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Costs and expenses by nature | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2020
Costs and expenses by nature |
Costs and expenses by nature | 5. Costs and expenses by nature a) Cost of goods sold and services rendered
|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Personnel |  | 1,676 |  | 2,009 |  | 2,278
Materials and services |  | 3,345 |  | 3,873 |  | 3,957
Fuel oil and gas |  | 949 |  | 1,392 |  | 1,538
Maintenance |  | 2,725 |  | 2,797 |  | 2,807
Royalties |  | 846 |  | 802 |  | 746
Energy |  | 703 |  | 858 |  | 906
Ores acquired from third parties |  | 946 |  | 608 |  | 513
Depreciation, depletion and amortization |  | 2,980 |  | 3,399 |  | 3,207
Freight |  | 3,439 |  | 4,023 |  | 4,306
Others |  | 1,430 |  | 1,426 |  | 1,851
Total |  | 19,039 |  | 21,187 |  | 22,109
Cost of goods sold |  | 18,457 |  | 20,498 |  | 21,526
Cost of services rendered |  | 582 |  | 689 |  | 583
Total |  | 19,039 |  | 21,187 |  | 22,109
b) Selling and administrative expenses
|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Selling |  | 88 |  | 92 |  | 95
Personnel |  | 224 |  | 181 |  | 212
Services |  | 114 |  | 85 |  | 92
Depreciation and amortization |  | 49 |  | 56 |  | 62
Advertisement |  | 17 |  | 7 |  | 20
Others |  | 62 |  | 66 |  | 42
Total |  | 554 |  | 487 |  | 523
c) Other operating expenses (income), net
|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Asset retirement obligations |  | 312 |  | 92 |  | 5
Provision for litigations (i) |  | 73 |  | 291 |  | 185
Profit sharing program |  | 115 |  | 89 |  | 187
COVID-19 expenses |  | 109 |  | — |  | —
Disposals of materials and inventories |  | 25 |  | 47 |  | 32
Others (ii) |  | 118 |  | (14) |  | 36
Total |  | 752 |  | 505 |  | 445
(i) In 2019, includes the change in the expected outcome of probable loss of the lawsuit related to the accident of ship loaders, at the Praia Mole maritime terminal, in Espírito Santo. (ii) In 2020, includes expenses in the amount of US$128 related to early termination or amendment of contracts of all converted vessels engaged in cargo transportation. In 2019, includes the reversal of the amount provided for the legal proceedings related to the Rede Ferroviária Federal S.A lawsuit.

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- Definition The disclosure of expenses by nature. [Refer: Expenses, by nature] + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef -Name IAS -Number 1 -IssueDate 2020-01-01 -Paragraph 10 -Subparagraph e -URI http://eifrs.ifrs.org/eifrs/xifrs-link?type=IAS&num=1&code=ifrs-tx-2020-en-r&anchor=para_10_e&doctype=Standard -URIDate 2020-01-01 + Details
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