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Costs and expenses by nature - Cost of goods sold and services (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Dec. 31, 2019
Dec. 31, 2018
Costs and expenses by nature      
Personnel $ 1,676 $ 2,009 $ 2,278
Materials and services 3,345 3,873 3,957
Fuel oil and gas 949 1,392 1,538
Maintenance 2,725 2,797 2,807
Royalties 846 802 746
Energy 703 858 906
Ores acquired from third parties 946 608 513
Depreciation, depletion and amortization 2,980 3,399 3,207
Freight 3,439 4,023 4,306
Others 1,430 1,426 1,851
Total 19,039 21,187 22,109
Cost of goods sold 18,457 20,498 21,526
Cost of services rendered 582 689 583
Total $ 19,039 $ 21,187 $ 22,109