer division since March 2017, the Columbus division President from March 2015 to March 2017, and the Dillons division President from July 2010 to March 2015. In August 2003, Mr. Grieshaber was named Kroger’s Group Vice President of Perishables Merchandising and Procurement. From 1995 to 2003, he served various leadership roles, including district management and Meat Merchandising in the Michigan Division and Vice President of Merchandising in the Columbus Division. Mr. Grieshaber began his career with Kroger in 1983 as a store manager trainee in Nashville.
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Calvin J. Kaufman | ​ | 57 | ​ | Mr. Kaufman was elected Senior Vice President in June 2017, and is responsible for the oversight of several Kroger retail divisions. From July 2013 to June 2017, he served as President of the Louisville division. Prior to that, he served as President of Kroger Manufacturing and Our Brands from June 2008 to June 2013, and Group Vice President of Fred Meyer Logistics from September 2005 to May 2008. Mr. Kaufman held various positions in Logistics after joining Kroger in the Fred Meyer division in September 1994.
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Timothy A. Massa | ​ | 53 | ​ | Mr. Massa was elected Senior Vice President of Human Resources and Labor Relations in June 2018. Prior to that, he served as Group Vice President of Human Resources and Labor Relations from June 2014 to June 2018. Mr. Massa joined Kroger in October 2010 as Vice President, Corporate Human Resources and Talent Development. Prior to joining Kroger, he served in various Human Resources leadership roles for 21 years at Procter & Gamble, most recently serving as Global Human Resources Director of Customer Business Development.
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6

Stephen M. McKinney | ​ | 63 | ​ | Mr. McKinney was elected Senior Vice President in March 2018, and is responsible for the oversight of several Kroger retail divisions. From October 2013 to March 2018, he served as President of Kroger’s Fry’s Food Stores division. Prior to that, he served as Vice President of Operations for the Ralphs division from October 2007 to September 2013, and Vice President of Operations for the Southwest division from October 2006 to September 2007. From 1988 to 1998, Mr. McKinney served in various leadership positions in the Fry’s Food Stores division, including store manager, deli director, and executive director of operations. From 1981 to 1998, Mr. McKinney held several roles with Florida Choice Supermarkets, a former Kroger banner, including store manager, buyer, and field representative. He started his career with Kroger in 1981 as a clerk with Florida Choice.
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W. Rodney McMullen | ​ | 59 | ​ | Mr. McMullen was elected Chairman of the Board effective January 1, 2015, and Chief Executive Officer effective January 1, 2014. Prior to that, he served as President and Chief Operating Officer from August 2009 to December 2013. Prior to that he was elected Vice Chairman in June 2003, Executive Vice President, Strategy, Planning and Finance in January 2000, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in May 1999, Senior Vice President in October 1997, and Group Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in June 1995. Before that he was appointed Vice President, Control and Financial Services in March 1993, and Vice President, Planning and Capital Management in December 1989. Mr. McMullen joined Kroger in 1978 as a part-time stock clerk.
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Gary Millerchip | ​ | 48 | ​ | Mr. Millerchip was elected Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer effective April 2019. Prior to this, he serviced as Chief Executive Officer for Kroger Personal Finance since joining Kroger in 2008. Before coming to Kroger he was responsible for the Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) Personal Credit Card business in the United Kingdom. He joined RBS in 1987 and held leadership positions in Sales & Marketing, Finance, Change Management, Retail Banking Distribution Strategy and Branch Operations during his time there.
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Erin S. Sharp | ​ | 62 | ​ | Ms. Sharp has served as Group Vice President of Manufacturing since June 2013. She joined Kroger in 2011 as Vice President of Operations for Kroger’s Manufacturing division. Before joining Kroger, Ms. Sharp served as Vice President of Manufacturing for the Sara Lee Corporation. In that role, she led the manufacturing and logistics operations for the central region of their U.S. Fresh Bakery Division. Ms. Sharp has over 30 years of experience supporting food manufacturing operations.
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Mark C. Tuffin | ​ | 60 | ​ | Mr. Tuffin has served as Senior Vice President since January 2014, and is responsible for the oversight of several of Kroger’s retail divisions. Prior to that, he served as President of Kroger’s Smith’s division from July 2011 to January 2014. From September 2009 to July 2011, Mr. Tuffin served as Vice President of Transition, where he was responsible for implementing an organizational restructuring initiative for Kroger’s retail divisions. He joined Kroger’s Smith’s division in 1996 and served in a series of leadership roles, including Vice President of Merchandising from September 1999 to September 2009. Mr. Tuffin held various positions with other supermarket retailers before joining Smith’s in 1996.
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7

Christine S. Wheatley | ​ | 49 | ​ | Ms. Wheatley was elected Group Vice President, Secretary and General Counsel in May 2014. She joined Kroger in February 2008 as Corporate Counsel, and became Senior Attorney in 2010, Senior Counsel in 2011, and Vice President in 2012. Before joining Kroger, Ms. Wheatley was engaged in the private practice of law for 11 years, most recently as a partner at Porter Wright Morris & Arthur in Cincinnati.

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COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT

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For the disclosure related to our competitive environment, see Item 1A under the heading “Competitive Environment.”

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ITEM 1A. | RISK FACTORS.

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There are risks and uncertainties that can affect our business. The significant risk factors are discussed below. The following information should be read together with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” which includes forward-looking statements and factors that could cause us not to realize our goals or meet our expectations.

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COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT

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The operating environment for the food retailing industry continues to be characterized by intense price competition, expansion, increasing fragmentation of retail and online formats, entry of non-traditional competitors and market consolidation. In addition, evolving customer preferences and the advancement of online, delivery, ship to home, and mobile channels in our industry enhance the competitive environment. We must anticipate and meet these evolving customer preferences and continue to implement technology, software and processes to be able to conveniently and cost-effectively fulfill customer orders. Providing flexible fulfillment options and implementing new technology is complex and may not meet customer preferences. If we are not successful in offsetting increased cost of fulfilling orders outside of our traditional in-store channel with efficiencies, cost-savings or expense reductions, our results of operations could be adversely affected. If we do not anticipate customer preferences or fail to quickly adapt to these changing preferences, our sales and profitability could be adversely affected. If we are unable to make, improve, or develop relevant customer-facing technology in a timely manner, our ability to compete and our results of operations could be adversely affected.

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We are continuing to enhance the customer connection with investments in our competitive moats of today – which are product freshness and quality, Our Brands, and personalized rewards – and our competitive moat of tomorrow, the seamless ecosystem we are building. If we are unable to enhance the foregoing customer connection, our ability to compete and our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows could be adversely affected. We believe our Restock Kroger plan provides a balanced approach that will enable us to meet the wide-ranging needs and expectations of our customers. However, we may be unsuccessful in implementing Restock Kroger, including our alternative profit strategy and our cost savings initiatives, which could adversely affect our relationships with our customers, our market share and business growth, and our operations and results. The nature and extent to which our competitors respond to the evolving and competitive industry by developing and implementing their competitive strategies could adversely affect our profitability.

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PRODUCT SAFETY

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Customers count on Kroger to provide them with safe food and drugs and other merchandise. Concerns regarding the safety of the products that we sell could cause shoppers to avoid purchasing certain products from us, or to seek alternative sources of supply even if the basis for the concern is outside of our control. Any lost confidence on the part of our customers would be difficult and costly to reestablish. Any issue regarding the safety of items we sell, regardless of the cause, could have a substantial and adverse effect on our reputation, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

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8

LABOR RELATIONS

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A majority of our employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements with unions, and our relationship with those unions, including a prolonged work stoppage affecting a substantial number of locations, could have a material adverse effect on our results.

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We are a party to approximately 360 collective bargaining agreements. Upon the expiration of our collective bargaining agreements, work stoppages by the affected workers could occur if we are unable to negotiate new contracts with labor unions. A prolonged work stoppage affecting a substantial number of locations could have a material adverse effect on our results. Further, if we are unable to control health care, pension and wage costs, or if we have insufficient operational flexibility under our collective bargaining agreements, we may experience increased operating costs and an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

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DATA AND TECHNOLOGY

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Our business is increasingly dependent on information technology systems that are complex and vital to continuing operations, resulting in an expansion of our technological presence and corresponding risk exposure. If we were to experience difficulties maintaining or operating existing systems or implementing new systems, we could incur significant losses due to disruptions in our operations.

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Through our sales and marketing activities, we collect and store some personal information that our customers provide to us. We also gather and retain information about our associates in the normal course of business. Under certain circumstances, we may share information with vendors that assist us in conducting our business, as required by law, or otherwise in accordance with our privacy policy.

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Our technology systems are vulnerable to disruption from circumstances beyond our control. Cyber-attackers may attempt to access information stored in our or our vendors’ systems in order to misappropriate confidential customer or business information. Although we have implemented procedures to protect our information, and require our vendors to do the same, we cannot be certain that our security systems will successfully defend against rapidly evolving, increasingly sophisticated cyber-attacks as they become more difficult to detect and defend against. Further, a Kroger associate, a contractor or other third party with whom we do business may in the future circumvent our security measures in order to obtain information or may inadvertently cause a breach involving information. In addition, hardware, software or applications we may use may have inherent defects or could be inadvertently or intentionally applied or used in a way that could compromise our information security.

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Our continued investment in our information technology systems may not effectively insulate us from potential attacks, breaches or disruptions to our business operations, which could result in a loss of customers or business information, negative publicity, damage to our reputation, and exposure to claims from customers, financial institutions, regulatory authorities, payment card associations, associates and other persons. Any such events could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and may not be covered by our insurance. In addition, compliance with privacy and information security laws and standards may result in significant expense due to increased investment in technology and the development of new operational processes and may require us to devote significant management resources to address these issues. The costs of attempting to protect against the foregoing risks and the costs of responding to cyber-attacks are significant. Following a cyber-attack , our and/or our vendors’ remediation efforts may not be successful, and a cyber-attack could result in interruptions, delays or cessation of service, and loss of existing or potential customers. In addition, breaches of our and/or our vendors’ security measures and the unauthorized dissemination of sensitive personal information or confidential information about us or our customers could expose our customers’ private information and our customers to the risk of financial or medical identity theft, or expose us or other third parties to a risk of loss or misuse of this information, and result in investigations, regulatory enforcement actions, material fines and penalties, loss of customers, litigation or other actions which could have a material adverse effect on our brands, reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

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9

Data governance failures can adversely affect our reputation and business. Our business depends on our customers’ willingness to entrust us with their personal information. Events that adversely affect that trust, including inadequate disclosure to our customers of our uses of their information, failing to keep our information technology systems and our customers’ sensitive information secure from significant attack, theft, damage, loss or unauthorized disclosure or access, whether as a result of our action or inaction (including human error) or that of our business associates, vendors or other third parties, could adversely affect our brand and reputation and operating results and also could expose and/or has exposed us to mandatory disclosure to the media, litigation (including class action litigation), governmental investigations and enforcement proceedings, material fines, penalties and/or remediation costs, and compensatory, special, punitive and statutory damages, consent orders, and/or injunctive relief, any of which could adversely affect our businesses, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. Large scale data breaches at other entities increase the challenge we and our vendors face in maintaining the security of our information technology systems and proprietary information and of our customers’ information. There can be no assurance that such failures will not occur, or if any do occur, that we will detect them or that they can be sufficiently remediated.

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The use of data by our business and our business associates is highly regulated. Privacy and information-security laws and regulations change, and compliance with them may result in cost increases due to, among other things, systems changes and the development of new processes. If we or those with whom we share information fail to comply with laws and regulations, such as the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), our reputation could be damaged, possibly resulting in lost business, and we could be subjected to additional legal risk or financial losses as a result of non-compliance.

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PAYMENT SYSTEMS

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We accept payments using a variety of methods, including cash and checks, and select credit and debit cards. As we offer new payment options to our customers, we may be subject to additional rules, regulations, compliance requirements, and higher fraud losses. For certain payment methods, we pay interchange and other related acceptance fees, along with additional transaction processing fees. We rely on third parties to provide payment transaction processing services for credit and debit cards. It could disrupt our business if these companies become unwilling or unable to provide these services to us. We are also subject to evolving payment card association and network operating rules, including data security rules, certification requirements and rules governing electronic funds transfers. For example, we are subject to Payment Card Industry Data Security Standards (“PCI DSS”), which contain compliance guidelines and standards with regard to our security surrounding the physical and electronic storage, processing and transmission of individual cardholder data. If our internal systems are breached or compromised, we may be liable for card re-issuance costs, subject to fines and higher transaction fees and lose our ability to accept card payments from our members, and our business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows could be adversely affected.

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INDEBTEDNESS

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Our indebtedness could reduce our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, mergers and acquisitions or other purposes and could make us vulnerable to future economic downturns as well as competitive pressures. If debt markets do not permit us to refinance certain maturing debt, we may be required to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to payments on our indebtedness. Changes in our credit ratings, or in the interest rate environment, could have an adverse effect on our financing costs and structure.

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LEGAL PROCEEDINGS AND INSURANCE

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From time to time, we are a party to legal proceedings, including matters involving personnel and employment issues, personal injury, antitrust claims and other proceedings. Other legal proceedings purport to be brought as class actions on behalf of similarly situated parties. Some of these proceedings could result in a substantial loss to Kroger. We estimate our exposure to these legal proceedings and establish accruals for the estimated liabilities, where it is reasonably possible to estimate and where an adverse outcome is probable. Assessing and predicting the outcome of these matters involves substantial uncertainties. Adverse outcomes in these legal proceedings, or changes in our evaluations or predictions about the proceedings, could have a material adverse effect on our financial results. Please also refer to the “Legal Proceedings” section in Item 3 and the “Litigation” section in Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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10

We use a combination of insurance and self-insurance to provide for potential liability for workers’ compensation, automobile and general liability, property, director and officers’ liability, and employee health care benefits. Any actuarial projection of losses is subject to a high degree of variability. Changes in legal claims, trends and interpretations, variability in inflation rates, changes in the nature and method of claims settlement, benefit level changes due to changes in applicable laws, insolvency of insurance carriers, and changes in discount rates could all affect our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

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MULTI-EMPLOYER PENSION OBLIGATIONS

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As discussed in more detail below in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Critical Accounting Policies-Multi-Employer Pension Plans,” Kroger contributes to several multi-employer pension plans based on obligations arising under collective bargaining agreements with unions representing employees covered by those agreements. We believe that the present value of actuarially accrued liabilities in most of these multi-employer plans substantially exceeds the value of the assets held in trust to pay benefits, and we expect that Kroger’s contributions to those funds will increase over the next few years. A significant increase to those funding requirements could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. Despite the fact that the pension obligations of these funds are not the liability or responsibility of the Company, except as noted below, there is a risk that the agencies that rate our outstanding debt instruments could view the underfunded nature of these plans unfavorably, or adjust their current views unfavorably, when determining their ratings on our debt securities. Any downgrading of our debt ratings likely would adversely affect our cost of borrowing and access to capital.

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We also currently bear the investment risk of two multi-employer pension plans in which we participate. In addition, we have been designated as the named fiduciary of these funds with sole investment authority of the assets of these funds. If investment results fail to meet our expectations, we could be required to make additional contributions to fund a portion of or the entire shortfall, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

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INTEGRATION OF NEW BUSINESS AND STRATEGIC ALLIANCES

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We enter into mergers, acquisitions and strategic alliances with expected benefits including, among other things, operating efficiencies, procurement savings, innovation, sharing of best practices and increased market share that may allow for future growth. Achieving the anticipated benefits may be subject to a number of significant challenges and uncertainties, including, without limitation, whether unique corporate cultures will work collaboratively in an efficient and effective manner, the coordination of geographically separate organizations, the possibility of imprecise assumptions underlying expectations regarding potential synergies, capital requirements, and the integration process, unforeseen expenses and delays, and competitive factors in the marketplace. We could also encounter unforeseen transaction and integration-related costs or other circumstances such as unforeseen liabilities or other issues. Many of these potential circumstances are outside of our control and any of them could result in increased costs, decreased revenue, decreased synergies and the diversion of management time and attention. If we are unable to achieve our objectives within the anticipated time frame, or at all, the expected benefits may not be realized fully or at all, or may take longer to realize than expected, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, or cash flows.

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FUEL

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We sell a significant amount of fuel, which could face increased regulation and demand could be affected by concerns about the effect of emissions on the environment as well as retail price increases. We are unable to predict future regulations, environmental effects, political unrest, acts of terrorism, disruptions to the economy, including but not limited to the COVID-19 pandemic, and other matters that may affect the cost and availability of fuel, and how our customers will react, which could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

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11

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

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Our operating results could be materially impacted by changes in overall economic conditions that impact consumer confidence and spending, including discretionary spending. Future economic conditions affecting disposable consumer income such as employment levels, business conditions, changes in housing market conditions, the availability of credit, interest rates, tax rates, the impact of natural disasters or acts of terrorism or pandemics, such as the spread of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19, and other matters could reduce consumer spending. Increased fuel prices could also have an effect on consumer spending and on our costs of producing and procuring products that we sell. We are unable to predict how the global economy and financial markets will perform. If the global economy and financial markets do not perform as we expect, it could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

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WEATHER AND NATURAL DISASTERS

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A large number of our stores and distribution facilities are geographically located in areas that are susceptible to hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and earthquakes. Weather conditions and natural disasters could disrupt our operations at one or more of our facilities, interrupt the delivery of products to our stores, substantially increase the cost of products, including supplies and materials and substantially increase the cost of energy needed to operate our facilities or deliver products to our facilities. Adverse weather and natural disasters could materially affect our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

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COVID-19

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On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization announced that infections of the coronavirus (COVID-19) had become a pandemic, and on March 13, the U.S. President announced a National Emergency relating to the disease. There is a possibility of widespread infection in the United States and abroad, with the potential for catastrophic impact. National, state and local authorities have recommended social distancing and imposed or are considering quarantine and isolation measures on large portions of the population, including mandatory business closures. These measures, while intended to protect human life, are expected to have serious adverse impacts on domestic and foreign economies of uncertain severity and duration. The effectiveness of economic stabilization efforts, including proposed government payments to affected citizens and industries, is uncertain. Some economists are predicting the United States may enter a recession as a result of the pandemic.

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Our business may be negatively impacted by the fear of exposure to or actual effects of a disease outbreak, epidemic, pandemic or similar widespread public health concern, such as reduced travel or recommendations or mandates from governmental authorities to avoid large gatherings or to self-quarantine as a result of the coronavirus pandemic. These impacts include but are not limited to:

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| ● | Increased costs due to short-term significant increases in customer traffic and demand spikes;

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| ● | Failure of third parties on which we rely, including our suppliers, contract manufacturers, contractors, commercial banks, joint venture partners and external business partners to meet their obligations to the company, or significant disruptions in their ability to do so which may be caused by their own financial or operational difficulties and may adversely impact our operations;

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| ● | Supply chain risks such as scrutiny or embargoing of goods produced in infected areas;

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| ● | Reduced workforces which may be caused by, but not limited to, the temporary inability of the workforce to work due to illness, quarantine, or government mandates;

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| ● | Temporary store closures due to reduced workforces or government mandates; or

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| ● | Reduced consumer traffic and purchasing which may be caused by, but not limited to, the temporary inability of customers to shop with us due to illness, quarantine or other travel restrictions, or financial hardship, shifts in demand from discretionary or higher priced products to lower priced products, or stockpiling or similar pantry-loading activities.

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12

Any of the foregoing factors, or other cascading effects of the coronavirus pandemic that are not currently foreseeable, could materially increase our costs, negatively impact our sales and damage the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and its liquidity position, possibly to a significant degree. The duration of any such impacts cannot be predicted because of the sweeping nature of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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GOVERNMENT REGULATION

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Our stores are subject to various laws, regulations, and administrative practices that affect our business. We must comply with numerous provisions regulating, among other things, health and sanitation standards, food labeling and safety, equal employment opportunity, minimum wages, licensing for the sale of food, drugs, and alcoholic beverages, and new provisions relating to the COVID-19 pandemic. We cannot predict future laws, regulations, interpretations, administrative orders, or applications, or the effect they will have on our operations. They could, however, significantly increase the cost of doing business. They also could require the reformulation of some of the products that we sell (or manufacture for sale to third parties) to meet new standards. We also could be required to recall or discontinue the sale of products that cannot be reformulated. These changes could result in additional record keeping, expanded documentation of the properties of certain products, expanded or different labeling, or scientific substantiation. Any or all of these requirements could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

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ITEM 1B. | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

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None.

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ITEM 2. | PROPERTIES.

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As of February 1, 2020, we operated approximately 2,800 owned or leased supermarkets, distribution warehouses and food production plants through divisions, subsidiaries or affiliates. These facilities are located throughout the United States. While our current strategy emphasizes ownership of real estate, a substantial portion of the properties used to conduct our business are leased.

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We generally own store equipment, fixtures and leasehold improvements, as well as processing and food production equipment. The total cost of our owned assets and finance leases at February 1, 2020, was $45.8 billion while the accumulated depreciation was $24.0 billion.

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We lease certain store real estate, warehouses, distribution centers, office space and equipment. While our current strategy emphasizes ownership of store real estate, we operate in leased facilities in approximately half of our store locations. Lease terms generally range from 10 to 20 years with options to renew for varying terms at our sole discretion. Certain leases also include options to purchase the leased property. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. Certain leases include escalation clauses or payment of executory costs such as property taxes, utilities or insurance and maintenance. Rent expense for leases with escalation clauses or other lease concessions are accounted for on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Certain properties or portions thereof are subleased to others for periods generally ranging from one to 20 years. For additional information on lease obligations, see Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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ITEM 3. | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

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Various claims and lawsuits arising in the normal course of business, including suits charging violations of certain antitrust, wage and hour, or civil rights laws, as well as product liability cases, are pending against the Company. Some of these suits purport or have been determined to be class actions and/or seek substantial damages. Any damages that may be awarded in antitrust cases will be automatically trebled. Although it is not possible at this time to evaluate the merits of all of these claims and lawsuits, nor their likelihood of success, we believe that any resulting liability will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

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13

We continually evaluate our exposure to loss contingencies arising from pending or threatened litigation and believe we have made provisions where it is reasonably possible to estimate and where an adverse outcome is probable. Nonetheless, assessing and predicting the outcomes of these matters involves substantial uncertainties. We currently believe that the aggregate range of loss for our exposures is not material. It remains possible that despite our current belief, material differences in actual outcomes or changes in our evaluation or predictions could arise that could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

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ITEM 4. | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

​

Not applicable.

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PART II

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ITEM 5. | MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.

​

Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “KR.” As of March 25, 2020, there were 26,407 shareholders of record.

​

During 2019, we paid two quarterly cash dividends of $0.14 per share and two quarterly cash dividends of $0.16 per share. During 2018, we paid two quarterly cash dividends of $0.125 per share and two quarterly cash dividends of $0.14 per share. On March 1, 2020, we paid a quarterly cash dividend of $0.16 per share. On March 12, 2020, we announced that our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.16 per share, payable on June 1, 2020, to shareholders of record at the close of business on May 15, 2020. We currently expect to continue to pay comparable cash dividends on a quarterly basis, that will increase over time, depending on our earnings and other factors, including approval by our Board.

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For information on securities authorized for issuance under our existing equity compensation plans, see Item 12 under the heading “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.”

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14

PERFORMANCE GRAPH

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Set forth below is a line graph comparing the five-year cumulative total shareholder return on our common shares, based on the market price of the common shares and assuming reinvestment of dividends, with the cumulative total return of companies in the Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index and a peer group composed of food and drug companies.

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​

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Base | ​ | INDEXED RETURNS |
​ | ​ | Period | ​ | Years Ending |
Company Name/Index |  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |
The Kroger Co. |  | 100 |  | 113.63 |  | 98.98 |  | 88.69 |  | 86.45 |  | 84.67 | ​
S&P 500 Index |  | 100 |  | 99.33 |  | 120.06 |  | 147.48 |  | 147.40 |  | 179.17 | ​
Peer Group |  | 100 |  | 93.30 |  | 91.76 |  | 118.54 |  | 115.13 |  | 138.93 | ​

​

Kroger’s fiscal year ends on the Saturday closest to January 31.

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Data supplied by Standard & Poor’s.

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The foregoing Performance Graph will not be deemed incorporated by reference into any other filing, absent an express reference thereto.

* Total assumes $100 invested on January 31, 2015, in The Kroger Co., S&P 500 Index, and the Peer Group, with reinvestment of dividends.

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** The Peer Group consists of Costco Wholesale Corp., CVS Health Corporation, Etablissements Delhaize Freres Et Cie Le Lion (“Groupe Delhaize”, which is included through July 22, 2016 when it merged with Koninklijke Ahold), Koninklijke Ahold Delhaize NV (changed name from Koninklijke Ahold after merger with Groupe Delhaize), Supervalu Inc. (included through October 19, 2018 when it was acquired by United Natural Foods), Target Corp., Walmart Inc., Walgreens Boots Alliance Inc. (formerly, Walgreen Co.), Whole Foods Market Inc. (included through August 28, 2017 when it was acquired by Amazon.com, Inc.).

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15

The following table presents information on our purchases of our common shares during the fourth quarter of 2019.

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ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
| ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Total Number of | ​ | Approximate Dollar |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Shares | ​ | Value of Shares |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Purchased as | ​ | that May Yet Be |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Part of Publicly | ​ | Purchased Under |
​ | ​ | Total Number | ​ | Average | ​ | Announced | ​ | the Plans or |
​ | ​ | of Shares | ​ | Price Paid | ​ | Plans or | ​ | Programs (4) |
Period (1) |  | Purchased (2) |  | Per Share |  | Programs (3) |  | (in millions) |
First period - four weeks | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
November 10, 2019 to December 7, 2019 |  | 224,436 | ​ | $ | 26.95 |  | 211,551 | ​ | $ | 1,000 | ​
Second period - four weeks | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 8, 2019 to January 4, 2020 |  | 7,844,559 | ​ | $ | 28.43 |  | 7,832,894 | ​ | $ | 787 | ​
Third period — four weeks | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
January 5, 2020 to February 1, 2020 |  | 7,117,032 | ​ | $ | 28.49 |  | 7,117,032 | ​ | $ | 600 | ​
Total |  | 15,186,027 | ​ | $ | 28.43 |  | 15,161,477 | ​ | $ | 600 | ​

(1)The reported periods conform to our fiscal calendar composed of thirteen 28-day periods. The fourth quarter of 2019 contained three 28-day periods.

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(2)Includes (i) shares repurchased under the November 2019 Repurchase Program described below in (4), (ii) shares repurchased under a program announced on December 6, 1999 to repurchase common shares to reduce dilution resulting from our employee stock option and long-term incentive plans, under which repurchases are limited to proceeds received from exercises of stock options and the tax benefits associated therewith (“1999 Repurchase Program”) and (iii) 24,550 shares that were surrendered to the Company by participants under our long term incentive plans to pay for taxes on restricted stock awards.

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(3)Represents shares repurchased under the November 2019 Repurchase Program and the 1999 Repurchase Program.

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(4)On November 5, 2019, our Board of Directors approved a $1.0 billion share repurchase program to reacquire shares via open market purchase or privately negotiated transactions, block trades, or pursuant to trades intending to comply with rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “November 2019 Repurchase Program”). The amounts shown in this column reflect the amount remaining under the November 2019 Repurchase Program as of the specified period end dates. Amounts available under the 1999 Repurchase Program are dependent upon option exercise activity. The November 2019 Repurchase Program and the 1999 Repurchase Program do not have an expiration date but may be suspended or terminated by our Board of Directors at any time.

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16

ITEM 6. | SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA.

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The following table presents our selected consolidated financial data for each of the last five fiscal years.

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Fiscal Years Ended |
​ |  | February 1, |  | February 2, |  | February 3, |  | January 28, |  | January 30, |
​ | ​ | 2020 | ​ | 2019 | ​ | 2018 | ​ | 2017 | ​ | 2016 |
​ | ​ | (52 weeks) | ​ | (52 weeks) | ​ | (53 weeks) | ​ | (52 weeks) | ​ | (52 weeks) |
​ | ​ | (In millions, except per share amounts) |
Sales | ​ | $ | 122,286 | ​ | $ | 121,852 | ​ | $ | 123,280 | ​ | $ | 115,337 | ​ | $ | 109,830 | ​
Net earnings including noncontrolling interests | ​ | $ | 1,512 | ​ | $ | 3,078 | ​ | $ | 1,889 | ​ | $ | 1,957 | ​ | $ | 2,049 | ​
Net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. | ​ | $ | 1,659 | ​ | $ | 3,110 | ​ | $ | 1,907 | ​ | $ | 1,975 | ​ | $ | 2,039 | ​
Net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. per diluted common share | ​ | $ | 2.04 | ​ | $ | 3.76 | ​ | $ | 2.09 | ​ | $ | 2.05 | ​ | $ | 2.06 | ​
Total assets | ​ | $ | 45,256 | ​ | $ | 38,118 | ​ | $ | 37,197 | ​ | $ | 36,505 | ​ | $ | 33,897 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Long-term liabilities, including obligations under finance leases | ​ | $ | 22,440 | ​ | $ | 16,009 | ​ | $ | 16,095 | ​ | $ | 16,935 | ​ | $ | 14,128 | ​
Total shareholders’ equity — The Kroger Co. | ​ | $ | 8,602 | ​ | $ | 7,886 | ​ | $ | 6,931 | ​ | $ | 6,698 | ​ | $ | 6,820 | ​
Cash dividends per common share | ​ | $ | 0.600 | ​ | $ | 0.530 | ​ | $ | 0.490 | ​ | $ | 0.450 | ​ | $ | 0.395 | ​

​

Note: This information should be read in conjunction with MD&A and the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Fiscal year 2015, 2016, 2018 and 2019 each include 52 weeks. Fiscal year 2017 includes 53 weeks.

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Total assets and long-term liabilities, including obligations under finance leases, were impacted in 2019 by the adoption of ASU 2016-02, “Leases,” as further described in Notes 10 and 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Prior period amounts were not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historic accounting policies.

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Products and services related primarily to Kroger Personal Finance and Media, which were historically accounted for as an offset to operating, general and administrative expenses (“OG&A”), are classified as a component of sales as of the beginning of fiscal year 2019, except for certain amounts in Media, which are netted against merchandise costs. The prior-year amounts have been reclassified to conform to current-year presentation with the exception of 2016 and 2015, which were not material and not adjusted for the sales reclassification. See Item 7, Supplemental Information for additional details.

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Fiscal year ended February 2, 2019 includes the gain on sale of our convenience store business unit. Additionally, refer to Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for disclosure of disposals of businesses.

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Refer to Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for disclosure of business combinations and their effect on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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17

ITEM 7. | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

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The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations of The Kroger Co. should be read in conjunction with the “Forward-looking Statements” section set forth in Part I and the “Risk Factors” section set forth in Item 1A of Part I. MD&A is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, our Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying notes thereto contained in Item 8 of this report, as well as Part II, Item 7 “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our Form 10-K for the year ended February 2, 2019, which provides additional information on comparisons of fiscal years 2018 and 2017.

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OUR BUSINESS

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The Kroger Co. was founded in 1883 and incorporated in 1902. As of February 1, 2020, Kroger is one of the world’s largest retailers, as measured by revenue, operating 2,757 supermarkets under a variety of local banner names in 35 states and the District of Columbia. Of these stores, 2,270 have pharmacies and 1,567 have fuel centers. We offer Pickup (also referred to as ClickList®) and Harris Teeter ExpressLane™ — personalized, order online, pick up at the store services — at 1,989 of our supermarkets and provide home delivery service to 97% of Kroger households. We also operate an online retailer.

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We operate 35 food production plants, primarily bakeries and dairies, which supply approximately 31% of Our Brands units and 42% of the grocery category Our Brands units sold in our supermarkets; the remaining Our Brands items are produced to our strict specifications by outside manufacturers.

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Our revenues are predominately earned and cash is generated as consumer products are sold to customers in our stores, fuel centers and via our online platforms. We earn income predominately by selling products at price levels that produce revenues in excess of the costs we incur to make these products available to our customers. Such costs include procurement and distribution costs, facility occupancy and operational costs, and overhead expenses. Our retail operations, which represent 97% of our consolidated sales, is our only reportable segment.

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On January 27, 2020, Lucky’s Market filed a voluntary petition in the Bankruptcy Court seeking relief under the Bankruptcy Code. Lucky’s Market is included in our Consolidated Balance Sheet for 2018 and our Consolidated Statements of Operations in all periods in 2017 and 2018 and through January 26, 2020. Refer to Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

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On April 26, 2019, we completed the sale of our Turkey Hill Dairy business for total proceeds of $225 million. Turkey Hill Dairy is included in our Consolidated Balance Sheet for 2018 and our Consolidated Statements of Operations in all periods in 2017 and 2018 and through April 25, 2019.

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On March 13, 2019, we completed the sale of our You Technology business to Inmar for total consideration of $565 million, including $396 million of cash and $64 million of preferred equity received upon closing. We are also entitled to receive other cash payments of $105 million over five years. The transaction includes a long-term service agreement for Inmar to provide us digital coupon services. You Technology is included in our Consolidated Balance Sheet for 2018 and our Consolidated Statements of Operations in all periods in 2017 and 2018 and through March 12, 2019.

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On June 22, 2018, we closed our merger with Home Chef by purchasing 100% of the ownership interest in Home Chef, for $197 million net of cash and cash equivalents of $30 million, in addition to future earnout payments of up to $500 million over five years that are contingent on achieving certain milestones. Home Chef is included in our ending Consolidated Balance Sheet for 2018 and 2019 and in our Consolidated Statements of Operations from June 22, 2018 through February 2, 2019 and all periods in 2019. See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information related to our merger with Home Chef.

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On April 20, 2018, we completed the sale of our convenience store business unit for $2.2 billion. The convenience store business is included in our Consolidated Statements of Operations in all periods in 2017 and through April 19, 2018.

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18

USE OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements, including the related notes, are presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). We provide non-GAAP measures, including FIFO gross margin, FIFO operating profit, adjusted net earnings and adjusted net earnings per diluted share because management believes these metrics are useful to investors and analysts. These non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered as an alternative to gross margin, operating profit, net earnings and net earnings per diluted share or any other GAAP measure of performance. These measures should not be reviewed in isolation or considered as a substitute for our financial results as reported in accordance with GAAP.

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We calculate FIFO gross margin as FIFO gross profit divided by sales. FIFO gross profit is calculated as sales less merchandise costs, including advertising, warehousing, and transportation expenses, but excluding the Last-In, First-Out (“LIFO”) charge. Merchandise costs exclude depreciation and rent expenses. FIFO gross margin is an important measure used by management as management believes FIFO gross margin is a useful metric to investors and analysts because it measures our day-to-day merchandising and operational effectiveness.

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We calculate FIFO operating profit as operating profit excluding the LIFO charge. FIFO operating profit is an important measure used by management as management believes FIFO operating profit is a useful metric to investors and analysts because it measures our day-to-day operational effectiveness.

The adjusted net earnings and adjusted net earnings per diluted share metrics are important measures used by management to compare the performance of core operating results between periods. We believe adjusted net earnings and adjusted net earnings per diluted share are useful metrics to investors and analysts because they present more accurate year-over-year comparisons for our net earnings and net earnings per diluted share because adjusted items are not the result of our normal operations. Net earnings for 2019 include the following, which we define as the “2019 Adjusted Items:”

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| ● | Charges to operating, general and administrative expenses (“OG&A”) of $135 million, $104 million net of tax, for obligations related to withdrawal liabilities for certain multi-employer pension funds; $80 million, $61 million net of tax, for a severance charge and related benefits; $412 million including $305 million attributable to The Kroger Co., $225 million net of tax, for impairment of Lucky’s Market; $52 million, $37 million net of tax, for transformation costs, primarily including 35 planned store closures; and a reduction to OG&A of $69 million, $49 million net of tax, for the revaluation of Home Chef contingent consideration (the “2019 OG&A Adjusted Items”).

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| ● | Gains in other income (expense) of $106 million, $80 million net of tax, related to the sale of Turkey Hill Dairy; $70 million, $52 million net of tax, related to the sale of You Technology; and $157 million, $119 million net of tax, for the mark to market gain on Ocado Group plc (“Ocado”) securities (the “2019 Other Income (Expense) Adjusted Items”).

​

Net earnings for 2018 include the following, which we define as the “2018 Adjusted Items:”

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| ● | Charges to OG&A of $155 million, $121 million net of tax, for obligations related to withdrawal liabilities for certain local unions of the Central States multi-employer pension fund; $33 million, $26 million net of tax, for the revaluation of Home Chef contingent consideration; and $42 million, $33 million net of tax, for an impairment of financial instrument (the “2018 OG&A Adjusted Items”). We had initially received the financial instrument in 2016 with no cash outlay as part of the consideration for entering into agreements with a third party.

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| ● | A reduction to depreciation and amortization expenses of $14 million, $11 million net of tax, related to held for sale assets (the “2018 Depreciation Adjusted Item”).

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| ● | Gains in other income (expense) of $1.8 billion, $1.4 billion net of tax, related to the sale of our convenience store business unit and $228 million, $174 million net of tax, for the mark to market gain on Ocado securities.

​

19

Net earnings for 2017 include the following, which we define as the “2017 Adjusted Items:”

​

| ● | Charges to OG&A of $550 million, $360 million net of tax, for obligations related to withdrawing from and settlements of withdrawal liabilities for certain multi-employer pension funds; $184 million, $117 million net of tax, related to the voluntary retirement offering (“VRO”); and $110 million, $74 million net of tax, related to the Kroger Specialty Pharmacy goodwill impairment (the “2017 OG&A Adjusted Items”).

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| ● | A reduction to depreciation and amortization expenses of $19 million, $13 million net of tax, related to held for sale assets (the “2017 Depreciation Adjusted Item”).

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| ● | A reduction to income tax expense of $922 million primarily due to the re-measurement of deferred tax liabilities and the reduction of the statutory rate for the last five weeks of the fiscal year from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("Tax Act") (the “2017 Tax Expense Adjusted Item”).

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| ● | A charge in other income (expense) of $502 million, $335 million net of tax, related to a company-sponsored pension plan termination.

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In addition, net earnings for 2017 include $119 million, $79 million net of tax, due to a 53rd week in fiscal year 2017 (the “Extra Week”).

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY – OUR PATH TO DELIVERING CONSISTENT AND ATTRACTIVE TOTAL SHAREHOLDER RETURN

​

In 2019, we delivered on the total shareholder return model that we outlined at our Investor Day in November 2019 and are positioned to deliver on our total shareholder return model of the future. We also delivered on our guidance for identical sales without fuel, adjusted net earnings per diluted share and adjusted FIFO operating profit. We are using the power of Kroger’s stable and growing supermarket business to create meaningful incremental operating profit through the alternative profit stream businesses, positioning our business for long-term growth. By executing against the Restock Kroger framework, we are repositioning our business by widening and deepening our competitive moats. The four main areas of the Restock Kroger framework – Redefine the Customer Experience, Partner to Create Value, Develop Talent and Live Our Purpose – continue to be a top strategic priority for us. Our model is built upon a strong and durable base driven by our retail supermarket, fuel, and health and wellness businesses. We continue to generate strong free cash flow and are being disciplined in how we deploy it to deliver strong and attractive total shareholder returns.

​

Our financial strategy is to continue to use our strong free cash flow to invest in the business to drive long-term sustainable growth through the identification of high-return projects that support our strategy. We will allocate capital toward driving profitable sales growth in stores and digital, improving productivity, and building a seamless digital ecosystem and supply chain. At the same time, we are committed to maintaining our net debt to adjusted EBITDA range of 2.30 to 2.50 in order to keep our current investment-grade debt rating. We also expect to continue to grow our dividend over time, reflecting the confidence we have in our free cash flow, and will continue to return excess cash to investors via share repurchases. We expect our model to deliver improved operating results over time and continued strong free cash flow, which will translate into a consistently strong and attractive total shareholder return over the long-term of 8% to 11%. Our full-year 2019 results demonstrated clear progress toward delivering on this model. Restock Kroger is the right strategic framework to deliver both our 2020 guidance and to position Kroger for sustainable growth and total shareholder return.

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20

The following table provides highlights of our financial performance:

​

Financial Performance Data

($ in millions, except per share amounts)

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ |  | Percentage |  | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 2019 | ​ | Change | ​ | 2018 | ​
Sales | ​ | $ | 122,286 | ​ | 0.4 | % | $ | 121,852 | ​
Net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. | ​ | ​ | 1,659 | ​ | (46.7) | % | ​ | 3,110 | ​
Adjusted net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. | ​ |  | 1,786 | ​ | 2.3 | % |  | 1,745 | ​
Net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. per diluted common share | ​ |  | 2.04 | ​ | (45.7) | % |  | 3.76 | ​
Adjusted net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. per diluted common share | ​ | ​ | 2.19 | ​ | 3.8 | % |  | 2.11 | ​
Operating profit | ​ | ​ | 2,251 | ​ | (13.9) | % | ​ | 2,614 | ​
Adjusted FIFO operating profit | ​ | ​ | 2,995 | ​ | 4.0 | % | ​ | 2,880 | ​
Reduction in total debt, including obligations under finance leases | ​ | ​ | 1,153 | ​ | 220.3 | % | ​ | 360 | ​
Share repurchases | ​ | ​ | 465 | ​ | (76.9) | % | ​ | 2,010 | ​
Dividends paid | ​ | ​ | 486 | ​ | 11.2 | % | ​ | 437 | ​
Dividends paid per common share | ​ | ​ | 0.600 | ​ | 13.2 | % | ​ | 0.530 | ​
Identical sales excluding fuel | ​ | ​ | 2.0 | % | N/A | ​ | ​ | 1.8 | %
FIFO gross margin rate, excluding fuel and Adjusted Items, bps decrease | ​ | ​ | (0.23) | ​ | N/A | ​ | ​ | (0.55) | ​
OG&A rate, excluding fuel and Adjusted Items, bps increase (decrease) | ​ | ​ | (0.29) | ​ | N/A | ​ | ​ | 0.07 | ​

​

OVERVIEW

Notable items for 2019 are:

​

Shareholder Return

​

| ● | Net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. per diluted common share of $2.04.

​

| ● | Adjusted net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. per diluted common share of $2.19.

​

| ● | We returned $951 million to shareholders from share repurchases and dividend payments.

​

| ● | Over the last 12 months, we decreased total debt, including obligations under finance leases, by $1.2 billion.

​

Other Financial Results

​

| ● | Identical sales, excluding fuel, increased 2.0% in 2019.

​

| ● | Digital revenue grew 29% in 2019, driven by Pickup and Delivery sales growth. Digital revenue growth has moderated primarily due to cycling our merger with the Home Chef business. Digital revenue primarily includes revenue from all curbside pickup locations, online sales delivered to customer locations and products shipped to customer locations.

​

| ● | Alternative profit streams grew over $100 million in 2019 compared to 2018, meeting our expectations. Kroger’s ecosystem fuels the growth of adjacent alternative profit streams like Kroger Personal Finance, customer data insights, and media businesses that are essential components of Restock Kroger. These businesses comprise a significant portion of Kroger’s overall alternative profit stream portfolio. They are dependent on a core supermarket business to deliver sustainable, long-term growth and profitability.

​

Significant Events

​

| ● | During the fourth quarter of 2019, we recognized transformation costs of $52 million, $37 million net of tax, primarily including 35 planned store closures.

​

21

| ● | During the third quarter of 2019, we approved and implemented a plan to reorganize certain portions of our division management structure, resulting in a charge for severance and related benefits of $80 million, $61 million net of tax. This reorganization is expected to increase operational effectiveness and reduce overhead costs while maintaining a high quality customer experience.

​

| ● | As a result of a portfolio review, we decided to divest our interest in Lucky’s Market and we recognized a non-cash impairment charge of $238 million in the third quarter of 2019. The amount of the impairment charge attributable to The Kroger Co. is $131 million, $100 million net of tax. Subsequently, the decision was made by Lucky’s Market to file for bankruptcy in January 2020, which led us to fully write off the value of our investment and deconsolidate Lucky’s Market from our consolidated financial statements. This resulted in an additional non-cash charge of $174 million, $125 million net of tax, in the fourth quarter of 2019. The amount of the total 2019 charge attributable to The Kroger Co. is $305 million, $225 million net of tax. This impairment charge was a non-cash charge and reflects the write down of our initial investment in Lucky’s Market, as well as additional funding provided to operate and grow the business. Kroger maintains liabilities associated with certain property related guarantees that will result in Kroger making payments to settle these over time.

​

| ● | During the first quarter of 2019, we sold our You Technology business to Inmar for total consideration of $565 million, including $396 million of cash and $64 million of preferred equity received upon closing. We are also entitled to receive other cash payments of $105 million over five years. The transaction includes a long-term service agreement for Inmar to provide us digital coupon services.

​

| ● | During the first quarter of 2019, we sold our Turkey Hill Dairy business to an affiliate of Peak Rock Capital for $225 million.

​

| ● | In 2019, we recorded charges to OG&A of $135 million, $104 million net of tax, for obligations related to withdrawal liabilities for certain multi-employer pension funds.

​

COVID-19

​

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization announced that infections of the coronavirus (COVID-19) had become a pandemic, and on March 13, the U.S. President announced a National Emergency relating to the disease. There is a possibility of widespread infection in the United States and abroad, with the potential for catastrophic impact. National, state and local authorities have recommended social distancing and imposed or are considering quarantine and isolation measures on large portions of the population, including mandatory business closures. These measures, while intended to protect human life, are expected to have serious adverse impacts on domestic and foreign economies of uncertain severity and duration. The effectiveness of economic stabilization efforts, including proposed government payments to affected citizens and industries, is uncertain. Some economists are predicting the United States may enter a recession as a result of the pandemic.

​

We expect the ultimate significance of the impact on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows will be dictated by the length of time that such circumstances continue, which will depend on the currently unknowable extent and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic and any governmental and public actions taken in response. COVID-19 also makes it more challenging for management to estimate future performance of our businesses, particularly over the near term.

​

On April 1, 2020, we issued a press release announcing business updates in response to the impact from novel coronavirus (COVID-19).

​

22

The following table provides a reconciliation of net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. to adjusted net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. and a reconciliation of net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. per diluted common share to adjusted net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. per diluted common share, excluding the 2019, 2018 and 2017 Adjusted Items.

​

Net Earnings per Diluted Share excluding the Adjusted Items

($ in millions, except per share amounts)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. | ​ | $ | 1,659 | ​ | $ | 3,110 | ​ | $ | 1,907 | ​
(Income) expense adjustments | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Adjustments for pension plan withdrawal liabilities(1)(2) | ​ |  | 104 | ​ |  | 121 | ​ |  | 360 | ​
Adjustment for voluntary retirement offering(1)(3) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 117 | ​
Adjustment for Kroger Specialty Pharmacy goodwill impairment(1)(4) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 74 | ​
Adjustment for company-sponsored pension plan termination(1)(5) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 335 | ​
Adjustment for gain on sale of convenience store business(1)(6) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (1,360) | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Adjustment for gain on sale of Turkey Hill Dairy(1)(7) | ​ | ​ | (80) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Adjustment for gain on sale of You Technology(1)(8) | ​ | ​ | (52) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Adjustment for mark to market gain on Ocado securities(1)(9) | ​ | ​ | (119) | ​ | ​ | (174) | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Adjustment for depreciation related to held for sale assets(1)(10) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (11) | ​ | ​ | (13) | ​
Adjustment for severance charge and related benefits(1)(11) | ​ | ​ | 61 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Adjustment for deconsolidation and impairment of Lucky's Market attributable to The Kroger Co.(1)(12) | ​ | ​ | 225 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Adjustment for Home Chef contingent consideration(1)(13) | ​ | ​ | (49) | ​ | ​ | 26 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Adjustment for impairment of financial instrument(1)(14) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 33 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Adjustment for transformation costs, primarily including 35 planned store closures(1)(15) | ​ | ​ | 37 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Adjustment for Tax Act(1)(16) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (922) | ​
Total Adjusted Items | ​ | ​ | 127 | ​ | ​ | (1,365) | ​ | ​ | (49) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. excluding the Adjusted Items | ​ | $ | 1,786 | ​ | $ | 1,745 | ​ | $ | 1,858 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Extra Week adjustment(1)(17) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | (79) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. excluding the Adjusted Items and the Extra Week adjustment | ​ | $ | 1,786 | ​ | $ | 1,745 | ​ | $ | 1,779 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. per diluted common share | ​ | $ | 2.04 | ​ | $ | 3.76 | ​ | $ | 2.09 | ​
(Income) expense adjustments | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Adjustments for pension plan withdrawal liabilities(18) | ​ |  | 0.13 | ​ |  | 0.15 | ​ |  | 0.40 | ​
Adjustment for voluntary retirement offering(18) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 0.13 | ​
Adjustment for Kroger Specialty Pharmacy goodwill impairment(18) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 0.08 | ​
Adjustment for company-sponsored pension plan termination(18) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 0.37 | ​
Adjustment for gain on sale of convenience store business(18) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (1.65) | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Adjustment for gain on sale of Turkey Hill Dairy(18) | ​ | ​ | (0.10) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Adjustment for gain on sale of You Technology(18) | ​ | ​ | (0.06) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Adjustment for mark to market gain on Ocado securities(18) | ​ | ​ | (0.15) | ​ | ​ | (0.21) | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Adjustment for depreciation related to held for sale assets(18) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (0.01) | ​ | ​ | (0.01) | ​
Adjustment for severance charge and related benefits(18) | ​ | ​ | 0.08 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Adjustment for deconsolidation and impairment of Lucky's Market attributable to The Kroger Co.(18) | ​ | ​ | 0.28 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Adjustment for Home Chef contingent consideration(18) | ​ | ​ | (0.07) | ​ | ​ | 0.03 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Adjustment for impairment of financial instrument(18) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 0.04 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Adjustment for transformation costs, primarily including 35 planned store closures(18) | ​ | ​ | 0.04 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Adjustment for Tax Act(18) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (1.02) | ​
Total Adjusted Items | ​ | ​ | 0.15 | ​ | ​ | (1.65) | ​ | ​ | (0.05) | ​
​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. per diluted common share excluding the Adjusted Items | ​ | $ | 2.19 | ​ | $ | 2.11 | ​ | $ | 2.04 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Extra Week adjustment(18) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (0.09) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. per diluted common share excluding the Adjusted Items and the Extra Week adjustment | ​ | $ | 2.19 | ​ | $ | 2.11 | ​ | $ | 1.95 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Average numbers of common shares used in diluted calculation | ​ |  | 805 | ​ |  | 818 | ​ |  | 904 | ​

23

Net Earnings per Diluted Share excluding the Adjusted Items (continued)

($ in millions, except per share amounts)

​

(1) | The amounts presented represent the after-tax effect of each adjustment, which was calculated using discrete tax rates.

(2) | The pre-tax adjustment for pension plan withdrawal liabilities was $135 in 2019, $155 in 2018 and $550 in 2017.

(3) | The pre-tax adjustment for the voluntary retirement offering was $184.

(4) | The pre-tax adjustment for Kroger Specialty Pharmacy goodwill impairment was $110.

(5) | The pre-tax adjustment for the company-sponsored pension plan termination was $502.

(6) | The pre-tax adjustment for gain on sale of convenience store business was ($1,782).

(7) | The pre-tax adjustment for gain on sale of Turkey Hill Dairy was ($106).

(8) | The pre-tax adjustment for gain on sale of You Technology was ($70).

(9) | The pre-tax adjustment for mark to market gain on Ocado securities was ($157) in 2019 and ($228) in 2018.

(10) | The pre-tax adjustment for depreciation related to held for sale assets was ($14) in 2018 and ($19) in 2017.

(11) | The pre-tax adjustment for severance charge and related benefits was $80.

(12) | The pre-tax adjustment for deconsolidation and impairment of Lucky’s Market was $412 including $305 attributable to The Kroger Co.

(13) | The pre-tax adjustment for Home Chef contingent consideration was ($69) in 2019 and $33 in 2018.

(14) | The pre-tax adjustment for impairment of financial instrument was $42.

(15) | The pre-tax adjustment for transformation costs, primarily including 35 planned store closures was $52.

(16) | Due to the re-measurement of deferred tax liabilities and the reduction of the statutory income tax rate for the last few weeks of the fiscal year.

(17) | The pre-tax Extra Week adjustment was ($119).

(18) | The amount presented represents the net earnings per diluted common share effect of each adjustment.

​

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

​

Sales

​

Total Sales

($ in millions)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ |  | Percentage |  | ​ |  | Percentage |  | ​ | ​ |  | 2017 |
​ | ​ | 2019 | ​ | Change(1) | ​ | 2018 | ​ | Change(2) | ​ | 2017 | ​ | Adjusted(3) | ​
Total sales to retail customers without fuel(4) | ​ | $ | 107,487 | ​ | 2.2 | % | $ | 105,123 | ​ | 2.2 | % | $ | 104,817 | ​ | $ | 102,900 | ​
Supermarket fuel sales | ​ | ​ | 14,052 | ​ | (5.7) | % |  | 14,903 | ​ | 15.5 | % |  | 13,177 | ​ |  | 12,906 | ​
Convenience stores(5) | ​ |  | — | ​ | — | % |  | 944 | ​ | (78.7) | % |  | 4,515 | ​ |  | 4,434 | ​
Other sales(6) | ​ |  | 747 | ​ | (15.3) | % |  | 882 | ​ | 15.9 | % |  | 771 | ​ |  | 761 | ​
Total sales | ​ | $ | 122,286 | ​ | 0.4 | % | $ | 121,852 | ​ | 0.7 | % | $ | 123,280 | ​ | $ | 121,001 | ​

(1) | This column represents the percentage change in 2019 compared to 2018.

(2) | This column represents the percentage change in 2018 compared to 2017 adjusted sales, which removes the Extra Week.

(3) | The 2017 Adjusted column represents the items presented in the 2017 column adjusted to remove the Extra Week.

(4) | Digital sales, primarily including Pickup, Delivery, Ship and pharmacy e-commerce sales, grew approximately 29% in 2019, 58% in 2018 and 90% in 2017, adjusted to remove the Extra Week. These sales are included in the “total sales to retail customers without fuel” line above. Digital sales growth has moderated primarily due to cycling our merger with the Home Chef business.

(5) | We completed the sale of our convenience store business unit during the first quarter of 2018.

(6) | Other sales primarily relate to external sales at food production plants, data analytic services, third party media revenue and digital coupon services. The decrease in other sales in 2019, compared to 2018, is primarily due to the sale of You Technology and Turkey Hill Dairy during the first quarter of 2019, partially offset by an increase in data analytic services and third party media revenue.

​

24

Total sales increased in 2019, compared to 2018, by 0.4%. The increase was due to an increase in total sales to retail customers without fuel, partially offset by decreased supermarket fuel sales, a reduction in convenience store sales due to the sale of our convenience store business unit in the first quarter of 2018 and decreased sales due to the disposal of Turkey Hill Dairy and You Technology in the first quarter of 2019. Total sales, excluding fuel, dispositions and the merger with Home Chef increased 2.3% in 2019, compared to 2018. The increase in total sales to retail customers without fuel for 2019, compared to 2018, was primarily due to our merger with Home Chef and our identical sales increase, excluding fuel, of 2.0%. Identical sales, excluding fuel, for 2019, compared to 2018, increased primarily due to growth of loyal households, a higher customer basket value including retail inflation and Kroger Specialty Pharmacy sales growth, partially offset by continued investments in lower prices for our customers. Total supermarket fuel sales decreased 5.7% in 2019, compared to 2018, primarily due to a decrease in fuel gallons sold of 4.8% and a decrease in the average retail fuel price of 1.0%. The decrease in the average retail fuel price was caused by a decrease in the product cost of fuel.

​

Total sales decreased in 2018, compared to 2017, by 1.2%. The decrease in total sales in 2018, compared to 2017, is due to the Extra Week in 2017, partially offset by the increase in 2018 sales, compared to 2017 adjusted sales. Total sales increased in 2018, compared to 2017 adjusted sales, by 0.7%. This increase was primarily due to our increases in total sales to retail customers without fuel and supermarket fuel sales, partially offset by a reduction in convenience store sales due to the sale of our convenience store business unit in the first quarter of 2018. The increase in total sales to retail customers without fuel for 2018, compared to 2017 adjusted sales to retail customers without fuel, was primarily due to our merger with Home Chef and our identical sales increase, excluding fuel, of 1.8%. Identical sales, excluding fuel, for 2018, compared to 2017, increased primarily due to a higher customer basket value and Kroger Specialty Pharmacy sales growth, partially offset by our continued investments in lower prices for our customers. Total supermarket fuel sales increased 15.5% in 2018, compared to 2017 adjusted supermarket fuel sales, primarily due to an increase in the average retail fuel price of 13.6% and an increase in fuel gallons sold of 1.5%. The increase in the average retail fuel price was caused by an increase in the product cost of fuel.

​

We calculate identical sales, excluding fuel, as sales to retail customers, including sales from all departments at identical supermarket locations, Kroger Specialty Pharmacy businesses and ship-to-home solutions. We define a supermarket as identical when it has been in operation without expansion or relocation for five full quarters. Additionally, sales from all acquired businesses are treated as identical as if they were part of the Company in the prior year. Products and services related primarily to Kroger Personal Finance, which were historically accounted for as an offset to OG&A, are classified as a component of sales as of the beginning of fiscal year 2019. These prior-year amounts have been reclassified to conform to current-year presentation, which is consistent with our Restock Kroger initiative and our view of the products and services as part of our core business strategy. This is also more consistent with industry practice. These Kroger Personal Finance transactions represent sales to retail customers and, as such, are included in identical sales in 2019 and 2018. This change did not affect identical sales percentages for 2018. See “Supplemental Information” section below for more detail on the changes and the impact of the reclassification. Although identical sales is a relatively standard term, numerous methods exist for calculating identical sales growth. As a result, the method used by our management to calculate identical sales may differ from methods other companies use to calculate identical sales. We urge you to understand the methods used by other companies to calculate identical sales before comparing our identical sales to those of other such companies. Our identical sales results are summarized in the following table. We used the identical sales dollar figures presented below to calculate percentage changes for 2019.

​

Identical Sales

($ in millions)

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |
Excluding fuel | ​ | $ | 106,037 | ​ | $ | 103,946 | ​
Excluding fuel | ​ |  | 2.0 | % |  | 1.8 | %

​

​

25

Gross Margin, LIFO and FIFO Gross Margin

​

We define gross margin as sales minus merchandise costs, including advertising, warehousing, and transportation. Rent expense, depreciation and amortization expense, and interest expense are not included in gross margin.

​

Our gross margin rates, as a percentage of sales, were 22.07% in 2019 and 21.95% in 2018. The increase in 2019, compared to 2018, resulted primarily from a higher gross margin rate on fuel sales, decreased shrink, as a percentage of sales, growth in our alternative profit stream portfolio and effective negotiations to achieve savings on the cost of products sold, partially offset by industry-wide lower gross margin rates in pharmacy, continued investments in lower prices for our customers, a higher LIFO charge and continued growth in the specialty pharmacy business.

​

Our LIFO charge was $105 million in 2019 and $29 million in 2018. Our LIFO charge reflects an increase in our product cost inflation for 2019, driven by dry grocery, pharmacy and dairy.

​

Our FIFO gross margin rate, which excludes the LIFO charge, was 22.16% in 2019, compared to 21.98% for 2018. Our fuel sales lower our FIFO gross margin rate due to the very low FIFO gross margin rate, as a percentage of sales, of fuel sales compared to non-fuel sales. Excluding the effect of fuel, our FIFO gross margin rate decreased 23 basis points in 2019, compared to 2018. This decrease resulted primarily from industry-wide lower gross margin rates in pharmacy, continued investments in lower prices for our customers and continued growth in the specialty pharmacy business, partially offset by decreased shrink, as a percentage of sales, growth in our alternative profit stream portfolio and effective negotiations to achieve savings on the cost of products sold.

​

Operating, General and Administrative Expenses

​

OG&A expenses consist primarily of employee-related costs such as wages, healthcare benefit costs, retirement plan costs, utilities, and credit card fees. Rent expense, depreciation and amortization expense, and interest expense are not included in OG&A.

​

OG&A expenses, as a percentage of sales, were 17.34% in 2019 and 17.06% in 2018. The increase in 2019, compared to 2018 resulted primarily from the 2019 OG&A Adjusted Items, the effect of decreased supermarket fuel and convenience store sales, which increases our OG&A rate, as a percentage of sales, investments in our digital strategy and increases in hourly associate labor costs. The increase in hourly associate labor costs is attributable to investing in higher wages and other comprehensive benefits to improve employee retention, engagement and customer experience. The increase was partially offset by the 2018 OG&A Adjusted Items, broad based improvement of Restock Kroger cost savings initiatives that drive administrative efficiencies, store productivity and sourcing cost reductions, decreased incentive plan and healthcare costs and planned real estate transactions during the first quarter of 2019.

​

Excluding the effect of fuel, the 2019 OG&A Adjusted Items and the 2018 OG&A Adjusted Items, our OG&A rate decreased 29 basis points in 2019, compared to 2018. This decrease resulted primarily from broad based improvement of Restock Kroger cost savings initiatives that drive administrative efficiencies, store productivity and sourcing cost reductions, decreased incentive plan and healthcare costs and planned real estate transactions during the first quarter of 2019. The decrease was partially offset by investments in our digital strategy and increases in hourly associate labor costs attributed to investing in higher wages and other comprehensive benefits to improve employee retention, engagement and customer experience.

​

During the second quarter of 2019, we accepted an offer to sell an unused warehouse that had been on the market for some time. We used this gain as an opportunity to contribute a similar amount into the United Food and Commercial Workers (“UFCW”) Consolidated Pension Plan, helping stabilize associates’ future benefits. The net impact of these transactions had no effect to OG&A for 2019.

​

Rent Expense

​

Rent expense, as a percentage of sales, remained relatively consistent in 2019, compared to 2018.

​

26

Depreciation and Amortization Expense

​

Depreciation and amortization expense increased, as a percentage of sales, in 2019, compared to 2018. This increase is primarily due to the 2018 Depreciation Adjusted Item, additional depreciation on capital investments, excluding mergers and lease buyouts, of $3.0 billion during 2019 and a decrease in the average useful life on these capital investments, as we are investing more in technology projects and our digital ecosystem.

​

Operating Profit and FIFO Operating Profit

​

Operating profit was $2.3 billion, or 1.84% of sales, for 2019, compared to $2.6 billion, or 2.15% of sales, for 2018. Operating profit, as a percentage of sales, decreased 31 basis points in 2019, compared to 2018, due to increased OG&A and depreciation and amortization expenses, as a percentage of sales, partially offset by a higher gross margin rate.

​

FIFO operating profit was $2.4 billion, or 1.93% of sales, for 2019, compared to $2.6 billion, or 2.17% of sales, for 2018. FIFO operating profit excluding the 2019 and 2018 Adjusted Items was $3.0 billion, or 2.45% of sales, for 2019, compared to $2.9 billion, or 2.36% of sales, for 2018. FIFO operating profit excluding the 2019 and 2018 Adjusted Items increased 9 basis points in 2019, compared to 2018, due to increased fuel earnings, improved sales to retail customers without fuel and decreased OG&A expenses, as a percentage of sales, partially offset by decreased pharmacy gross profit and increased depreciation and amortization expense, as a percentage of sales.

​

Specific factors contributing to the operating trends for operating profit and FIFO operating profit above are discussed earlier in this section.

​

The following table provides a reconciliation of operating profit to FIFO operating profit, excluding the 2019 and 2018 Adjusted Items.

​

Operating Profit excluding the Adjusted Items

($ in millions)

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Operating profit | ​ | $ | 2,251 | ​ | $ | 2,614
LIFO charge | ​ | ​ | 105 | ​ | ​ | 29
​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
FIFO Operating profit | ​ |  | 2,356 | ​ |  | 2,643
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Adjustments for pension plan withdrawal liabilities | ​ | ​ | 135 | ​ | ​ | 155
Adjustment for depreciation related to held for sale assets | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (14)
Adjustment for Home Chef contingent consideration | ​ | ​ | (69) | ​ | ​ | 33
Adjustment for severance charge and related benefits | ​ | ​ | 80 | ​ | ​ | —
Adjustment for impairment of financial instrument | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 42
Adjustment for transformation costs, primarily including 35 planned store closures | ​ | ​ | 52 | ​ | ​ | —
Adjustment for deconsolidation and impairment of Lucky's Market(1) | ​ | ​ | 412 | ​ | ​ | —
Other | ​ | ​ | 29 | ​ | ​ | 21
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
2019 and 2018 Adjusted items | ​ | ​ | 639 | ​ | ​ | 237
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Adjusted FIFO operating profit excluding the adjustment items above | ​ | $ | 2,995 | ​ | $ | 2,880

(1) | The adjustment for impairment of Lucky’s Market includes a $107 million net loss attributable to the minority interest of Lucky’s Market.

​

27

Interest Expense

​

Interest expense totaled $603 million in 2019 and $620 million in 2018. The decrease in interest expense in 2019, compared to 2018, resulted primarily from decreased borrowings and a lower weighted average interest rate. Over the last 12 months, we decreased total debt, including obligations under finance leases, by $1.2 billion.

​

Income Taxes

​

Our effective income tax rate was 23.7% in 2019 and 22.6% in 2018. The 2019 tax rate differed from the federal statutory rate primarily due to the effect of state income taxes and Lucky’s Market losses attributable to the noncontrolling interest which reduced pre-tax income but did not impact tax expense. These 2019 items were partially offset by the utilization of tax credits and deductions. The 2018 tax rate differed from the federal statutory rate primarily due to the effect of state income taxes and an IRS audit that resulted in a reduction of prior year tax deductions at pre-Tax Act rates and an increase in future tax deductions at post-Tax Act rates. These 2018 items were partially offset by the utilization of tax credits and deductions, the remeasurement of uncertain tax positions and adjustments to provisional amounts that increased prior year deductions at pre-Tax Act rates and decreased future deductions at post-Tax Act rates.

​

Net Earnings and Net Earnings Per Diluted Share

​

Our net earnings are based on the factors discussed in the Results of Operations section.

​

Net earnings were $2.04 per diluted share for 2019 compared to net earnings of $3.76 per diluted share for 2018. Adjusted net earnings of $2.19 per diluted share for 2019 represented an increase of 3.8% compared to adjusted net earnings of $2.11 per diluted share for 2018. The increase in adjusted net earnings per diluted share resulted primarily from increased fuel earnings, decreased interest expense and lower weighted average common shares outstanding due to common share repurchases, partially offset by increased tax expense and a higher LIFO charge.

​

COMMON SHARE REPURCHASE PROGRAMS

​

We maintain share repurchase programs that comply with Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and allow for the orderly repurchase of our common shares, from time to time. The share repurchase programs do not have an expiration date but may be suspended or terminated by our Board of Directors at any time. We made open market purchases of our common shares totaling $400 million in 2019 and $727 million in 2018. On April 20, 2018, we entered and funded a $1.2 billion ASR program to reacquire shares in privately negotiated transactions.

​

In addition to these repurchase programs, we also repurchase common shares to reduce dilution resulting from our employee stock option plans. This program is solely funded by proceeds from stock option exercises, and the tax benefit from these exercises. We repurchased approximately $65 million in 2019 and $83 million in 2018 of our common shares under the stock option program.

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On March 15, 2018, our Board of Directors approved a $1.0 billion share repurchase program to reacquire shares via open market purchase or privately negotiated transactions, including accelerated stock repurchase transactions, block trades, or pursuant to trades intending to comply with rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “March 2018 Repurchase Program”). On November 5, 2019, our Board of Directors approved a $1.0 billion share repurchase program to reacquire shares via open market purchase or privately negotiated transactions, block trades, or pursuant to trades intending to comply with rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “November 2019 Repurchase Program”). The November 2019 Repurchase Program authorization replaced the existing March 2018 Repurchase Program that had approximately $546 million remaining.

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28

The shares repurchased in 2019 were reacquired under the following share repurchase programs:

​

| ● | The November 2019 Repurchase program.

​

| ● | A program announced on December 6, 1999 to repurchase common shares to reduce dilution resulting from our employee stock option and long-term incentive plans, under which repurchases are limited to proceeds received from exercises of stock options and the tax benefits associated therewith (“1999 Repurchase Program”).

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As of February 1, 2020, there was $600 million remaining under the November 2019 Repurchase Program.

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During the first quarter through March 25, 2020, we repurchased an additional $39 million of our common shares under the stock option program and $355 million additional shares under the November 2019 Repurchase Program. As of March 25, 2020, we have $245 million remaining under the November 2019 Repurchase Program. To maintain financial flexibility, we have decided to pause on additional share repurchases during the first quarter of 2020.

​

CAPITAL INVESTMENTS

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Capital investments, including changes in construction-in-progress payables and excluding mergers and the purchase of leased facilities, totaled $3.0 billion in 2019 and 2018. Capital investments for mergers were $197 million in 2018 related to the merger with Home Chef. Refer to Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on these mergers. Capital investments for the purchase of leased facilities totaled $82 million in 2019 and $5 million in 2018. The table below shows our supermarket storing activity and our total supermarket square footage:

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Supermarket Storing Activity

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Beginning of year |  | 2,764 |  | 2,782 |  | 2,796 | ​
Opened |  | 10 |  | 10 |  | 24 | ​
Opened (relocation) |  | 9 |  | 4 |  | 15 | ​
Acquired |  | 6 |  | 10 |  | 3 | ​
Closed (operational) |  | (19) |  | (38) |  | (41) | ​
Closed (relocation) |  | (13) |  | (4) |  | (15) | ​
End of year |  | 2,757 |  | 2,764 |  | 2,782 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total supermarket square footage (in millions) |  | 180 |  | 179 |  | 179 | ​

​

RETURN ON INVESTED CAPITAL

​

We calculate return on invested capital (“ROIC”) by dividing adjusted ROIC operating profit for the prior four quarters by the average invested capital. Adjusted operating profit for ROIC purposes is calculated by excluding certain items included in operating profit, and adding back our LIFO charge, depreciation and amortization and rent to our U.S. GAAP operating profit of the prior four quarters. Average invested capital is calculated as the sum of (i) the average of our total assets, (ii) the average LIFO reserve, (iii) the average accumulated depreciation and amortization, (iv) for 2018, a rent factor equal to total rent for the last four quarters multiplied by a factor of eight and (v) for 2019, an adjustment due to the adoption of ASU 2016-02, “Leases,” at the beginning of 2019 as further described in Notes 10 and 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements; minus (i) the average taxes receivable, (ii) the average trade accounts payable, (iii) the average accrued salaries and wages, (iv) the average other current liabilities, excluding accrued income taxes, (v) the average liabilities held for sale and (vi) certain other adjustments. Averages are calculated for ROIC by adding the beginning balance of the first quarter and the ending balance of the fourth quarter, of the last four quarters, and dividing by two. For 2018, we used a factor of eight for our total rent as we believe this is a common factor used by our investors, analysts and rating agencies. ROIC is a non-GAAP financial measure of performance. ROIC should not be reviewed in isolation or considered as a substitute for our financial results as reported in accordance with GAAP. ROIC is an important measure used by management to evaluate our investment returns on capital. Management believes ROIC is a useful metric to investors and analysts because it measures how effectively we are deploying our assets.

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29

Although ROIC is a relatively standard financial term, numerous methods exist for calculating a company’s ROIC. As a result, the method used by our management to calculate ROIC may differ from methods other companies use to calculate their ROIC. We urge you to understand the methods used by other companies to calculate their ROIC before comparing our ROIC to that of such other companies.

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The following table provides a calculation of ROIC for 2019 and 2018 on a 52 week basis ($ in millions). The 2019 calculation of ROIC excludes the financial position and results of operations of You Technology and Turkey Hill Dairy, due to the sales in 2019, and Lucky’s Market, due to the deconsolidation in 2019. The 2018 calculation of ROIC excludes the financial position and results of operations of Home Chef, due to the merger in 2018, and the convenience store business, due to the sale in 2018.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Fiscal Year Ended | ​
​ | ​ | February 1, | ​ | February 2, | ​
​ |  | 2020 | ​ | 2019 |
Return on Invested Capital | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Numerator | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Operating profit | ​ | $ | 2,251 | ​ | $ | 2,614 | ​
LIFO charge | ​ |  | 105 | ​ |  | 29 | ​
Depreciation and amortization | ​ |  | 2,649 | ​ |  | 2,465 | ​
Rent | ​ |  | 884 | ​ |  | 884 | ​
Adjustment for merger with Home Chef | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 28 | ​
Adjustment for operating profit of convenience store business | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (21) | ​
Adjustment for Home Chef contingent consideration | ​ | ​ | (69) | ​ | ​ | 33 | ​
Adjustment for impairment of financial instrument | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 42 | ​
Adjustments for pension plan withdrawal liabilities | ​ | ​ | 135 | ​ | ​ | 155 | ​
Adjustment for depreciation related to held for sale assets | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (14) | ​
Adjustment for severance charge and related benefits | ​ | ​ | 80 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Adjustment for transformation costs, primarily including 35 planned store closures | ​ | ​ | 52 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Adjustment for deconsolidation and impairment of Lucky's Market | ​ | ​ | 412 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Adjustment for operating losses of Lucky's Market | ​ | ​ | 75 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Adjustment for disposal of You Technology | ​ |  | (49) | ​ |  | — | ​
Adjusted ROIC operating profit | ​ | $ | 6,525 | ​ | $ | 6,215 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Denominator | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Average total assets | ​ | $ | 41,687 | ​ | $ | 37,658 | ​
Average taxes receivable(1) | ​ |  | (41) | ​ |  | (115) | ​
Average LIFO reserve | ​ |  | 1,329 | ​ |  | 1,263 | ​
Average accumulated depreciation and amortization | ​ |  | 23,404 | ​ |  | 21,703 | ​
Average trade accounts payable | ​ |  | (6,204) | ​ |  | (5,959) | ​
Average accrued salaries and wages | ​ |  | (1,198) | ​ |  | (1,163) | ​
Average other current liabilities(2) | ​ |  | (3,942) | ​ |  | (3,571) | ​
Average liabilities held for sale | ​ |  | (26) | ​ |  | (155) | ​
Adjustment for merger with Home Chef | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (145) | ​
Adjustment for disposal of convenience store business | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (198) | ​
Adjustment for disposal of Turkey Hill Dairy | ​ | ​ | (45) | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Adjustment for disposal of You Technology | ​ | ​ | (13) | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Adjustment for deconsolidation of Lucky's Market | ​ | ​ | (25) | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Rent x 8 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 7,072 | ​
Initial operating lease assets at adoption of ASU 2016-02, “Leases” (see Notes 10 and 18) | ​ |  | 3,406 | ​ |  | — | ​
Average invested capital | ​ | $ | 58,332 | ​ | $ | 56,390 | ​
Return on Invested Capital | ​ |  | 11.19 | % |  | 11.02 | %

(1)Taxes receivable were $82 as of February 1, 2020 and $229 as of February 3, 2018. We did not have any taxes receivable as of February 2, 2019.
(2)Other current liabilities included accrued income taxes of $60 as of February 2, 2019. We did not have any accrued income taxes as of February 1, 2020 or February 3, 2018. Accrued income taxes are removed from other current liabilities in the calculation of average invested capital.

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30

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

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We have chosen accounting policies that we believe are appropriate to report accurately and fairly our operating results and financial position, and we apply those accounting policies in a consistent manner. Our significant accounting policies are summarized in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. We base our estimates on historical experience and other factors we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

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We believe the following accounting policies are the most critical in the preparation of our financial statements because they involve the most difficult, subjective or complex judgments about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain.

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Impairments of Long-Lived Assets

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We monitor the carrying value of long-lived assets for potential impairment each quarter based on whether certain triggering events have occurred. These events include current period losses combined with a history of losses or a projection of continuing losses or a significant decrease in the market value of an asset. When a triggering event occurs, we perform an impairment calculation, comparing projected undiscounted cash flows, utilizing current cash flow information and expected growth rates related to specific stores, to the carrying value for those stores. If we identify impairment for long-lived assets to be held and used, we compare the assets’ current carrying value to the assets’ fair value. Fair value is determined based on market values or discounted future cash flows. We record impairment when the carrying value exceeds fair market value. With respect to owned property and equipment held for disposal, we adjust the value of the property and equipment to reflect recoverable values based on our previous efforts to dispose of similar assets and current economic conditions. We recognize impairment for the excess of the carrying value over the estimated fair market value, reduced by estimated direct costs of disposal.

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As discussed previously in the Overview section, we recognized an impairment charge related to Lucky’s Market in the third quarter of 2019 totaling $238 million. The Lucky’s Market impairment charge consists of property, plant and equipment of $200 million; goodwill of $19 million; operating lease assets of $11 million; and other charges of $8 million. Additionally, we recorded asset impairments totaling $120 million in 2019, including $70 million of operating lease assets. This 2019 impairment charge includes the 35 planned store closures across our footprint in 2020 related to our Restock Kroger transformation efforts. We recorded asset impairments in the normal course of business totaling $56 million in 2018. We record costs to reduce the carrying value of long-lived assets in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as OG&A expense.

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The factors that most significantly affect the impairment calculation are our estimates of future cash flows. Our cash flow projections look several years into the future and include assumptions on variables such as inflation, the economy and market competition. Application of alternative assumptions and definitions, such as reviewing long-lived assets for impairment at a different level, could produce significantly different results.

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31

Business Combinations

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We account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. All the assets acquired, liabilities assumed and amounts attributable to noncontrolling interests are recorded at their respective fair values at the date of acquisition once we obtain control of an entity. The determination of fair values of identifiable assets and liabilities involves estimates and the use of valuation techniques when market value is not readily available. We use various techniques to determine fair value in such instances, including the income approach. Significant estimates used in determining fair value include, but are not limited to, the amount and timing of future cash flows, growth rates, discount rates and useful lives. The excess of the purchase price over fair values of identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. See Note 3 for further information about goodwill.

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Goodwill

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Our goodwill totaled $3.1 billion as of February 1, 2020. We review goodwill for impairment in the fourth quarter of each year, and also upon the occurrence of triggering events. We perform reviews of each of our operating divisions and other consolidated entities (collectively, “reporting units”) that have goodwill balances. Generally, fair value is determined using a multiple of earnings, or discounted projected future cash flows, and we compare fair value to the carrying value of a reporting unit for purposes of identifying potential impairment. We base projected future cash flows on management’s knowledge of the current operating environment and expectations for the future. We recognize goodwill impairment for any excess of a reporting unit's carrying value over its fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.

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Our annual evaluation of goodwill is performed for our reporting units during the fourth quarter. In 2017, we recorded goodwill impairment for our Kroger Specialty Pharmacy (“KSP”) reporting unit totaling $110 million, $74 million net of tax, resulting in a remaining goodwill balance of $243 million. The 2019 fair value of our KSP reporting unit was estimated using multiple valuation techniques: a discounted cash flow model (income approach), a market multiple model and a comparable mergers and acquisition model (market approaches), with each method weighted in the calculation. The income approach relies on management’s projected future cash flows, estimates of revenue growth rates, margin assumptions and an appropriate discount rate. The market approaches require the determination of an appropriate peer group, which is utilized to derive estimated fair values based on selected market multiples. The annual evaluation of goodwill performed in 2019 and 2018 did not result in impairment for any of our reporting units. Based on current and future expected cash flows, we believe additional goodwill impairments are not reasonably likely. A 10% reduction in fair value of our reporting units would not indicate a potential for impairment of our goodwill balance.

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For additional information relating to our results of the goodwill impairment reviews performed during 2019, 2018 and 2017, see Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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The impairment review requires the extensive use of management judgment and financial estimates. Application of alternative estimates and assumptions could produce significantly different results. The cash flow projections embedded in our goodwill impairment reviews can be affected by several factors such as inflation, business valuations in the market, the economy, market competition and our ability to successfully integrate recently acquired businesses.

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Multi-Employer Pension Plans

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We contribute to various multi-employer pension plans based on obligations arising from collective bargaining agreements. These multi-employer pension plans provide retirement benefits to participants based on their service to contributing employers. The benefits are paid from assets held in trust for that purpose. Trustees are appointed in equal number by employers and unions. The trustees typically are responsible for determining the level of benefits to be provided to participants as well as for such matters as the investment of the assets and the administration of the plans.

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We recognize expense in connection with these plans as contributions are funded or when commitments are probable and reasonably estimable, in accordance with GAAP. We made cash contributions to these plans of $461 million in 2019, $358 million in 2018 and $954 million in 2017. The increase in 2017, compared to 2019 and 2018 is due to the $467 million pre-tax payment we made in 2017 to satisfy withdrawal obligations for certain local unions of the Central States Pension Fund and the 2017 UFCW contribution.

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32

We continue to evaluate and address our potential exposure to under-funded multi-employer pension plans as it relates to our associates who are beneficiaries of these plans. These under-fundings are not our liability. When an opportunity arises that is economically feasible and beneficial to us and our associates, we may negotiate the restructuring of under-funded multi-employer pension plan obligations to help stabilize associates’ future benefits and become the fiduciary of the restructured multi-employer pension plan. The commitments from these restructurings do not change our debt profile as it relates to our credit rating since these off-balance sheet commitments are typically considered in our investment grade debt rating. We are currently designated as the named fiduciary of the UFCW Consolidated Pension Plan and the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (“IBT”) Consolidated Pension Fund and have sole investment authority over these assets. We became the fiduciary of the IBT Consolidated Pension Fund in 2017 due to the ratification of a new labor contract with the IBT that provided for the withdrawal of certain local unions from the Central States Pension Fund. Significant effects of these restructuring agreements recorded in our Consolidated Financial Statements are:

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| ● | In 2019, we incurred a $135 million charge, $104 million net of tax, for obligations related to withdrawal liabilities for certain multi-employer pension funds.

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| ● | In 2018, we incurred a $155 million charge, $121 million net of tax, for obligations related to withdrawal liabilities for certain local unions of the Central States multi-employer pension fund.

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| ● | In 2017, we incurred a $550 million charge, $360 million net of tax, for obligations related to withdrawing from and settlements for withdrawal liabilities for certain multi-employer pension plan obligations, of which $467 million was contributed to the Central States Pension Fund in 2017.

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| ● | In 2017, we contributed an incremental $111 million, $71 million net of tax, to the UFCW Consolidated Pension Plan.

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As we continue to work to find solutions to under-funded multi-employer pension plans, it is possible we could incur withdrawal liabilities for certain funds.

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Based on the most recent information available to us, we believe that the present value of actuarially accrued liabilities in most of the multi-employer plans to which we contribute substantially exceeds the value of the assets held in trust to pay benefits. We have attempted to estimate the amount by which these liabilities exceed the assets, (i.e., the amount of underfunding), as of December 31, 2019. Because we are only one of a number of employers contributing to these plans, we also have attempted to estimate the ratio of our contributions to the total of all contributions to these plans in a year as a way of assessing our “share” of the underfunding. Nonetheless, the underfunding is not a direct obligation or liability of ours or of any employer.

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As of December 31, 2019, we estimate our share of the underfunding of multi-employer pension plans to which we contribute was approximately $2.3 billion, $1.8 billion net of tax. This represents a decrease in the estimated amount of underfunding of approximately $800 million, $600 million net of tax, as of December 31, 2019, compared to December 31, 2018. The decrease in the amount of underfunding is primarily attributable to higher expected returns on assets in the funds during 2019. Our estimate is based on the most current information available to us including actuarial evaluations and other data (that include the estimates of others), and such information may be outdated or otherwise unreliable.

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We have made and disclosed this estimate not because, except as noted above, this underfunding is a direct liability of ours. Rather, we believe the underfunding is likely to have important consequences. In the event we were to exit certain markets or otherwise cease making contributions to these plans, we could trigger a substantial withdrawal liability. Any adjustment for withdrawal liability will be recorded when it is probable that a liability exists and can be reasonably estimated, in accordance with GAAP.

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33

The amount of underfunding described above is an estimate and could change based on contract negotiations, returns on the assets held in the multi-employer pension plans, benefit payments or future restructuring agreements. The amount could decline, and our future expense would be favorably affected, if the values of the assets held in the trust significantly increase or if further changes occur through collective bargaining, trustee action or favorable legislation. On the other hand, our share of the underfunding could increase and our future expense could be adversely affected if the asset values decline, if employers currently contributing to these funds cease participation or if changes occur through collective bargaining, trustee action or adverse legislation. We continue to evaluate our potential exposure to under-funded multi-employer pension plans. Although these liabilities are not a direct obligation or liability of ours, any commitments to fund certain multi-employer pension plans will be expensed when our commitment is probable and an estimate can be made.

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See Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information relating to our participation in these multi-employer pension plans.

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NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

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Refer to Note 18 and Note 19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for recently adopted accounting standards and recently issued accounting standards not yet adopted as of February 1, 2020.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

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Cash Flow Information

​

Net cash provided by operating activities

​

We generated $4.7 billion of cash from operations in 2019 compared to $4.2 billion in 2018. Net earnings including noncontrolling interests, adjusted for non-cash items and other impacts, generated approximately $4.9 billion of operating cash flow in 2019 compared to $3.8 billion in 2018. Cash provided (used) by operating activities for changes in working capital was ($259) million in 2019 compared to $395 million in 2018. The decrease in cash provided by operating activities for changes in working capital in 2019, compared to 2018, was primarily due to the following:

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| ● | The change in prepaid and other current assets decreased in 2019, compared to 2018, due to a decrease in the amount of prepaid medical benefit costs at the end of 2018 compared to the end of 2017;

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| ● | Cash flows from income taxes were favorable in 2018, compared to 2019, because of income tax overpayments made in 2017 that reduced payments made in 2018; and

​

| ● | Payments on operating lease liabilities; partially offset by

​

| ● | Proceeds from a contract associated with the sale of a business;

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| ● | Decreased contributions to the company-sponsored pension plan in 2019, compared to 2018; and

​

| ● | Higher third-party payor receivables at the end of 2018 due to the timing of third-party payments, which resulted in a reduction in cash provided by operating activities in 2018. Receivable balances were similar in 2019 compared to 2018.

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Cash paid for taxes increased in 2019, compared to 2018, primarily due to the payment of estimated taxes on the gain on sale of the You Technology and Turkey Hill Dairy businesses in 2019 and an overpayment of our fourth quarter 2017 estimated taxes that resulted in lower tax payments in 2018.

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Cash paid for interest decreased in 2019, compared to 2018, primarily due to an increase in accrued interest related to certain semi-annual senior notes interest payments that were paid subsequent to February 1, 2020.

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34

Net cash used by investing activities

​

Investing activities used cash of $2.6 billion in 2019 compared to $1.2 billion in 2018. The amount of cash used by investing activities increased in 2019, compared to 2018, primarily due to the following:

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| ● | A lower amount of net proceeds from the sale of businesses, since the proceeds from the sale of the convenience store business exceeded the proceeds from the sales of the Turkey Hill Dairy and You Technology businesses;

​

| ● | A lower amount of net proceeds from the settlement of a financial instrument; partially offset by

​

| ● | Increased proceeds from the sale of assets due to the sale of an unused warehouse and proceeds from sale leaseback transactions;

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| ● | No payments for purchases of Ocado securities in 2019; and

​

| ● | No acquisitions in 2019.

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Net cash used by financing activities

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We used $2.1 billion of cash for financing activities in 2019 compared to $2.9 billion during 2018. The amount of cash used for financing activities for 2019, compared to 2018, decreased primarily due to decreased payments on commercial paper and share repurchases, partially offset by increased payments on long-term debt including obligations under finance leases and a reduction of proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt.

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Debt Management

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Total debt, including both the current and long-term portions of obligations under finance leases, decreased $1.2 billion to $14.1 billion as of year-end 2019 compared to 2018. The decrease in 2019, compared to 2018, resulted primarily from payment of $500 million of senior notes bearing an interest rate of 1.50%, payment of $750 million of senior notes bearing an interest rate of 6.15% and the repayment of our $1.0 billion term loan, partially offset by the issuance of $750 million of senior notes bearing an interest rate of 3.95% and an increase in outstanding commercial paper borrowings of $350 million at the end of 2019 compared to 2018.

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Dividends

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The following table provides dividend information ($ in millions, except per share amounts):

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | 2019 | ​ | 2018
Cash dividends paid | $ | 486 | ​ | $ | 437
Cash dividends paid per common share | $ | 0.600 | ​ | $ | 0.530

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Liquidity Needs

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We estimate our liquidity needs over the next twelve-month period to approximate $5.5 billion, which includes anticipated requirements for working capital, capital investments, interest payments and scheduled principal payments of debt and commercial paper, offset by cash and temporary cash investments on hand at the end of 2019. We generally operate with a working capital deficit due to our efficient use of cash in funding operations and because we have consistent access to the capital markets. Based on current operating trends, we believe that cash flows from operating activities and other sources of liquidity, including borrowings under our commercial paper program and bank credit facility, will be adequate to meet our liquidity needs for the next twelve months and for the foreseeable future beyond the next twelve months. We have approximately $700 million of senior notes and $1.2 billion of commercial paper maturing in fiscal year 2020, which are included in the $5.5 billion of estimated liquidity needs. We expect to satisfy these obligations using cash generated from operations and through issuing additional senior notes or commercial paper. We believe we have adequate coverage of our debt covenants to continue to maintain our current investment grade debt ratings and to respond effectively to competitive conditions.

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35

Factors Affecting Liquidity

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We can currently borrow on a daily basis approximately $2.75 billion under our commercial paper program. At February 1, 2020, we had $1.2 billion of commercial paper borrowings outstanding. Commercial paper borrowings are backed by our credit facility, and reduce the amount we can borrow under the credit facility. If our short-term credit ratings fall, the ability to borrow under our current commercial paper program could be adversely affected for a period of time and increase our interest cost on daily borrowings under our commercial paper program. This could require us to borrow additional funds under the credit facility, under which we believe we have sufficient capacity. However, in the event of a ratings decline, we do not anticipate that our borrowing capacity under our commercial paper program would be any lower than $500 million on a daily basis. Although our ability to borrow under the credit facility is not affected by our credit rating, the interest cost and applicable margin on borrowings under the credit facility could be affected by a downgrade in our Public Debt Rating. “Public Debt Rating” means, as of any date, the rating that has been most recently announced by either S&P or Moody’s, as the case may be, for any class of non-credit enhanced long-term senior unsecured debt issued by the Company. On March 18, 2020, we proactively borrowed $1 billion from our revolving credit facility. This was a precautionary measure in order to preserve financial flexibility, reduce reliance on the commercial paper market and maintain liquidity in response to the coronavirus pandemic. Cash and temporary cash investments immediately following the borrowing were approximately $2.3 billion. As of March 25, 2020, we had no commercial paper borrowings outstanding.

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Our credit facility requires the maintenance of a Leverage Ratio and a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (our “financial covenants”). A failure to maintain our financial covenants would impair our ability to borrow under the credit facility. These financial covenants are described below:

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| ● | Our Leverage Ratio (the ratio of Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA, as defined in the credit facility) was 2.30 to 1 as of February 1, 2020. If this ratio were to exceed 3.50 to 1, we would be in default of our credit facility and our ability to borrow under the facility would be impaired.

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| ● | Our Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (the ratio of Adjusted EBITDA plus Consolidated Rental Expense to Consolidated Cash Interest Expense plus Consolidated Rental Expense, as defined in the credit facility) was 4.39 to 1 as of February 1, 2020. If this ratio fell below 1.70 to 1, we would be in default of our credit facility and our ability to borrow under the facility would be impaired.

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Our credit facility is more fully described in Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. We were in compliance with our financial covenants at year-end 2019.

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36

The tables below illustrate our significant contractual obligations and other commercial commitments, based on year of maturity or settlement, as of February 1, 2020 (in millions of dollars):

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | Thereafter |  | Total |
Contractual Obligations(1)(2) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Long-term debt(3) | ​ | $ | 1,926 | ​ | $ | 804 | ​ | $ | 894 | ​ | $ | 594 | ​ | $ | 495 | ​ | $ | 8,543 | ​ | $ | 13,256 | ​
Interest on long-term debt(4) | ​ | ​ | 488 | ​ | ​ | 489 | ​ | ​ | 442 | ​ | ​ | 421 | ​ | ​ | 410 | ​ | ​ | 5,301 | ​ | ​ | 7,551 | ​
Finance lease obligations | ​ | ​ | 84 | ​ | ​ | 95 | ​ | ​ | 80 | ​ | ​ | 86 | ​ | ​ | 81 | ​ | ​ | 757 | ​ | ​ | 1,183 | ​
Operating lease obligations | ​ | ​ | 932 | ​ | ​ | 884 | ​ | ​ | 772 | ​ | ​ | 758 | ​ | ​ | 637 | ​ | ​ | 6,353 | ​ | ​ | 10,336 | ​
Self-insurance liability(5) | ​ | ​ | 216 | ​ | ​ | 141 | ​ | ​ | 99 | ​ | ​ | 66 | ​ | ​ | 41 | ​ | ​ | 126 | ​ | ​ | 689 | ​
Construction commitments(6) | ​ | ​ | 670 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 670 | ​
Purchase obligations(7) | ​ | ​ | 814 | ​ | ​ | 360 | ​ | ​ | 163 | ​ | ​ | 109 | ​ | ​ | 37 | ​ | ​ | 10 | ​ | ​ | 1,493 | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 5,130 | ​ | $ | 2,773 | ​ | $ | 2,450 | ​ | $ | 2,034 | ​ | $ | 1,701 | ​ | $ | 21,090 | ​ | $ | 35,178 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other Commercial Commitments | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Standby letters of credit | ​ | $ | 347 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 347 | ​
Surety bonds | ​ | ​ | 401 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 401 | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 748 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 748 | ​

(1)The contractual obligations table excludes funding of pension and other postretirement benefit obligations, which totaled approximately $34 million in 2019. This table also excludes contributions under various multi-employer pension plans, which totaled $461 million in 2019. This table also excludes the March 18, 2020 $1 billion borrowing under our revolving credit facility since the borrowing occurred subsequent to February 1, 2020.
(2)The liability related to unrecognized tax benefits has been excluded from the contractual obligations table because a reasonable estimate of the timing of future tax settlements cannot be determined.
(3)As of February 1, 2020, we had $1.2 billion of commercial paper and no borrowings under our credit facility.
(4)Amounts include contractual interest payments using the interest rate as of February 1, 2020, and stated fixed and swapped interest rates, if applicable, for all other debt instruments.
(5)The amounts included in the contractual obligations table for self-insurance liability related to workers’ compensation claims have been stated on a present value basis.
(6)Amounts include funds owed to third parties for projects currently under construction. These amounts are reflected in other current liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(7)Amounts include commitments, many of which are short-term in nature, to be utilized in the normal course of business, such as several contracts to purchase raw materials utilized in our food production plants and several contracts to purchase energy to be used in our stores and food production plants. Our obligations also include management fees for facilities operated by third parties and outside service contracts. Any upfront vendor allowances or incentives associated with outstanding purchase commitments are recorded as either current or long-term liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

​

As of February 1, 2020, we maintained a $2.75 billion (with the ability to increase by $1 billion), unsecured revolving credit facility that, unless extended, terminates on August 29, 2022. Outstanding borrowings under the credit facility, commercial paper borrowings, and some outstanding letters of credit reduce funds available under the credit facility. As of February 1, 2020, we had $1.2 billion of outstanding commercial paper and no borrowings under our revolving credit facility. The outstanding letters of credit that reduce funds available under our credit facility totaled $2 million as of February 1, 2020.

​

In addition to the available credit mentioned above, as of February 1, 2020, we had authorized for issuance $4.3 billion of securities remaining under a shelf registration statement filed with the SEC and effective on May 24, 2019.

​

37

We also maintain surety bonds related primarily to our self-insured workers’ compensation claims. These bonds are required by most states in which we are self-insured for workers’ compensation and are placed with predominately third-party insurance providers to insure payment of our obligations in the event we are unable to meet our claim payment obligations up to our self-insured retention levels. These bonds do not represent liabilities of ours, as we already have reserves on our books for the claims costs. Market changes may make the surety bonds more costly and, in some instances, availability of these bonds may become more limited, which could affect our costs of, or access to, such bonds. Although we do not believe increased costs or decreased availability would significantly affect our ability to access these surety bonds, if this does become an issue, we would issue letters of credit, in states where allowed, against our credit facility to meet the state bonding requirements. This could increase our cost and decrease the funds available under our credit facility.

​

We also are contingently liable for leases that have been assigned to various third parties in connection with facility closings and dispositions. We could be required to satisfy obligations under the leases if any of the assignees are unable to fulfill their lease obligations. Due to the wide distribution of our assignments among third parties, and various other remedies available to us, we believe the likelihood that we will be required to assume a material amount of these obligations is remote. We have agreed to indemnify certain third-party logistics operators for certain expenses, including multi-employer pension plan obligations and withdrawal liabilities.

​

In addition to the above, we enter into various indemnification agreements and take on indemnification obligations in the ordinary course of business. Such arrangements include indemnities against third party claims arising out of agreements to provide services to us; indemnities related to the sale of our securities; indemnities of directors, officers and employees in connection with the performance of their work; and indemnities of individuals serving as fiduciaries on benefit plans. While our aggregate indemnification obligation could result in a material liability, we are not aware of any current matter that could result in a material liability.

​

SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION

​

Sales Reclassification

​

Products and services related primarily to Kroger Personal Finance and Media, which were historically accounted for as an offset to OG&A, are classified as a component of sales as of the beginning of fiscal year 2019, except for certain amounts in Media, which are netted against merchandise costs. These prior-year amounts have been reclassified to conform to current-year presentation, which is consistent with our Restock Kroger initiative and our view of the products and services as part of our core business strategy. This is also more consistent with industry practice.

​

The following tables summarize the Company's 2018 sales reclassifications ($ in millions):

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | Fiscal Year Ended
​ | Previously Stated | ​ | Reclassification | ​ | Reclassified
​ | February 2, | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | February 2,
​ | 2019 | ​ | 2018 | ​ | 2019
Sales | $ | 121,162 | ​ | $ | 690 | ​ | $ | 121,852
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Operating expenses | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Merchandise costs, including advertising, warehousing, and transportation, excluding items shown separately below |  | 94,894 | ​ | ​ | 209 | ​ | ​ | 95,103
Operating, general and administrative | ​ | 20,305 | ​ | ​ | 481 | ​ | ​ | 20,786
Rent | ​ | 884 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 884
Depreciation and amortization | ​ | 2,465 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,465
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Operating profit | $ | 2,614 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 2,614

​

​

38

The following tables summarize the Company's 2017 sales reclassifications ($ in millions):

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | Fiscal Year Ended
​ | Previously Stated | ​ | Reclassification | ​ | Reclassified
​ | February 3, | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | February 3,
​ | 2018 | ​ | 2017 | ​ | 2018
Sales | $ | 122,662 | ​ | $ | 618 | ​ | $ | 123,280
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Operating expenses | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Merchandise costs, including advertising, warehousing, and transportation, excluding items shown separately below |  | 95,662 | ​ | ​ | 149 | ​ | ​ | 95,811
Operating, general and administrative | ​ | 21,041 | ​ | ​ | 469 | ​ | ​ | 21,510
Rent | ​ | 911 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 911
Depreciation and amortization | ​ | 2,436 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,436
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Operating profit | $ | 2,612 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 2,612

​

ITEM 7A. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

​

Financial Risk Management

​

We use derivative financial instruments primarily to manage our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. We do not enter into derivative financial instruments for trading purposes. As a matter of policy, all of our derivative positions are intended to reduce risk by hedging an underlying economic exposure. Because of the high correlation between the hedging instrument and the underlying exposure, fluctuations in the value of the instruments generally are offset by reciprocal changes in the value of the underlying exposure. The interest rate derivatives we use are straightforward instruments with liquid markets.

​

We manage our exposure to interest rates and changes in the fair value of our debt instruments primarily through the strategic use of our commercial paper program, variable and fixed rate debt, and interest rate swaps. Our current program relative to interest rate protection contemplates hedging the exposure to changes in the fair value of fixed-rate debt attributable to changes in interest rates. To do this, we use the following guidelines: (i) use average daily outstanding borrowings to determine annual debt amounts subject to interest rate exposure, (ii) limit the average annual amount subject to interest rate reset and the amount of floating rate debt to a combined total amount that represents 25% of the carrying value of our debt portfolio or less, (iii) include no leveraged products, and (iv) hedge without regard to profit motive or sensitivity to current mark-to-market status.

​

As of February 1, 2020, we maintained seven forward-starting interest rate swap agreements with a maturity date of January 15, 2021 with an aggregate notional amount totaling $350 million. A forward-starting interest rate swap is an agreement that effectively hedges the variability in future benchmark interest payments attributable to changes in interest rates on the forecasted issuance of fixed-rate debt. We entered into these forward-starting interest rate swaps in order to lock in fixed interest rates on our forecasted issuances of debt in January 2021. The fixed interest rates for these forward-starting interest rate swaps range from 1.57% to 2.45%. The variable rate component on the forward-starting interest rate swaps is 3 month LIBOR. Accordingly, the forward-starting interest rate swaps were designated as cash-flow hedges as defined by GAAP. As of February 1, 2020, the fair value of the interest rate swaps was recorded in “Other long-term liabilities” for $19 million and accumulated other comprehensive loss for $17 million, net of tax.

​

Annually, we review with the Financial Policy Committee of our Board of Directors compliance with the guidelines described above. The guidelines may change as our business needs dictate.

​

39

The tables below provide information about our underlying debt portfolio as of February 1, 2020 and February 2, 2019. The amounts shown for each year represent the contractual maturities of long-term debt, excluding finance leases, as of February 1, 2020 and February 2, 2019. Interest rates reflect the weighted average rate for the outstanding instruments. The variable rate debt is based on U.S. dollar LIBOR using the forward yield curve as of February 1, 2020 and February 2, 2019. The Fair Value column includes the fair value of our debt instruments as of February 1, 2020 and February 2, 2019. We have no outstanding interest rate derivatives classified as fair value hedges as of February 1, 2020 or February 2, 2019. See Notes 6, 7 and 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | February 1, 2020 |
​ | ​ | Expected Year of Maturity |
​ |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | Thereafter |  | Total |  | Fair Value |
​ | ​ | (in millions) |
Debt | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Fixed rate | ​ | $ | (705) | ​ | $ | (804) | ​ | $ | (894) | ​ | $ | (594) | ​ | $ | (495) | ​ | $ | (8,462) | ​ | $ | (11,954) | ​ | $ | (13,347) | ​
Average interest rate | ​ |  | 4.39 | % |  | 4.56 | % |  | 4.47 | % |  | 4.69 | % |  | 4.86 | % |  | 4.65 | % | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Variable rate | ​ | $ | (1,221) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (81) | ​ | $ | (1,302) | ​ | $ | (1,302) | ​
Average interest rate | ​ |  | 1.88 | % |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1.65 | % | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | February 2, 2019 |
​ | ​ | Expected Year of Maturity |
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | Thereafter |  | Total |  | Fair Value |
​ | ​ | (in millions) |
Debt | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Fixed rate | ​ | $ | (1,251) | ​ | $ | (695) | ​ | $ | (793) | ​ | $ | (896) | ​ | $ | (595) | ​ | $ | (8,163) | ​ | $ | (12,393) | ​ | $ | (12,232) | ​
Average interest rate | ​ |  | 4.51 | % |  | 4.47 | % |  | 4.47 | % |  | 4.56 | % |  | 4.74 | % |  | 4.70 | % | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Variable rate | ​ | $ | (1,852) | ​ | $ | (25) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (81) | ​ | $ | (1,958) | ​ | $ | (1,958) | ​
Average interest rate | ​ |  | 3.09 | % |  | 4.26 | % |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1.75 | % | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

​

Based on our year-end 2019 variable rate debt levels, a 10 percent change in interest rates would be immaterial. See Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of derivatives and hedging policies.

​

40

ITEM 8. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

​

Consolidated Financial Statements of The Kroger Co.

For the Fiscal Year Ended February 1, 2020

Table of Contents

​ |
​ | Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | 42
Consolidated Balance Sheets | 45
Consolidated Statements of Operations | 46
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 47
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 48
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity | 49
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 50

​

​

41

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

​

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of The Kroger Co.

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

​

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of The Kroger Co. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of February 1, 2020 and February 2, 2019, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive income, of changes in shareholders' equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended February 1, 2020, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of February 1, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of February 1, 2020 and February 2, 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended February 1, 2020 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of February 1, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

Changes in Accounting Principles

​

As discussed in Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for leases in 2019 and the manner in which it accounts for revenues from contracts with customers in 2018.

Basis for Opinions

​

The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

​

42

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

​

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit Matters

​

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

​

Goodwill Impairment Assessment – Kroger Specialty Pharmacy (“KSP”) Reporting Unit

​

As described in Notes 1 and 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated goodwill balance was $3.1 billion as of February 1, 2020, and the goodwill associated with the KSP reporting unit was $243 million. Management reviews goodwill annually for impairment in the fourth quarter of each year, and also upon the occurrence of triggering events. The fair value of a reporting unit is compared to its carrying value for purposes of identifying potential impairment. Goodwill impairment is recognized for any excess of the reporting unit’s carrying value over its fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. As disclosed by management, the fair value of the Company's KSP reporting unit was estimated using multiple valuation techniques, a discounted cash flow model (income approach), a market multiple model and comparable mergers and acquisition model (market approaches), with each method weighted in the calculation. The income approach relies on management’s estimates of revenue growth rates, margin assumptions, and discount rate to estimate future cash flows. The market approaches require the determination of an appropriate peer group, which is utilized to derive estimated fair values based on selected market multiples.

​

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the goodwill impairment assessment of the KSP reporting unit is a critical audit matter are there was significant judgment by management when developing the fair value measurement of the reporting unit. This in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures to evaluate management’s cash flow projections and significant assumptions, including revenue growth rates, margin assumptions, discount rate, peer group determination, and market multiple selection. In addition, the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in performing these procedures and evaluating the audit evidence obtained.
​

​

43

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s goodwill impairment assessment, including controls over the valuation of the Company’s KSP reporting unit. These procedures also included, among others, testing management’s process for developing the fair value estimate, evaluating the appropriateness of the income and market approach models, testing the completeness, accuracy, and relevance of the underlying data used in the models and evaluating the significant assumptions used by management, including the revenue growth rates, margin assumptions, discount rate, peer group determination, and market multiple selection. Evaluating management’s assumptions relating to revenue growth rates and margin assumptions involved evaluating whether the assumptions used by management were reasonable considering (i) the current and past performance of the reporting unit, (ii) the consistency with external market and industry data, and (iii) whether these assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Evaluating the Company’s peer group determinations included evaluating the appropriateness of the identified peer companies. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in the evaluation of the Company’s discounted cash flow and market models, and certain significant assumptions, including the discount rate, peer group determination, and market multiples.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Cincinnati, Ohio

April 1, 2020

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1929.

​

​

44

THE KROGER CO.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | February 1, |  | February 2, |
(In millions, except par amounts) | ​ | 2020 | ​ | 2019 |
ASSETS | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Current assets | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash and temporary cash investments | ​ | $ | 399 | ​ | $ | 429 | ​
Store deposits in-transit | ​ |  | 1,179 | ​ |  | 1,181 | ​
Receivables | ​ |  | 1,706 | ​ |  | 1,589 | ​
FIFO inventory | ​ |  | 8,464 | ​ |  | 8,123 | ​
LIFO reserve | ​ |  | (1,380) | ​ |  | (1,277) | ​
Assets held for sale | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 166 | ​
Prepaid and other current assets | ​ | ​ | 522 | ​ | ​ | 592 | ​
Total current assets | ​ |  | 10,890 | ​ |  | 10,803 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Property, plant and equipment, net | ​ |  | 21,871 | ​ |  | 21,635 | ​
Operating lease assets | ​ | ​ | 6,814 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Intangibles, net | ​ |  | 1,066 | ​ |  | 1,258 | ​
Goodwill | ​ |  | 3,076 | ​ |  | 3,087 | ​
Other assets | ​ |  | 1,539 | ​ |  | 1,335 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total Assets | ​ | $ | 45,256 | ​ | $ | 38,118 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
LIABILITIES | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Current liabilities | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Current portion of long-term debt including obligations under finance leases | ​ | $ | 1,965 | ​ | $ | 3,157 | ​
Current portion of operating lease liabilities | ​ | ​ | 597 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Trade accounts payable | ​ |  | 6,349 | ​ |  | 6,059 | ​
Accrued salaries and wages | ​ |  | 1,168 | ​ |  | 1,227 | ​
Liabilities held for sale | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 51 | ​
Other current liabilities | ​ |  | 4,164 | ​ |  | 3,780 | ​
Total current liabilities | ​ |  | 14,243 | ​ |  | 14,274 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Long-term debt including obligations under finance leases | ​ | ​ | 12,111 | ​ | ​ | 12,072 | ​
Noncurrent operating lease liabilities | ​ | ​ | 6,505 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Deferred income taxes | ​ |  | 1,466 | ​ |  | 1,562 | ​
Pension and postretirement benefit obligations | ​ |  | 608 | ​ |  | 494 | ​
Other long-term liabilities | ​ |  | 1,750 | ​ |  | 1,881 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total Liabilities | ​ |  | 36,683 | ​ |  | 30,283 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Commitments and contingencies see Note 13 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Preferred shares, $100 par per share, 5 shares authorized and unissued | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Common shares, $1 par per share, 2,000 shares authorized; 1,918 shares issued in 2019 and 2018 | ​ |  | 1,918 | ​ |  | 1,918 | ​
Additional paid-in capital | ​ |  | 3,337 | ​ |  | 3,245 | ​
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | ​ |  | (640) | ​ |  | (346) | ​
Accumulated earnings | ​ |  | 20,978 | ​ |  | 19,681 | ​
Common shares in treasury, at cost, 1,130 shares in 2019 and 1,120 shares in 2018 | ​ |  | (16,991) | ​ |  | (16,612) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total Shareholders’ Equity - The Kroger Co. | ​ |  | 8,602 | ​ |  | 7,886 | ​
Noncontrolling interests | ​ |  | (29) | ​ |  | (51) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total Equity | ​ |  | 8,573 | ​ |  | 7,835 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total Liabilities and Equity | ​ | $ | 45,256 | ​ | $ | 38,118 | ​

​

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

​

45

THE KROGER CO.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

​

Years Ended February 1, 2020, February 2, 2019 and February 3, 2018

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | ​ | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 | ​
(In millions, except per share amounts) |  |  | (52 weeks) | ​ | (52 weeks) | ​ | (53 weeks) |
Sales | ​ | ​ | $ | 122,286 | ​ | $ | 121,852 | ​ | $ | 123,280 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Operating expenses | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Merchandise costs, including advertising, warehousing, and transportation, excluding items shown separately below | ​ | ​ |  | 95,294 | ​ |  | 95,103 | ​ |  | 95,811 | ​
Operating, general and administrative | ​ | ​ |  | 21,208 | ​ |  | 20,786 | ​ |  | 21,510 | ​
Rent | ​ | ​ |  | 884 | ​ |  | 884 | ​ |  | 911 | ​
Depreciation and amortization | ​ | ​ |  | 2,649 | ​ |  | 2,465 | ​ |  | 2,436 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Operating profit | ​ | ​ |  | 2,251 | ​ |  | 2,614 | ​ |  | 2,612 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other income (expense) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest expense | ​ | ​ |  | (603) | ​ |  | (620) | ​ |  | (601) | ​
Non-service component of company-sponsored pension plan costs | ​ | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (26) | ​ | ​ | (527) | ​
Mark to market gain on Ocado securities | ​ | ​ | ​ | 157 | ​ | ​ | 228 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Gain on sale of businesses | ​ | ​ | ​ | 176 | ​ | ​ | 1,782 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net earnings before income tax (benefit) expense | ​ | ​ |  | 1,981 | ​ |  | 3,978 | ​ |  | 1,484 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Income tax (benefit) expense | ​ | ​ |  | 469 | ​ |  | 900 | ​ |  | (405) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net earnings including noncontrolling interests | ​ | ​ |  | 1,512 | ​ |  | 3,078 | ​ |  | 1,889 | ​
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | ​ | ​ |  | (147) | ​ |  | (32) | ​ |  | (18) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. | ​ | ​ | $ | 1,659 | ​ | $ | 3,110 | ​ | $ | 1,907 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. per basic common share | ​ | ​ | $ | 2.05 | ​ | $ | 3.80 | ​ | $ | 2.11 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Average number of common shares used in basic calculation | ​ | ​ |  | 799 | ​ |  | 810 | ​ |  | 895 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. per diluted common share | ​ | ​ | $ | 2.04 | ​ | $ | 3.76 | ​ | $ | 2.09 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Average number of common shares used in diluted calculation | ​ | ​ |  | 805 | ​ |  | 818 | ​ |  | 904 | ​

​

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

​

46

THE KROGER CO.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

​

Years Ended February 1, 2020, February 2, 2019 and February 3, 2018

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | 2019 | ​ | 2018 |  | 2017 | ​
(In millions) |  | (52 weeks) | ​ | (52 weeks) | ​ | (53 weeks) |
Net earnings including noncontrolling interests | ​ | $ | 1,512 | ​ | $ | 3,078 | ​ | $ | 1,889 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other comprehensive income (loss) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Realized gains on available for sale securities, net of income tax(1) | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | (4) | ​ | ​ | 4 | ​
Change in pension and other postretirement defined benefit plans, net of income tax(2) | ​ | ​ | (105) | ​ | ​ | 147 | ​ | ​ | 214 | ​
Unrealized gains and losses on cash flow hedging activities, net of income tax(3) | ​ |  | (47) | ​ |  | (23) | ​ |  | 23 | ​
Amortization of unrealized gains and losses on cash flow hedging activities, net of income tax(4) | ​ | ​ | 4 | ​ | ​ | 5 | ​ | ​ | 3 | ​
Cumulative effect of accounting change(5) | ​ | ​ | (146) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | ​ |  | (294) | ​ |  | 125 | ​ |  | 244 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Comprehensive income | ​ |  | 1,218 | ​ |  | 3,203 | ​ |  | 2,133 | ​
Comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | ​ |  | (147) | ​ |  | (32) | ​ |  | (18) | ​
Comprehensive income attributable to The Kroger Co. | ​ | $ | 1,365 | ​ | $ | 3,235 | ​ | $ | 2,151 | ​

​

(1) | Amount is net of tax expense (benefit) of ($1) in 2018 and $1 in 2017.

(2) | Amount is net of tax expense (benefit) of ($33) in 2019, $45 in 2018 and $83 in 2017.

(3) | Amount is net of tax expense (benefit) of ($17) in 2019, ($8) in 2018 and $0 in 2017.

(4) | Amount is net of tax expense of $3 in 2019 and $3 in 2018 and $3 in 2017.

(5) | Related to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2018-02, “Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income,” (see Note 18 for additional details).

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

​

47

THE KROGER CO.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

​

Years Ended February 1, 2020, February 2, 2019 and February 3, 2018

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 | ​
(In millions) |  | (52 weeks) | ​ | (52 weeks) | ​ | (53 weeks) |
Cash Flows from Operating Activities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net earnings including noncontrolling interests | ​ | $ | 1,512 | ​ | $ | 3,078 | ​ | $ | 1,889 | ​
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings including noncontrolling interests to net cash provided by operating activities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Depreciation and amortization | ​ |  | 2,649 | ​ |  | 2,465 | ​ |  | 2,436 | ​
Asset impairment charge | ​ | ​ | 120 | ​ | ​ | 56 | ​ | ​ | 71 | ​
Operating lease asset amortization | ​ | ​ | 640 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​
LIFO charge (credit) | ​ |  | 105 | ​ |  | 29 | ​ |  | (8) | ​
Stock-based employee compensation | ​ |  | 155 | ​ |  | 154 | ​ |  | 151 | ​
Expense for company-sponsored pension plans | ​ |  | 39 | ​ |  | 76 | ​ |  | 591 | ​
Goodwill impairment charge | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 110 | ​
Deferred income taxes | ​ |  | (56) | ​ |  | (45) | ​ |  | (694) | ​
Gain on sale of businesses | ​ | ​ | (176) | ​ | ​ | (1,782) | ​ | ​ | — | ​
(Gain) loss on the sale of assets | ​ | ​ | (158) | ​ | ​ | 2 | ​ | ​ | (31) | ​
Mark to market gain on Ocado securities | ​ | ​ | (157) | ​ | ​ | (228) | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Loss on deconsolidation and impairment of Lucky's Market | ​ | ​ | 412 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Other | ​ |  | (109) | ​ |  | 58 | ​ |  | 39 | ​
Changes in operating assets and liabilities net of effects from mergers and disposals of businesses: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Store deposits in-transit | ​ |  | 3 | ​ |  | (20) | ​ |  | (265) | ​
Receivables | ​ |  | (36) | ​ |  | (208) | ​ |  | 61 | ​
Inventories | ​ |  | (351) | ​ |  | (354) | ​ |  | (23) | ​
Prepaid and other current assets | ​ |  | (33) | ​ |  | 244 | ​ |  | 41 | ​
Trade accounts payable | ​ |  | 342 | ​ |  | 213 | ​ |  | 158 | ​
Accrued expenses | ​ |  | 302 | ​ |  | 416 | ​ |  | (40) | ​
Income taxes receivable and payable | ​ |  | (142) | ​ | ​ | 289 | ​ |  | (96) | ​
Contribution to company-sponsored pension plan | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (185) | ​ | ​ | (1,000) | ​
Operating lease liabilities | ​ | ​ | (639) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Proceeds from contract associated with sale of business | ​ | ​ | 295 | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Other | ​ |  | (53) | ​ |  | (94) | ​ |  | 23 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net cash provided by operating activities | ​ |  | 4,664 | ​ |  | 4,164 | ​ |  | 3,413 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash Flows from Investing Activities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Payments for property and equipment, including payments for lease buyouts | ​ |  | (3,128) | ​ |  | (2,967) | ​ |  | (2,809) | ​
Proceeds from sale of assets | ​ |  | 273 | ​ | ​ | 85 | ​ |  | 138 | ​
Proceeds on settlement of financial instrument | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 235 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Payments for acquisitions, net of cash acquired | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (197) | ​ | ​ | (16) | ​
Purchases of stores | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (44) | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Net proceeds from sale of businesses | ​ | ​ | 327 | ​ | ​ | 2,169 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Purchases of Ocado securities | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (392) | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Other | ​ |  | (83) | ​ |  | (75) | ​ |  | (20) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net cash used by investing activities | ​ |  | (2,611) | ​ |  | (1,186) | ​ |  | (2,707) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash Flows from Financing Activities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt | ​ |  | 813 | ​ |  | 2,236 | ​ |  | 1,523 | ​
Payments on long-term debt including obligations under finance leases | ​ |  | (2,304) | ​ | ​ | (1,372) | ​ |  | (788) | ​
Net proceeds (payments) on commercial paper | ​ |  | 350 | ​ | ​ | (1,321) | ​ |  | 696 | ​
Dividends paid | ​ | ​ | (486) | ​ | ​ | (437) | ​ | ​ | (443) | ​
Proceeds from issuance of capital stock | ​ | ​ | 55 | ​ |  | 65 | ​ | ​ | 51 | ​
Treasury stock purchases | ​ |  | (465) | ​ |  | (2,010) | ​ |  | (1,633) | ​
Other | ​ | ​ | (46) | ​ |  | (57) | ​ |  | (87) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net cash used by financing activities | ​ |  | (2,083) | ​ |  | (2,896) | ​ |  | (681) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net (decrease) increase in cash and temporary cash investments | ​ |  | (30) | ​ |  | 82 | ​ |  | 25 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash and temporary cash investments: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Beginning of year | ​ |  | 429 | ​ |  | 347 | ​ |  | 322 | ​
End of year | ​ | $ | 399 | ​ | $ | 429 | ​ | $ | 347 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Reconciliation of capital investments: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Payments for property and equipment, including payments for lease buyouts | ​ | $ | (3,128) | ​ | $ | (2,967) | ​ | $ | (2,809) | ​
Payments for lease buyouts | ​ | ​ | 82 | ​ |  | 5 | ​ | ​ | 13 | ​
Changes in construction-in-progress payables | ​ |  | 2 | ​ |  | (56) | ​ |  | (188) | ​
Total capital investments, excluding lease buyouts | ​ | $ | (3,044) | ​ | $ | (3,018) | ​ | $ | (2,984) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Disclosure of cash flow information: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash paid during the year for interest | ​ | $ | 523 | ​ | $ | 614 | ​ | $ | 656 | ​
Cash paid during the year for income taxes | ​ | $ | 706 | ​ | $ | 600 | ​ | $ | 348 | ​

​

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements

​

​

48

​

THE KROGER CO.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

​

Years Ended February 1, 2020, February 2, 2019 and February 3, 2018

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  | Accumulated |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Additional | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Other | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Common Stock | ​ | Paid-In | ​ | Treasury Stock | ​ | Comprehensive | ​ | Accumulated | ​ | Noncontrolling | ​ | ​ | ​
(In millions, except per share amounts) | ​ | Shares | ​ | Amount | ​ | Capital | ​ | Shares | ​ | Amount | ​ | Income (Loss) | ​ | Earnings | ​ | Interest | ​ | Total
Balances at January 28, 2017 |  | 1,918 | ​ | $ | 1,918 | ​ | $ | 3,070 |  | 994 | ​ | $ | (13,118) | ​ | $ | (715) | ​ | $ | 15,543 | ​ | $ | 12 | ​ | $ | 6,710
Issuance of common stock: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Stock options exercised |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | (4) | ​ |  | 51 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 51
Restricted stock issued |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (119) |  | (2) | ​ |  | 85 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (34)
Treasury stock activity: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Treasury stock purchases, at cost |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | 58 | ​ |  | (1,567) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (1,567)
Stock options exchanged |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | 2 | ​ |  | (66) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (66)
Share-based employee compensation |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 151 |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 151
Other comprehensive income net of tax of $87 |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 244 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 244
Other |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 59 |  | — | ​ |  | (69) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (20) | ​ |  | (30)
Cash dividends declared ($0.495 per common share) |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (443) | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | (443)
Net earnings (loss) including non-controlling interests |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,907 | ​ |  | (18) | ​ |  | 1,889
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balances at February 3, 2018 |  | 1,918 | ​ | $ | 1,918 | ​ | $ | 3,161 |  | 1,048 | ​ | $ | (14,684) | ​ | $ | (471) | ​ | $ | 17,007 | ​ | $ | (26) | ​ | $ | 6,905
Issuance of common stock: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Stock options exercised |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | (4) | ​ |  | 65 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 65
Restricted stock issued |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (119) |  | (3) | ​ |  | 74 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (45)
Treasury stock activity: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Treasury stock purchases, at cost |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | 76 | ​ |  | (1,927) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (1,927)
Stock options exchanged |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | 3 | ​ |  | (83) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (83)
Share-based employee compensation |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 154 |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 154
Other comprehensive income net of tax of $39 |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 125 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 125
Other |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 49 |  | — | ​ |  | (57) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 7 | ​ |  | (1)
Cash dividends declared ($0.545 per common share) | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (436) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (436)
Net earnings (loss) including non-controlling interests |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 3,110 | ​ |  | (32) | ​ |  | 3,078
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balances at February 2, 2019 |  | 1,918 | ​ | $ | 1,918 | ​ | $ | 3,245 |  | 1,120 | ​ | $ | (16,612) | ​ | $ | (346) | ​ | $ | 19,681 | ​ | $ | (51) | ​ | $ | 7,835
Issuance of common stock: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Stock options exercised |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | (3) | ​ |  | 55 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 55
Restricted stock issued |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (128) |  | (3) | ​ |  | 92 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (36)
Treasury stock activity: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Treasury stock purchases, at cost |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | 14 | ​ |  | (400) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (400)
Stock options exchanged |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | 2 | ​ |  | (65) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (65)
Share-based employee compensation |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 155 |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 155
Other comprehensive loss net of tax of ($47) |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (294) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (294)
Cumulative effect of accounting change (see Note 18) | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 146 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 146
Deconsolidation of Lucky's Market | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 168 | ​ | ​ | 168
Other |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 65 |  | — | ​ |  | (61) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (5) | ​ |  | 1 | ​ |  | —
Cash dividends declared ($0.62 per common share) |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (503) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (503)
Net earnings (loss) including non-controlling interests |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,659 | ​ |  | (147) | ​ |  | 1,512
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balances at February 1, 2020 |  | 1,918 | ​ | $ | 1,918 | ​ | $ | 3,337 |  | 1,130 | ​ | $ | (16,991) | ​ | $ | (640) | ​ | $ | 20,978 | ​ | $ | (29) | ​ | $ | 8,573

​

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

​

​

49

​

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

​

All amounts in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are in millions except per share amounts.

​

1. | ACCOUNTING POLICIES

​

The following is a summary of the significant accounting policies followed in preparing these financial statements.

​

Description of Business, Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

​

The Kroger Co. (the “Company”) was founded in 1883 and incorporated in 1902. As of February 1, 2020, the Company was one of the largest retailers in the world based on annual sales. The Company also manufactures and processes food for sale by its supermarkets. The accompanying financial statements include the consolidated accounts of the Company, its wholly-owned subsidiaries and other consolidated entities. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

​

Refer to Note 18 for a description of changes to the Consolidated Balance Sheet for recently adopted accounting standards regarding the recognition of lease agreements and reclassification of stranded tax effects.

​

Products and services related primarily to Kroger Personal Finance and Media, which were historically accounted for as an offset to operating, general and administrative expenses (“OG&A”), are classified as a component of sales as of the beginning of fiscal year 2019, except for certain amounts in Media, which are netted against merchandise costs. These prior-year amounts have been reclassified to conform to current-year presentation.

​

Fiscal Year

​

The Company’s fiscal year ends on the Saturday nearest January 31. The last three fiscal years consist of the 52-week period ended February 1, 2020, 52-week period ended February 2, 2019 and 53-week period ended February 3, 2018.

​

Pervasiveness of Estimates

​

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities. Disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of consolidated revenues and expenses during the reporting period is also required. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

​

Cash, Temporary Cash Investments and Book Overdrafts

​

Cash and temporary cash investments represent store cash and short-term investments with original maturities of less than three months. Book overdrafts are included in “Trade accounts payable” and “Accrued salaries and wages” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

​

Deposits In-Transit

​

Deposits in-transit generally represent funds deposited to the Company’s bank accounts at the end of the year related to sales, a majority of which were paid for with debit cards, credit cards and checks, to which the Company does not have immediate access but settle within a few days of the sales transaction.

​

50

​

Inventories

​

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost (principally on a last-in, first-out “LIFO” basis) or market. In total, approximately 91% of inventories in 2019 and 90% of inventories in 2018 were valued using the LIFO method. The remaining inventories, including substantially all fuel inventories, are stated at the lower of cost (on a FIFO basis) or net realizable value. Replacement cost was higher than the carrying amount by $1,380 at February 1, 2020 and $1,277 at February 2, 2019. The Company follows the Link-Chain, Dollar-Value LIFO method for purposes of calculating its LIFO charge or credit.

​

The item-cost method of accounting to determine inventory cost before the LIFO adjustment is followed for substantially all store inventories at the Company’s supermarket divisions. This method involves counting each item in inventory, assigning costs to each of these items based on the actual purchase costs (net of vendor allowances and cash discounts) of each item and recording the cost of items sold. The item-cost method of accounting allows for more accurate reporting of periodic inventory balances and enables management to more precisely manage inventory. In addition, substantially all of the Company’s inventory consists of finished goods and is recorded at actual purchase costs (net of vendor allowances and cash discounts).

​

The Company evaluates inventory shortages throughout the year based on actual physical counts in its facilities. Allowances for inventory shortages are recorded based on the results of these counts to provide for estimated shortages as of the financial statement date.

​

Property, Plant and Equipment

​

Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost or, in the case of assets acquired in a business combination, at fair value. Depreciation and amortization expense, which includes the depreciation of assets recorded under finance leases, is computed principally using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of individual assets. Buildings and land improvements are depreciated based on lives varying from 10 to 40 years. All new purchases of store equipment are assigned lives varying from three to nine years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the lease term to which they relate, which generally varies from four to 25 years, or the useful life of the asset. Food production plant and distribution center equipment is depreciated over lives varying from three to 15 years. Information technology assets are generally depreciated over three to five years. Depreciation and amortization expense was $2,649 in 2019, $2,465 in 2018 and $2,436 in 2017.

​

Interest costs on significant projects constructed for the Company’s own use are capitalized as part of the costs of the newly constructed facilities. Upon retirement or disposal of assets, the cost and related accumulated depreciation and amortization are removed from the balance sheet and any gain or loss is reflected in net earnings. Refer to Note 4 for further information regarding the Company’s property, plant and equipment.

​

Leases

​

The Company leases certain store real estate, warehouses, distribution centers, office space and equipment. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Finance and operating lease assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date. Finance and operating lease liabilities represent the present value of minimum lease payments not yet paid. Operating lease assets represent the right to use an underlying asset and are based upon the operating lease liabilities adjusted for prepayments, lease incentives and impairment, if any. To determine the present value of lease payments, the Company estimates an incremental borrowing rate which represents the rate used for a secured borrowing of a similar term as the lease.

​

51

​

Lease terms generally range from 10 to 20 years with options to renew for varying terms at the Company’s sole discretion. The lease term includes the initial contractual term as well as any options to extend the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. Certain leases include escalation clauses or payment of executory costs such as property taxes, utilities or insurance and maintenance. Operating lease payments are charged on a straight-line basis to rent expense over the lease term and finance lease payments are charged to interest expense and depreciation and amortization expense over the lease term. Assets under finance leases are amortized in accordance with the Company’s normal depreciation policy for owned assets or over the lease term, if shorter. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. For additional information on leases, see Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

​

Goodwill

​

The Company reviews goodwill for impairment during the fourth quarter of each year, and also upon the occurrence of a triggering event. The Company performs reviews of each of its operating divisions and other consolidated entities (collectively, “reporting units”) that have goodwill balances. Generally, fair value is determined using a market multiple model, or discounted projected future cash flows, and is compared to the carrying value of a reporting unit for purposes of identifying potential impairment. Projected future cash flows are based on management’s knowledge of the current operating environment and expectations for the future. Goodwill impairment is recognized for any excess of the reporting unit’s carrying value over its fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. Results of the goodwill impairment reviews performed during 2019, 2018 and 2017 are summarized in Note 3.

​

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

​

The Company monitors the carrying value of long-lived assets for potential impairment each quarter based on whether certain triggering events have occurred. These events include current period losses combined with a history of losses or a projection of continuing losses or a significant decrease in the market value of an asset. When a triggering event occurs, an impairment calculation is performed, comparing projected undiscounted future cash flows, utilizing current cash flow information and expected growth rates related to specific stores, to the carrying value for those stores. If the Company identifies impairment for long-lived assets to be held and used, the Company compares the assets’ current carrying value to the assets’ fair value. Fair value is based on current market values or discounted future cash flows. The Company records impairment when the carrying value exceeds fair market value. With respect to owned property and equipment held for disposal, the value of the property and equipment is adjusted to reflect recoverable values based on previous efforts to dispose of similar assets and current economic conditions. Impairment is recognized for the excess of the carrying value over the estimated fair market value, reduced by estimated direct costs of disposal. The Company recorded asset impairments totaling $120 in 2019, including $70 of operating lease assets. This 2019 impairment charge includes 35 planned store closures across the Company’s footprint in 2020. The Company recorded asset impairments in the normal course of business totaling $56 and $71 in 2018 and 2017, respectively. Costs to reduce the carrying value of long-lived assets for each of the years presented have been included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as Operating, general and administrative (“OG&A”) expense.

​

Accounts Payable

​

The Company has an agreement with a third party to provide an accounts payable tracking system which facilitates participating suppliers’ ability to finance payment obligations from the Company with designated third-party financial institutions. Participating suppliers may, at their sole discretion, make offers to finance one or more payment obligations of the Company prior to their scheduled due dates at a discounted price to participating financial institutions. The Company’s obligations to its suppliers, including amounts due and scheduled payment dates, are not affected by suppliers’ decisions to finance amounts under this arrangement.

​

52

​

Contingent Consideration

​

The Company’s Home Chef business combination involves potential payment of future consideration that is contingent upon the achievement of certain performance milestones. The Company records contingent consideration at fair value at the date of acquisition based on the consideration expected to be transferred, estimated as the probability-weighted future cash flows, discounted back to present value using a discount rate determined in accordance with accepted valuation methods. The liability for contingent consideration is remeasured to fair value at each reporting period using Level 3 inputs, and the change in fair value, including accretion for the passage of time, is recognized in earnings until the contingency is resolved. In 2019, an adjustment to decrease the contingent consideration liability as of year-end 2019 was recorded for ($69) in OG&A expense. In 2018, an adjustment to increase the contingent consideration liability as of year-end 2018 was recorded for $33 in OG&A expense.

​

Store Closing Costs

​

The Company provides for closed store liabilities relating to the present value of the estimated remaining non-cancellable lease payments after the closing date, net of estimated subtenant income. The Company estimates the net lease liabilities using a discount rate to calculate the present value of the remaining net rent payments on closed stores. The closed store lease liabilities usually are paid over the lease terms associated with the closed stores, which generally have remaining terms ranging from one to 20 years. Adjustments to closed store liabilities primarily relate to changes in subtenant income and actual exit costs differing from original estimates. Adjustments are made for changes in estimates in the period in which the change becomes known. Store closing liabilities are reviewed quarterly to ensure that any accrued amount that is not a sufficient estimate of future costs is adjusted to income in the proper period.

​

Owned stores held for disposal are reduced to their estimated net realizable value. Costs to reduce the carrying values of property, equipment and leasehold improvements are accounted for in accordance with the Company’s policy on impairment of long-lived assets. Inventory write-downs, if any, in connection with store closings, are classified in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as “Merchandise costs.” Costs to transfer inventory and equipment from closed stores are expensed as incurred.

​

The current portion of the future lease obligations of stores is included in “Other current liabilities,” and the long-term portion is included in “Other long-term liabilities” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

​

Interest Rate Risk Management

​

The Company uses derivative instruments primarily to manage its exposure to changes in interest rates. The Company’s current program relative to interest rate protection and the methods by which the Company accounts for its derivative instruments are described in Note 7.

​

Benefit Plans and Multi-Employer Pension Plans

​

The Company recognizes the funded status of its retirement plans on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Actuarial gains or losses, prior service costs or credits and transition obligations that have not yet been recognized as part of net periodic benefit cost are required to be recorded as a component of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (“AOCI”). The Company has elected to measure defined benefit plan assets and obligations as of January 31, which is the month-end that is closest to its fiscal year-ends, which were February 1, 2020 for fiscal 2019 and February 2, 2019 for fiscal 2018.

​

The determination of the obligation and expense for company-sponsored pension plans and other post-retirement benefits is dependent on the selection of assumptions used by actuaries and the Company in calculating those amounts. Those assumptions are described in Note 15 and include, among others, the discount rate, the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets, mortality and the rates of increase in compensation and health care costs. Actual results that differ from the assumptions are accumulated and amortized over future periods and, therefore, generally affect the recognized expense and recorded obligation in future periods. While the Company believes that the assumptions are appropriate, significant differences in actual experience or significant changes in assumptions may materially affect the pension and other post-retirement obligations and future expense.

​

53

​

The Company also participates in various multi-employer plans for substantially all union employees. Pension expense for these plans is recognized as contributions are funded or when commitments are probable and reasonably estimable, in accordance with GAAP. Refer to Note 16 for additional information regarding the Company’s participation in these various multi-employer pension plans.

​

The Company administers and makes contributions to the employee 401(k) retirement savings accounts. Contributions to the employee 401(k) retirement savings accounts are expensed when contributed or over the service period in the case of automatic contributions. Refer to Note 15 for additional information regarding the Company’s benefit plans.

​

Share Based Compensation

​

The Company accounts for stock options under fair value recognition provisions. Under this method, the Company recognizes compensation expense for all share-based payments granted. The Company recognizes share-based compensation expense, net of an estimated forfeiture rate, over the requisite service period of the award. In addition, the Company records expense for restricted stock awards in an amount equal to the fair market value of the underlying stock on the grant date of the award, over the period the awards lapse. Excess tax benefits related to share-based payments are recognized in the provision for income taxes. Refer to Note 12 for additional information regarding the Company’s stock based compensation.

​

Deferred Income Taxes

​

Deferred income taxes are recorded to reflect the tax consequences of differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting basis. Refer to Note 5 for the types of differences that give rise to significant portions of deferred income tax assets and liabilities.

​

Uncertain Tax Positions

​

The Company reviews the tax positions taken or expected to be taken on tax returns to determine whether and to what extent a benefit can be recognized in its consolidated financial statements. Refer to Note 5 for the amount of unrecognized tax benefits and other related disclosures related to uncertain tax positions.

​

Various taxing authorities periodically audit the Company’s income tax returns. These audits include questions regarding the Company’s tax filing positions, including the timing and amount of deductions and the allocation of income to various tax jurisdictions. In evaluating the exposures connected with these tax filing positions, including state and local taxes, the Company records allowances for probable exposures. A number of years may elapse before a particular matter, for which an allowance has been established, is audited and fully resolved. As of February 1, 2020, the Internal Revenue Service had concluded its examination of all federal tax returns up to and including the return for the year ending January 30, 2016.

​

The assessment of the Company’s tax position relies on the judgment of management to estimate the exposures associated with the Company’s various filing positions.

​

Self-Insurance Costs

​

The Company is primarily self-insured for costs related to workers’ compensation and general liability claims. Liabilities are actuarially determined and are recognized based on claims filed and an estimate of claims incurred but not reported. The liabilities for workers’ compensation claims are accounted for on a present value basis. The Company has purchased stop-loss coverage to limit its exposure to any significant exposure on a per claim basis. The Company is insured for covered costs in excess of these per claim limits.

​

54

​

The following table summarizes the changes in the Company’s self-insurance liability through February 1, 2020.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Beginning balance | ​ | $ | 696 | ​ | $ | 695 | ​ | $ | 682 | ​
Expense | ​ |  | 209 | ​ |  | 229 | ​ |  | 247 | ​
Claim payments | ​ |  | (216) | ​ |  | (228) | ​ |  | (234) | ​
Ending balance | ​ |  | 689 | ​ |  | 696 | ​ |  | 695 | ​
Less: Current portion | ​ |  | (216) | ​ |  | (228) | ​ |  | (234) | ​
Long-term portion | ​ | $ | 473 | ​ | $ | 468 | ​ | $ | 461 | ​

​

The current portion of the self-insured liability is included in “Other current liabilities,” and the long-term portion is included in “Other long-term liabilities” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

​

The Company maintains surety bonds related to self-insured workers’ compensation claims. These bonds are required by most states in which the Company is self-insured for workers’ compensation and are placed with third-party insurance providers to insure payment of the Company’s obligations in the event the Company is unable to meet its claim payment obligations up to its self-insured retention levels. These bonds do not represent liabilities of the Company, as the Company has recorded reserves for the claim costs.

​

The Company is similarly self-insured for property-related losses. The Company maintains stop loss coverage to limit its property loss exposures including coverage for earthquake, wind, flood and other catastrophic events.

​

Revenue Recognition

​

Sales

​

The Company recognizes revenues from the retail sale of products, net of sales taxes, at the point of sale. Pharmacy sales are recorded when the product is provided to the customer. Digital channel originated sales are recognized either upon pickup in store or upon delivery to the customer and may include shipping revenue. Discounts provided to customers by the Company at the time of sale, including those provided in connection with loyalty cards, are recognized as a reduction in sales as the products are sold. Discounts provided by vendors, usually in the form of coupons, are not recognized as a reduction in sales provided the coupons are redeemable at any retailer that accepts coupons. The Company records a receivable from the vendor for the difference in sales price and cash received. For merchandise sold in one of the Company’s stores or online, tender is accepted at the point of sale. The Company acts as principal in certain vendor arrangements where the purchase and sale of inventory are virtually simultaneous. The Company records revenue and related costs on a gross basis for these arrangements. Effective February 4, 2018, the Company prospectively reclassified certain pharmacy fees of $250 for 2018 from merchandise costs to be recorded as a reduction to sales on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. For pharmacy sales, collection of third party receivables is typically expected within three months or less from the time of purchase. The third-party receivables from pharmacy sales are recorded in Receivables in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and were $646 as of February 1, 2020 and $645 as of February 2, 2019.

​

Gift Cards and Gift Certificates

​

The Company does not recognize a sale when it sells its own gift cards and gift certificates (collectively “gift cards”). Rather, it records a deferred revenue liability equal to the amount received. A sale is then recognized when the gift cards are redeemed to purchase the Company’s products. The Company’s gift cards do not expire. While gift cards are generally redeemed within 12 months, some are never fully redeemed. The Company recognizes gift card breakage under the proportional method, where recognition of breakage income is based upon the historical run-off rate of unredeemed gift cards. The Company’s gift card deferred revenue liability was $114 as of February 1, 2020 and $100 as of February 2, 2019.

55

​

Disaggregated Revenues

​

The following table presents sales revenue by type of product for the year-ended February 1, 2020, February 2, 2019, and February 3, 2018:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 2019 | ​ | 2018 | ​ | 2017 |
​ |  | Amount |  | % of total |  | Amount |  | % of total |  | Amount |  | % of total |
Non Perishable (1)(5) | ​ | $ | 61,464 |  | 50.3 | % | $ | 60,649 |  | 49.8 | % | $ | 60,872 |  | 49.4 | %
Fresh (2)(5) | ​ |  | 29,452 |  | 24.1 | % |  | 29,089 |  | 23.9 | % |  | 29,141 |  | 23.6 | %
Supermarket Fuel | ​ |  | 14,052 |  | 11.5 | % |  | 14,903 |  | 12.2 | % |  | 13,177 |  | 10.7 | %
Pharmacy (5) | ​ |  | 11,015 |  | 9.0 | % |  | 10,617 |  | 8.7 | % |  | 10,724 |  | 8.7 | %
Convenience Stores (3) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | - | % | ​ | 944 | ​ | 0.8 | % | ​ | 4,515 | ​ | 3.7 | %
Other (4)(5)(6) | ​ |  | 6,303 |  | 5.1 | % |  | 5,650 |  | 4.6 | % |  | 4,851 |  | 3.9 | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total Sales | ​ | $ | 122,286 |  | 100 | % | $ | 121,852 |  | 100 | % | $ | 123,280 |  | 100 | %

(1)Consists primarily of grocery, general merchandise, health and beauty care and natural foods.
(2)Consists primarily of produce, floral, meat, seafood, deli, bakery and fresh prepared.
(3)The Company completed the sale of its convenience store business unit during the first quarter of 2018.
(4)Consists primarily of sales related to food production plants to outside parties, data analytic services, third party media revenue, other consolidated entities, specialty pharmacy, in-store health clinics, digital coupon services and other online sales not included in the categories above.
(5)Digital sales, primarily including Pickup, Delivery and pharmacy e-commerce sales, grew approximately 29%, 58% and 90% in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, adjusted to remove the impact of the 53rd week in 2017. These sales are included in the non perishable, fresh, pharmacy, and other line items above.
(6)Products and services related primarily to Kroger Personal Finance and Media, which were historically accounted for as an offset to OG&A, are classified as a component of sales as of the beginning of fiscal year 2019, except for certain amounts in Media, which are netted against merchandise costs. These prior-year amounts have been reclassified to conform to current-year presentation.

​

Merchandise Costs

​

The “Merchandise costs” line item of the Consolidated Statements of Operations includes product costs, net of discounts and allowances; advertising costs (see separate discussion below); inbound freight charges; warehousing costs, including receiving and inspection costs; transportation costs; and food production and operational costs. Warehousing, transportation and manufacturing management salaries are also included in the “Merchandise costs” line item; however, purchasing management salaries and administration costs are included in the OG&A line item along with most of the Company’s other managerial and administrative costs. Rent expense and depreciation and amortization expense are shown separately in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

​

Warehousing and transportation costs include distribution center direct wages, transportation direct wages, repairs and maintenance, utilities, inbound freight and, where applicable, third party warehouse management fees. These costs are recognized in the periods the related expenses are incurred.

​

The Company believes the classification of costs included in merchandise costs could vary widely throughout the industry. The Company’s approach is to include in the “Merchandise costs” line item the direct, net costs of acquiring products and making them available to customers in its stores. The Company believes this approach most accurately presents the actual costs of products sold.

​

The Company recognizes all vendor allowances as a reduction in merchandise costs when the related product is sold. When possible, vendor allowances are applied to the related product cost by item and, therefore, reduce the carrying value of inventory by item. When the items are sold, the vendor allowance is recognized. When it is not possible, due to systems constraints, to allocate vendor allowances to the product by item, vendor allowances are recognized as a reduction in merchandise costs based on inventory turns and, therefore, recognized as the product is sold.

​

56

​

Advertising Costs

​

The Company’s advertising costs are recognized in the periods the related expenses are incurred and are included in the “Merchandise costs” line item of the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company’s advertising costs totaled $854 in 2019, $752 in 2018 and $707 in 2017. The Company does not record vendor allowances for co-operative advertising as a reduction of advertising expense.

​

Operating, General and Administrative Expenses

OG&A expenses consist primarily of employee-related costs such as wages, healthcare benefit costs, retirement plan costs, utilities, and credit card fees. Rent expense, depreciation and amortization expense and interest expense are shown separately in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

​

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

​

For purposes of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, the Company considers all highly liquid debt instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be temporary cash investments.

​

Segments

​

The Company operates supermarkets and multi-department stores throughout the United States. The Company’s retail operations, which represent 97% of the Company’s consolidated sales, are its only reportable segment. The Company aggregated its operating divisions into one reportable segment due to the operating divisions having similar economic characteristics with similar long-term financial performance. In addition, the Company’s operating divisions offer customers similar products, have similar distribution methods, operate in similar regulatory environments, purchase the majority of the merchandise for retail sale from similar (and in many cases identical) vendors on a coordinated basis from a centralized location, serve similar types of customers, and are allocated capital from a centralized location. Operating divisions are organized primarily on a geographical basis so that the operating division management team can be responsive to local needs of the operating division and can execute company strategic plans and initiatives throughout the locations in their operating division. This geographical separation is the primary differentiation between these retail operating divisions. The geographical basis of organization reflects how the business is managed and how the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, who acts as the Company’s chief operating decision maker, assesses performance internally. All of the Company’s operations are domestic.

​

​

2. | MERGERS AND PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTS

​

Merger Agreement

​

On June 22, 2018, the Company finalized the merger with Home Chef, a meal kit delivery company. The merger allows the Company to increase the availability of meal kits and expand its offerings to customers. The Company completed the merger by purchasing 100% of the ownership interest in Home Chef, for $197 net of cash and cash equivalents of $30, in addition to future earnout payments of up to $500 over five years that are contingent on achieving certain milestones. The contingent consideration is based on future performance of both the online and offline business and the related customer engagement. The fair value of the earnout liability in the amount of $91 recognized on the acquisition date was measured using unobservable (Level 3) inputs and was included in “Other long-term liabilities” within the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company estimated the fair value of the earnout liability by applying a Monte-Carlo simulation method using the Company’s projection of future operating results for both the online and offline businesses related to the Home Chef merger and the estimated probability of achievement of the earnout target metrics. The Monte-Carlo simulation is a generally accepted statistical technique used to generate a defined number of valuation paths in order to develop a reasonable estimate of the fair value of the earnout liability. Changes in the fair value of the earnout liability in future periods will be recorded in the Company’s results in the period of the change, refer to Note 8 for additional details.

57

​

The merger was accounted for under the purchase method of accounting and was financed through the issuance of commercial paper. In a business combination, the purchase price is allocated to assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values, with any excess of purchase price over fair value recognized as goodwill. In addition to recognizing assets and liabilities on the acquired company’s balance sheet, the Company reviews supply contracts, leases, financial instruments, employment agreements and other significant agreements to identify potential assets or liabilities that require recognition in connection with the application of acquisition accounting under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805. Intangible assets are recognized apart from goodwill when the asset arises from contractual or other legal rights, or are separable from the acquired entity such that they may be sold, transferred, licensed, rented or exchanged either on a standalone basis or in combination with a related contract, asset or liability.

​

The Company’s purchase price allocation was finalized in the second quarter of 2019. The changes in the fair values assumed from the preliminary amounts determined as of June 22, 2018 were an increase of goodwill of $8 and an increase of deferred income tax liability of $8. The table summarizes the final fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | June 22,
​ | ​ | 2018
ASSETS | ​ | ​ | ​
Total current assets | ​ | $ | 36
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Property, plant and equipment | ​ |  | 6
Other assets | ​ | ​ | 1
Intangibles | ​ |  | 143
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total Assets, excluding Goodwill | ​ |  | 186
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
LIABILITIES | ​ | ​ | ​
Total current liabilities | ​ |  | (28)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other long-term liabilities | ​ | ​ | (94)
Deferred income taxes | ​ | ​ | (8)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total Liabilities | ​ |  | (130)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total Identifiable Net Assets | ​ |  | 56
Goodwill | ​ |  | 171
Total Purchase Price | ​ | $ | 227

​

Of the $143 allocated to intangible assets, the Company recorded $99 and $44 related to customer relationships and the trade name, respectively. The Company will amortize the customer relationships, using the cash flow trended method over seven years. The goodwill recorded as part of the merger was attributable to the assembled workforce of Home Chef and operational synergies expected from the merger. The merger was treated as a 30% stock purchase and 70% partnership interest purchase for income tax purposes. The tax basis of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for the portion of the transaction treated as a partnership interest purchase was stepped up, and the related goodwill is deductible for tax purposes. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed for the portion treated as a stock purchase did not result in a step up of tax basis, and goodwill is not expected to be deductible for tax purposes. The Company determined the Home Chef results of operations are not material. Therefore, the pro forma information is not required for fiscal year 2018 and 2017.

​

Partnership Agreement

​

On May 17, 2018, the Company entered into a Partnership Framework Agreement with Ocado International Holdings Limited and Ocado Group plc (“Ocado”). Under this agreement, Ocado will partner exclusively with the Company in the U.S., enhancing the Company’s digital and robotics capabilities in its distribution networks. As part of the agreement, the Company provided a letter of credit for $180, which supports its commitment to contract with Ocado to build a number of fulfilment centers. The balance of the letter of credit will reduce over time with the construction of each fulfilment center.

58

​

In addition, on May 17, 2018, the Company entered into a Share Subscription Agreement with Ocado, pursuant to which the Company agreed to purchase 33.1 million ordinary shares of Ocado for an aggregate purchase price of $243. The Company completed the purchase of these 33.1 million shares on May 29, 2018. This is in addition to 8.1 million Ocado shares purchased earlier in the first quarter of 2018, and 6.5 million additional shares purchased in the second quarter of 2018. The equity investment in Ocado is measured at fair value through earnings. The fair value of all shares owned, which is measured using Level 1 inputs, was $776 as of February 1, 2020 and $620 as of February 2, 2019 and is included in “Other assets” in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company recorded an unrealized gain of $157 in 2019 and $228 in 2018, none of which was realized during the period as the Company did not sell any Ocado securities.

​

​

3. | GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS

​

The following table summarizes the changes in the Company’s net goodwill balance through February 1, 2020.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |
Balance beginning of year | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Goodwill | ​ | $ | 5,729 | ​ | $ | 5,567 | ​
Accumulated impairment losses | ​ |  | (2,642) | ​ |  | (2,642) | ​
Subtotal | ​ |  | 3,087 | ​ |  | 2,925 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Activity during the year | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Mergers | ​ |  | 8 | ​ |  | 163 | ​
Impairment losses | ​ | ​ | (19) | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Held for sale adjustment | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (1) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balance end of year | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Goodwill | ​ |  | 5,737 | ​ |  | 5,729 | ​
Accumulated impairment losses | ​ |  | (2,661) | ​ |  | (2,642) | ​
Total Goodwill | ​ | $ | 3,076 | ​ | $ | 3,087 | ​

​

In 2019, the Company finalized the purchase accounting for the Home Chef acquisition (see Note 2) resulting in an increase of goodwill and deferred taxes of $8. The Company also recorded an impairment charge of $19 as a result of the Lucky’s Market impairment.

​

In 2018, the Company acquired all of the outstanding shares of Home Chef (see Note 2) resulting in additional goodwill totaling $163. Certain assets and liabilities including goodwill totaling $1 for 2018 was classified as held for sale in the Consolidated Balance Sheet (see Note 17).

​

Testing for impairment must be performed annually, or on an interim basis upon the occurrence of a triggering event or a change in circumstances that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. The annual evaluation of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets was performed during the fourth quarter of 2019 and 2018 and did not result in impairment.

​

Based on the results of the Company’s impairment assessment in the fourth quarter of 2017, the Kroger Specialty Pharmacy reporting unit was the only reporting unit for which there was a potential impairment. In the fourth quarter of 2017, the operating performance of the Kroger Specialty Pharmacy reporting unit began to be affected by reduced margins as a result of compression in reimbursement by third party payers and a reduction of certain types of revenue. As a result of this decline, particularly in future expected cash flows, along with comparable fair value information, management concluded that the carrying value of goodwill for Kroger Specialty Pharmacy reporting unit exceeded its fair value, resulting in a pre-tax impairment charge of $110, $74 net of tax. The pre-impairment goodwill balance for Kroger Specialty Pharmacy was $353, as of the fourth quarter 2017.

59

​

The following table summarizes the Company’s intangible assets balance through February 1, 2020.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 2019 | ​ | 2018 |
​ |  | Gross carrying |  | Accumulated |  | Gross carrying |  | Accumulated |
​ | ​ | amount | ​ | amortization(1) | ​ | amount | ​ | amortization(1) |
Definite-lived favorable leasehold interests(2) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 160 | ​ | $ | (47) | ​
Definite-lived pharmacy prescription files | ​ |  | 320 | ​ |  | (133) | ​ |  | 316 | ​ |  | (92) | ​
Definite-lived customer relationships | ​ | ​ | 186 | ​ | ​ | (120) | ​ | ​ | 186 | ​ | ​ | (88) | ​
Definite-lived other | ​ |  | 106 | ​ |  | (68) | ​ |  | 103 | ​ |  | (55) | ​
Indefinite-lived trade name | ​ |  | 685 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 685 | ​ |  | — | ​
Indefinite-lived liquor licenses | ​ |  | 90 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 90 | ​ |  | — | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 1,387 | ​ | $ | (321) | ​ | $ | 1,540 | ​ | $ | (282) | ​

​

(1) | Favorable leasehold interests are amortized to rent expense, pharmacy prescription files are amortized to merchandise costs, customer relationships are amortized to depreciation and amortization expense and other intangibles are amortized to OG&A expense and depreciation and amortization expense.

(2) | Due to the adoption of ASU 2016-02 “Leases,” favorable leasehold interests were reclassified and included in the measurement of new lease assets, refer to Note 10 and 18 for further description of the impact of adoption.

​

In 2018, the Company acquired definite and indefinite lived intangible assets totaling approximately $143, excluding goodwill, as a result of the merger with Home Chef (see Note 2). Additionally, the majority of the Company’s pharmacy prescription file purchases for 2018 were completed in a single transaction for $75.

​

Amortization expense associated with intangible assets totaled approximately $85, $80 and $59, during fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Future amortization expense associated with the net carrying amount of definite-lived intangible assets for the years subsequent to 2019 is estimated to be approximately:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
2020 |  | $ | 73
2021 | ​ |  | 58
2022 | ​ |  | 51
2023 | ​ |  | 42
2024 | ​ |  | 39
Thereafter | ​ |  | 28
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total future estimated amortization associated with definite-lived intangible assets | ​ | $ | 291

​

​

4. | PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET

​

Property, plant and equipment, net consists of:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |
Land | ​ | $ | 3,299 | ​ | $ | 3,254 | ​
Buildings and land improvements | ​ |  | 12,553 | ​ |  | 12,245 | ​
Equipment | ​ |  | 15,031 | ​ |  | 14,277 | ​
Leasehold improvements | ​ |  | 10,832 | ​ |  | 10,306 | ​
Construction-in-progress | ​ |  | 3,166 | ​ |  | 2,716 | ​
Leased property under finance leases | ​ |  | 966 | ​ |  | 1,066 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total property, plant and equipment | ​ |  | 45,847 | ​ |  | 43,864 | ​
Accumulated depreciation and amortization | ​ |  | (23,976) | ​ |  | (22,229) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Property, plant and equipment, net | ​ | $ | 21,871 | ​ | $ | 21,635 | ​

​

Accumulated depreciation and amortization for leased property under finance leases was $276 at February 1, 2020 and $345 at February 2, 2019. This decrease was primarily related to the reclassification of certain finance leases to operating leases due to the adoption of ASU 2016-02 “Leases.”

60

​

Approximately $162 and $169, net book value, of property, plant and equipment collateralized certain mortgages at February 1, 2020 and February 2, 2019, respectively.

​

5. | TAXES BASED ON INCOME

​

The provision for taxes based on income consists of:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Federal | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Current | ​ | $ | 454 | ​ | $ | 775 | ​ | $ | 309 | ​
Deferred | ​ |  | (50) | ​ |  | (3) | ​ |  | (747) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Subtotal federal | ​ |  | 404 | ​ |  | 772 | ​ |  | (438) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
State and local | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Current | ​ |  | 70 | ​ |  | 108 | ​ |  | 15 | ​
Deferred | ​ |  | (5) | ​ |  | 20 | ​ |  | 18 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Subtotal state and local | ​ |  | 65 | ​ |  | 128 | ​ |  | 33 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 469 | ​ | $ | 900 | ​ | $ | (405) | ​

​

A reconciliation of the statutory federal rate and the effective rate follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Statutory rate |  | 21.0 | % | 21.0 | % | 33.7 | %
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit |  | 2.6 | ​ | 2.6 | ​ | 1.7 | ​
Credits |  | (1.5) | ​ | (1.3) | ​ | (2.5) | ​
Resolution of issues |  | (0.1) | ​ | 0.5 | ​ | — | ​
Domestic manufacturing deduction |  | — | ​ | — | ​ | (1.1) | ​
Excess tax benefits from share-based payments | ​ | (0.2) | ​ | (0.3) | ​ | (0.4) | ​
Effect of Tax Cuts and Jobs Act | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | (60.8) | ​
Impairment of goodwill | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | 2.3 | ​
Impairment losses attributable to noncontrolling interest | ​ | 1.2 | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​
Other changes, net |  | 0.7 | ​ | 0.1 | ​ | (0.2) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 23.7 | % | 22.6 | % | (27.3) | %

​

The 2019 tax rate differed from the federal statutory rate primarily due to the effect of state income taxes and Lucky’s Market losses attributable to the noncontrolling interest which reduced pre-tax income but did not impact tax expense, partially offset by the utilization of tax credits and deductions.

​

The 2018 tax rate differed from the federal statutory rate primarily due to the effect of state income taxes and an IRS audit that resulted in a reduction of prior year tax deductions at pre-Tax Act rates and an increase in future tax deductions at post-Tax Act rates. These 2018 items were partially offset by the utilization of tax credits and deductions, the remeasurement of uncertain tax positions and adjustments to provisional amounts that increased prior year deductions at pre-Tax Act rates and decreased future deductions at post-Tax Act rates.

​

61

​

The tax effects of significant temporary differences that comprise tax balances were as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |
Deferred tax assets: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Compensation related costs | ​ | $ | 406 | ​ | $ | 350 | ​
Lease liabilities | ​ |  | 1,872 | ​ |  | 81 | ​
Closed store reserves | ​ |  | 55 | ​ |  | 41 | ​
Net operating loss and credit carryforwards | ​ |  | 100 | ​ |  | 110 | ​
Deferred Income | ​ | ​ | 172 | ​ | ​ | 84 | ​
Allowance for uncollectible receivables | ​ | ​ | 93 | ​ | ​ | 18 | ​
Other | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | 9 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Subtotal | ​ |  | 2,698 | ​ |  | 693 | ​
Valuation allowance | ​ |  | (55) | ​ |  | (54) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total deferred tax assets | ​ |  | 2,643 | ​ |  | 639 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Deferred tax liabilities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Depreciation and amortization | ​ |  | (1,942) | ​ |  | (1,850) | ​
Operating lease assets | ​ |  | (1,782) | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Insurance related costs | ​ | ​ | (28) | ​ | ​ | (38) | ​
Inventory related costs | ​ | ​ | (252) | ​ | ​ | (257) | ​
Equity investments in excess of tax basis | ​ | ​ | (94) | ​ | ​ | (56) | ​
Other | ​ | ​ | (11) | ​ | ​ | — | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total deferred tax liabilities | ​ |  | (4,109) | ​ |  | (2,201) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Deferred taxes | ​ | $ | (1,466) | ​ | $ | (1,562) | ​

​

At February 1, 2020, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards for state income tax purposes of $1,197. These net operating loss carryforwards expire from 2020 through 2039. The utilization of certain of the Company’s state net operating loss carryforwards may be limited in a given year. Further, based on the analysis described below, the Company has recorded a valuation allowance against some of the deferred tax assets resulting from its state net operating losses.

​

At February 1, 2020, the Company had state credit carryforwards of $47, most of which expire from 2020 through 2027. The utilization of certain of the Company’s credits may be limited in a given year. Further, based on the analysis described below, the Company has recorded a valuation allowance against some of the deferred tax assets resulting from its state credits.

​

The Company regularly reviews all deferred tax assets on a tax filer and jurisdictional basis to estimate whether these assets are more likely than not to be realized based on all available evidence. This evidence includes historical taxable income, projected future taxable income, the expected timing of the reversal of existing temporary differences and the implementation of tax planning strategies. Projected future taxable income is based on expected results and assumptions with respect to the jurisdiction in which the income will be earned. The expected timing of the reversals of existing temporary differences is based on current tax law and the Company’s tax methods of accounting. Unless deferred tax assets are more likely than not to be realized, a valuation allowance is established to reduce the carrying value of the deferred tax asset until such time that realization becomes more likely than not. Increases and decreases in these valuation allowances are included in "Income tax expense" in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. As of February 1, 2020, February 2, 2019 and February 3, 2018 the total valuation allowance was $55, $54 and $62, respectively.

​

62

​

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits, including positions impacting only the timing of tax benefits, is as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Beginning balance | ​ | $ | 174 | ​ | $ | 180 | ​ | $ | 177 | ​
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year | ​ |  | 13 | ​ |  | 7 | ​ |  | 11 | ​
Reductions based on tax positions related to the current year | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (1) | ​ |  | (1) | ​
Additions for tax positions of prior years | ​ |  | 8 | ​ |  | 23 | ​ |  | 6 | ​
Reductions for tax positions of prior years | ​ |  | (1) | ​ |  | (22) | ​ |  | (8) | ​
Settlements | ​ | ​ | (19) | ​ |  | (10) | ​ |  | — | ​
Lapse of statute | ​ | ​ | (1) | ​ | ​ | (3) | ​ | ​ | (5) | ​
Ending balance | ​ | $ | 174 | ​ | $ | 174 | ​ | $ | 180 | ​

​

The Company does not anticipate that changes in the amount of unrecognized tax benefits over the next twelve months will have a significant impact on its results of operations or financial position.

​

As of February 1, 2020, February 2, 2019 and February 3, 2018 the amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate was $74, $72 and $88, respectively.

​

To the extent interest and penalties would be assessed by taxing authorities on any underpayment of income tax, such amounts have been accrued and classified as a component of income tax expense. During the years ended February 1, 2020, February 2, 2019 and February 3, 2018, the Company recognized approximately $7, $2 and $8, respectively, in interest and penalties. The Company had accrued approximately $30, $30 and $28 for the payment of interest and penalties as of February 1, 2020, February 2, 2019 and February 3, 2018.

​

As of February 1, 2020, the Internal Revenue Service had concluded its examination of all federal tax returns up to and including the return for the year ended January 30, 2016.

​

6. | DEBT OBLIGATIONS

​

Long-term debt consists of:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | February 1, | ​ | February 2,
​ |  | 2020 |  | 2019
1.50% to 8.00% Senior Notes due through 2049 | ​ | $ | 11,598 | ​ | $ | 12,097
5.63% to 12.75% Mortgages due through 2027 | ​ |  | 12 | ​ |  | 14
1.77% to 2.63% Commercial paper borrowings due through February 2020 | ​ |  | 1,150 | ​ |  | 800
3.37% Term Loan | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,000
Other | ​ |  | 496 | ​ |  | 440
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total debt, excluding obligations under finance leases | ​ |  | 13,256 | ​ |  | 14,351
Less current portion | ​ |  | (1,926) | ​ |  | (3,103)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total long-term debt, excluding obligations under finance leases | ​ | $ | 11,330 | ​ | $ | 11,248

​

In 2019, the Company issued $750 of senior notes due in fiscal year 2049 bearing an interest rate of 3.95%. In connection with the senior note issuances, the Company also terminated forward-starting interest rate swap agreements with an aggregate notional amount of $300. These forward-starting interest rate swap agreements were hedging the variability in future benchmark interest payments attributable to changing interest rates on the forecasted issuance of fixed-rate debt issued during the fourth quarter of 2019. Since these forward-starting interest rate swap agreements were classified as cash flow hedges, the unamortized loss of $12, $10 net of tax, has been deferred in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss and will continue to amortize to earnings as the interest payments are made. The Company repaid $750 of senior notes bearing an interest rate of 6.15%, with proceeds from the senior notes issuances. During 2019, the Company also repaid, upon maturity, $1,000 term loan bearing an interest rate of 3.37% and $500 of senior notes bearing an interest rate of 1.50%, using cash generated by operations and proceeds from issuing commercial paper.

​

63

​

In 2018, the Company issued $600 of senior notes due in fiscal year 2029 bearing an interest rate of 4.50% and $600 of senior notes due in fiscal year 2049 bearing an interest rate of 5.40%. In connection with the senior note issuances, the Company also terminated forward-starting interest rate swap agreements with an aggregate notional amount of $750. These forward-starting interest rate swap agreements were hedging the variability in future benchmark interest payments attributable to changing interest rates on the forecasted issuance of fixed-rate debt issued during the fourth quarter of 2018. Since these forward-starting interest rate swap agreements were classified as cash flow hedges, the unamortized gain of $39, $30 net of tax, has been deferred in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss and will continue to amortize to earnings as the interest payments are made. The Company also repaid, upon maturity, $300 of senior notes bearing an interest rate of 6.80%, $300 of senior notes bearing an interest rate of 2.00%, $200 of senior notes bearing an interest rate of 7.00% and $500 of senior notes bearing an interest rate of 2.30%, with proceeds from the senior notes issuances.

​

In 2018, the Company obtained a $1,000 term loan with a maturity date of March 16, 2019. The funds were drawn on March 26, 2018 and were used to reduce outstanding commercial paper borrowings. Under the terms of the agreement, interest rates are adjusted monthly based on the Company’s Public Debt Rating and prevailing LIBOR rates. On March 15, 2019, the Company paid the $1,000 term loan through increased commercial paper borrowings.

​

On August 29, 2017, the Company entered into an amended, extended and restated $2,750 unsecured revolving credit facility (the “Credit Agreement”), with a termination date of August 29, 2022, unless extended as permitted under the Credit Agreement. This Credit Agreement amended the Company’s $2,750 credit facility that would otherwise have terminated on June 30, 2019. The Company has the ability to increase the size of the Credit Agreement by up to an additional $1,000, subject to certain conditions.

​

Borrowings under the Credit Agreement bear interest, at the Company’s option, at either (i) LIBOR plus a market spread, based on the Company’s Public Debt Rating or (ii) the base rate, defined as the highest of (a) the Federal Funds Rate plus 0.5%, (b) the Bank of America prime rate, and (c) one-month LIBOR plus 1.0%, plus a market rate spread based on the Company’s Public Debt Rating. The Company will also pay a Commitment Fee based on its Public Debt Rating and Letter of Credit fees equal to a market rate spread based on the Company’s Public Debt Rating. “Public Debt Rating” means, as of any date, the rating that has been most recently announced by either S&P or Moody’s, as the case may be, for any class of non-credit enhanced long-term senior unsecured debt issued by the Company.

​

The Credit Agreement contains covenants, which, among other things, require the maintenance of a Leverage Ratio of not greater than 3.50:1.00 and a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio of not less than 1.70:1.00. The Company may repay the Credit Agreement in whole or in part at any time without premium or penalty. The Credit Agreement is not guaranteed by the Company’s subsidiaries.

​

As of February 1, 2020, the Company had $1,150 of commercial paper borrowings, with a weighted average interest rate of 1.77% and no borrowings under the Credit Agreement. As of February 2, 2019, the Company had $800 of commercial paper borrowings, with a weighted average interest rate of 2.63% and no borrowings under the Credit Agreement.

​

As of February 1, 2020, the Company had outstanding letters of credit in the amount of $362, of which $2 reduces funds available under the Credit Agreement. As of February 2, 2019, the Company had outstanding letters of credit in the amount of $363, of which $3 reduces funds available under the Credit Agreement. The letters of credit are maintained primarily to support performance, payment, deposit or surety obligations of the Company.

​

Most of the Company’s outstanding public debt is subject to early redemption at varying times and premiums, at the option of the Company. In addition, subject to certain conditions, some of the Company’s publicly issued debt will be subject to redemption, in whole or in part, at the option of the holder upon the occurrence of a redemption event, upon not less than five days’ notice prior to the date of redemption, at a redemption price equal to the default amount, plus a specified premium. “Redemption Event” is defined in the indentures as the occurrence of (i) any person or group, together with any affiliate thereof, beneficially owning 50% or more of the voting power of the Company, (ii) any one person or group, or affiliate thereof, succeeding in having a majority of its nominees elected to the Company’s Board of Directors, in each case, without the consent of a majority of the continuing directors of the Company or (iii) both a change of control and a below investment grade rating.

​

64

​

The aggregate annual maturities and scheduled payments of long-term debt, as of year-end 2019, and for the years subsequent to 2019 are:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
2020 |  | $ | 1,926 |
2021 | ​ |  | 804 | ​
2022 | ​ |  | 894 | ​
2023 | ​ |  | 594 | ​
2024 | ​ |  | 495 | ​
Thereafter | ​ |  | 8,543 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total debt | ​ | $ | 13,256 | ​

​

​

7. | DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

​

GAAP requires that derivatives be carried at fair value on the balance sheet, and provides for hedge accounting when certain conditions are met. The Company’s derivative financial instruments are recognized on the balance sheet at fair value. Changes in the fair value of derivative instruments designated as “cash flow” hedges, to the extent the hedges are highly effective, are recorded in other comprehensive income, net of tax effects. Ineffective portions of cash flow hedges, if any, are recognized in current period earnings. Other comprehensive income or loss is reclassified into current period earnings when the hedged transaction affects earnings. Changes in the fair value of derivative instruments designated as “fair value” hedges, along with corresponding changes in the fair values of the hedged assets or liabilities, are recorded in current period earnings. Ineffective portions of fair value hedges, if any, are recognized in current period earnings.

​

The Company assesses, both at the inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis, whether derivatives used as hedging instruments are highly effective in offsetting the changes in the fair value or cash flow of the hedged items. If it is determined that a derivative is not highly effective as a hedge or ceases to be highly effective, the Company discontinues hedge accounting prospectively.

​

Interest Rate Risk Management

​

The Company is exposed to market risk from fluctuations in interest rates. The Company manages its exposure to interest rate fluctuations through the use of a commercial paper program, interest rate swaps (fair value hedges) and forward-starting interest rate swaps (cash flow hedges). The Company’s current program relative to interest rate protection contemplates hedging the exposure to changes in the fair value of fixed-rate debt attributable to changes in interest rates. To do this, the Company uses the following guidelines: (i) use average daily outstanding borrowings to determine annual debt amounts subject to interest rate exposure, (ii) limit the average annual amount subject to interest rate reset and the amount of floating rate debt to a combined total amount that represents 25% of the carrying value of the Company’s debt portfolio or less, (iii) include no leveraged products, and (iv) hedge without regard to profit motive or sensitivity to current mark-to-market status.

​

The Company reviews compliance with these guidelines annually with the Financial Policy Committee of the Board of Directors. These guidelines may change as the Company’s needs dictate.

​

Fair Value Interest Rate Swaps

​

The Company did not have any outstanding interest rate derivatives classified as fair value hedges as of February 1, 2020 and February 2, 2019.

​

65

​

Cash Flow Forward-Starting Interest Rate Swaps

​

As of February 1, 2020, the Company had seven forward-starting interest rate swap agreements with a maturity date of January 2021 with an aggregate notional amount totaling $350. A forward-starting interest rate swap is an agreement that effectively hedges the variability in future benchmark interest payments attributable to changes in interest rates on the forecasted issuance of fixed-rate debt. The Company entered into these forward-starting interest rate swaps in order to lock in fixed interest rates on its forecasted issuance of debt in January 2021. Accordingly, the forward-starting interest rate swaps were designated as cash-flow hedges as defined by GAAP. As of February 1, 2020, the fair value of the interest rate swaps was recorded in other long-term liabilities for $19 and accumulated other comprehensive loss for $17 net of tax.

​

As of February 2, 2019, the Company had five forward-starting interest rate swap agreements with a maturity date of January 2020 with an aggregate notional amount totaling $250. The Company entered into these forward-starting interest rate swaps in order to lock in fixed interest rates on its forecasted issuance of debt in January 2020. Accordingly, the forward-starting interest rate swaps were designated as cash-flow hedges as defined by GAAP. As of February 2, 2019, the fair value of the interest rate swaps was recorded in other assets for $33 and accumulated other comprehensive income for $20 net of tax.

​

During 2019, the Company terminated six forward-starting interest rate swaps with maturity dates of January 2020 with an aggregate notional amount totaling $300. These forward-starting interest rate swap agreements were hedging the variability in future benchmark interest payments attributable to changing interest rates on the forecasted issuance of fixed-rate debt issued during the fourth quarter of 2019. Since these forward-starting interest rate swap agreements were classified as cash flow hedges, the unamortized loss of $12, $10 net of tax, has been deferred in AOCI and will be amortized to earnings as the interest payments are made.

​

During 2018, the Company terminated nine forward-starting interest rate swaps with maturity dates of January 2019 with an aggregate notional amount totaling $750. These forward-starting interest rate swap agreements were hedging the variability in future benchmark interest payments attributable to changing interest rates on the forecasted issuance of fixed-rate debt issued during the fourth quarter of 2018. Since these forward-starting interest rate swap agreements were classified as cash flow hedges, the unamortized gain of $39, $30 net of tax, has been deferred in AOCI and will be amortized to earnings as the interest payments are made.

​

The following table summarizes the effect of the Company’s derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges for 2019, 2018 and 2017:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Year-To-Date | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | Amount of Gain/(Loss) in | ​ | Amount of Gain/(Loss) | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | AOCI on Derivative | ​ | Reclassified from AOCI into | ​ | Location of Gain/(Loss) |
Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging | ​ | (Effective Portion) | ​ | Income (Effective Portion) | ​ | Reclassified into Income |
Relationships |  | 2019 | ​ | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2019 | ​ | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | (Effective Portion) |
Forward-Starting Interest Rate Swaps, net of tax* | ​ | $ | (42) | ​ | $ | 6 | ​ | $ | 24 | ​ | $ | (4) | ​ | $ | (5) | ​ | $ | (3) |  | Interest expense | ​

​

* | The amounts of Gain/(Loss) in AOCI on derivatives include unamortized proceeds and payments from forward-starting interest rate swaps once classified as cash flow hedges that were terminated prior to end of 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

​

For the above cash flow interest rate swaps, the Company has entered into International Swaps and Derivatives Association master netting agreements that permit the net settlement of amounts owed under their respective derivative contracts. Under these master netting agreements, net settlement generally permits the Company or the counterparty to determine the net amount payable for contracts due on the same date and in the same currency for similar types of derivative transactions. These master netting agreements generally also provide for net settlement of all outstanding contracts with a counterparty in the case of an event of default or a termination event.

​

Collateral is generally not required of the counterparties or of the Company under these master netting agreements. As of February 1, 2020 and February 2, 2019, no cash collateral was received or pledged under the master netting agreements.

66

​

The effect of the net settlement provisions of these master netting agreements on the Company’s derivative balances upon an event of default or termination event is as follows as of February 1, 2020 and February 2, 2019:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the | ​ | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Net Amount | ​ | Balance Sheet | ​ | ​ | ​ |
​ |  | Gross Amount |  | Gross Amounts Offset |  | Presented in the |  | Financial |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |
February 1, 2020 | ​ | Recognized | ​ | in the Balance Sheet | ​ | Balance Sheet | ​ | Instruments | ​ | Cash Collateral | ​ | Net Amount |
Liabilities | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash Flow Forward-Starting Interest Rate Swaps | ​ | $ | 19 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 19 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 19 | ​

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the | ​ | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Net Amount | ​ | Balance Sheet | ​ | ​ | ​ |
​ |  | Gross Amount |  | Gross Amounts Offset |  | Presented in the |  | Financial |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |
February 2, 2019 | ​ | Recognized | ​ | in the Balance Sheet | ​ | Balance Sheet | ​ | Instruments | ​ | Cash Collateral | ​ | Net Amount |
Assets | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash Flow Forward-Starting Interest Rate Swaps | ​ | $ | 33 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 33 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 33 | ​

​

​

8. | FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

​

GAAP establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy defined in the standards are as follows:

​

Level 1 - Quoted prices are available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

​

Level 2 - Pricing inputs are other than quoted prices in active markets included in Level 1, which are either directly or indirectly observable;

​

Level 3 - Unobservable pricing inputs in which little or no market activity exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

​

For items carried at (or adjusted to) fair value in the consolidated financial statements, the following tables summarize the fair value of these instruments at February 1, 2020 and February 2, 2019:

​

February 1, 2020 Fair Value Measurements Using

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Quoted Prices in |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | Active Markets | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Significant | ​ | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | for Identical | ​ | Significant Other | ​ | Unobservable | ​ | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | Assets | ​ | Observable Inputs | ​ | Inputs | ​ | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | (Level 1) | ​ | (Level 2) | ​ | (Level 3) | ​ | Total |
Trading Securities | ​ | $ | 840 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 840 | ​
Other Investment | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 41 | ​ |  | 41 | ​
Interest Rate Hedges | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (19) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (19) | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 840 | ​ | $ | (19) | ​ | $ | 41 | ​ | $ | 862 | ​

​

February 2, 2019 Fair Value Measurements Using

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Quoted Prices in |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | Active Markets | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Significant | ​ | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | for Identical | ​ | Significant Other | ​ | Unobservable | ​ | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | Assets | ​ | Observable Inputs | ​ | Inputs | ​ | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | (Level 1) | ​ | (Level 2) | ​ | (Level 3) | ​ | Total |
Trading Securities | ​ | $ | 671 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 671 | ​
Other Investment | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 22 | ​ | ​ | 22 | ​
Interest Rate Hedges | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 33 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 33 | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 671 | ​ | $ | 33 | ​ | $ | 22 | ​ | $ | 726 | ​

​

In 2018, realized gains on Level 1, available-for-sale securities totaled $5.

67

​

The Company values interest rate hedges using observable forward yield curves. These forward yield curves are classified as Level 2 inputs.

​

Fair value measurements of non-financial assets and non-financial liabilities are primarily used in the impairment analysis of goodwill, other intangible assets, long-lived assets and in the valuation of store lease exit costs. The Company reviews goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually, during the fourth quarter of each fiscal year, and as circumstances indicate the possibility of impairment. See Note 3 for further discussion related to the Company’s carrying value of goodwill. Long-lived assets and store lease exit costs were measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis using Level 3 inputs as defined in the fair value hierarchy. See Note 1 for further discussion of the Company’s policies and recorded amounts for impairments of long-lived assets and valuation of store lease exit costs. In 2019, long-lived assets with a carrying amount of $152 were written down to their fair value of $32, resulting in an impairment charge of $120, which included the 35 planned store closures. In 2018, long-lived assets with a carrying amount of $85 were written down to their fair value of $29, resulting in an impairment charge of $56. In 2018, the Company entered into an agreement with a third party. As part of the consideration for entering the agreement, the Company received a financial instrument of $22.

​

Mergers are accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires that the purchase price paid for a merger be allocated to the assets and liabilities acquired based on their estimated fair values as of the effective date of the merger, with the excess of the purchase price over the net assets being recorded as goodwill. See Note 2 for further discussion related to accounting for mergers.

​

Fair Value of Other Financial Instruments

​

Current and Long-term Debt

​

The fair value of the Company’s long-term debt, including current maturities, was estimated based on the quoted market prices for the same or similar issues adjusted for illiquidity based on available market evidence. If quoted market prices were not available, the fair value was based upon the net present value of the future cash flow using the forward interest rate yield curve in effect at respective year-ends. At February 1, 2020, the fair value of total debt excluding obligation under finance leases was $14,649 compared to a carrying value of $13,256. At February 2, 2019, the fair value of total debt excluding obligation under finance leases was $14,190 compared to a carrying value of $14,351.

​

Contingent Consideration

​

As a result of the Home Chef merger, the Company recognized a contingent liability of $91 on the acquisition date. The contingent consideration was measured using unobservable (Level 3) inputs and is included in “Other long-term liabilities” within the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The liability is remeasured to fair value at each reporting period, and the change in fair value, including accretion for the passage of time, is recognized in net earnings until the contingency is resolved. In 2019, an adjustment to decrease the contingent consideration liability as of year-end 2019 was recorded for ($69) in OG&A expense. In 2018, an adjustment to increase the contingent consideration liability as of year-end 2018 was recorded for $33 in OG&A expense.

​

Cash and Temporary Cash Investments, Store Deposits In-Transit, Receivables, Prepaid and Other Current Assets, Trade Accounts Payable, Accrued Salaries and Wages and Other Current Liabilities

​

The carrying amounts of these items approximated fair value.

​

68

​

Other Assets

​

In 2016, the Company entered into agreements with a third party. As part of the consideration for entering these agreements, the Company received a financial instrument that derives its value from the third party’s business operations. The Company used the Monte-Carlo simulation method to determine the fair value of this financial instrument. The Monte-Carlo simulation is a generally accepted statistical technique used to generate a defined number of valuation paths in order to develop a reasonable estimate of the fair value of this financial instrument. The assumptions used in the Monte-Carlo simulation are classified as Level 3 inputs. The financial instrument was valued at $335 and recorded in “Other assets” within the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As the financial instrument was obtained in exchange for certain obligations, the Company also recognized offsetting deferred revenue liabilities in “Other current liabilities” and “Other long-term liabilities” within the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The deferred revenue will be amortized to “Sales” within the Consolidated Statements of Operations over the term of the agreements. Post inception, the Company received a distribution of $58, which was recorded as a reduction of the cost method investment. In the fourth quarter of 2018, a transaction occurred that resulted in the settlement of the financial instrument. As a result of the settlement, the Company received cash proceeds of $235. The Company recognized an impairment of financial instrument of $42 in OG&A in the fourth quarter of 2018.

​

The fair values of certain investments recorded in “other assets” within the Consolidated Balance Sheets were estimated based on quoted market prices for those or similar investments, or estimated cash flows, if appropriate. At February 1, 2020 and February 2, 2019, the carrying and fair value of long-term investments for which fair value is determinable was $278 and $155, respectively. At February 1, 2020 and February 2, 2019, the carrying value of notes receivable for which fair value is determinable was $210 and $146, respectively.

​

9. | ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

​

The following table represents the changes in AOCI by component for the years ended February 1, 2020 and February 2, 2019:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Pension and | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Cash Flow | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Postretirement | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Hedging | ​ | Available for sale | ​ | Defined Benefit | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Activities(1) |  | Securities(1) |  | Plans(1) |  | Total(1)
Balance at February 3, 2018 | ​ | $ | 24 | ​ | $ | 4 | ​ | $ | (499) | ​ | $ | (471)
OCI before reclassifications(2) | ​ | ​ | (23) | ​ |  | (4) | ​ |  | 104 | ​ |  | 77
Amounts reclassified out of AOCI(3) | ​ | ​ | 5 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 43 | ​ |  | 48
Net current-period OCI | ​ | ​ | (18) | ​ |  | (4) | ​ |  | 147 | ​ |  | 125
Balance at February 2, 2019 | ​ | $ | 6 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (352) | ​ | $ | (346)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balance at February 2, 2019 | ​ | $ | 6 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (352) | ​ | $ | (346)
Cumulative effect of accounting change(4) | ​ | ​ | (5) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (141) | ​ | ​ | (146)
OCI before reclassifications(2) | ​ |  | (47) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (134) | ​ |  | (181)
Amounts reclassified out of AOCI(3) | ​ |  | 4 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 29 | ​ |  | 33
Net current-period OCI | ​ |  | (48) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (246) | ​ |  | (294)
Balance at February 1, 2020 | ​ | $ | (42) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (598) | ​ | $ | (640)

(1) | All amounts are net of tax.

(2) | Net of tax of $(8), $(1) and $32 for cash flow hedging activities, available for sale securities and pension and postretirement defined benefit plans, respectively, as of February 2, 2019. Net of tax of ($17) and ($42) for cash flow hedging activities and pension and postretirement defined benefit plans, respectively, as of February 1, 2020.

(3) | Net of tax of $13 and $3 for pension and postretirement defined benefit plans and cash flow hedging activities, respectively, as of February 2, 2019. Net of tax of $9 and $3 for pension and postretirement defined benefit plans and cash flow hedging activities, respectively, as of February 1, 2020.

(4) | Related to the adoption of ASU 2018-02, “Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income,” (see Note 18 for additional details).

69

​

The following table represents the items reclassified out of AOCI and the related tax effects for the years ended February 1, 2020, February 2, 2019 and February 3, 2018:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ |  | For the year ended | ​ | For the year ended | ​ | For the year ended | ​
​ |  |  | February 1, 2020 |  | February 2, 2019 |  | February 3, 2018 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash flow hedging activity items | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Amortization of gains and losses on cash flow hedging activities(1) | ​ | ​ | $ | 7 | ​ | $ | 8 | ​ | $ | 6 | ​
Tax expense | ​ | ​ |  | (3) | ​ |  | (3) | ​ |  | (3) | ​
Net of tax | ​ | ​ |  | 4 | ​ |  | 5 | ​ |  | 3 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Pension and postretirement defined benefit plan items | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Amortization of amounts included in net periodic pension cost(2) |  | ​ |  | 38 | ​ |  | 56 | ​ |  | 69 | ​
Tax expense |  | ​ |  | (9) | ​ |  | (13) | ​ |  | (20) | ​
Net of tax |  | ​ |  | 29 | ​ |  | 43 | ​ |  | 49 | ​
Total reclassifications, net of tax |  | ​ | $ | 33 | ​ | $ | 48 | ​ | $ | 52 | ​

(1) | Reclassified from AOCI into interest expense.

(2) | Reclassified from AOCI into non-service component of company-sponsored pension plan costs. These components are included in the computation of net periodic pension expense.

​

​

10. | LEASES AND LEASE-FINANCED TRANSACTIONS

​

The Company leases certain store real estate, warehouses, distribution centers, office space and equipment. While the Company’s current strategy emphasizes ownership of store real estate, the Company operates in leased facilities in approximately half of its store locations. Lease terms generally range from 10 to 20 years with options to renew for varying terms at the Company’s sole discretion. Certain leases also include options to purchase the leased property. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. Certain leases include escalation clauses or payment of executory costs such as property taxes, utilities or insurance and maintenance. Rent expense for leases with escalation clauses or other lease concessions are accounted for on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Certain properties or portions thereof are subleased to others for periods generally ranging from one to 20 years.

​

70

​

The following table provides supplemental balance sheet classification information related to leases:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ |  | February 1, |  | February 2,
​ | ​ | Classification | ​ | 2020 | ​ | 2019
Assets | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Operating | ​ | Operating lease assets | ​ | $ | 6,814 | ​ | $ | —
Finance | ​ | Property, plant and equipment, net(1) | ​ | ​ | 690 | ​ | ​ | 721
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total leased assets | ​ | ​ | ​ | $ | 7,504 | ​ | $ | 721
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Liabilities | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Current | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Operating | ​ | Current portion of operating lease liabilities | ​ | $ | 597 | ​ | $ | —
Finance | ​ | Current portion of long-term debt including obligations under finance leases | ​ | ​ | 39 | ​ | ​ | 54
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Noncurrent | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Operating | ​ | Noncurrent operating lease liabilities | ​ | ​ | 6,505 | ​ | ​ | —
Finance | ​ | Long-term debt including obligations under finance leases | ​ | ​ | 781 | ​ | ​ | 824
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total lease liabilities | ​ | ​ | ​ | $ | 7,922 | ​ | $ | 878

| (1) | Finance lease assets are recorded net of accumulated amortization of $276 and $345 as of February 1, 2020 and February 2, 2019.

​

The following table provides the components of lease cost:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Year-To-Date
Lease Cost | ​ | Classification |  |  | February 1, 2020
Operating lease cost(1) | ​ | Rent Expense | ​ | ​ | $ | 1,000
Sublease and other rental income | ​ | Rent Expense | ​ | ​ |  | (116)
Finance lease cost | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Amortization of leased assets | ​ | Depreciation and Amortization | ​ | ​ | ​ | 53
Interest on lease liabilities | ​ | Interest Expense | ​ | ​ | ​ | 48
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net lease cost | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | $ | 985

| (1) | Includes short-term leases and variable lease costs, which are immaterial.

​

71

​

Maturities of operating and finance lease liabilities are listed below. Amounts in the table include options to extend lease terms that are reasonably certain of being exercised.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Operating | ​ | Finance | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Leases | ​ | Leases | ​ | Total
2020 | ​ | $ | 932 | ​ | $ | 84 | ​ | $ | 1,016
2021 | ​ |  | 884 | ​ |  | 95 | ​ |  | 979
2022 | ​ |  | 772 | ​ |  | 80 | ​ |  | 852
2023 | ​ |  | 758 | ​ |  | 86 | ​ |  | 844
2024 | ​ |  | 637 | ​ |  | 81 | ​ |  | 718
Thereafter | ​ |  | 6,353 | ​ |  | 757 | ​ |  | 7,110
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total lease payments | ​ | ​ | 10,336 | ​ | ​ | 1,183 | ​ | $ | 11,519
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Less amount representing interest | ​ |  | 3,234 | ​ | ​ | 363 | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Present value of lease liabilities(1) | ​ | $ | 7,102 | ​ | $ | 820 | ​ | ​ | ​

| (1) | Includes the current portion of $597 for operating leases and $39 for finance leases.

​

Total future minimum rentals under non-cancellable subleases at February 1, 2020 were $296.

​

The following table provides the weighted-average lease term and discount rate for operating and finance leases:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | February 1, 2020
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) | ​ | ​ | ​
Operating leases | ​ | 16.0 | ​
Finance leases | ​ | 15.3 | ​
Weighted-average discount rate | ​ | ​ | ​
Operating leases | ​ | 4.3 | %
Finance leases | ​ | 5.4 | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​

​

The following table provides supplemental cash flow information related to leases:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Year-To-Date
​ | ​ | February 1, 2020
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities | ​ | ​ | ​
Operating cash flows from operating leases | ​ | $ | 942
Operating cash flows from finance leases | ​ | ​ | 48
Financing cash flows from finance leases | ​ | ​ | 45
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities | ​ | ​ | 849
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities | ​ | ​ | 233
Net gain recognized from sale and leaseback transactions(1) | ​ | ​ | 58
Impairment of operating lease assets(2) | ​ | ​ | 81
Impairment of finance lease assets | ​ | ​ | 40

| (1) | In 2019, the Company entered into sale leaseback transactions related to nine properties, which resulted in total proceeds of $113.

| (2) | Impairment of operating lease assets includes $11 related to Lucky’s Market.

​

72

​

The Company adopted new lease accounting guidance in the first quarter of 2019 as discussed in Note 1 and Note 18, and as required, the following disclosure is provided for periods prior to adoption. Minimum annual rentals and payments under capital leases and lease-financed transactions for the five years subsequent to February 2, 2019 and in the aggregate are listed below. Amounts in the table below only include payments through the noncancelable lease term.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | Lease-
​ | ​ | Capital | ​ | Operating | ​ | Financed
​ | ​ | Leases | ​ | Leases | ​ | Transactions
2019 | ​ | $ | 103 | ​ | $ | 948 | ​ | $ | 5
2020 | ​ |  | 89 | ​ |  | 880 | ​ |  | 6
2021 | ​ |  | 86 | ​ |  | 773 | ​ |  | 5
2022 | ​ |  | 82 | ​ |  | 649 | ​ |  | 5
2023 | ​ |  | 81 | ​ |  | 556 | ​ |  | 5
Thereafter | ​ |  | 766 | ​ |  | 3,197 | ​ |  | 17
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total | ​ | ​ | 1,207 | ​ | $ | 7,003 | ​ | $ | 43
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Less estimated executory costs included in capital leases | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net minimum lease payments under capital leases | ​ |  | 1,207 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Less amount representing interest | ​ |  | 372 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Present value of net minimum lease payments under capital leases | ​ | $ | 835 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

​

​

11. | EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE

​

Net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. per basic common share equals net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. less income allocated to participating securities divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. per diluted common share equals net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. less income allocated to participating securities divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, after giving effect to dilutive stock options. The following table provides a reconciliation of net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. and shares used in calculating net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. per basic common share to those used in calculating net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. per diluted common share:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the year ended | ​ | For the year ended | ​ | For the year ended |
​ | ​ | February 1, 2020 | ​ | February 2, 2019 | ​ | February 3, 2018 |
​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  | Per |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  | Per |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  | Per |
​ | ​ | Earnings | ​ | Shares | ​ | Share | ​ | Earnings | ​ | Shares | ​ | Share | ​ | Earnings | ​ | Shares | ​ | Share |
(in millions, except per share amounts) | ​ | (Numerator) | ​ | (Denominator) | ​ | Amount | ​ | (Numerator) | ​ | (Denominator) | ​ | Amount | ​ | (Numerator) | ​ | (Denominator) | ​ | Amount |
Net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. per basic common share | ​ | $ | 1,640 |  | 799 | ​ | $ | 2.05 | ​ | $ | 3,076 |  | 810 | ​ | $ | 3.80 | ​ | $ | 1,890 |  | 895 | ​ | $ | 2.11 | ​
Dilutive effect of stock options | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 6 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 8 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 9 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. per diluted common share | ​ | $ | 1,640 |  | 805 | ​ | $ | 2.04 | ​ | $ | 3,076 |  | 818 | ​ | $ | 3.76 | ​ | $ | 1,890 |  | 904 | ​ | $ | 2.09 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

​

The Company had combined undistributed and distributed earnings to participating securities totaling $19, $34 and $17 in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

​

The Company had stock options outstanding for approximately 18.4 million, 10.1 million and 15.6 million shares, respectively, for the years ended February 1, 2020, February 2, 2019, and February 3, 2018, which were excluded from the computations of net earnings per diluted common share because their inclusion would have had an anti-dilutive effect on net earnings per diluted share.

​

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​

12. | STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

​

The Company recognizes compensation expense for all share-based payments granted. The Company recognizes share-based compensation expense, net of an estimated forfeiture rate, over the requisite service period of the award based on the fair value at the date of the grant.

​

The Company grants options for common shares (“stock options”) to employees under various plans at an option price equal to the fair market value of the stock option at the date of grant. The Company accounts for stock options under the fair value recognition provisions. Stock options typically expire 10 years from the date of grant. Stock options vest between one and five years from the date of grant.

​

In addition to the stock options described above, the Company awards restricted stock to employees and nonemployee directors under various plans. The restrictions on these awards generally lapse between one and five years from the date of the awards. The Company determines the fair value for restricted stock awards in an amount equal to the fair market value of the underlying shares on the grant date of the award.

​

At February 1, 2020, approximately 58 million common shares were available for future options or restricted stock grants under the 2011, 2014, and 2019 Long-Term Incentive Plans (the “Plans”). Options granted reduce the shares available under the Plans at a ratio of one to one. Restricted stock grants reduce the shares available under the Plans at a ratio of 2.83 to one.

​

Equity awards granted are based on the aggregate value of the award on grant date. This can affect the number of shares granted in a given year as equity awards. Excess tax benefits related to equity awards are recognized in the provision for income taxes. Equity awards may be approved at one of four meetings of its Board of Directors occurring shortly after the Company’s release of quarterly earnings. The 2019 primary grants were made in conjunction with the March and June meetings of the Company’s Board of Directors.

​

All awards become immediately exercisable upon certain changes of control of the Company.

​

Stock Options

​

Changes in options outstanding under the stock option plans are summarized below:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Shares |  | Weighted- |
​ | ​ | subject | ​ | average |
​ | ​ | to option | ​ | exercise |
​ |  | (in millions) |  | price |
Outstanding, year-end 2016 |  | 34.3 | ​ | $ | 21.32 | ​
Granted |  | 7.0 | ​ | $ | 23.00 | ​
Exercised |  | (3.8) | ​ | $ | 14.08 | ​
Canceled or Expired |  | (0.8) | ​ | $ | 28.29 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Outstanding, year-end 2017 |  | 36.7 | ​ | $ | 22.23 | ​
Granted |  | 2.7 | ​ | $ | 27.88 | ​
Exercised |  | (4.4) | ​ | $ | 15.34 | ​
Canceled or Expired |  | (0.9) | ​ | $ | 28.05 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Outstanding, year-end 2018 |  | 34.1 | ​ | $ | 23.42 | ​
Granted |  | 3.1 | ​ | $ | 24.63 | ​
Exercised |  | (4.0) | ​ | $ | 14.17 | ​
Canceled or Expired |  | (1.0) | ​ | $ | 28.87 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Outstanding, year-end 2019 |  | 32.2 | ​ | $ | 24.52 | ​

​

74

​

A summary of options outstanding, exercisable and expected to vest at February 1, 2020 follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Weighted-average | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Aggregate |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | remaining | ​ | Weighted-average | ​ | intrinsic |
​ |  | Number of shares |  | contractual life |  | exercise price |  | value |
​ |  | (in millions) |  | (in years) | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | (in millions) | ​
Options Outstanding |  | 32.2 |  | 5.35 | ​ | $ | 24.52 |  | 153 | ​
Options Exercisable |  | 22.5 |  | 4.24 | ​ | $ | 23.50 |  | 134 | ​
Options Expected to Vest |  | 9.5 |  | 7.90 | ​ | $ | 26.89 |  | 19 | ​

​

Restricted stock

​

Changes in restricted stock outstanding under the restricted stock plans are summarized below:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Restricted |  | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | shares | ​ | Weighted-average |
​ | ​ | outstanding | ​ | grant-date |
​ | ​ | (in millions) | ​ | fair value |
Outstanding, year-end 2016 |  | 7.4 | ​ | $ | 32.09 | ​
Granted |  | 5.8 | ​ | $ | 23.04 | ​
Lapsed |  | (3.6) | ​ | $ | 31.05 | ​
Canceled or Expired |  | (0.4) | ​ | $ | 29.26 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Outstanding, year-end 2017 |  | 9.2 | ​ | $ | 26.78 | ​
Granted |  | 4.6 | ​ | $ | 27.99 | ​
Lapsed |  | (4.4) | ​ | $ | 25.93 | ​
Canceled or Expired |  | (0.6) | ​ | $ | 26.57 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Outstanding, year-end 2018 |  | 8.8 | ​ | $ | 27.86 | ​
Granted |  | 5.4 | ​ | $ | 22.72 | ​
Lapsed |  | (4.1) | ​ | $ | 28.07 | ​
Canceled or Expired |  | (0.8) | ​ | $ | 25.68 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Outstanding, year-end 2019 |  | 9.3 | ​ | $ | 24.85 | ​

​

The weighted-average grant date fair value of stock options granted during 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $6.00, $6.78 and $4.71, respectively. The fair value of each stock option grant was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, based on the assumptions shown in the table below. The Black-Scholes model utilizes accounting judgment and financial estimates, including the term option holders are expected to retain their stock options before exercising them, the volatility of the Company’s share price over that expected term, the dividend yield over the term and the number of awards expected to be forfeited before they vest. Using alternative assumptions in the calculation of fair value would produce fair values for stock option grants that could be different than those used to record stock-based compensation expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The decrease in the fair value of the stock options granted during 2019, compared to 2018, resulted primarily from a decrease in the Company’s share price, partially offset by an increase in the weighted average expected volatility. The increase in the fair value of the stock options granted during 2018, compared to 2017, resulted primarily from an increase in the Company’s share price, which decreased the expected dividend yield, an increase in the weighted average expected volatility and the weighted average risk-free interest rate also contributed to the increase in fair value.

​

The following table reflects the weighted-average assumptions used for grants awarded to option holders:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Weighted average expected volatility |  | 25.37 | % | 24.50 | % | 22.78 | %
Weighted average risk-free interest rate |  | 2.54 | % | 2.82 | % | 2.21 | %
Expected dividend yield |  | 2.00 | % | 2.00 | % | 2.20 | %
Expected term (based on historical results) |  | 7.2 | years | 7.2 | years | 7.2 | years

​

​

75

​

The weighted-average risk-free interest rate was based on the yield of a treasury note as of the grant date, continuously compounded, which matures at a date that approximates the expected term of the options. The dividend yield was based on our history and expectation of dividend payouts. Expected volatility was determined based upon historical stock volatilities; however, implied volatility was also considered. Expected term was determined based upon historical exercise and cancellation experience.

​

Total stock compensation recognized in 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $155, $154 and $151, respectively. Stock option compensation recognized in 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $24, $25 and $32, respectively. Restricted shares compensation recognized in 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $131, $129 and $119, respectively.

​

The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $51, $58 and $55 in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The total amount of cash received in 2019 by the Company from the exercise of stock options granted under share-based payment arrangements was $55. As of February 1, 2020, there was $194 of total unrecognized compensation expense remaining related to non-vested share-based compensation arrangements granted under Plans. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately two years. The total fair value of options that vested was $26, $30 and $29 in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

​

Shares issued as a result of stock option exercises may be newly issued shares or reissued treasury shares. Proceeds received from the exercise of options, and the related tax benefit, may be utilized to repurchase the Company’s common shares under a stock repurchase program adopted by the Company’s Board of Directors. During 2019, the Company repurchased approximately two million common shares in such a manner.

​

13. | COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

​

The Company continuously evaluates contingencies based upon the best available evidence.

​

The Company believes that allowances for loss have been provided to the extent necessary and that its assessment of contingencies is reasonable. To the extent that resolution of contingencies results in amounts that vary from the Company’s estimates, future earnings will be charged or credited.

​

The principal contingencies are described below:

​

Insurance — The Company’s workers’ compensation risks are self-insured in most states. In addition, other workers’ compensation risks and certain levels of insured general liability risks are based on retrospective premium plans, deductible plans, and self-insured retention plans. The liability for workers’ compensation risks is accounted for on a present value basis. Actual claim settlements and expenses incident thereto may differ from the provisions for loss. Property risks have been underwritten by a subsidiary and are all reinsured with unrelated insurance companies. Operating divisions and subsidiaries have paid premiums, and the insurance subsidiary has provided loss allowances, based upon actuarially determined estimates.

​

Litigation — Various claims and lawsuits arising in the normal course of business, including suits charging violations of certain antitrust, wage and hour, or civil rights laws, as well as product liability cases, are pending against the Company. Some of these suits purport or have been determined to be class actions and/or seek substantial damages. Any damages that may be awarded in antitrust cases will be automatically trebled. Although it is not possible at this time to evaluate the merits of all of these claims and lawsuits, nor their likelihood of success, the Company is of the belief that any resulting liability will not have a material effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

​

The Company continually evaluates its exposure to loss contingencies arising from pending or threatened litigation and believes it has made provisions where it is reasonably possible to estimate and when an adverse outcome is probable. Nonetheless, assessing and predicting the outcomes of these matters involves substantial uncertainties. Management currently believes that the aggregate range of loss for the Company’s exposure is not material to the Company. It remains possible that despite management’s current belief, material differences in actual outcomes or changes in management’s evaluation or predictions could arise that could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

​

76

​

Assignments — The Company is contingently liable for leases that have been assigned to various third parties in connection with facility closings and dispositions. The Company could be required to satisfy the obligations under the leases if any of the assignees is unable to fulfill its lease obligations. Due to the wide distribution of the Company’s assignments among third parties, and various other remedies available, the Company believes the likelihood that it will be required to assume a material amount of these obligations is remote.

​

14. | STOCK

​

Preferred Shares

​

The Company has authorized five million shares of voting cumulative preferred shares; two million shares were available for issuance at February 1, 2020. The shares have a par value of $100 per share and are issuable in series.

​

Common Shares

​

The Company has authorized two billion common shares, $1 par value per share.

​

Common Stock Repurchase Program

​

The Company maintains stock repurchase programs that comply with Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to allow for the orderly repurchase of The Kroger Co. common shares, from time to time. The Company made open market purchases totaling $400, $727 and $1,567 under these repurchase programs in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

​

On April 20, 2018 the Company entered and funded a $1,200 accelerated stock repurchase (“ASR”) program to reacquire shares in privately negotiated transactions. The final delivery under the ASR program occurred during the second quarter of 2018, which included the settlement of the remaining 2.3 million Kroger Common shares. In total, the Company invested $1,200 to repurchase 46.3 million Kroger common shares at an average price of $25.91 per share.

​

In addition to these repurchase programs, in December 1999, the Company began a program to repurchase common shares to reduce dilution resulting from its employee stock option plans. This program is solely funded by proceeds from stock option exercises and the related tax benefit. The Company repurchased approximately $65, $83 and $66 under the stock option program during 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

​

15. | COMPANY- SPONSORED BENEFIT PLANS

​

The Company administers non-contributory defined benefit retirement plans for some non-union employees and union-represented employees as determined by the terms and conditions of collective bargaining agreements. These include several qualified pension plans (the “Qualified Plans”) and non-qualified pension plans (the “Non-Qualified Plans”). The Non-Qualified Plans pay benefits to any employee that earns in excess of the maximum allowed for the Qualified Plans by Section 415 of the Internal Revenue Code. The Company only funds obligations under the Qualified Plans. Funding for the company-sponsored pension plans is based on a review of the specific requirements and on evaluation of the assets and liabilities of each plan.

​

In addition to providing pension benefits, the Company provides certain health care benefits for retired employees. The majority of the Company’s employees may become eligible for these benefits if they reach normal retirement age while employed by the Company. Funding of retiree health care benefits occurs as claims or premiums are paid.

​

The Company recognizes the funded status of its retirement plans on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Actuarial gains or losses, prior service costs or credits and transition obligations that have not yet been recognized as part of net periodic benefit cost are required to be recorded as a component of AOCI. The Company has elected to measure defined benefit plan assets and obligations as of January 31, which is the month-end that is closest to its fiscal year-ends, which were February 1, 2020 for fiscal 2019 and February 2, 2019 for fiscal 2018.

​

77

​

Amounts recognized in AOCI as of February 1, 2020 and February 2, 2019 consists of the following (pre-tax):

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Pension Benefits | ​ | Other Benefits | ​ | Total |
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |
Net actuarial loss (gain) | ​ | $ | 955 | ​ | $ | 837 | ​ | $ | (109) | ​ | $ | (130) | ​ | $ | 846 | ​ | $ | 707 | ​
Prior service credit | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (68) | ​ |  | (66) | ​ |  | (68) | ​ |  | (66) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 955 | ​ | $ | 837 | ​ | $ | (177) | ​ | $ | (196) | ​ | $ | 778 | ​ | $ | 641 | ​

​

Amounts in AOCI expected to be recognized as components of net periodic pension or postretirement benefit costs in the next fiscal year are as follows (pre-tax):

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Pension Benefits |  | Other Benefits |  | Total |
​ | ​ | 2020 | ​ | 2020 | ​ | 2020 |
Net actuarial loss (gain) | ​ | $ | 35 | ​ | $ | (9) | ​ | $ | 26 | ​
Prior service credit | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (12) | ​ |  | (12) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 35 | ​ | $ | (21) | ​ | $ | 14 | ​

​

Other changes recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) in 2019, 2018 and 2017 were as follows (pre-tax):

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Pension Benefits | ​ | Other Benefits | ​ | Total |
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Incurred net actuarial loss (gain) | ​ | $ | 179 | ​ | $ | (126) | ​ | $ | 322 | ​ | $ | 9 | ​ | $ | (10) | ​ | $ | (20) | ​ | $ | 188 | ​ | $ | (136) | ​ | $ | 302 | ​
Amortization of prior service credit | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 11 | ​ |  | 11 | ​ |  | 8 | ​ |  | 11 | ​ |  | 11 | ​ |  | 8 | ​
Amortization of net actuarial gain (loss) | ​ |  | (61) | ​ |  | (77) | ​ |  | (88) | ​ |  | 12 | ​ |  | 10 | ​ |  | 11 | ​ |  | (49) | ​ |  | (67) | ​ |  | (77) | ​
Settlement recognition of net actuarial loss | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (502) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (502) | ​
Other | ​ |  | (1) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (12) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (28) | ​ |  | (13) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (28) | ​
Total recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) | ​ |  | 117 | ​ |  | (203) | ​ |  | (268) | ​ |  | 20 | ​ |  | 11 | ​ |  | (29) | ​ |  | 137 | ​ |  | (192) | ​ |  | (297) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and other comprehensive income (loss) | ​ | $ | 165 | ​ | $ | (127) | ​ | $ | 323 | ​ | $ | 11 | ​ | $ | 5 | ​ | $ | (30) | ​ | $ | 176 | ​ | $ | (122) | ​ | $ | 293 | ​

​

78

​

Information with respect to change in benefit obligation, change in plan assets, the funded status of the plans recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, net amounts recognized at the end of fiscal years, weighted average assumptions and components of net periodic benefit cost follow:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Pension Benefits | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | Qualified Plans | ​ | Non-Qualified Plans | ​ | Other Benefits |
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |
Change in benefit obligation: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Benefit obligation at beginning of fiscal year | ​ | $ | 2,994 | ​ | $ | 3,235 | ​ | $ | 298 | ​ | $ | 328 | ​ | $ | 200 | ​ | $ | 202 | ​
Service cost | ​ |  | 32 | ​ |  | 35 | ​ |  | 1 | ​ |  | 2 | ​ |  | 6 | ​ |  | 7 | ​
Interest cost | ​ |  | 124 | ​ |  | 124 | ​ |  | 12 | ​ |  | 12 | ​ |  | 8 | ​ |  | 8 | ​
Plan participants’ contributions | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 13 | ​ |  | 13 | ​
Actuarial (gain) loss | ​ |  | 545 | ​ |  | (134) | ​ |  | 41 | ​ |  | (13) | ​ |  | 9 | ​ |  | (9) | ​
Plan curtailments | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (92) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (6) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Benefits paid | ​ |  | (180) | ​ |  | (174) | ​ |  | (21) | ​ |  | (24) | ​ |  | (26) | ​ |  | (21) | ​
Other | ​ |  | 3 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (3) | ​ |  | (1) | ​ |  | (12) | ​ |  | — | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Benefit obligation at end of fiscal year | ​ | $ | 3,518 | ​ | $ | 2,994 | ​ | $ | 328 | ​ | $ | 298 | ​ | $ | 198 | ​ | $ | 200 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Change in plan assets: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of fiscal year | ​ | $ | 3,010 | ​ | $ | 2,943 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​
Actual return on plan assets | ​ |  | 590 | ​ |  | 46 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​
Employer contributions | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 185 | ​ |  | 21 | ​ |  | 25 | ​ |  | 13 | ​ |  | 8 | ​
Plan participants’ contributions | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 13 | ​ |  | 13 | ​
Benefits paid | ​ |  | (180) | ​ |  | (174) | ​ |  | (21) | ​ |  | (24) | ​ |  | (26) | ​ |  | (21) | ​
Other | ​ |  | 2 | ​ |  | 10 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (1) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Fair value of plan assets at end of fiscal year | ​ | $ | 3,422 | ​ | $ | 3,010 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​
Funded status and net asset and liability recognized at end of fiscal year | ​ | $ | (96) | ​ | $ | 16 | ​ | $ | (328) | ​ | $ | (298) | ​ | $ | (198) | ​ | $ | (200) | ​

​

As of February 1, 2020, other assets and other current liabilities include $19 and $33, respectively, of the net asset and liability recognized for the above benefit plans. As of February 2, 2019, other assets and other current liabilities include $47 and $35, respectively, of the net asset and liability recognized for the above benefit plans.

​

In 2018, the Company contributed $185, $117 net of tax, to the company-sponsored pension plan. This contribution was designated to the 2017 tax year in order to deduct the contributions at the previous year tax rate. The Company announced changes to certain non-union company-sponsored pension plans. The Company froze the compensation and service periods used to calculate pension benefits for active employees who participate in the affected pension plans as of December 31, 2019. Beginning January 1, 2020, the affected active employees no longer accrue additional benefits for future service and eligible compensation received under these plans.

​

79

​

As of February 1, 2020 and February 2, 2019, pension plan assets do not include common shares of The Kroger Co.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Pension Benefits | ​ | Other Benefits |
Weighted average assumptions |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Discount rate — Benefit obligation |  | 3.01 | % | 4.23 | % | 4.00 | % | 2.97 | % | 4.19 | % | 3.93 | %
Discount rate — Net periodic benefit cost |  | 4.23 | % | 4.00 | % | 4.25 | % | 4.19 | % | 3.93 | % | 4.18 | %
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets |  | 6.00 | % | 5.90 | % | 7.50 | % | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Rate of compensation increase — Net periodic benefit cost |  | 3.04 | % | 3.03 | % | 3.07 | % | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Rate of compensation increase — Benefit obligation |  | 3.03 | % | 3.04 | % | 3.03 | % | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

​

The Company’s discount rate assumptions were intended to reflect the rates at which the pension benefits could be effectively settled. They take into account the timing and amount of benefits that would be available under the plans. The Company’s policy is to match the plan’s cash flows to that of a hypothetical bond portfolio whose cash flow from coupons and maturities match the plan’s projected benefit cash flows. The discount rates are the single rates that produce the same present value of cash flows. The selection of the 3.01% and 2.97% discount rates as of year-end 2019 for pension and other benefits, respectively, represents the hypothetical bond portfolio using bonds with an AA or better rating constructed with the assistance of an outside consultant. A 100 basis point increase in the discount rate would decrease the projected pension benefit obligation as of February 1, 2020, by approximately $401.

​

The Company’s 2019 assumed pension plan investment return rate was 6.00% compared to 5.90% in 2018 and 7.50% in 2017. The value of all investments in the company-sponsored defined benefit pension plans during the calendar year ended December 31, 2019, net of investment management fees and expenses, increased 18.3% and for fiscal year 2019 investments increased 19.7%. Historically, the Company’s pension plans’ average rate of return was 7.6% for the 10 calendar years ended December 31, 2019, net of all investment management fees and expenses. For the past 20 years, the Company’s pension plans’ average annual rate of return has been 6.70%. At the beginning of 2018, to determine the expected rate of return on pension plan assets held by the Company for 2018, the Company considered current and forecasted plan asset allocations as well as historical and forecasted rates of return on various asset categories.

​

The Company calculates its expected return on plan assets by using the market-related value of plan assets. The market-related value of plan assets is determined by adjusting the actual fair value of plan assets for gains or losses on plan assets. Gains or losses represent the difference between actual and expected returns on plan investments for each plan year. Gains or losses on plan assets are recognized evenly over a five-year period. Using a different method to calculate the market-related value of plan assets would provide a different expected return on plan assets.

​

On February 1, 2020, the Company adopted an updated assumption for generational mortality improvement, based on additional years of published mortality experience.

​

The pension benefit unfunded status increased in 2019, compared to 2018, due to the decrease in discount rate from 2018 to 2019, assumption changes related to the Company’s experience study, partially offset by higher than anticipated asset returns.

​

80

​

The following table provides the components of the Company’s net periodic benefit costs for 2019, 2018 and 2017:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Pension Benefits | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | Qualified Plans | ​ | Non-Qualified Plans | ​ | Other Benefits |
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2019 | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Components of net periodic benefit cost: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Service cost | ​ | $ | 32 | ​ | $ | 35 | ​ | $ | 53 | ​ | $ | 1 | $ | 2 | ​ | $ | 2 | ​ | $ | 6 | ​ | $ | 7 | ​ | $ | 8 | ​
Interest cost | ​ |  | 124 | ​ |  | 124 | ​ |  | 163 | ​ |  | 12 |  | 12 | ​ |  | 13 | ​ |  | 8 | ​ |  | 8 | ​ |  | 9 | ​
Expected return on plan assets | ​ |  | (182) | ​ |  | (174) | ​ |  | (233) | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​
Amortization of: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Prior service credit | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (11) | ​ |  | (11) | ​ |  | (8) | ​
Actuarial (gain) loss | ​ |  | 55 | ​ |  | 69 | ​ |  | 79 | ​ |  | 6 |  | 8 | ​ |  | 9 | ​ |  | (12) | ​ |  | (10) | ​ |  | (11) | ​
Settlement loss recognized | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 502 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Other | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | 3 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1 | ​
Net periodic benefit cost | ​ | $ | 29 | ​ | $ | 54 | ​ | $ | 564 | ​ | $ | 19 | $ | 22 | ​ | $ | 27 | ​ | $ | (9) | ​ | $ | (6) | ​ | $ | (1) | ​

​

The following table provides the projected benefit obligation (“PBO”), accumulated benefit obligation (“ABO”) and the fair value of plan assets for those company-sponsored pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Qualified Plans | ​ | Non-Qualified Plans |
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |
PBO at end of fiscal year | ​ | $ | 3,272 | ​ | $ | 295 | ​ | $ | 328 | ​ | $ | 298 | ​
ABO at end of fiscal year | ​ | $ | 3,271 | ​ | $ | 293 | ​ | $ | 328 | ​ | $ | 291 | ​
Fair value of plan assets at end of year | ​ | $ | 3,157 | ​ | $ | 263 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​

​

The following table provides information about the Company’s estimated future benefit payments.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Pension | ​ | Other |
​ | ​ | Benefits | ​ | Benefits |
2020 | ​ | $ | 208 | ​ | $ | 12 | ​
2021 | ​ | $ | 215 | ​ | $ | 12 | ​
2022 | ​ | $ | 224 | ​ | $ | 13 | ​
2023 | ​ | $ | 213 | ​ | $ | 13 | ​
2024 | ​ | $ | 217 | ​ | $ | 13 | ​
2025 —2029 | ​ | $ | 1,104 | ​ | $ | 69 | ​

​

The following table provides information about the target and actual pension plan asset allocations as of February 1, 2020.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Actual |
​ | ​ | Target allocations | ​ | Allocations |
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |
Pension plan asset allocation | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Global equity securities |  | 2.0 | % | 4.3 | % | 4.2 | %
Emerging market equity securities |  | 1.0 | ​ | 2.3 | ​ | 2.3 | ​
Investment grade debt securities |  | 80.0 | ​ | 77.8 | ​ | 73.2 | ​
High yield debt securities |  | 4.0 | ​ | 2.9 | ​ | 3.5 | ​
Private equity |  | 10.0 | ​ | 8.1 | ​ | 9.5 | ​
Hedge funds |  | — | ​ | 2.8 | ​ | 4.5 | ​
Real estate |  | 3.0 | ​ | 1.8 | ​ | 2.8 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total |  | 100.0 | % | 100.0 | % | 100.0 | %

​

​

81

​

Investment objectives, policies and strategies are set by the Retirement Benefit Plan Management Committee (the “Committee”). The primary objectives include holding and investing the assets and distributing benefits to participants and beneficiaries of the pension plans. Investment objectives have been established based on a comprehensive review of the capital markets and each underlying plan’s current and projected financial requirements. The time horizon of the investment objectives is long-term in nature and plan assets are managed on a going-concern basis.

​

Investment objectives and guidelines specifically applicable to each manager of assets are established and reviewed annually. Derivative instruments may be used for specified purposes, including rebalancing exposures to certain asset classes. Any use of derivative instruments for a purpose or in a manner not specifically authorized is prohibited, unless approved in advance by the Committee.

​

The target allocations shown for 2019 were established in 2019 in conjunction with the continuation of the Company’s transition to a LDI strategy, which began in 2017. A LDI strategy focuses on maintaining a close to fully-funded status over the long-term with minimal funded status risk. This is achieved by investing more of the plan assets in fixed income instruments to more closely match the duration of the plan liability. This LDI strategy will be phased in over time as the Company is able to transition out of illiquid investments. During this transition, the Company’s target allocation will change by increasing the Company’s fixed income instruments. Cash flow from employer contributions and redemption of plan assets to fund participant benefit payments can be used to fund underweight asset classes and divest overweight asset classes, as appropriate. The Company expects that cash flow will be sufficient to meet most rebalancing needs.

​

The Company did not make any contributions to its company-sponsored pension plans in 2019 and the Company is not required to make any contributions to these plans in 2020. If the Company does make any contributions in 2020, the Company expects these contributions will decrease its required contributions in future years. Among other things, investment performance of plan assets, the interest rates required to be used to calculate the pension obligations, and future changes in legislation, will determine the amounts of any contributions. The Company expects 2020 benefit costs for company-sponsored pension plans to be approximately ($16).

​

Assumed health care cost trend rates have a significant effect on the amounts reported for the health care plans. The Company used a 5.70% initial health care cost trend rate, which is assumed to decrease on a linear basis to a 4.50% ultimate health care cost trend rate in 2037, to determine its expense. A one-percentage-point change in the assumed health care cost trend rates would have the following effects:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 1% Point |  | 1% Point |
​ | ​ | Increase | ​ | Decrease |
Effect on total of service and interest cost components | ​ | $ | 2 | ​ | $ | (1) | ​
Effect on postretirement benefit obligation | ​ | $ | 22 | ​ | $ | (18) | ​

​

82

​

The following tables, set forth by level, within the fair value hierarchy, the Qualified Plans’ assets at fair value as of February 1, 2020 and February 2, 2019:

​

Assets at Fair Value as of February 1, 2020

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Quoted Prices in | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Significant | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | Active Markets for | ​ | Significant Other | ​ | Unobservable | ​ | Assets | ​ | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | Identical Assets | ​ | Observable Inputs | ​ | Inputs | ​ | Measured | ​ | ​ | ​ |
​ |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3) |  | at NAV |  | Total |
Cash and cash equivalents | ​ | $ | 186 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 186 | ​
Corporate Stocks | ​ |  | 78 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 78 | ​
Corporate Bonds | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,157 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,157 | ​
U.S. Government Securities | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 194 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 194 | ​
Mutual Funds | ​ |  | 305 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 305 | ​
Collective Trusts | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 945 | ​ |  | 945 | ​
Hedge Funds | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 43 | ​ |  | 51 | ​ |  | 94 | ​
Private Equity | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 275 | ​ |  | 275 | ​
Real Estate | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 43 | ​ |  | 17 | ​ |  | 60 | ​
Other | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 128 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 128 | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 569 | ​ | $ | 1,479 | ​ | $ | 86 | ​ | $ | 1,288 | ​ | $ | 3,422 | ​

​

Assets at Fair Value as of February 2, 2019

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Quoted Prices in | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Significant | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | Active Markets for | ​ | Significant Other | ​ | Unobservable | ​ | Assets | ​ | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | Identical Assets | ​ | Observable Inputs | ​ | Inputs | ​ | Measured | ​ | ​ | ​ |
​ |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3) |  | at NAV |  | Total |
Cash and cash equivalents | ​ | $ | 126 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 126 | ​
Corporate Stocks | ​ |  | 66 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 66 | ​
Corporate Bonds | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 896 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 896 | ​
U.S. Government Securities | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 240 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 240 | ​
Mutual Funds | ​ |  | 257 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 257 | ​
Collective Trusts | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 805 | ​ |  | 805 | ​
Hedge Funds | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 49 | ​ |  | 85 | ​ |  | 134 | ​
Private Equity | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 285 | ​ |  | 285 | ​
Real Estate | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 67 | ​ |  | 19 | ​ |  | 86 | ​
Other | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 115 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 115 | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 449 | ​ | $ | 1,251 | ​ | $ | 116 | ​ | $ | 1,194 | ​ | $ | 3,010 | ​

​

Certain investments that are measured at fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented for these investments in the preceding tables are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchies to the total fair value of plan assets.

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​

For measurements using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) during 2019 and 2018, a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances is as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Hedge Funds |  | Real Estate
Ending balance, February 3, 2018 | ​ | $ | 56 | ​ |  | 68
Contributions into Fund | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 9
Realized gains | ​ |  | 1 | ​ |  | 12
Unrealized losses | ​ |  | 4 | ​ |  | (5)
Distributions | ​ |  | (16) | ​ |  | (15)
Other | ​ | ​ | 4 | ​ |  | (2)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Ending balance, February 2, 2019 | ​ |  | 49 | ​ |  | 67
Contributions into Fund | ​ |  | 2 | ​ |  | 3
Realized gains | ​ |  | (2) | ​ |  | 23
Unrealized gains | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (17)
Distributions | ​ |  | (11) | ​ |  | (33)
Other | ​ |  | 5 | ​ |  | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Ending balance, February 1, 2020 | ​ | $ | 43 | ​ | $ | 43

​

See Note 8 for a discussion of the levels of the fair value hierarchy. The assets’ fair value measurement level above is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

​

The following is a description of the valuation methods used for the Qualified Plans’ assets measured at fair value in the above tables:

​

| ● | Cash and cash equivalents: The carrying value approximates fair value.

​

| ● | Corporate Stocks: The fair values of these securities are based on observable market quotations for identical assets and are valued at the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded.

​

| ● | Corporate Bonds: The fair values of these securities are primarily based on observable market quotations for similar bonds, valued at the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded. When such quoted prices are not available, the bonds are valued using a discounted cash flow approach using current yields on similar instruments of issuers with similar credit ratings, including adjustments for certain risks that may not be observable, such as credit and liquidity risks.

​

| ● | U.S. Government Securities: Certain U.S. Government securities are valued at the closing price reported in the active market in which the security is traded. Other U.S. government securities are valued based on yields currently available on comparable securities of issuers with similar credit ratings. When quoted prices are not available for similar securities, the security is valued under a discounted cash flow approach that maximizes observable inputs, such as current yields of similar instruments, but includes adjustments for certain risks that may not be observable, such as credit and liquidity risks.

​

| ● | Mutual Funds: The fair values of these securities are based on observable market quotations for identical assets and are valued at the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded.

​

| ● | Collective Trusts: The collective trust funds are public investment vehicles valued using a Net Asset Value (NAV) provided by the manager of each fund. These assets have been valued using NAV as a practical expedient.

​

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| ● | Hedge Funds: The Hedge funds classified as Level 3 include investments that are not readily tradeable and have valuations that are not based on readily observable data inputs. The fair value of these assets is estimated based on information provided by the fund managers or the general partners. Therefore, these assets are classified as Level 3. Certain other hedge funds are private investment vehicles valued using a NAV provided by the manager of each fund. These assets have been valued using NAV as a practical expedient.

​

| ● | Private Equity: Private Equity investments are valued based on the fair value of the underlying securities within the fund, which include investments both traded on an active market and not traded on an active market. For those investments that are traded on an active market, the values are based on the closing price reported on the active market on which those individual securities are traded. For investments not traded on an active market, or for which a quoted price is not publicly available, a variety of unobservable valuation methodologies, including discounted cash flow, market multiple and cost valuation approaches, are employed by the fund manager to value investments. Fair values of all investments are adjusted annually, if necessary, based on audits of the private equity fund financial statements; such adjustments are reflected in the fair value of the plan’s assets.

​

| ● | Real Estate: Real estate investments include investments in real estate funds managed by a fund manager. These investments are valued using a variety of unobservable valuation methodologies, including discounted cash flow, market multiple and cost valuation approaches. The valuations for these investments are not based on readily observable inputs and are classified as Level 3 investments. Certain other real estate investments are valued using a NAV provided by the manager of each fund. These assets have been valued using NAV as a practical expedient.

​

The methods described above may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, while the Company believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different fair value measurement.

​

The Company contributed and expensed $264, $263 and $219 to employee 401(k) retirement savings accounts in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The 401(k) retirement savings account plans provide to eligible employees both matching contributions and automatic contributions from the Company based on participant contributions, compensation as defined by the plan and length of service.

​

In 2019, the Company approved and implemented a plan to reorganize certain portions of its division management structure. This reorganization is expected to increase operational effectiveness and reduce overhead costs while maintaining a high quality customer experience. The Company recorded a charge for severance and related benefits of $80, $61 net of tax, in 2019, which is included in the OG&A caption within the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Of the total charge, $42 remains unpaid as of February 1, 2020 and is included in Other Current Liabilities within the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

​

16.MULTI-EMPLOYER PENSION PLANS

​

The Company contributes to various multi-employer pension plans based on obligations arising from collective bargaining agreements. These multi-employer pension plans provide retirement benefits to participants based on their service to contributing employers. The benefits are paid from assets held in trust for that purpose. Trustees are appointed in equal number by employers and unions. The trustees typically are responsible for determining the level of benefits to be provided to participants as well as for such matters as the investment of the assets and the administration of the plans.

​

The Company recognizes expense in connection with these plans as contributions are funded or when commitments are probable and reasonably estimable, in accordance with GAAP. The Company made cash contributions to these plans of $461 in 2019, $358 in 2018 and $954 in 2017. The increase in 2017, compared to 2019 and 2018, is primarily due to the $467 pre-tax payment to satisfy withdrawal obligations of certain local unions of the Central States Pension Fund and the 2017 United Food and Commercial Workers (“UFCW”) contribution.

​

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The Company continues to evaluate and address potential exposure to under-funded multi-employer pension plans as it relates to the Company’s associates who are beneficiaries of these plans. These under-fundings are not a liability of the Company. When an opportunity arises that is economically feasible and beneficial to the Company and its associates, the Company may negotiate the restructuring of under-funded multi-employer pension plan obligations to help stabilize associates’ future benefits and become the fiduciary of the restructured multi-employer pension plan. The commitments from these restructurings do not change the Company’s debt profile as it relates to its credit rating since these off balance sheet commitments are typically considered in the Company’s investment grade debt rating.

​

The Company is currently designated as the named fiduciary of the UFCW Consolidated Pension Plan and the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (“IBT”) Consolidated Pension Fund and has sole investment authority over these assets. The Company became the fiduciary of the IBT Consolidated Pension Fund in 2017 due to the ratification of a new labor contract with the IBT that provided certain local unions of the Company to withdraw from the Central States Pension Fund. Significant effects of these restructuring agreements recorded in our Consolidated Financial Statements are:

​

| ● | In 2019, the Company incurred a $135 charge, $104 net of tax, for obligations related to withdrawal liabilities for certain multi-employer pension plan funds.

​

| ● | In 2018, the Company incurred a $155 charge, $121 net of tax, for obligations related to withdrawal liabilities for certain local unions of the Central States multi-employer pension plan fund.

​

| ● | In 2017, the Company incurred a $550 charge, $360 net of tax, for obligations related to withdrawals from and settlements of withdrawal liabilities for certain multi-employer pension plan funds, of which $467 was contributed to the Central States Pension Plan in 2017.

​

| ● | In 2017, the Company contributed $111, $71 net of tax, to the UFCW Consolidated Pension Plan.

​

The risks of participating in multi-employer pension plans are different from the risks of participating in single-employer pension plans in the following respects:

​

| a. | Assets contributed to the multi-employer plan by one employer may be used to provide benefits to employees of other participating employers.

​

| b. | If a participating employer stops contributing to the plan, the unfunded obligations of the plan allocable to such withdrawing employer may be borne by the remaining participating employers.

​

| c. | If the Company stops participating in some of its multi-employer pension plans, the Company may be required to pay those plans an amount based on its allocable share of the unfunded vested benefits of the plan, referred to as a withdrawal liability.

​

The Company’s participation in multi-employer plans is outlined in the following tables. The EIN / Pension Plan Number column provides the Employer Identification Number (“EIN”) and the three-digit pension plan number. The most recent Pension Protection Act Zone Status available in 2019 and 2018 is for the plan’s year-end at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Among other factors, generally, plans in the red zone are less than 65 percent funded, plans in the yellow zone are less than 80 percent funded and plans in the green zone are at least 80 percent funded. The FIP/RP Status Pending / Implemented Column indicates plans for which a funding improvement plan (“FIP”) or a rehabilitation plan (“RP”) is either pending or has been implemented. Unless otherwise noted, the information for these tables was obtained from the Forms 5500 filed for each plan’s year-end at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017. The multi-employer contributions listed in the table below are the Company’s multi-employer contributions made in fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017.

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​

The following table contains information about the Company’s multi-employer pension plans:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | FIP/RP |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Pension Protection | ​ | Status | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | EIN / Pension | ​ | Act Zone Status | ​ | Pending/ | ​ | Multi-Employer Contributions | ​ | Surcharge |
Pension Fund | ​ | Plan Number | ​ | 2019 | ​ | 2018 | ​ | Implemented | ​ | 2019 | ​ | 2018 | ​ | 2017 | ​ | Imposed (5) |
SO CA UFCW Unions & Food Employers Joint Pension Trust Fund(1)(2) |  | 95-1939092 - 001 |  | Yellow |  | Yellow |  | Implemented | ​ | $ | 75 | ​ | $ | 71 | ​ | $ | 66 |  | No | ​
Desert States Employers & UFCW Unions Pension Plan(1) |  | 84-6277982 - 001 |  | Green |  | Green |  | No | ​ |  | 19 | ​ |  | 19 | ​ |  | 18 |  | No | ​
Sound Retirement Trust (formerly Retail Clerks Pension Plan)(1)(3) |  | 91-6069306 – 001 |  | Yellow |  | Green |  | Implemented | ​ |  | 25 | ​ |  | 23 | ​ |  | 20 |  | No | ​
Rocky Mountain UFCW Unions and Employers Pension Plan(1) |  | 84-6045986 - 001 |  | Green |  | Green |  | No | ​ |  | 23 | ​ |  | 20 | ​ |  | 19 |  | No | ​
Oregon Retail Employees Pension Plan(1) |  | 93-6074377 - 001 |  | Green |  | Green |  | No | ​ |  | 9 | ​ |  | 9 | ​ |  | 9 |  | No | ​
Bakery and Confectionary Union & Industry International Pension Fund(1) |  | 52-6118572 - 001 |  | Red |  | Red |  | Implemented | ​ |  | 10 | ​ |  | 11 | ​ |  | 11 |  | No | ​
Retail Food Employers & UFCW Local 711 Pension(1) |  | 51-6031512 - 001 |  | Yellow |  | Yellow |  | Implemented | ​ |  | 10 | ​ |  | 10 | ​ |  | 10 |  | No | ​
United Food & Commercial Workers Intl Union — Industry Pension Fund(1)(4) |  | 51-6055922 - 001 |  | Green |  | Green |  | No | ​ |  | 32 | ​ |  | 32 | ​ |  | 33 |  | No | ​
Western Conference of Teamsters Pension Plan |  | 91-6145047 - 001 |  | Green |  | Green |  | No | ​ |  | 34 | ​ |  | 34 | ​ |  | 34 |  | No | ​
Central States, Southeast & Southwest Areas Pension Plan |  | 36-6044243 - 001 |  | Red |  | Red |  | Implemented | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 18 | ​ |  | 492 |  | No | ​
UFCW Consolidated Pension Plan(1) |  | 58-6101602 – 001 |  | Green |  | Green |  | No | ​ |  | 174 | ​ |  | 55 | ​ |  | 201 |  | No | ​
IBT Consolidated Pension Plan(1)(6) | ​ | 82-2153627 - 001 | ​ | N/A | ​ | N/A | ​ | No | ​ | ​ | 33 | ​ | ​ | 37 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | No | ​
Other(7) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 17 | ​ |  | 19 | ​ |  | 41 | ​ | ​ | ​
Total Contributions | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | $ | 461 | ​ | $ | 358 | ​ | $ | 954 | ​ | ​ | ​

(1) | The Company's multi-employer contributions to these respective funds represent more than 5% of the total contributions received by the pension funds.

(2) | The information for this fund was obtained from the Form 5500 filed for the plan's year-end at March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018.

(3) | The information for this fund was obtained from the Form 5500 filed for the plan's year-end at September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017.

(4) | The information for this fund was obtained from the Form 5500 filed for the plan's year-end at June 30, 2018 and June 30, 2017.

(5) | Under the Pension Protection Act, a surcharge may be imposed when employers make contributions under a collective bargaining agreement that is not in compliance with a rehabilitation plan. As of February 1, 2020, the collective bargaining agreements under which the Company was making contributions were in compliance with rehabilitation plans adopted by the applicable pension fund.

(6) | The plan was formed after 2006, and therefore is not subject to zone status certifications.

(7) | The increase in 2017, compared to 2019 and 2018, in the "Other" funds is due primarily to withdrawal settlement payments for certain multi-employer funds in 2017.

​

The following table describes (a) the expiration date of the Company’s collective bargaining agreements and (b) the expiration date of the Company’s most significant collective bargaining agreements for each of the material multi-employer funds in which the Company participates.

​

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Expiration Date | ​ | Most Significant Collective |
​ | ​ | of Collective | ​ | Bargaining Agreements(1) |
​ | ​ | Bargaining | ​ | (not in millions) |
Pension Fund |  | Agreements |  | Count |  | Expiration |
SO CA UFCW Unions & Food Employers Joint Pension Trust Fund |  | June 2020 to March 2022 |  | 2 |  | June 2020 to March 2022 | ​
UFCW Consolidated Pension Plan |  | March 2020 to May 2023 |  | 4 |  | April 2020 to August 2022 | ​
Desert States Employers & UFCW Unions Pension Plan |  | October 2020 to February 2022 |  | 1 |  | October 2020 | ​
Sound Retirement Trust (formerly Retail Clerks Pension Plan) |  | April 2020 to February 2023 |  | 4 |  | May 2022 to August 2022 | ​
Rocky Mountain UFCW Unions and Employers Pension Plan |  | January 2022 |  | 1 |  | January 2022 | ​
Oregon Retail Employees Pension Plan (2) |  | August 2021 to March 2023 |  | 3 |  | August 2021 to July 2022 | ​
Bakery and Confectionary Union & Industry International Pension Fund |  | December 2019 (2) to July 2022 |  | 4 |  | May 2020 to October 2021 | ​
Retail Food Employers & UFCW Local 711 Pension |  | June 2017 (2) to April 2020 |  | 1 |  | March 2019 (2) | ​
United Food & Commercial Workers Intl Union — Industry Pension Fund |  | November 2019 (2) to August 2023 |  | 2 |  | July 2023 to August 2023 | ​
Western Conference of Teamsters Pension Plan |  | September 2020 to April 2022 |  | 4 |  | September 2020 to April 2022 | ​
International Brotherhood of Teamsters Consolidated Pension Fund | ​ | September 2019 (2) to September 2022 | ​ | 3 | ​ | September 2019 (2) to September 2022 | ​

(1) | This column represents the number of significant collective bargaining agreements and their expiration date for each of the Company’s pension funds listed above. For purposes of this table, the “significant collective bargaining agreements” are the largest based on covered employees that, when aggregated, cover the majority of the employees for which we make multi-employer contributions for the referenced pension fund.

(2) | Certain collective bargaining agreements for each of these pension funds are operating under an extension.

​

Based on the most recent information available to it, the Company believes the present value of actuarial accrued liabilities in most of these multi-employer plans substantially exceeds the value of the assets held in trust to pay benefits. Moreover, if the Company were to exit certain markets or otherwise cease making contributions to these funds, the Company could trigger a substantial withdrawal liability. Any adjustment for withdrawal liability will be recorded when it is probable that a liability exists and can be reasonably estimated.

​

The Company also contributes to various other multi-employer benefit plans that provide health and welfare benefits to active and retired participants. Total contributions made by the Company to these other multi-employer health and welfare plans were approximately $1,252 in 2019, $1,282 in 2018 and $1,247 in 2017.

​

17. | HELD FOR SALE AND DISPOSAL OF BUSINESS

​

During the second quarter of 2018, the Company announced that as a result of a review of its assets, the Company had decided to explore strategic alternatives for its Turkey Hill Dairy business, including a potential sale. Additionally during the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement to sell its You Technology business.

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The following table presents information related to the major classes of assets and liabilities of all business that were classified as assets and liabilities held for sale in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of February 2, 2019:

​

​ | ​ | ​
​ | February 2,
(In millions) | 2019
Assets held for sale: | ​ | ​
Cash and temporary cash investments | $ | 1
Receivables | ​ | 64
FIFO inventory | ​ | 21
LIFO reserve | ​ | (1)
Prepaid and other current assets | ​ | 3
Property, plant and equipment, net | ​ | 77
Goodwill | ​ | 1
Total assets held for sale | $ | 166
​ | ​ | ​
Liabilities held for sale: | ​ | ​
Trade accounts payable | $ | 26
Accrued salaries and wages | ​ | 8
Other current liabilities | ​ | 17
Total liabilities held for sale | $ | 51

​

On March 13, 2019, the Company completed the sale of its You Technology business to Inmar for total consideration of $565, including $396 of cash and $64 of preferred equity received upon closing. The Company is also entitled to receive other cash payments of $105 over five years. The transaction includes a long-term service agreement for Inmar to provide the Company digital coupon services. The sale resulted in a gain of $70, $52 net of tax, which is included in “Gain on sale of businesses” in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. The Company recorded the fair value of the long-term service agreement of $358 in “Other current liabilities” and “Other long-term liabilities” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and such amount is being recorded as sales over the 10-year agreement.

​

On April 26, 2019, the Company completed the sale of its Turkey Hill Dairy business to an affiliate of Peak Rock Capital for total proceeds of $225. The sale resulted in a gain of $106, $80 net of tax, which is included in “Gain on sale of businesses” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

​

In the third quarter of 2019, as a result of a portfolio review, the Company decided to divest its interest in Lucky’s Market. The Company recognized an impairment charge of $238 in the third quarter of 2019, which is included in OG&A in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The impairment charge consists of property, plant and equipment of $200, which includes $40 of finance lease assets; goodwill of $19; operating lease assets of $11; and other charges of $8. The amount of the impairment charge attributable to The Kroger Co. is $131, $100 net of tax, with the remaining amount attributable to the minority interest. Subsequently, the decision was made by Lucky’s Market to file for bankruptcy in January 2020, which led the Company to fully write off the value of its investment and deconsolidate Lucky’s Market from the consolidated financial statements. This resulted in an additional non-cash charge of $174, $125 net of tax, in the fourth quarter of 2019, which is included in OG&A in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The amount of the total 2019 charge attributable to The Kroger Co. is $305, $225 net of tax. The Company maintains liabilities associated with certain property related guarantees that will result in the Company making payments to settle these over time.

​

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18. | RECENTLY ADOPTED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

​

On February 4, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)” which superseded previous revenue recognition guidance. Topic 606 is a comprehensive new revenue recognition model that requires a company to recognize revenue when goods and services are transferred to the customer in an amount that is proportionate to what has been delivered at that point and that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled for those goods or services. The Company adopted the standard using a modified retrospective approach with the adoption primarily involving the evaluation of whether the Company acts as principal or agent in certain vendor arrangements where the purchase and sale of inventory are virtually simultaneous. The Company will continue to record revenue and related costs on a gross basis for the arrangements. The adoption of the standard did not have a material effect on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations, Consolidated Balance Sheets or Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

​

On February 3, 2019, the Company adopted ASU 2016-02, “Leases,” which provides guidance for the recognition of lease agreements. The Company adopted the standard using the modified retrospective approach, which provides a method for recording existing leases at adoption that approximates the results of a full retrospective approach. In addition, the Company elected the transition package of practical expedients permitted within the standard, which allowed it to carry forward the historical lease classification, and applied the transition option which does not require application of the guidance to comparative periods in the year of adoption.

​

The adoption of the standard resulted in the recognition of operating lease assets and operating lease liabilities of approximately $6,800 and $7,000, respectively, as of February 3, 2019. Included in the measurement of the new lease assets is the reclassification of certain balances including those historically recorded as prepaid or deferred rent and favorable and unfavorable leasehold interests. Several other asset and liability line items in the Consolidated Balance Sheets were also impacted by immaterial amounts. The adoption of this standard also resulted in a change in naming convention for leases classified historically as capital leases. These leases are now referred to as finance leases. The adoption of this standard did not materially affect the Company’s consolidated net earnings or cash flows.

​

In February 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2018-02, "Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income." This amendment allows companies to reclassify stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Act from accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) to retained earnings. The Company adopted ASU 2018-02 on February 3, 2019, which resulted in a decrease to AOCI and an increase to accumulated earnings of $146, primarily related to deferred taxes previously recorded for pension and other postretirement benefits and cash flow hedges. The adoption of this standard did not have an effect on the Company’s consolidated results of operations or cash flows.

​

19. | RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

​

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software: Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract.” Under the new standard, implementation costs related to a cloud computing arrangement will be deferred or expensed as incurred, in accordance with the existing internal-use software guidance for similar costs. The new standard also prescribes the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow classification of the capitalized implementation costs and related amortization expense. This guidance will be effective for the Company in the first quarter of the Company’s fiscal year ending January 30, 2021. The amendments may be applied either retrospectively or prospectively to all implementation costs incurred after the date of adoption. The Company is currently assessing the impact that adoption of this guidance will have on its Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures.

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20. | QUARTERLY DATA (UNAUDITED)

​

The two tables that follow reflect the unaudited results of operations for 2019 and 2018.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Quarter | ​ | ​ | ​ |
​ |  | First |  | Second |  | Third |  | Fourth |  | Total Year |
2019 | ​ | (16 Weeks) | ​ | ​ | (12 Weeks) | ​ | ​ | (12 Weeks) | ​ | ​ | (12 Weeks) | ​ | ​ | (52 Weeks) |
Sales | ​ | $ | 37,251 | ​ | $ | 28,168 | ​ | $ | 27,974 | ​ | $ | 28,893 | ​ | $ | 122,286 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Operating Expenses | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Merchandise costs, including advertising, warehousing, and transportation, excluding items shown separately below | ​ |  | 28,983 | ​ |  | 22,007 | ​ |  | 21,798 | ​ |  | 22,507 | ​ |  | 95,294 | ​
Operating, general and administrative | ​ |  | 6,314 | ​ |  | 4,811 | ​ |  | 5,097 | ​ |  | 4,985 | ​ |  | 21,208 | ​
Rent | ​ |  | 274 | ​ |  | 200 | ​ |  | 201 | ​ |  | 209 | ​ |  | 884 | ​
Depreciation and amortization | ​ |  | 779 | ​ |  | 591 | ​ |  | 624 | ​ |  | 655 | ​ |  | 2,649 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Operating profit | ​ |  | 901 | ​ |  | 559 | ​ |  | 254 | ​ |  | 537 | ​ |  | 2,251 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other income (expense) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest expense | ​ |  | (197) | ​ |  | (130) | ​ |  | (137) | ​ |  | (140) | ​ |  | (603) | ​
Non-service component of company sponsored pension plan costs | ​ | ​ | 3 | ​ | ​ | (4) | ​ | ​ | (1) | ​ | ​ | 2 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Mark to market gain (loss) on Ocado securities | ​ | ​ | 106 | ​ | ​ | (45) | ​ | ​ | 106 | ​ | ​ | (9) | ​ | ​ | 157 | ​
Gain on sale of business | ​ | ​ | 176 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 176 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net earnings before income tax expense | ​ |  | 989 | ​ |  | 380 | ​ |  | 222 | ​ |  | 390 | ​ |  | 1,981 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Income tax expense | ​ |  | 226 | ​ |  | 93 | ​ |  | 79 | ​ |  | 71 | ​ |  | 469 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net earnings including noncontrolling interests | ​ |  | 763 | ​ |  | 287 | ​ |  | 143 | ​ |  | 319 | ​ |  | 1,512 | ​
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | ​ |  | (9) | ​ |  | (10) | ​ |  | (120) | ​ |  | (8) | ​ |  | (147) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. | ​ | $ | 772 | ​ | $ | 297 | ​ | $ | 263 | ​ | $ | 327 | ​ | $ | 1,659 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. per basic common share | ​ | $ | 0.96 | ​ | $ | 0.37 | ​ | $ | 0.32 | ​ | $ | 0.40 | ​ | $ | 2.05 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Average number of shares used in basic calculation | ​ |  | 798 | ​ |  | 800 | ​ |  | 802 | ​ |  | 797 | ​ |  | 799 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. per diluted common share | ​ | $ | 0.95 | ​ | $ | 0.37 | ​ | $ | 0.32 | ​ | $ | 0.40 | ​ | $ | 2.04 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Average number of shares used in diluted calculation | ​ |  | 805 | ​ |  | 805 | ​ |  | 807 | ​ |  | 804 | ​ |  | 805 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Dividends declared per common share | ​ | $ | 0.14 | ​ | $ | 0.16 | ​ | $ | 0.16 | ​ | $ | 0.16 | ​ | $ | 0.62 | ​

​

Annual amounts may not sum due to rounding.

​

Net earnings for the first quarter of 2019 include charges to OG&A expenses of $59, $44 net of tax, for obligations related to withdrawal liabilities for certain local unions of the Central States multi-employer pension fund and a reduction to OG&A of $24, $18 net of tax, for the revaluation of Home Chef contingent consideration. Gains in other income of $106, $80 net of tax, related to the sale of Turkey Hill Dairy; $70, $52 net of tax, related to the sale of You Technology; and $106, $80 net of tax, for the mark to market gain on Ocado Group plc (“Ocado”) securities.

​

91

​

Net earnings for the second quarter of 2019 include charges to OG&A of $27, $22 net of tax, for obligations related to withdrawal liabilities for a certain multi-employer pension fund and $2, $2 net of tax, for the revaluation of Home Chef contingent consideration. A charge in other income (expense) of $45, $36 net of tax, for the mark to market loss on Ocado securities.

​

Net earnings for the third quarter of 2019 include a charge to OG&A of $45, $35 net of tax, for obligations related to withdrawal liabilities for a certain multi-employer pension fund; $80, $61 net of tax, for a severance charge and related benefits; $238 including $131 attributable to the Kroger Co., $100 net of tax, for impairment of Lucky’s Market; and $4, $3 net of tax, for the revaluation of Home Chef contingent consideration. A gain in other income of $106, $81 net of tax, for the mark to market gain on Ocado securities.

​

Net earnings for the fourth quarter of 2019 include charges to OG&A of $4, $3 net of tax, for obligations related to withdrawal liabilities for certain multi-employer pension funds; $174, $125 net of tax, for deconsolidation and impairment of Lucky’s Market; $52, $37 net of tax, for transformation costs, primarily including 35 planned store closures; and a reduction to OG&A of $51, $36 net of tax, for the revaluation of Home Chef contingent consideration. Loss in other income (expense) of $9, $6 net of tax, for the mark to market loss on Ocado securities.

​

92

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Quarter | ​ | ​ | ​ |
​ |  | First |  | Second |  | Third |  | Fourth |  | Total Year |
2018 | ​ | (16 Weeks) | ​ | (12 Weeks) | ​ | (12 Weeks) | ​ | (12 Weeks) | ​ | (52 Weeks) |
Sales | ​ | $ | 37,722 | ​ | $ | 28,014 | ​ | $ | 27,831 | ​ | $ | 28,286 | ​ | $ | 121,852 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Operating Expenses | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Merchandise costs, including advertising, warehousing, and transportation, excluding items shown separately below | ​ |  | 29,419 | ​ |  | 21,976 | ​ |  | 21,753 | ​ |  | 21,955 | ​ |  | 95,103 | ​
Operating, general and administrative | ​ |  | 6,257 | ​ |  | 4,711 | ​ |  | 4,661 | ​ |  | 5,155 | ​ |  | 20,786 | ​
Rent | ​ |  | 276 | ​ |  | 204 | ​ |  | 200 | ​ |  | 204 | ​ |  | 884 | ​
Depreciation and amortization | ​ |  | 741 | ​ |  | 574 | ​ |  | 570 | ​ |  | 581 | ​ |  | 2,465 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Operating profit | ​ |  | 1,029 | ​ |  | 549 | ​ |  | 647 | ​ |  | 391 | ​ |  | 2,614 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other income (expense) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest expense | ​ |  | (192) | ​ |  | (144) | ​ |  | (142) | ​ |  | (142) | ​ |  | (620) | ​
Non-service component of company sponsored pension plan costs | ​ | ​ | (10) | ​ | ​ | (4) | ​ | ​ | (6) | ​ | ​ | (7) | ​ | ​ | (26) | ​
Mark to market gain (loss) on Ocado securities | ​ | ​ | 36 | ​ | ​ | 216 | ​ | ​ | (100) | ​ | ​ | 75 | ​ | ​ | 228 | ​
Gain on sale of business | ​ | ​ | 1,771 | ​ | ​ | 11 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,782 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net earnings before income tax expense | ​ |  | 2,634 | ​ |  | 628 | ​ |  | 399 | ​ |  | 317 | ​ |  | 3,978 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Income tax expense | ​ |  | 616 | ​ |  | 127 | ​ |  | 91 | ​ |  | 66 | ​ |  | 900 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net earnings including noncontrolling interests | ​ |  | 2,018 | ​ |  | 501 | ​ |  | 308 | ​ |  | 251 | ​ |  | 3,078 | ​
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | ​ |  | (8) | ​ |  | (7) | ​ |  | (9) | ​ |  | (8) | ​ |  | (32) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. | ​ | $ | 2,026 | ​ | $ | 508 | ​ | $ | 317 | ​ | $ | 259 | ​ | $ | 3,110 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. per basic common share | ​ | $ | 2.39 | ​ | $ | 0.63 | ​ | $ | 0.39 | ​ | $ | 0.32 | ​ | $ | 3.80 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Average number of shares used in basic calculation | ​ |  | 839 | ​ |  | 797 | ​ |  | 797 | ​ |  | 798 | ​ |  | 810 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net earnings attributable to The Kroger Co. per diluted common share | ​ | $ | 2.37 | ​ | $ | 0.62 | ​ | $ | 0.39 | ​ | $ | 0.32 | ​ | $ | 3.76 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Average number of shares used in diluted calculation | ​ |  | 846 | ​ |  | 805 | ​ |  | 807 | ​ |  | 806 | ​ |  | 818 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Dividends declared per common share | ​ | $ | 0.125 | ​ | $ | 0.140 | ​ | $ | 0.140 | ​ | $ | 0.140 | ​ | $ | 0.545 | ​

​

Annual amounts may not sum due to rounding.

​

Net earnings for the first quarter of 2018 include a reduction to OG&A expenses of $13, $10 net of tax, for adjustments to obligations related to certain local unions withdrawing from the Central States multi-employer pension fund, a reduction to depreciation and amortization expenses of $14, $11 net of tax, related to held for sale assets, gains in other income (expense) of $1,771, $1,352 net of tax, related to the sale of the convenience store business unit and $36, $27 net of tax, for the mark to market gain on Ocado securities.

​

Net earnings for the second quarter of 2018 include gains in other income (expense) of $11, $8 net of tax, related to the sale of the convenience store business unit and $216, $164 net of tax, for the mark to market gain on Ocado securities.

​

Net earnings for the third quarter of 2018 include a loss in other income (expense) of $100, $77 net of tax, for the mark to market loss on Ocado securities.

​

93

​

Net earnings for the fourth quarter of 2018 include charges to OG&A expenses of $168, $131 net of tax, for obligations related to certain local unions withdrawing from the Central States multi-employer pension fund, $33, $26 net of tax, for the revaluation of contingent consideration and $42, $33 net of tax, for an impairment of financial instrument, a gain in other income (expense) of $75, $59 net of tax, for the mark to market gain on Ocado securities.

​

21. | SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

​

On March 18, 2020, the Company proactively borrowed $1,000 from the revolving credit facility. This was a precautionary measure in order to preserve financial flexibility, reduce reliance on the commercial paper market and maintain liquidity in response to the coronavirus pandemic. Cash and temporary cash investments immediately following the borrowing were approximately $2,336.

​

In anticipation of future debt refinancing, the Company, subsequent to February 1, 2020, entered into three forward-starting interest rate swap agreements with a maturity date of January 2021 with an aggregate notional amount totaling $150.

​

94

​

ITEM 9. | CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.

​

None.

​

ITEM 9A. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.

​

As of February 1, 2020, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, together with a disclosure review committee appointed by the Chief Executive Officer, evaluated the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of February 1, 2020.

​

CHANGES IN INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

​

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal quarter ended February 1, 2020 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

​

MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

​

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company. With the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework and criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on the evaluation, management has concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of February 1, 2020.

​

The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of February 1, 2020, has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report, which can be found in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

​

ITEM 9B. | OTHER INFORMATION.

​

None.

​

​

95

​

PART III

​

ITEM 10. | DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.

​

The information required by this Item 10 with respect to executive officers is included within Item 1 in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K under the caption “Information about our Executive Officers.” The information required by this Item not otherwise set forth in Part I above is set forth under the headings Election of Directors, Information Concerning the Board of Directors- Committees of the Board, Information Concerning the Board of Directors- Audit Committee, Information Concerning the Board of Directors- Code of Ethics and Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance in the definitive proxy statement to be filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year 2019 (the “2020 proxy statement”) and is hereby incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K.

​

​

​

ITEM 11. | EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION.

​

The information required by this Item is set forth in the sections entitled Compensation Discussion and Analysis, Compensation Committee Report, and Compensation Tables in the 2020 proxy statement and is hereby incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K.

​

ITEM 12. | SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS.

​

The following table provides information regarding shares outstanding and available for issuance under our existing equity compensation plans.

​

Equity Compensation Plan Information

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | (a) |  | (b) |  | (c) |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Number of securities |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | remaining available for future |
​ | ​ | Number of securities to | ​ | Weighted-average | ​ | issuance under equity |
​ | ​ | be issued upon exercise | ​ | exercise price of | ​ | compensation plans |
​ | ​ | of outstanding options, | ​ | outstanding options, | ​ | (excluding securities |
Plan Category | ​ | warrants and rights (1) | ​ | warrants and rights (1) | ​ | reflected in column (a)) |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders |  | 35,135,064 | ​ | $ | 24.52 |  | 57,586,095 | ​
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders |  | — | ​ | $ | — |  | — | ​
Total |  | 35,135,064 | ​ | $ | 24.52 |  | 57,586,095 | ​

(1)The total number of securities reported includes the maximum number of common shares, 2,936,351, that may be issued under performance units granted under our long-term incentive plans. The nature of the awards is more particularly described in the Compensation Discussion and Analysis section of the definitive 2020 proxy statement and is hereby incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K. The weighted-average exercise price in column (b) does not take these performance unit awards into account. Based on historical data, or in the case of the awards made in 2017 through 2019 and earned in 2019 the actual payout percentage, our best estimate of the number of common shares that will be issued under the performance unit grants is approximately 2,024,683.

​

The remainder of the information required by this Item is set forth in the section entitled Beneficial Ownership of Common Stock in the 2020 proxy statement and is hereby incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K.

​

ITEM 13. | CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE.

​

This information required by this Item is set forth in the sections entitled Related Person Transactions and Information Concerning the Board of Directors-Independence in the 2020 proxy statement and is hereby incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K.

96

​

ITEM 14. | PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES.

​

The information required by this Item is set forth in the section entitled Ratification of the Appointment of Kroger’s Independent Auditor in the 2020 proxy statement and is hereby incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K.

​

​

97

​

PART IV

​

ITEM 15. | EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES.

​

(a)1. |  | Financial Statements:
​ | ​ | Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
​ | ​ | Consolidated Balance Sheets as of February 1, 2020 and February 2, 2019
​ | ​ | Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended February 1, 2020, February 2, 2019 and February 3, 2018
​ | ​ | Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended February 1, 2020, February 2, 2019 and February 3, 2018 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended February 1, 2020, February 2, 2019 and February 3, 2018
​ | ​ | Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended February 1, 2020, February 2, 2019 and February 3, 2018
​ | ​ | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
​ | ​ | ​
(a)2. | ​ | Financial Statement Schedules:
​ | ​ | There are no Financial Statement Schedules included with this filing for the reason that they are not applicable or are not required or the information is included in the financial statements or notes thereto.
​ | ​ | ​
(a)3.(b) | ​ | Exhibits
​ | ​ | ​
3.1 | ​ | Amended Articles of Incorporation are hereby incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended May 22, 2010, as amended by the Amendment to Amended Articles of Incorporation, which is hereby incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended May 23, 2015.
​ | ​ | ​
3.2 | ​ | The Company’s Regulations are hereby incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 27, 2019.
​ | ​ | ​
4.1 | ​ | Instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt of the Company and its subsidiaries are not filed as Exhibits because the amount of debt under each instrument is less than 10% of the consolidated assets of the Company. The Company undertakes to file these instruments with the SEC upon request.
​ | ​ | ​
4.2 | ​ | Description of Securities
​ | ​ | ​
10.1* | ​ | The Kroger Co. Deferred Compensation Plan for Independent Directors. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 30, 2016.
​ | ​ | ​
10.2* | ​ | The Kroger Co. Executive Deferred Compensation Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 29, 2005.
​ | ​ | ​
10.3* | ​ | The Kroger Co. 401(k) Retirement Savings Account Restoration Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended February 3, 2007.
​ | ​ | ​
10.4* | ​ | The Kroger Co. Supplemental Retirement Plans for Certain Retirement Benefit Plan Participants. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended February 3, 2007.
​ | ​ | ​
10.5* | ​ | The Kroger Co. Employee Protection Plan dated January 13, 2017. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 28, 2017.
​ | ​ | ​
10.6 | ​ | Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated August 29, 2017, among The Kroger Co., the initial lenders named therein, and Bank of America, N.A. and Wells Fargo Bank National Association, as co-administrative agents, Citibank, N.A., as syndication agent, and Mizuho Bank, Ltd. and U.S. Bank National Association, as co-documentation agents, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 29, 2017.
​ | ​ | ​
10.7* | ​ | The Kroger Co. 2008 Long-Term Incentive and Cash Bonus Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Form S-8 filed with the SEC on June 26, 2008.

98

​

​ | ​ | ​
10.8* | ​ | The Kroger Co. 2011 Long-Term Incentive and Cash Bonus Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Form S-8 filed with the SEC on June 23, 2011.
​ | ​ | ​
10.9* | ​ | The Kroger Co. 2014 Long-Term Incentive and Cash Bonus Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Form S-8 filed with the SEC on July 29, 2014.
​ | ​ | ​
10.10* | ​ | The Kroger Co. 2019 Long-Term Incentive Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 of the Company’s Form S-8 filed with the SEC on June 28, 2019.
​ | ​ | ​
10.11* | ​ | Form of Restricted Stock Grant Agreement under Long-Term Incentive Cash Bonus Plans.
​ | ​ | ​
10.12* | ​ | Form of Restricted Stock Grant Agreement under Long-Term Incentive and Cash Bonus Plans. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended February 3, 2007.
​ | ​ | ​
10.13* | ​ | Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Grant Agreement under Long-Term Incentive and Cash Bonus Plan.
​ | ​ | ​
10.14* | ​ | Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Grant Agreement under Long-Term Incentive and Cash Bonus Plans. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended May 24, 2008.
​ | ​ | ​
10.15* | ​ | Form of Performance Unit Award Agreement under Long-Term Incentive and Cash Bonus Plans.
​ | ​ | ​
10.16* | ​ | Form of Performance Unit Award Agreement under Long-Term Incentive and Cash Bonus Plans. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended August 12, 2017.
​ | ​ | ​
10.17* | ​ | Form of Performance Unit Award Under Long-Term Incentive Plans. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended August 18, 2018.
​ | ​ | ​
10.18* | ​ | The Kroger Co. 2015 Long-Term Cash Bonus Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended May 23, 2015.
​ | ​ | ​
10.19* | ​ | The Kroger Co. 2016 Long-Term Cash Bonus Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 30, 2016.
​ | ​ | ​
10.20* | ​ | The Kroger Co. 2017 Long-Term Cash Bonus Plan. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended May 20, 2017.
​ | ​ | ​
21.1 | ​ | Subsidiaries of the Registrant.
​ | ​ | ​
23.1 | ​ | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
​ | ​ | ​
24.1 | ​ | Powers of Attorney.
​ | ​ | ​
31.1 | ​ | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification.
​ | ​ | ​
31.2 | ​ | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification.
​ | ​ | ​
32.1 | ​ | Section 1350 Certifications.
​ | ​ | ​
101.INS | ​ | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
​ | ​ | ​
101.SCH | ​ | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
​ | ​ | ​
101.CAL | ​ | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
​ | ​ | ​
101.DEF | ​ | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
​ | ​ | ​

99

​

101.LAB | ​ | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
​ | ​ | ​
101.PRE | ​ | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
​ | ​ | ​
104 | ​ | Cover Page Interactive Data File - The cover page interactive data file does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.

* | Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

​

ITEM 16. | FORM 10-K SUMMARY

​

Not Applicable.

​

100

​

​

SIGNATURES

​

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Company has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

​

​ |
​ | THE KROGER CO.
​ | ​
Dated: April 1, 2020 | /s/ W. Rodney McMullen
​ | W. Rodney McMullen
​ | Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
​ | (principal executive officer)

​

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Company and in the capacities indicated on the 1st April 2020.

​

|  | ​ | ​
/s/ Gary Millerchip | ​ | Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Gary Millerchip | ​ | (principal financial officer)
​ | ​ | ​
/s/ Todd A. Foley | ​ | Vice President & Corporate Controller
Todd A Foley | ​ | (principal accounting officer)
​ | ​ | ​
* |  | Director
Nora A. Aufreiter | ​ | ​
* | ​ | Director
Anne Gates | ​ | ​
* | ​ | Director
Susan J. Kropf | ​ | ​
* | ​ | Director
Karen Hoguet | ​ | ​
* | ​ | Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
W. Rodney McMullen | ​ | ​
* | ​ | Director
Jorge P. Montoya | ​ | ​
* | ​ | Director
Clyde R. Moore | ​ | ​
* | ​ | Director
James A. Runde | ​ | ​
* | ​ | Director
Ronald L. Sargent | ​ | ​
* | ​ | Director
Bobby S. Shackouls | ​ |
* | ​ | Director
Mark S. Sutton | ​ | ​
* | ​ | Director
Ashok Vemuri | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​
* By: | /s/ Christine S. Wheatley | ​ | ​
​ | Christine S. Wheatley | ​ | ​
​ | Attorney-in-fact | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​

​

​

​

101