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Information by business segment and by geographic area - Adjusted EBITDA reconciled to net income (loss) (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Dec. 31, 2019
Dec. 31, 2018
Information by business segment and by geographic area      
Net income (loss) attributable to Vale's stockholders $ 4,881 $ (1,683) $ 6,952
Loss attributable to noncontrolling interests (350) (497) 36
Net income (loss) from continuing operations 4,531 (2,180) 6,988
Loss from discontinued operations attributable to Vale's stockholders     (92)
Loss from discontinued operations     (92)
Depreciation, depletion and amortization 3,234 3,726 3,351
Income taxes 438 (595) (172)
Financial results, net 4,811 3,413 4,957
Equity results and other results in associates and joint ventures 1,063 681 182
Dividends received and interest from associates and joint ventures 268 466 388
Impairment and disposal of non-current assets 2,243 5,074 899
Adjusted EBITDA $ 16,588 $ 10,585 16,593
Adjusted EBITDA from discontinuing operations     16,590
Discontinued operations      
Information by business segment and by geographic area      
Loss from discontinued operations attributable to Vale's stockholders     (92)
Loss from discontinued operations     (92)
Income taxes     (40)
Financial results, net     5
Impairment of non-current assets     124
Adjusted EBITDA from discontinuing operations     $ (3)