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Financial and capital risk management - Sensitivity analysis of derivative financial instruments (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
Dec. 31, 2020
Dec. 31, 2019
Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Percentage of deterioration of risk variables 25.00%  
Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Percentage of deterioration of risk variables 50.00%  
CDI vs. US$ fixed rate swap    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities $ (473) $ (38)
CDI vs. US$ fixed rate swap | R$ depreciation | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (473)  
CDI vs. US$ fixed rate swap | R$ depreciation | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (1,048)  
CDI vs. US$ fixed rate swap | R$ depreciation | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (1,623)  
CDI vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (473)  
CDI vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (494)  
CDI vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (517)  
CDI vs. US$ fixed rate swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (473)  
CDI vs. US$ fixed rate swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (496)  
CDI vs. US$ fixed rate swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (522)  
TJLP vs. US$ fixed rate swap    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (163) (77)
TJLP vs. US$ fixed rate swap | R$ depreciation | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (163)  
TJLP vs. US$ fixed rate swap | R$ depreciation | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (285)  
TJLP vs. US$ fixed rate swap | R$ depreciation | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (408)  
TJLP vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (163)  
TJLP vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (165)  
TJLP vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (168)  
TJLP vs. US$ fixed rate swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (163)  
TJLP vs. US$ fixed rate swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (173)  
TJLP vs. US$ fixed rate swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (182)  
TJLP vs. US$ fixed rate swap | TJLP interest rate decrease | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (163)  
TJLP vs. US$ fixed rate swap | TJLP interest rate decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (172)  
TJLP vs. US$ fixed rate swap | TJLP interest rate decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (181)  
R$ fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (111) (18)
R$ fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | R$ depreciation | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (111)  
R$ fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | R$ depreciation | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (264)  
R$ fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | R$ depreciation | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (418)  
R$ fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (111)  
R$ fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (113)  
R$ fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (115)  
R$ fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (111)  
R$ fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (120)  
R$ fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (129)  
IPCA vs. US$ fixed rate swap    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (173) $ 46
IPCA vs. US$ fixed rate swap | R$ depreciation | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (173)  
IPCA vs. US$ fixed rate swap | R$ depreciation | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (343)  
IPCA vs. US$ fixed rate swap | R$ depreciation | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (512)  
IPCA vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (173)  
IPCA vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (178)  
IPCA vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (183)  
IPCA vs. US$ fixed rate swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (173)  
IPCA vs. US$ fixed rate swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (189)  
IPCA vs. US$ fixed rate swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (204)  
IPCA vs. US$ fixed rate swap | IPCA index decrease | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (173)  
IPCA vs. US$ fixed rate swap | IPCA index decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (184)  
IPCA vs. US$ fixed rate swap | IPCA index decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (195)  
IPCA vs. CDI swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 45  
IPCA vs. CDI swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 43  
IPCA vs. CDI swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 41  
IPCA vs. CDI swap | IPCA index decrease | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 45  
IPCA vs. CDI swap | IPCA index decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 43  
IPCA vs. CDI swap | IPCA index decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 40  
US$ floating rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ Libor decrease | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (7)  
US$ floating rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ Libor decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (10)  
US$ floating rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ Libor decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (13)  
Protected item: Libor US$ indexed debt | US$ Libor decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities 10  
Protected item: Libor US$ indexed debt | US$ Libor decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities 13  
NDF | R$ depreciation | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (1)  
NDF | R$ depreciation | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (39)  
NDF | R$ depreciation | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (77)  
NDF | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (1)  
NDF | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (2)  
NDF | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (3)  
NDF | Brazilian interest rate increase | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets (1)  
NDF | Brazilian interest rate increase | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets (7)  
NDF | Brazilian interest rate increase | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets (13)  
Protected item: R$ denominated debt linked to IPCA | IPCA index decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (43)  
Protected item: R$ denominated debt linked to IPCA | IPCA index decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (40)  
EUR fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (7)  
EUR fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | EUR depreciation | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (1)  
EUR fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | EUR depreciation | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (173)  
EUR fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | EUR depreciation | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (346)  
EUR fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | Euribor increase | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (1)  
EUR fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | Euribor increase | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (2)  
EUR fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | Euribor increase | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (3)  
EUR fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ Libor decrease | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (1)  
EUR fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ Libor decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (2)  
EUR fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ Libor decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (2)  
Protected item: EUR denominated debt | EUR depreciation | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 173  
Protected item: EUR denominated debt | EUR depreciation | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 346  
Bunker Oil protection - Forwards and options | Bunker Oil price decrease | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities 80  
Bunker Oil protection - Forwards and options | Bunker Oil price decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities 25  
Bunker Oil protection - Forwards and options | Bunker Oil price decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (28)  
Protected item: Part of costs linked to bunker oil prices | Bunker Oil price decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets (25)  
Protected item: Part of costs linked to bunker oil prices | Bunker Oil price decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 28  
Maritime Freight protection - Forwards | Freight price decrease | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 4  
Maritime Freight protection - Forwards | Freight price decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (2)  
Maritime Freight protection - Forwards | Freight price decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (7)  
Protected item: Part of costs linked to maritime freight prices | Freight price decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 2  
Protected item: Part of costs linked to maritime freight prices | Freight price decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 7  
Nickel sales fixed price protection - Forwards | Nickel price decrease | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (19)  
Nickel sales fixed price protection - Forwards | Nickel price decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (19)  
Nickel sales fixed price protection - Forwards | Nickel price decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (19)  
Protected item: Part of nickel future revenues | Nickel price fluctuation | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 19  
Protected item: Part of nickel future revenues | Nickel price fluctuation | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 19  
Palladium Revenue Hedging Program - Options | Palladium price increase | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (1)  
Palladium Revenue Hedging Program - Options | Palladium price increase | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (5)  
Palladium Revenue Hedging Program - Options | Palladium price increase | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (9)  
Protected item: Part of palladium future revenues | Palladium price increase | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities 5  
Protected item: Part of palladium future revenues | Palladium price increase | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities 9  
Option - SPCs | Iron ore price decrease | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 18  
Option - SPCs | Iron ore price decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 10  
Option - SPCs | Iron ore price decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 2  
Embedded derivatives - Raw material purchase (nickel) | Nickel price increase | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 2  
Embedded derivatives - Raw material purchase (nickel) | Nickel price increase | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (5)  
Embedded derivatives - Raw material purchase (nickel) | Nickel price increase | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (13)  
Embedded derivatives - Raw material purchase (copper) | Copper price increase | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (1)  
Embedded derivatives - Raw material purchase (copper) | Copper price increase | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (3)  
Embedded derivatives - Gas purchase | Pellet price increase | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (1)  
Embedded derivatives - Guaranteed minimum return (VLI) | VLI stock value decrease | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (19)  
Embedded derivatives - Guaranteed minimum return (VLI) | VLI stock value decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (84)  
Embedded derivatives - Guaranteed minimum return (VLI) | VLI stock value decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities $ (270)